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Despite the fact that the interrogation and initial questions and answers of the victim in the primary investigations process play a prominent role in the detection of crimes, but the physical and mental characteristics of the interrogator and the manner of the interrogation process have been disregarded in Persian criminal law studies. This article aims to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method, what requirements should be considered in the interrogation process in the primary research stage to detect the victimization of children? To achieve this, according to the available data, the article is divided into three topics.The first topic examines the selection of the interrogator and his training. If the first step, which is to have an expert interrogator with special physiological and mental characteristics, is not taken correctly, it will definitely not be time for the other steps. In relation to the physical characteristics of the interrogator, various studies indicate that people have a tendency to disclose crimes for women in sensitive matters such as sexual crimes, and this tendency is more prominent in the case of children due to their sensitive nature. Out of all the requirements regarding the interrogation of children, the Iranian legislator has explicitly and correctly set criteria for the gender of the interrogator. Article 42 of the Criminal Procedure Law stipulates: "If possible, the interrogation and investigation of women and minors should be carried out by trained female officers and in accordance with religious standards." In addition to physical characteristics, the main thing that plays an important role in doing an accurate and reliable question and answer is the mental characteristics and capabilities that he acquires. The increase in skill and expertise leads to the reduction of bias and incorrect mental backgrounds, and as a result, more correct and reliable information is obtained. In many countries, such as the United States, Canada, and England, training courses are held to improve the expertise and skills of interrogators, and the interrogation process is subject to pre-determined and taught protocols. The most widely used and important of these protocols, which have many similarities with each other, are: 1 Step-Wise Interview Guidelines; 2. cognitive interview; 3. Ten-step Investigative Interview; 4. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development research interview protocol.The second topic deals with the issue that after the selection and training of the interrogator, he should be able to get to know the child's condition and gain his trust in the beginning. The age of the victim, his physical, mental and spiritual abilities and problems, evolutionary or developmental considerations, ethnicity, language, culture, religion and the economic status of the family where he grows up and the places he went and comes are examples of information that should be obtained before the main question and answer session. This information can be obtained from the child's relatives, the school and kindergarten he goes to, and his doctors and teachers. After the initial acquaintance with the child, the interrogator should gain his trust by using them and by applying communication methods. Verbal and non-verbal communication, respecting the child's personal space by maintaining a proper distance and asking if the child feels comfortable with the distance between the interrogator and himself, calling him by name, Choosing words and arranging them next to each other in such a way that the child believes that the interrogator understands his painful situation and sympathizes with him has a great effect on creating empathy and intimacy between the two parties.In the last topic and after communicating with the child, It is time for the interrogator to give basic training to the child and ask the main questions and answers related to the crime. Explaining the child's role in the interrogation, teaching how to answer the questions, explaining the concepts of truth and lies to the child and gaining a detailed understanding of him in answering the questions are the effects of basic training. In the main questions and answers and according to the protocols, the beginning of the main question and answer process should be with "open questions". After the interrogator has heard the child's free interpretation and everything that was in his mind since the day of the incident, he should add to its quantitative and qualitative richness through specialized questions. The questions should not be suggestive or in such a way that their answer is yes or no.These explanations and information in various sources about this subject show that the primary investigations process, especially the interrogation session, question and answer session, interview or any other title that is placed on it, is one of the most important parts of criminal justice system, which is ultimately a huge part of the justifications for sentencing, but so far no special law or regulation has been written for its technical part. In other words, issues such as the existence of an expert and trained interrogator who has a special card should be included among the rights of the parties to a criminal case. It is clear that having legal information or work experience of the judge and officer who is responsible for the interrogation is not a guarantee for holding a useful and quality question and answer session.

The Shift-of-Strategy (SoS) approach is an extension of the Strategic Use of Evidence technique. In the SoS approach, interviewers influence suspects' strategies to encourage suspects to become more forthcoming with information by challenging discrepancies between their statements and the available evidence, in a non-accusatory manner. Our aim was to test the effectiveness of two variations of the SoS approach, one in which the interviewer responded immediately to any discrepancies with the evidence (Reactive) and one in which the interviewer only responded to severe discrepancies (Selective). We predicted that the SoS approach conditions would be more effective at eliciting new information from mock suspects, compared to direct questioning. In a laboratory experiment, N = 300 mock suspects committed a simulated crime and were interviewed using one of the two versions of the SoS approach or with an interviewing approach that did not involve the presentation of evidence. The Reactive version of the SoS approach was more effective than direct questioning at eliciting new information from mock suspects. The Reactive technique also led participants to change their strategies during the interview. The present experiment provided initial support for the core principles of the SoS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Sebastián Picardo González analyzes the examination of a party in the civil process, regulated by the General Code of Procedure. The objective of the work is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of this procedural tool. The examination of a party is divided into two modalities: for explanatory or clarifying purposes and for evidentiary purposes. The article analyzes the different types of examination of a party in the civil process and the common features they share. The topic of joinder of parties in the civil process and how the confession of one of the co-litigants affects the others is also discussed. In addition, it mentions the legitimacy to offer the examination of a party and the possibility for the court to order the examination of a party ex officio. The article also analyzes the differences between free examination and formal examination in the civil process, as well as the evaluation of the evidence obtained through the examination of a party. The possibility of incorporating other means of proof during the examination hearing to demonstrate the bad faith of the party being examined is raised. The article titled "The examination of a party in the civil process" analyzes the legal modalities of the party's statement in the Uruguayan legal system and refers to comparative studies and reforms introduced by Law No. 19,090 to the regime of evidence. [Extracted from the article]

This article seeks to apply negotiation concepts to the interrogation of detainees. Specifically, Richard Walton and I worked on a project sponsored by the Intelligence Science Board (ISB) to develop protocols for interrogation that would take the high road and be true to our human values. We focus on "The Man in the Snow White Cell" — a true story that took place during the Vietnam War, with the arrest of a high‐level intelligence officer (Tai) serving the North Vietnamese espionage forces. The analysis highlights the failure of either torture or superficial kindness to deliver results and outlines the elements of a constructive approach—one that would have been both more morally acceptable and more likely to deliver results. A mutual gains process using the forcing and fostering strategies would have been such an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to carry out the tasks of the criminal trial, the law offers the criminal prosecution bodies a very effective legal means-the interrogation of the person suspected of committing the crime. The importance of the interrogation of the suspect is determined by the role of his statements, which represent, as we know, not only a source of evidence, but also a means of defense against the suspicion brought. The success of the interrogation of the person suspected of committing the crime, and hence the importance of the statements obtained for the criminal case, depend on the skillful selection and proficient, effective application of the tactical interrogation procedures developed by the theory and practice of forensics. In this context, matters related to the interrogation of the suspect are of prime importance. This subject of the criminal trial is involved in the criminal procedure relations in unfavorable conditions for the respect of the rights of the person: the lack of information available to the criminal prosecution bodies regarding the circumstances of the crime committed; intensive application of criminal procedure coercion measures; carrying out not only criminal prosecution, but also special investigative work. However, along with the introduction of a large number of new principled regulations into the provisions of the criminal procedure law, intended to ensure a substantial influence on the level of ensuring and strengthening the rights and freedoms of persons suspected of committing crimes, we cannot ignore the fact that the tactical framework for the forensic interrogation of them has not changed. Precisely this moment determined the necessity and topicality of a study in the matter of criminal procedure and forensic tactical peculiarities of interrogating persons suspected of committing crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects’ confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces’ practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators’ practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects’ use of their right to remain silent, investigators’ self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators’ knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces.

Linguistics as a scientific discipline is widely applicable in the process of examining all persons who are included in the investigation, which is conducted in order to determine the responsibility of the person for the committed criminal acts, to determine the existence of the very essence of the act. The identification of criminal acts and their perpetrators, the role of individuals in the COM-mission of a criminal act, sometimes relies, in addition to material evidence, on the statements of witnesses, victims and the suspects themselves. When taking statements, police officers use different techniques based on linguistics, from manipulation to identifying the element of non-verbal communication. The paper is based on the author's experience, two years of research and relevant literature.

An interrogation is a process of obtaining statements from a person who has information relevant to the investigation and examination of criminal cases. This is the most common and, at the same time, the most complicated procedural action. However, this is not only due to the fact that in front of the representative of the law enforcement body there are often people who do not want to communicate the truth, or they generally refuse to make statements; even the person who sincerely wants to communicate everything he/she knows about the circumstances of the case may be confused or make mistakes. False statements are particularly dangerous, especially in modest, „weak”, evidence cases, where the statements of certain persons are relied on as evidence, as a result of which the risk persists and the likelihood of unlawful rulings increases. False statements may relate to any circumstance of the criminal case and may be made by any person subjected to the act of interrogation. For the law enforcement body, the statements are a source of information and the data they contain have the status of evidence. For the suspect and the accused, the statements represent a means of defense against the suspicion or accusation brought against them. All these aspects are to be considered, thus appreciating the importance of the interrogation in criminal proceedings. To a large extent, these issues justify the importance and timeliness of the establishment and application of specific tactical procedures for the interrogation of persons making intentionally false statements.

The scientific article is devoted to certain aspects directly related to the procedural regulation of the interrogation of minors during the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings related to domestic violence. An analysis of international legal acts containing relevant standards in the researched field, provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, as well as scientific works, whose authors worked on the outlined issue, has been carried out. This is due to the fact that sometimes in such proceedings the only source of evidence is the testimony of minor victims. In such cases, the process of obtaining and evaluating evidence is determined by age, individual psychological and many other characteristics of the interrogated. In criminal proceedings related to domestic violence, issues related to the place of interrogation of a minor and ways of recording it are quite relevant. On the basis of the conducted research, it has been substantiated that the interrogation of a minor should be carried out in a room: a) where the environment will be friendly for him or her; b) which is equipped with means for audio and video recording. Such statements are fully consistent with the “green room” method. Taking into account the above, it is proposed to make changes to the provisions provided for in Part 1 of Art. 226 of the CCP of Ukraine. In addition, attention has been drawn to the change in the philosophy of obtaining testimony from a minor regarding the circumstances of a committed criminal offense from interrogation to procedural interview. Interrogation of a minor must be carried out by an investigator according to the rules provided by the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine. However, before the interrogation, the investigator must: select a suitable specialist psychologist; give them the opportunity to get acquainted with the materials of the criminal proceedings, taking into account the meeting with the minor; based on the circumstances to be proven, agree with the specialist on the content and form of the questions necessary for clarification. Taking into account the above, it has been concluded that it is considered necessary in the provisions of the current legislation to provide for this a specially authorized person - a juvenile investigator.

This paper starts from the premise that interrogative structures have significant impact on verbal behaviour and human behaviour, in general. Our analysis of this particular type of discourse is based on the assertions of E. Benveniste, according to whom interrogation is one of the fundamental speech acts of interhuman behaviour, alongside of assertion and imperative structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progress in the fibre optic technology spurred the development of optical fibre-based sensors. A successful fibre optics-based element for sensorial systems is fibre Bragg grating. It allows to read the measured value by the spectral shift of light, which is the variable with a good potential for accurate measurement. Various types of the interrogation of the light spectrum reflected from the measuring grating are discussed in this article and the work concentrates on the spectrum scanning that gives the good chances to diminish measuring errors by a proper choice of parameters. The focal point is the accuracy of establishing the correct value of the maximum reflectance wavelength. The significance of the noise in the photoelectric scanning signal for the measuring accuracy is analysed and the crucial factor is found in the minimizing the reflectance spectral width of the measuring grating and using the spectrum of the scanning light with the same or smaller spectral width. An important aspect is the relation of the maximal reflectance and the wavelength width of the measuring grating reflectance spectrum. The article also shows the potentiality of the apodized gratings for improving the scanning interrogation. A specific index apodization profile was analysed and its advantages are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines how often and why suspects who have reported being either guilty or innocent remain silent, confess, or deny accusations in police interview situations. Convicted offenders under current probation or parole in Germany (N = 280) completed a questionnaire about their perceptions of up to six specific police interview situations they had experienced in their lifetime. As predicted, more suspects reported having confessed truthfully (64.3%) compared to falsely (4.1%) at least once in their lifetime; and more suspects reported having remained silent in guilty interview situations (58.4%) compared to innocent interview situations (18.4%). Unexpectedly, approximately an equal number of suspects reported having denied truthfully (39.8%) and falsely (40.2%) at least once in their lifetime. The main reasons reported for these statement types were that evidence seemed to indicate guilt (true confessions), suspects desired to end the uncomfortable interview situation or protect the real perpetrator/another person (false confessions), evidence seemed weak (false denials), suspects felt innocent (true denials), they desired to protect themselves (silence while being interviewed when guilty), and they followed their attorneys' advice (silence while being interviewed when innocent). Findings are discussed in the context of the police and psychological research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the terminological problems of legal regulation of the questioning of medical workers as witnesses in criminal proceedings. For this purpose, the criminal procedural norms regulating the questioning of a medical worker in the status of a witness, as well as the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Fundamentals of Ukrainian legislation on health protection, and secondary regulatory legal acts (Rules for prescribing prescriptions for medicinal products and medical products, Instructions on the work of departments (groups, sectors, senior inspectors) monitoring the execution of court decisions of penal institutions and remand prisons, the Procedure for the provision of medical care to those sentenced to imprisonment, the Rules of Internal Procedure of remand prisons of the State Criminal Enforcement Service of Ukraine). It was established that Clause 4, Part 2, Art. 65 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine) of medical workers who, in connection with the performance of professional or official duties, became aware of an illness, medical examination, examination and their results, intimate and family aspects of a person's life - about information, which constitute a medical secret, it is not allowed to be questioned as witnesses. In such a case, interrogation is possible on the condition that the medical worker is released from the obligation to keep professional secrecy by the person who entrusted them with this information, to the extent determined by him. It was found that, as of today, in Ukrainian legislation, the term «medical worker» is contained in several subordinate legal acts, and their content is not the same; the term «medical secrecy» is not formally defined, and such a component of the term «medical secrecy» as «intimate and family aspects of a person's life» is not defined either in the criminal procedural law or in any other regulatory legal acts. Conclusions were made about the need to improve the conceptual apparatus in terms of regulating the questioning of medical workers as witnesses by unifying and specifying the terms «medical worker» and «medical confidentiality», as well as making changes to Clause 4, Part 2 of Art. 65 further - CCP of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a variety of unique healing resources has made it possible to create a multifaceted system of sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation in Kyrgyzstan. The safety of treatment and recreation in places of resort and recreational status is of paramount importance, as they receive the most guests, being a business card. However, crimes are committed in such places as well. Evidence, being the core of criminal proceedings, serves as a mechanism for establishing the actual circumstances of the incident, the persons who committed the crime, the correct qualification of the deed and, as a result, the issuance of a lawful, reasonable and fair verdict. The article provides statistics compiled on the basis of the data of the country's law enforcement agencies, which shows the dynamics of the growth of crime of certain categories of persons.

False confessions are very important to understand in order to prevent them from occurring and to seek true justice. A false confession is defined by the admission of guilt for a crime where the confessor is innocent. This literature review draws upon previous studies on false confessions in order to come to a conclusion on how mental illness affects the possibility of falsely confessing to a crime. This paper critically analyzes ten different studies that all relate to either mental illness, false confessions, or both. There have been many studies done on how young age and intense interrogations impact false confessions, however, this literature review aims to gather evidence that focuses on mental illness being a major influencer on false confessions. Another point this literature review focuses on is the fact that people are unwilling to help those who have falsely confessed to a crime reintegrate back into society. Majority of the methodology examined are self-report methods conducted by various different universities. After analyzing each study in depth, this literature review concludes that a correlation between mental illness and false confession is present, however, researcher methodologies must be altered in order to come to a more concrete conclusion.

The Article 168a of Code of Criminal Procedure introduces the rule of the permissibility in criminal proceedings evidence obtained under the violation of criminal procedureregulations or as the result of indictable offence defined in Article 1 of Criminal Code. The Article 168a of CCP is highly controversial, especially due to the lack of linguistic precision of its provision and collision with Constitution. The regulationmentioned above is in conflict with the system of evidence-related prohibitions in criminal proceedings. In this context, the freedom expression rule during the interrogation is essential. Its violation results in the prohibition of the use of evidence. Used in theprovision of Art. 168a of CCP, word „exclusively” is claimed to be a key for proper resolution of this problem. If interpreted differently, the provision would flagrantly deny the essence and nature of the freedom expression rule during the interrogation

Purpose: Research‐based interviewing techniques typically rely upon suspects being, at least partially, responsive and engaged in the conversation. To date, the scientific literature is more limited regarding situations where suspects exercise their legal right to silence. The present study aimed to examine Swedish police officers' self‐reported strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions. Methods: A total of 289 police officers responded to a national survey that included questions about handling silence. The participants worked with a wide range of criminal cases, including financial crimes, fraud, violent offences, domestic abuse, volume crime and traffic violations. We used content analysis to examine their written responses to the open‐ended question: 'What, if any, strategies do you use when interviewing suspects who speak very little or not at all?' Results: Four main categories were identified relating to (1) question strategies (e.g. asking the questions anyway, using silence), (2) information strategies (e.g. emphasizing the benefits of cooperating and informing about their legal right to silence), (3) supportive strategies (e.g. being friendly and asking about reasons for silence) and (4) procedural strategies (e.g. changing interviewers and conducting multiple interviews). Practitioners working with violent crimes reported meeting silent suspects more frequently compared with practitioners working with other criminal offences. Conclusions: The results provide an initial exploration into the various strategies used by police interviewers when questioning suspects who decline to answer questions. Further research is necessary for understanding and evaluating the ethics and effectiveness of such strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Few studies have assessed deception during real‐life, high‐stakes encounters. This study is one of the largest and most geographically diverse to investigate how criminal suspects lie during investigative interviews. It is also one of the most specific; focusing solely on those who committed sexually motivated homicides. Methods: Sections of transcripts from 52 sexually motivated homicide offender interrogations were analysed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. Truthful (n = 27) and deceptive (n = 25) statements, corroborated through physical evidence, were then compared using the reality monitoring (RM) model of deception. Results: Support for the RM model was mixed. Truthful statements contained more motion and spatial details. There were no significant differences between true and deceptive statements when comparing perceptual, affective, and cognitive process details. Conclusions: The results support the notion that there are verbal cues to deception detectable in high‐stakes, real‐life situations. It also provides a starting point to assess these cues in special forensic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrial fibrillation and flutter are often treated with external electrical cardioversion (ECV) in patients with potentially electrically sensitive cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED). Long‐term follow‐up data on contemporary CIED undergoing ECV is sparse. The aim is to investigate shock‐related complications and impact on CIEDs. Methods: All ECV procedures from 2010 to 2020 in patients with CIED performed at a tertiary university hospital were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Changes in device measurements after ECV were retrospectively studied and procedure‐related complications were identified by review of medical records. Results: We analyzed 763 ECV procedures in 372 patients, median device implant time 1.9 years. The mean age of patients was 69.9 ± 9.9 years of which 73.4% were men. We identified two cases of device programming changes and four cases of premature battery depletion (≤3 years after device implant). Minor changes in device measurements were found for impedances, sensing, and pacing thresholds. No patients died due to ECV‐related device dysfunctions within the first 12 months after cardioversions. Conclusion: External cardioversion in patients with contemporary pacemakers and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators seems safe in the majority of patients. Clinically important changes in device function following cardioversion were rarely observed but may be critical for device function. In an observational study, causality between cardioversion and device dysfunction cannot be established. For patient safety, we suggest that routine device interrogation after cardioversion still should be part of standard care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects' confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces' practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators' practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects' use of their right to remain silent, investigators' self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators' knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lab-on-a-chip systems are currently one of the most promising areas in the development of ultra-compact sensor systems, used primarily for gas and liquid analysis to determine the concentration of impurities. Integrated photonics is an ideal basis for designing "lab-on-a-chip" systems, advantageous for its compactness, energy efficiency, and low cost in mass production. This paper presents a solution for "lab-on-a-chip" device realization, consisting of a sensor and an interrogator based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated photonics platform. The sensor function is performed by an all-pass microring resonator (MRR), installed as a notch filter in the feedback circuit of an optoelectronic oscillator based on an electro-optic phase modulator. This structure realizes the frequency interrogation of the sensor with high accuracy and speed using a conventional single-mode laser source. The system sensitivity for the considered gases is 13,000 GHz/RIU. The results show that the use of frequency interrogation makes it possible to increase the intrinsic LoD by five orders. The proposed solution opens an opportunity for fully integrated implementation of a photonic "laboratory-on-a-chip" unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to indicate selected legal and medical aspects of the presence of a witness suffering from schizophrenia in the Polish criminal trial. The author deals with the clinical picture of schizophrenia, the ability of a sick witness to testify, and the related procedural consequences. The legal and medical literature, as well as court judgments and expert comments corresponding to the content, have been used in the arguments. The role of the witness requires that their thought processes run properly. Mental disorders may, depending on their type and severity, interfere with these processes. However, not every disease deviation disqualifies testimonies in terms of their value and not all do so to the same extent. Mental illness is one of the most serious mental disorders. One of the most severe forms of psychosis is schizophrenia. The condition for the correct assessment of the testimonies, which is the exclusive right of the procedural body, is a proper image of the witness's health condition. One of the mechanisms enabling factual findings to be truthful and reaching the material truth is the regulation of Art. 192 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP). In their opinion, the expert does not assess the credibility of the witness's testimony but confirms or excludes the presence of such features of the mental state that may affect the content of the testimony. The testimony obtained cannot be discredited a priori. The credibility of the testimony is assessed by the procedural body according to Art. 7 of the CCP. Each case should be approached without prejudice, in a manner marked by cold analysis. The required behaviour of the responsible jurist in this dimension is the activity consisting of extraordinary caution and criticism in interpreting the disturbed state of the witness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal investigators are tasked with reconstructing what happened. One of the main ways to achieve this is by interviewing a suspect, and successful interviewing requires an openminded, information-gathering style. One strategic interviewing framework developed in the Netherlands for this purpose is the Scenario's Onderzoekende Methode (SOM); in addition, to assist interviewers in preparing their SOM interviews, trainers of the Netherlands Police Academy also developed the tool PLATO, an acronym for the links that need to be investigated between a Person, Location, Action, Time, and Object. The present paper argues that SOM and PLATO not only are rooted in the existing scientific body of knowledge regarding strategic interviewing, but also extend this knowledge by ensuring that it is applied more effectively in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the concept of social denial, this article puts the American Psychological Association's (APA's) pattern of willful blindness, identified by independent reviewer David Hoffman, in historical context by examining the contributions of Cold War social scientists to the CIA's KUBARK torture manual, and discusses the implications of this history for the reform of the APA's ethics policies. David Hoffman found that the leadership of the APA colluded with Department of Defense (DoD) to ensure that the APA's ethical policies were no stronger than those issued by the DoD. While the independent reviewer did not find evidence of collaboration between the CIA and the APA, this was not due to a lack of effort on the part of the APA, which was anxious to establish good relations and so promote the use of psychology in the national security arena. While Hoffman did not find that the APA knew that its collaborations would facilitate the development of abusive interrogation techniques, it showed a marked, motivated lack of interest in whether or not the DoD or CIA was abusing prisoners. The APA maintained its strategic ignorance even while engaging in a public relations campaign designed to give the impression that it was deeply concerned about multiple reports of psychologist involvement in a system of torture. This willful ignorance was not unprecedented and follows a predictable pattern of knowing and not-knowing to which all psychologists should attend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a refractometric sensing system for liquids analysis with a sensor and the scheme for its intensity interrogation combined on a single photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is proposed. A racetrack microring resonator with a channel for the analyzed liquid formed on the top is used as a sensor, and another microring resonator with a lower Q-factor is utilized to detect the change in the resonant wavelength of the sensor. As a measurement result, the optical power at its drop port is detected in comparison with the sum of the powers at the through and drop ports. Simulations showed the possibility of registering a change in the analyte refractive index with a sensitivity of 110 nm per refractive index unit. The proposed scheme was analyzed with a broadband source, as well as a source based on an optoelectronic oscillator using an optical phase modulator. The second case showed the fundamental possibility of implementing an intensity interrogator on a PIC using an external typical single-mode laser as a source. Meanwhile, additional simulations demonstrated an increased system sensitivity compared to the conventional interrogation scheme with a broadband or tunable light source. The proposed approach provides the opportunity to increase the integration level of a sensing device, significantly reducing its cost, power consumption, and dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few people convicted of crime have been exonerated in Japan, leading some commentators to claim that the country does not have a problem with wrongful convictions. But this view is mistaken. Japan's wrongful conviction problem is probably much larger than it appears. Criminal suspects in Japan have a duty to receive interrogation even after they have invoked their right to silence, leading to long and intense questioning that can overbear their will. On average, interrogations in Japan last 30 to 50 times longer than interrogations in the USA. Japan also detains many suspects who do not confess, and restricts their meetings with family and friends, thereby raising the risk of false confession and wrongful conviction. This system of Hostage Justice is enabled by Japanese law and by Japanese courts especially. Japan needs to tame its interrogation practices, which will continue to produce high risks of false confession until its judiciary acknowledges that it is dangerous to permit police and prosecutors to question suspects for dozens or hundreds of hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the criminalization of the field of electronic information circulation is experiencing a substantial increase. Mass computing has led to the evolution of information technology, substantially raised the level of training of users of computing technology, brought new requirements for the improvement of electronic information processing technologies, substantially widened the scope of computing technology which, by most often, is connected to broadband networks. At the same time, we notice a wide automation of document processing in various fields of activity (economy, justice, etc.). In recent years, information has become an indispensable component of such an important area of society as transport, energy acquisition and storage, banking system, defense and the functioning of the state apparatus, which, obviously, contributed to the penetration of crime in the field of electronic information. The possibility of committing criminal deeds at a great distance from the crime scene, remaining largely unnoticed and undiscovered, is attracting increasing attention from offenders. In these circumstances, the study of judicial practice tells us about the admission of a substantial number of errors in the process of investigating cybercrime, explained by the inappropriate professional training of prosecuting officers in matters related to the operation of information technology. These circumstances require the analysis and examination of the peculiarities of the investigation of cybercrimes, specifically in order to identify new ways to streamline this activity. We note that, for the most part, the peculiarities of the investigation of cybercrimes have been exposed in the literature, but in their content, the specificity of carrying out criminal prosecution actions on this category of criminal cases has not been sufficiently reflected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay intends to briefly illustrate a broad chronological trend line that sees the progressive disclosure of the “word”. We can see a turning point at the end of the twelfth century with the repression of heresy: the Church prepares a new type of trial based on the asymmetrical relationship between the judge and the defendant as well as on the transcribed and signed deposition of the latter. Soon, the centrality of confession will elevate torture as an ordinary mechanism of physical and psychological pressure during interrogation. Soon the inquisitorial process will also become adopted by the secular authorities for the repression of crimes: the importance of interrogation under torture is documented, among other things, by various works by jurists and chancellors, who intended to provide guidance and help in verbalizing questions and answers. In the famous case of the trial of the plague spreaders of 1630, Alessandro Verri and Alessandro Manzoni will re-read the surviving minutes with different intentions between the end of the eighteenth century and the mid-nineteenth century: in both authors, however, the painful “word” of the tortured and the distortion imprinted by violence on the final result of rulings and convictions stand out strongly.

In India, the majority of kidney transplants are living donor transplants. The transplant law in India only permits donation from first degree relatives, spouses, grandparents and altruistic donation without any commercial intent. Donation that happens other than first degree relative require to go through the process of authorization by a committee that determines their intent of donation. In spite of the requirements that are clearly laid down in the Act, fake and fraudulent activities have been reported to make donations happen with a commercial intent. This paper is an attempt to inform and empower clinicians and transplant coordinators and give them the requisite skills that would help them to identify fraudulent relationships, detect discrepancies in the documents and help ensure that the hospital and the doctors follow the law of the land and not fall prey to fake documentation that has a commercial intent of donation. Sample cases have been studied based on their coordination and different ways of approaches to detect falsification of documents and tutoring of the donors by the family members or broker. It was seen that with the right approach that included thorough donor-recipient interrogation, close scrutinization of documents and keenly observing the donor-recipient relationship including their body language and attire, various discrepancies could be identified. All transplant teams should include a well-trained Transplant Coordinator who is alert to every case of a living donor recipient pair and makes a thorough assessment of the relationship by observing, interviewing and scrutinizing the documents of relationship to exclude fraud. Some recommendations have also been drawn up to minimize the risk of fraud.

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Asking suspects for a free account (FA) at the start of an interview is considered good practice in a growing number of police organisations, whereas in others it still is not commonplace. This study explored whether interviews with or without such an invitation yielded more information from guilty suspects. Students in safety and security committed a mock crime and were then interviewed using a strategy of gradual disclosure of evidence, in the experimental condition preceded with an FA invitation (n = 20) and without such an invitation in the control condition (n = 17). On average, relatively little information was collected in the FA phase and far more in the subsequent gradual disclosure phase. However, the FA condition yielded seven confessions, four of which were given already in the FA phase. The No FA condition yielded only two confessions. Other differences in yield were not found. These findings indicate that an FA invitation could lead to some relevant and important information, such as a confession, being gathered already at an early stage of an interview, and that such an invitation does not hamper the gathering of further information later in the interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the thousands of camps Britain operated in the twentieth century were some that gained a notorious reputation for how they treated prisoners. Such places were often seen as aberrations within their individual contexts. Their recurrence across different places and times – including in Aden, Cyprus, and Northern Ireland – nonetheless renders it difficult to dismiss them as mere anomalies. This article examines one of the first post-war camps to have attracted such attention in Allied-occupied Germany, which was closed down following an investigation into its appalling conditions. Seeking to understand how an establishment ended up departing so drastically from accepted interrogation norms, which saw torture as unproductive and un-British, it finds that prisoners were subject to a combination of neglect due to difficult circumstances and malevolence. Tracing the camp's successors, the article also finds that political considerations ensured future camps in Germany did not step out of line; nevertheless, there was a failure to ensure the same for other cases more generally and to turn this into a one-off affair for Britain. Overall, while the camp existed within a unique post-war context, its history points to conditions and structures that may serve as units of analysis for investigating similar establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hungarian Law Enforcement / Magyar Rendészet is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) store information continuously; however, the log of these devices is rarely analyzed in forensic practice. We retrospectively reviewed all cases referred for CIED interrogation by the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner‐Coroner between 2001 and 2020. According to the Department's practice, CIED interrogation may be requested for decedents in which details or cause of death are not clear from autopsy and clinical history. The CIED analysis was considered informative for the coroner's investigation either if it detected an arrhythmia or malfunction likely related to decedent's terminal event or if it was essential to determine time of death or identity of decedent. A total of 57 CIEDs were evaluated during the 20‐year period. In almost half of cases (26/57: 45.6%), device analysis was informative for coroner's investigation. Arrhythmias likely related to terminal event were commonly detected (21/57: 36.8%). Device malfunction was identified as the likely cause of death in almost 10% of decedents (5/57: 8.8%), including three cases of battery depletion (3/57: 5.3%), one case of misclassification of ventricular tachycardia as supraventricular tachycardia with failure to deliver therapy (1/57: 1.7%), and one case of lead failure due to a broken pacing wire (1/57: 1.7%). Not infrequently, CIED interrogation was essential for determination of time of death (9/57: 15.8%), and there was one case (1/57: 1.7%) in which interrogation was essential for identifying the decedent. Our study shows that postmortem CIED interrogation can provide unique information regarding mechanism and time of death, and decedent's identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores different methods of interpreting the rights triggered upon custodial detention with particular reference to the right to counsel and the right to silence under ss. 10(b) and 7 of the Charter, respectively. This paper will discuss the common law and statutory antecedents of those rights to highlight the perceived need in the case law to adopt to a generous approach to interpretation in the wake of the Charter. Early in the case law, the Supreme Court of Canada adopted the purposive approach to delineate the scope of the Charter's legal rights. The purposive approach was designed to ensure that individuals enjoy the full benefit of the procedural protections available under the Charter, which were intended to safeguard the principle against self-incrimination. This paper takes the position that a second method of Charter interpretation emerged subsequently in the case law coming out of the Supreme Court of Canada. The analysis adopted in the case law shifted from assessing the purpose of the right to balancing the respective interests of the state with the interests of the individual engaged during custodial interrogation. This paper takes the position that balancing interests to delineate the scope of the Charter's legal rights is inappropriate from a theoretical and practical perspective. The balancing approach should be abandoned in favour of a return to the purposive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]