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Russian universities at the present stage play a significant role in shaping the students professional preferences and migration expectations, thereby contributing to socio-economic development and influencing the process of human capital management at the regional level. The issue of immersing a university in the problems of a city (region) becomes especially relevant in light of global challenges, such as demographic changes, economic instability, and a lack of qualified personnel. One of the important areas of research is the analysis of how students evaluate the city of study, which may become their future place of residence and professional activity. The publication presents the results of such a study – a long-term survey of young people (students of the largest Nizhny Novgorod university – Lobachevsky University) about the conditions for their professional growth and development in one of the largest Russian cities – Nizhny Novgorod. The survey period (2017-2023) covered not only significant events related to the implementation of large infrastructure projects in the city (2018 FIFA World Cup, the 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod in 2021, recognition of the city as New Year’s (2022) and Youth (2023) capitals of Russia), but also during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the areas of the research that determined its novelty was the assessment of the city as a center for the development of creative industries, as well as a structural analysis of the results when dividing respondents by type of planned career trajectories. The discussion compared the results with similar studies from other regions of Russia. The results of the study are of interest for university management and regional policy, emphasizing the importance of the interaction of educational institutions with the urban environment in the context of the preservation and development of human resources in the region.

Migration-induced land degradation is a challenging environmental issue in Sub-Saharan Africa. The need for expansion due to urban development has raised the question of effective sustainable measures. Understanding migration and land degradation links is paramount for sustainable urban development and resource use. This is particularly true in Nigeria, where elevated migration levels frequently result in accelerated land degradation due to urban expansion. Given the need to understand the impact of migration on land degradation in the Savannah Region of Nigeria (SRN), this study introduces a novel approach by integrating remote sensing data (NDVI, NDBI) with local community perceptions (mixed-methods approach) to assess the impact of migration on land degradation in four migration destination communities located in two local government areas (LGAs) (Sabon Gari East and Sabon Gari West of Fagge LGA; Zuba and Tungamaje of Gwagwalada LGA). We conducted focus group discussions and a semi-structured survey with 360 household heads to obtain a comprehensive view of perceptions. Our findings revealed that 41.1% and 29.5% of the respondents agreed and strongly agreed that migration significantly contributes to land degradation. We analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) acquired from Landsat 8 datasets for 2014 to 2023. While increasing NDBI values were observed in all communities, a slight decrease in NDVI was noted in Sabon Gari East and Tungamaje. Our analyses highlighted activities leading to land degradation such as land pressure due to built-up expansion at Sabon Gari East, Sabon Gari West, and Tungamaje, and deforestation at Zuba. Based on the varying challenges of migration-induced land degradation, we recommend adequate community participation in suggesting targeted interventions and policies to foster various adaptive capacities and sustainable environments within SRN communities and Sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study native-born white men's internal migration in the United States over all possible 10- and 20-year periods between 1850 and 1940. Inter-county migration rates—after implementing a new method to correct for errors in linkage—were stable over time. Migrant selection on the basis of occupational status was neutral or slightly negative and also largely stable. But the orientation of internal migration changed over time, declining in distance and increasingly driving urbanization. In the 1930s, migration became less common and less urban oriented. These results provide a clearer understanding of historic U.S. internal migration than previously possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prominent historical examples point to how population surges from elsewhere have contributed to the social and political reconstitution of local electorates. Population mobility internal to the United States varies over time and across states but has always been impressive enough in volume to raise the curiosity of observers about its political effects. Here we press the question of whether the well-documented stream of migrants relocating from California to Texas has been sufficient to alter the political complexion of the destination state. Including migrants from Florida proves to be an illuminating contrast, showing that the California influx is indeed large, but politically quite mixed. We find that the aggregate effect of this flow on the partisan balance of Texas has been minimal in the short-term. Local effects on the counties and smaller localities in Texas are more noticeable, however, as cross-state migrants are highly selective in their relocation decisions, gravitating toward destinations consonant with their political values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the impacts of climate change intensify globally, scholars and policymakers are increasingly interested in determining the factors that lead to the success or failure of climate adaptation strategies. This paper investigates the well-being outcomes of ex-pastoralists in northern Kenya who have migrated to towns in response to severe droughts. Focusing on Marsabit Town, the study employs a comparative design with primary survey data to analyze the well-being outcomes resulting from migration as an adaptation strategy. We contrast two heterogeneous groups of former pastoralists: a "settled group" that was already residing in Marsabit Town before ending their pastoral activities and a "migrant group" that relocated to Marsabit Town at the time of abandoning pastoralism. Our analysis reveals significant differences in well-being outcomes between these groups, with the migrant group often experiencing deterioration in their well-being levels. Key predictors of poorer well-being outcomes include the loss of all livestock, informal housing, and failure to transition into agricultural work, which often results in dependence on casual labor. Additionally, many migrants continue to experience poor subjective well-being—referring to their personal satisfaction with the quality of life—years after their livelihood transition. These insights offer a nuanced understanding of the well-being outcomes of migration-as-adaptation among heterogeneous groups of ex-pastoralists and underscore the need for customized livelihood support strategies for the most at-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores cohesion levels within Istanbul's internal migrant groups, focusing on formal solidarity networks and Hometown Associations (HTAs). It examines disparities in organizational density within formal associations among these groups and identifies the underlying factors that contribute to the varying degrees of cohesion. The findings highlight a contiguous region at the intersection of the Black Sea's hinterland and Eastern Anatolia, where migrants in Istanbul exhibit higher levels of solidarity through organizational density. HTAs originating from villages tend to concentrate in peripheral settlements, while city and district associations are prevalent in central residential areas. This research adds to the understanding of internal migration and solidarity networks, offering a data-driven basis for further studies. It presents an innovative metric for quantifying the bonds within migrant groups, crucial for evaluating their social capital. This metric serves as a foundation, encouraging a broader research agenda to deepen insights into migrant social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1978, millions of Chinese workers have migrated to seek personal development opportunities. However, little is known about what the world's largest internal migration means for the public. Safety perceptions concern the vital well-being of each individual and can indirectly indicate criminal activities in society. From a microscopic perspective, this study is the first attempt to focus on the impact of migration on individuals' public safety perceptions in China. Using the ordered probit model and conducting robustness tests using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Instrumental Variable (IV) methods, we found that an individual's public safety perception generally declines when the proportion of migrants in the community increases. However, the impacts on the various groups were different. Internal migration has been suggested to have a more significant influence on females, older people, high-income groups, locals, and individuals living in the east. Furthermore, migration negatively affected public safety perceptions in China, primarily by endangering employment and weakening social trust. This study has significant policy implications for the effective public safety administration in China. Likewise, the findings could also help many developing countries with migration management because there has been an increase in rural-urban migration during economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, poverty alleviation is a major concern. The marginalised population generally adopts migration as a livelihood strategy to improve their socio-economic position. Scholars have primarily focused on migration decisions from rural households, a dearth of literature talks about the migration decision by poor households. This study attempts to empirically investigate the factors determining migration from rural households particularly from 'poor households' in developing countries like India. Further, we separate the long-term and short-term driving forces of migration in poor households. Through nationally representative data from the India Human Development Survey (2011) and the logit model framework, the role of household composition, resources, shocks, debts, prevailing male wage in villages etc., in migration decision-making has been examined. Our findings indicate that long-term migration is likely to trigger in the presence of debt burden, household resources, belongingness to upper caste group, and major family events or shock. The result for short-term migration indicates that deprived groups such as Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) are especially inclined towards short-term migration. Debt, major shock and dependent members also trigger short-term migration from poor households. On the other hand, as rural male wage rises the tendency to engage in short-term migration declines, reflecting the need to generate local employment opportunities. The result highlights the compulsion that poor household faces while making migration decision particularly when it is for short duration. In order to achieve poverty elimination and inclusive development goal, there is a need to integrate migration and poverty for policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of society's economic well-being determinants - above and beyond the firm-specific and macroeconomic determinants - on firm profitability in Poland. Based on stakeholder theory we hypothesized that the economic well-being of society can influence firm performance. Therefore, we included real wage and salary growth, internal migration, international migration, and natural increase variables in the regression models. We applied four models with different sets of variables using pooled ordinary least square regression, as well as fixed and random effects regressions with robust standard errors clustered at the firm level. The dataset covers the period from 2004 to 2021, comprising 5400 firm-year observations from Poland in the wholesale and retail trade sector. We found that firm profitability generally increases with higher inflation and exchange rate depreciation. Moreover, in models including society's economic well-being variables, GDP growth is no longer a significant determinant of firm profitability. Most importantly, the study demonstrates a positive relationship between real wage and salary growth and firm profitability. We also found that international migration is negatively associated with firm profitability. Regarding natural increase, the study suggests that it has a positive effect on return on equity, but not on return on assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the relevance of adaptation challenges to the location choices of internal migrants, thereby adding to the recognition that they are newcomers to the host society. To achieve this, it presents an examination of how cultural, institutional and social differences between origin and destination regions, which internal migrants need to adapt to, impact their location choices, using labour migration within China as a case study. Competing-destination models show that these adaptation-related differences are indeed significant to internal migration, especially for younger and older women, more educated migrants, the self-employed, singles, and households moving together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the effect of return initiatives in rural regions of Germany on interregional return migration. The initiatives aim to increase return migration by, amongst other things, providing information on local employment opportunities and personal support to workers interested in returning to find a job in the former rural region of residence. Analysing administrative data on individual labour market trajectories through survival analysis and difference-in-differences estimation, we find that return initiatives, on average, promote interregional return migration. Among the considered workers, particularly those in the middle and at the top of the wage distribution are more likely to return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research looking at Queer migration focuses on the movement of people between countries and continents, where countries of origin are deemed unsafe. However, literature shows that in South Africa there are more people migrating internally than those migrating into South Africa from other countries. In this article, I draw on 15 interviews with BlackQueers who moved from rural to urban areas in South Africa to explain their Queer-centric motivations for migrating internally, which enabled them to "confront what it means to be Queer" through physical and digital interactions. The digital world is important because it surpasses fixed geographies. Digital spaces offer a refuge that may not be available in offline spaces even when there are legal protections that state that this should not be the case. This article provokes transnational scholarship to pay equal attention to movements within countries and digital spaces as it does to cross-country flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining detailed county-to-county migration data with Toxics Release Inventory data, and fine-scale PM 2.5 concentration levels, we investigate the relationship between internal migration, income of migrant and non-migrant households and county-level differences in environmental quality. We show that households moving to "cleaner" counties are relatively "richer"—a result consistent with a sorting by income in the spirit of Tiebout (1956). An implication of this finding is that internal migration could contribute to the persistence of disparities in pollution exposure at the county-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hollowing out of rural areas is a phenomenon of large-scale idle and abandoned rural homesteads in the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization, which has been an urgent problem to be solved in the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Based on the perspective of population migration, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for rural population migration from three dimensions: urban attractiveness, farmers' willingness to migrate, and macro policy environment. The paper analyzes the mechanism of population migration affecting rural hollowing, and quantitatively analyzes the evolution law and driving mechanism of rural hollowing through the construction of the rural hollowing indexes, taking D village located in loess hilly areas as an example. It is found as follows. (1) With the development of macroeconomic and changes in policy environment, the settlement space of D village has gone through stages of internal migration of residential areas, rapid expansion of villages, differentiation of new and old villages, and revitalization of idle residential land. Accompanied by this is the evolution process of the emergence period, development period, prosperous period, and stable period of rural hollowing. (2) The hollowing out of D village is driven by the core factor of population migration, which is the result of the interaction between the internal migration succession of settlements and rural population loss. From a temporal perspective, the initial rural hollowing is mainly influenced by the dominant role of residential renewal, which is manifested as the hollowing out of homesteads. After the demand for housing construction is saturated, the dominant role gradually weakens, and the implicit role caused by continuous population loss becomes the dominant factor of rural hollowing, and the degree of hollowing out gradually intensifies. (3) Affected by the internal and external support conditions of rural development, rural hollowing may exhibit differentiated trends such as re-solidification, steady hollowing out, and developing hollowing out. The process and evolution direction of rural hollowing can be regulated through institutional reform, basic investment, and industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates that out‐of‐area (OOA) property transactions can serve as a proxy for migration. Using micro‐level transaction data, we document that about 35% of migrants make OOA property purchases. The goodness‐of‐fit between migration and OOA purchases is higher for aggregate migration measures and lower for migration flows between disaggregated areas. Furthermore, in most specifications, a one percent increase in OOA purchases is associated with an approximately one percent increase in migration. We characterize the monthly out‐migration from NYC zip codes to surrounding areas after the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic to demonstrate the high temporal and spatial resolution of OOA transaction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary labor migration is a household phenomenon among rural communities in India. This study seeks to understand the subjective experiences influencing the temporariness of labor migration among internal migrants in India by examining various factors such as migration conditions, motivation, migration arrangements, coping and adaptation strategies, and determinants of stay. To achieve this objective, the current qualitative study utilized 14 indepth interviews and 2 focus group discussions to investigate the temporary nature of labor migration among internal migrants in India. Our findings reveal that migration decisions are rational choices made collectively at the household level, considering socio-economic outcomes. We also find that social networks and contractors facilitate migration arrangements and job connections, and migrants employ various strategies to reduce costs and cope with expenses in urban areas. However, migration destinations often fail to meet migrants' expectations, exposing them to low-wage employment and precarious working and living conditions, which are detrimental to their health. Limited housing and sanitation facilities further contribute to the challenges faced by migrants. Work conditions, including poor wages and high job demands, also affect their well-being. These findings highlight the need for improved support systems that address accommodation challenges, work conditions, and the overall welfare of labor migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, industrial metropolises in China have experienced a surge in proactive planning initiatives aimed at developing high-rise industrial structures, commonly known as "Industry's Going Upstairs (IGU)." This study argues that the IGU represents a distinct form of urban verticality that is neither motivated by capitalist speculation nor sustainability prompts but rather by local states' intervention to ensure economic resilience and enhance innovation capabilities. This study presents the case of Shenzhen to demonstrate how the adoption of the IGU initiative is catalyzed by concerns over manufacturing sectors' out-migration and the effects of volatile US-China relations on the city's competitiveness. In light of these circumstances, Shenzhen has embraced the ambitious IGU initiative as a practical approach to reverse the trend of deindustrialization while sidestepping the lengthy process of industrial land redevelopment. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of political-economic factors that drive urban vertical expansion and their potential consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has undergone rapid urbanization and internal migration in the past few years, and its up-to-date gridded population datasets are essential for various applications. Existing datasets for China, however, suffer from either outdatedness or failure to incorporate data from the latest Seventh National Population Census of China, conducted in 2020. In this study, we develop a novel population downscaling approach that leverages stacking ensemble learning and big geospatial data to produce up-to-date population grids at a 100 m resolution for China using seventh census data at both county and town levels. The proposed approach employs stacking ensemble learning to integrate the strengths of random forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM through fusing their predictions in a training mechanism, and it delineates the inhabited areas from big geospatial data to enhance the gridded population estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits the best-fit performance compared to individual base models. Meanwhile, the out-of-sample town-level test set indicates that the estimated gridded population dataset (R2=0.8936) is more accurate than existing WorldPop (R2=0.7427) and LandScan (R2=0.7165) products for China in 2020. Furthermore, with the inhabited area enhancement, the spatial distribution of population grids is intuitively more reasonable than the two existing products. Hence, the proposed population downscaling approach provides a valuable option for producing gridded population datasets. The estimated 100 m gridded population dataset of China holds great significance for future applications, and it is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24916140.v1 (Chen et al., 2024b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Migrant Health Follow-Up Study (MHFUS) is a longitudinal study conducted in South Africa to examine the consequences of migration and urbanization on individual health. The study has collected data on education, employment, migration, household composition, health, health service use, and diet through four study waves between 2018 and 2022. The MHFUS aims to understand the impact of migration and urbanization on non-communicable and infectious diseases and treatment continuity. The study has achieved a high retention rate of 98% of participants. The study provides valuable insights into the experiences and well-being of migrants in the country. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: Seasonal migrations, such as those of ungulates, are particularly threatened by habitat transformations and fragmentation, climate and other environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities. Mountain ungulate migrations are neglected because they are relatively short, although traversing heterogeneous altitudinal gradients particularly exposed to anthropogenic threats. Detecting migration routes of these species and understanding their drivers are therefore of primary importance to predict connectivity and preserve ecosystem functions and services. The populations of Alpine ibex Capra ibex have all been reintroduced from the last remnant source population. Despite a general increase in abundance and overall distribution range, ibex populations are mostly disconnected but display intra‐population migrations. Therefore, its conservation is strictly linked to the interplay between external threats and related behavioural responses, including space use and migration. Location: Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland. Methods: By using 337 migratory tracks from 425 GPS‐collared individuals from 15 Alpine ibex populations distributed across their entire range, we (i) identified the environmental drivers of movement corridors in both spring and autumn and (ii) compared the ability of a connectivity modelling algorithm to predict migratory movements between seasonal ranges of the 15 populations, using either population‐specific or multipopulation datasets, and three validation procedures. Results: Steep, south‐facing, snow‐free slopes were selected while high elevation changes were avoided. This revealed the importance of favourable resources and an attempt to limit energy expenditures and perceived predation risk. The abilities of the modelling methods we compared to predict migratory connectivity from the results of those movement analyses were similar. Main Conclusions: The trade‐off between energy expenditure, food and cover was the major driver of migration routes and was overall consistent among populations. Based on these findings, we provided useful connectivity models to inform conservation of Alpine ibex and its habitats, and a framework for future research investigating connectivity in migratory species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of wildfire impacts to the built environment is growing and will likely continue under rising average global temperatures. We investigate whether and at what destruction threshold wildfires have influenced human mobility patterns by examining the migration effects of the most destructive wildfires in the contiguous U.S. between 1999 and 2020. We find that only the most extreme wildfires (258+ structures destroyed) influenced migration patterns. In contrast, the majority of wildfires examined were less destructive and did not cause significant changes to out- or in-migration. These findings suggest that, for the past two decades, the influence of wildfire on population mobility was rare and operated primarily through destruction of the built environment. This study examines the impact of destructive wildfires on human migration in the contiguous United States, showing that only the most extreme events affected existing migration trends. Migration in response to wildfire building destruction was rare, while immobility was a more common response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected internal migration patterns worldwide. Most previous studies have reported on pandemic-induced changes in internal migration using data from 2020 and 2021. Therefore, little is known about the pandemic’s medium-term impact. To address this gap, this study investigated an annual series of migration patterns from 2019 to 2023 in Japan. At the municipal level, relationships between net migration rates and population density indicated that the urbanisation trend became weak in 2020, compared to that in 2019, and it was the weakest in 2021. The urbanisation degree became stronger in 2023, increasing to the level in 2020. Using annual inter-municipal migration flows, this study then investigated changes in migration flows to/from and within three major metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka). The changes in sizes of these flows and migration effectiveness index suggested that the pandemic had the largest impact in the Tokyo metropolitan area, among the three areas, and it stimulated intra-metropolitan migration as suburbanisation, rather than net out-migration as ‘urban exodus’, in Japan. The overall results indicated that the pandemic had the largest impact in 2021, which got smaller as the migration patterns recovered to the pre-pandemic ones in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the existing literature focusing on post-disaster regional impacts, we illustrate how the perception of disaster exposure affects regional population flows through household location decisions using a quantitative spatial economics model. More importantly, the quantitative spatial economics model helps identify critical drivers for regional migration that motivate the subsequent empirical analyses. A generalized additive model is applied to US county-level data to capture the nonlinear impact of disaster exposure on migration. The regional migration is not responsive to small and moderate disaster exposures. However, counties subject to severe disaster exposure experience significantly slower net inmigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Niger faces a myriad of health challenges and development efforts are complicated by persistent poverty, high population growth rates, and climate change. Integrated social and behavior change (SBC) addresses health outcomes through collective action and approaches at the limited points of entry individuals have with the health system. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated SBC program in the Maradi, and Zinder regions of Niger. We applied contribution analysis, a theory-based plausibility analysis, to assess contributions of the intervention. Results: We found the program contributed to improved behavioral determinants. Male engagement and income generating activities provided further support for women to practice health behaviors. However, increases in male partner out-migration was negatively associated with health outcomes. While the program did not generate statistically significant improvements in health outcomes in the intervention area, exposure to health messages and participation in women's groups were positively associated with health outcomes suggesting sustained implementation of the integrated SBC approach at scale may achieve improved health outcomes. Conclusion: Programs should continue to invest in health promotion efforts that include gender sensitive interventions. Further research is needed to understand how women's agency and autonomy evolves as household composition changes through male out-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internal migration is an important part of the transition to adulthood for many young people in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines how migration, in relation to marriage and parenthood, impacts modern contraceptive use and health facility visits amongst young urban women. Methods: We draw on Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) surveys conducted in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda (2019–2022). Our analysis is unique in being able to adjust for whether women wanted to get pregnant soon. Our sample includes women ages 15–24 years currently residing in urban areas (n = 6,225). We conducted logistic regression models clustered by village level identifier to explore the sequence of life events and the timing of migration in relation to current modern contraceptive use and recent health facility visit, a proxy for engagement with formal health services. Results: The timing of migration matters more than the sequence of these life events. Young urban women who experienced both migration and a birth, regardless of the order, had increased contraceptive use and recent health facility visit, compared to women who had only experienced one event or neither. Young women who migrated in the past year had 24% lower odds of using a modern method (Odds Ratio = 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.63, 0.91), adjusting for demographic factors and adjusting for fertility preference (Wanting to get pregnant soon). Having had a birth was highly significant for health facility visit and among women who had had a birth, those who migrated in the last year had lower odds of a recent visit (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.41, 0.89). Results suggest an initially disruptive effect of migration. Discussion: Our results suggest young women who recently migrated to urban areas may need additional support in accessing contraception and formal health services for themselves or their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the electron‐withdrawing effect of the Pt(bpy)Cl2 molecule, a simple post‐modification amide reaction was firstly used to graft it onto the surface of NH2‐MIL‐125, which performed as a highly efficient electron acceptor that induced the conversion of the photoinduced charge migration pathway from internal BDC→TiOx migration to external BDC→PtNx migration, significantly improving the efficiency of photoinduced electron transfer and separation. Furthermore, precisely regulating over the first coordination sphere of Pt single atoms was achieved using further post‐modification with additional bipyridine to investigate the effect of Pt−Nx coordination numbers on reaction activity. The as‐synthesized NML‐PtN2 exhibited superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of 7.608 mmol g−1 h−1, a remarkable improvement of 225 and 2.26 times compared to pristine NH2‐MIL‐125 and NML‐PtN4, respectively. In addition, the superior apparent quantum yield of 4.01 % (390 nm) and turnover frequency of 190.3 h−1 (0.78 wt % Pt SA; 129 times compared to Pt nanoparticles/NML) revealed the high solar utilization efficiency and hydrogen evolution activity of the material. And macroscopic color changes caused by the transition of carrier migration paths was first observed. It holds profound significance for the design of MOF‐Molecule catalysts with efficient charge carrier separation and precise regulation of single‐atom coordination sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elucidates how the geography of interprovincial migration in China has evolved with the country’s structural changes over the past 35 years and explores how this geography has developed in the past decade. In synthesizing existing literature, we demonstrate that the coast-inland migration discrepancy emerged in the late 1980s when migration control was relaxed and a coastal development strategy was adopted, reinforced in the 1990s when globalization, marketization, and decentralization unfolded and interprovincial economic disparities increased, and stabilized in the 2000s when the growth of interprovincial economic disparities came to a halt with the country’s shift to a coordinated regional development strategy. Using 2020 Census data, the geography is revealed to have become less skewed between 2010 and 2020, driven primarily by two groups of provinces. One group includes five southeast coastal provinces and two coastal municipalities; the other includes nine southern inland provinces. The southern inland-coast migration flows, which had been growing prior to 2010, have decreased between 2010 and 2020, whereas counterflows have increased greatly. These emerging trends can be attributed to several significant transformations in China’s demography and economic landscape, including the aging of a large number of first-generation migrants, a declining workforce, the relocation of manufacturing industries, and people’s increasing emphasis on public services, the access to which are often tied to the hukou place. Interprovincial migration in China has reached a turning point in terms of geographic changes. The policies on this migration and the geographical framework for analyzing it may need updating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of returnee entrepreneurs' internal migration experience on enterprise innovation and explored possible mechanisms. Using data from the 2018 Enterprise Survey for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in China (ESIEC), which collected a large sample of entrepreneurs from small and medium enterprises, the results of our study showed that entrepreneurs' internal migration experience positively affected enterprise innovation activities and expenditure. Further, the effects were larger for the entrepreneurs who had the first migration at a younger age and had a longer duration of migration exposure. The mechanism analysis suggested that human capital accumulation was a potential channel underlying the innovation consequences of entrepreneurs' internal migration experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to maximize the post-harvest quality of Moutan Cortex and reduce energy consumption. Radio frequency vacuum (RFV) technology was used to dehydrate Moutan Cortex in this study to investigate the effects of different drying temperatures, plate spacing, and vacuum degree on the drying kinetics, physicochemical quality, and microstructure of Moutan Cortex. The results showed that RFV drying shortened the dehydration time of the Moutan Cortex by 10.71–28.57% and increased the drying rate by 15.79–54.39% compared to hot-air drying. The best color (∆E = 6.08 ± 0.28, BI = 26.97 ± 0.98) and relatively high retention of polysaccharides, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant properties, paeonol, gallic acid, paeoniflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin contents were observed in the dried products of Moutan Cortex at a drying temperature of 50 °C, spacing of 90 mm, and vacuum of 0.025 MPa. Analyzing the microstructure, it was found that RFV drying could effectively inhibit the shrinkage and collapse of the cellular structure, and a regular and loose honeycomb pore structure appeared inside the samples, which contributed to the rapid migration of the internal moisture. This study can provide a theoretical reference basis for the selection and application of industrialized processing methods of high-quality Moutan Cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation and migration have become pressing concerns in the 21st century, particularly in fragile contexts such as Afghanistan. This article adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the intricate relationship between environmental degradation and migration in Afghanistan, where persistent conflict and climate-related challenges intensify vulnerabilities. The study acknowledges the complex interplay between environmental stressors and socioeconomic instability, revealing how Afghanistan's unique topography and climate make it highly susceptible to natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and landslides, which contribute to significant displacement. Based on both primary and secondary data, this research underscores the critical need for sustainable environmental management and improved disaster preparedness to mitigate the impacts of environmental degradation and enhance resilience among affected communities. By focusing on Afghanistan, the article deepens our understanding of environmental migration dynamics and emphasizes the importance of addressing the root causes of environmental degradation in order to foster a more sustainable and stable future for vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the economic opportunities that would interact with the migration patterns, based on the empirical evidence being retrieved from the data analysis. Migration is quite frequently connected with economics, as people search for better living conditions and larger job opportunities. Data and statistical analyses are used for the examination of economic variables like GDP growth, unemployment rates, income inequalities, and sectoral employment patterns that affect migration dynamics. Econometric models and regression analysis are used to explain the complex relationships between economic opportunities on the one hand and different types of migration, including internal and external migration, and on the other hand, labour mobility. The analysis also focuses on policy measures, globalisation, and technological advancements as aspects that influence migration trends. By depicting empirical evidence and case studies, this research provides the necessary depth of understanding of the complex interplay between economic forces and human mobility, which in turn offers important guidance to policymakers and stakeholders on how to handle the challenges of migration and to benefit from the opportunities it gives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary internal migration is an important livelihood strategy but there have been inconsistencies in its conceptualisation and measurement which limit understanding of the phenomenon across diverse geographical contexts. This paper explores the ontological category of temporary internal migration and how it is defined and measured in eight Asian countries. We identify three broad approaches to measurement: Place of enumeration; Multilocality and Administrative measures. Using these data, we undertake comparisons of migration intensity, age profiles, and rural- to-urban flows across countries in our sample. Our findings indicate that temporary migration ranges between 0.3 to 2.9 per cent of the population—likely an underestimate of internal temporary mobility. Applying an average intensity of 1.5 per cent to all Asian countries yields an estimate of 71 million temporary internal migrants in any given year. Analysis of age profiles reveals that temporary internal migration peaks not only at young adult ages, but also at older ages in selected countries, pointing to the importance of consumption-related movements in some settings. The geographical patterns are also diverse with rural-to-urban flows matched by significant rural-to-rural and urban-to-rural flows. The paper concludes with recommendations for advancing both the conceptualisation and measurement of temporary internal migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ontainer settlements (CS) have been widely used as emergency and temporary dwellings in Europe due to the advantages of rapid deployment, cost-efficiency and relatively good living standards. Nevertheless, many authors emphasize the risks of disturbing the spatial order and stigmatization of residents that can lead to deepening the feeling of unrooting and generate substantial social problems. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the main architectural characteristics of CS built in Ukraine to address internal migration caused by war. Multiple comparative case study includes 18 settlements built for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in three distinctive phases. The research focuses on the features critical to human comfort and life quality: settlement size, program, building typology, spatial arrangement, circulation, unit layout, degree of privacy. Results show that developments from 2015 and 2022 have similarities including basic program, size of dwelling units and density, but there are important differences related to the time allocated to designing and construction as well as expected period of operation. Basic recommendations for improving existing and planned developments are increasing the privacy by creating collective-private space outside and inside, developing a rich program, use existing greenery and new landscaping, providing good transit to the urban centres, using all-year weatherproof typologies and technical solutions suitable for long-term use. This fact must be considered in the process of designing new CS for IDPs and refugees, that are being planned and constructed in Ukraine and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens when we approach children and youth as the producers of their own history? This article foregrounds the concrete traces left by children and young students in the historian's archive in order to offer an exploratory investigation of how they participated in the multifaceted history of transnational and internal migration in late nineteenth- and early twentiethcentury Egypt. I focus on children and young individuals who, on the one hand, belonged to migrant communities in Egypt and, on the other hand, produced narratives which spoke to the experience of transnational and internal migration. By examining school exams, letters, and petitions produced by pupils between the 1880s and the 1920s, I reconstruct how younger members of society engaged with various forms of parental, communal, and state authority and support as they moved across different social, legal, and spatial geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines contemporary migration patterns in the Hirakud Command Area, an agriculturally prosperous region in Eastern India. Traditionally, internal migration in India has been associated with factors such as backwardness, agrarian distress, and food insecurity. However, this research challenges this perspective by uncovering a growing trend of migration among the upper socio-economic strata. Contrary to popular belief, present study shows an increasing trend of migration among the educated, unmarried male youths belong to the upper strata of the socio-economic hierarchy, guided by their aspirations, accessibility, and ability of migrants rather than merely by hunger and distress. By highlighting these findings, this study urges a departure from conventional economic determinants and suggests a broader understanding of migration dynamics. It reveals that individuals from marginalized backgrounds are less likely to migrate, while migrants from higher caste-class categories possess better positions, income, and occupational status in their migration destinations. These insights contribute to a more nuanced comprehension of contemporary migration in the Hirakud Command Area. It underscores the importance of considering non-economic factors in migration analysis and calls for tailored policy interventions that address the specific needs and aspirations of different migrant groups. Plain language summary: This study looked at why people moving out from Hirakud Command Area, a relatively agricully Prospoous region in Eastern India. According to popular understanding of migrarion, people migrate because they are poor or hungry and lack of economic oppertunities at origin. But this study found that young men who are educated and belongs to well to do families are migrating more than poor and marginalised families. They move because they want to, not because they have to. This means that we need to think differently about why people move. The study also found that poor people are less likely to move. People who do move usually have better jobs and make more money than poor people who don't move. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the root causes and consequences of forced displacement in Guerrero, Mexico. Drawing upon Latin American and Caribbean decolonial feminist thought, we use 'cuerpo-territorio' (body-territory) as a lens for understanding multiscalar violence in the region. This centres the experiences of women and children, key figures both in the (re)production of embodied, communal, and territorial ties and in the phenomenon of forced displacement. Their testimonials complicate understandings of internal migration in Mexico and asylum-seeking in the US, disrupting typical re/victimising narratives while acknowledging the interconnected, intimate-global violences these women and youth often face. In connection with 'cuerpo-territorio', we incorporate the decolonial concept of 're-existencia' (re-existence) to show how those suffering displacement actively transform possibilities for being-in-the-world. In conversation with feminist geographic work on oppositional resistance, resilience, and re-working, we explain 're-existencia' as solidarity practices that move beyond mere survival. Instead, these practices draw on longstanding indigenous ways of being to infuse new life into territories dispossessed through violence. This article aims to deepen dialogue with feminist geographic literatures outside of the Anglo-centric canon, and calls for greater attention to Latin American and Caribbean decolonial epistemologies in analyses of displacement in the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies to address the decline and marginalization of rural areas are emerging as a central issue of European and national policies. Yet, the conceptualization of decline and the recognition of forms of decline specific to distinct rural areas, resulting in conditions of intra-rural divide, are fundamental aspects for developing place-based and targeted strategies. The article thus focuses on the concept of intra-rural divide. It introduces the categories of declining, adapting, stabilizing, and developing regions as spatial clusters that present specific population trends and require specific place-based policies. These policies are defined as adaptation, mitigation, and development strategies. The aim of the study is to develop a procedure, based on a set of indicators of population trends and population structure, to investigate the impact of active decline resulting from out-migration and legacy decline resulting from demographic imbalances produced by past migration. The objective is to understand the intra-rural divide and identify clusters of declining transition and prosperous rural areas. Six Italian regions were selected as study areas, including Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise, and Puglia. The Municipalities are selected as the unit of analysis. The study's findings provide relevant information for defining targeted policies and balancing adaptation, mitigation, and development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial clustering of life satisfaction scores noted in recent empirical research suggests that 'happier' people may live in specific neighbourhoods or regions. This prompts the questions: Do 'happier' people choose to move to specific places? Does living in specific places make people 'happier'? To answer these questions, this paper explores possible occurrences of selective mobility, and social and ecological influence. Using panel data collected in Australia from 2013 to 2021, we examine the association between life satisfaction scores and selective geographic mobility, and the possible influence that living at specific locations may have on individual life satisfaction trajectory, while controlling for individual personality traits and socio-demographic factors. Our results indicate that urban residents reporting lower life satisfaction scores before the move have a higher probability of moving to a rural area. Similarly, lower life satisfaction scores are associated with a higher probability of moving to a region with a different climate. We also find evidence that moving from the city to the country is associated with an uplift of the life satisfaction trajectory for the individual. A similar conclusion is reached for people who moved to a warmer climate, but not for a move to a cooler climate. To our knowledge, this is the first time the concepts of selective mobility and social and ecological influence have been applied in life satisfaction research. Our work provides an indicator that can be important to demographers predicting population movements. It can also inform policy development around assisting regional and rural areas attract/ retain residents to support regional sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all countries today deal with poverty and immigration and work to find solutions to these difficulties. This paper is designed to examine the spatial effects of public expenditures and poverty on internal migration in Turkey. According to the findings, poverty reduces immigration. It is seen as a driving force, especially in areas with close neighbors. In addition, the amount of exports, labor force participation rate, population growth and the share of public expenditures in GDP positively affect migration. This relationship is also observed in terms of reference regions and units that are adjacent to these regions. The study's findings offer empirical input for relevant public policies and literature that will be used to fight poverty and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper deals with a visual representation of forced migration in its specific spatial and temporal geopolitical manifestation near the borders of Croatia from 2015 until today by focusing on The Passage, a collection of memorial portraits of migrants who lost their lives in the bordering regions of Croatia. The text will demonstrate that forced migration can be seen not only as an exile from one's homeland but can also be attributed as the act of prevention of access in a material sense (by preventing entry to a given country in search of protection) and in a symbolic sense (by obstruction of the right to appear and assemble). This way, we see exile not as a centrifugal force of displacement but as a rhizomatic, meshed movement of potential material and visual techniques of entry and deportation. The paper will advocate those practices that help to establish migrant presence at the borders of Europe not as an aberration but as an occurrence that requires systemic changes in power relations of representation by rearticulating imaging techniques of migrant (in)visibility beyond the tropes of either victimization, generalization or absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as its objects of study two contemporary films, Sergei Dvortsevoy's 2018 Ayka and Anastasia Borisova's 2019 film Mama, this article considers the vicissitudes of life as a female economic migrant and young mother in Moscow, with Mama representing the internal migration of its main protagonist from Sakha (known also as Yakutia) and Ayka the experience of a new mother from Kyrgyzstan. Both films engage the themes of pregnancy, childcare and racialised labour within post-Soviet Moscow, and they do so in analogous ways, each employing a documentary style that we might see as gesturing towards the 'ethnofictions' of Jean Rouch. Central to my inquiry is that both Ayka and Iye appeared at a time when pronatalist policies were actively being pursued within the Russian Federation, as part of the highly conservative agenda of V.V. Putin, and yet the dire material conditions of the films' migrant heroines leave them unable to fully 'assent' to their new maternal roles. My article considers each film's attempt to document the unequal access to postpartum care in Russia's metropolis and draws upon theories of cinematic spectatorship to ask whether 'intersectional' Russophone films can transcend the violence of voyeurism and play an active role in feminist advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change-induced sea level rise, shoreline changes, and coastal erosion are projected to drive massive population displacement and mobility in Africa. This study was conducted to examine the pattern of shoreline changes, coastal erosion, land use/land cover dynamics, projections, and their implications on internal migration in Senegal, Kenya, and Tanzania, representing West and East Africa. The digitized shoreline was mapped into erosion, accretion, and trend analysis, which further explains the vulnerability and physical processes that could trigger human displacement within the context of environmental/climate migration. Analysis of land use and land cover dynamics was obtained from Landsat 5 TM of 1986, Landsat 7 ET of 2006, Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of 2016, and Landsat 9 OLI/TIRS of 2022 and computed using ArcGIS 10.7 for land-use change and percentage change in square kilometers was conducted to examine land use/land cover dynamics and their contributions to the risk of coastal erosion in the study regions. The outcome of the shoreline analysis reveals that 972.03 sqkm of land has been lost to coastal erosion in Senegal from 1986 to 2022 with 2016–2022 described as the period with the highest in terms of land loss. In Kenya, −463.30 sqkm of land has also been lost to coastal erosion and agents of wave processes, with 1986–2006 recording the highest share of −87.74% loss of valuable land, while in Tanzania, −1033.35 sqkm of valuable land has been lost from 1986 to 2022 to coastal erosion, with 2006–2016 alone recording −10.4634% of land loss. The result of the land use/land cover percentage change analysis indicates a massive loss of vegetation cover with a significant increase in settlement representing urbanization. The scenario analysis of the shoreline at 10, 20, and 30 m indicates that 567 persons per sqkm at 10 m, 25,904.6 persons per sqkm at 20 m, and 25,904.5 persons per sqkm will be displaced in Senegal at 30 m. In Kenya, 57,746 persons per sqkm are projected to be displaced at 10 m while 1210.5 persons per sqkm will be displaced at 20 m and 7737.32 persons per sqkm will be displaced at 30 m. In Tanzania, the maximum population density projected to be displaced at 10, 20, and 30 m is 10,260.97 per sqkm. Structured questionnaires were administered to elicit responses from coastal dwellers on their perception of coastal erosion and climate migration as part of ground truthing and the result of the survey affirms that coastal erosion and its exposure are the major drivers of climate migration in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of internal migration in reducing regional inequalities is a common feature of classical economic theory and urban economics models. If regional migration is important in reducing spatial disparities, then understanding its causes, and barriers, is crucial. This paper explores the drivers of regional migration behaviour in Great Britain. Findings point to rigidities in housing that deter mobility across regions; and regional differences in the drivers and effects of regional migration. Our paper supports greater focus on spatial disaggregation, since migration studies conducted at the national level ignore important spatial differences in migration behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify internal migration flows between Chilean regions and analyse migrants' economic mobility. A data pool from National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) surveys was used to determine migrants' economic position according to their income quintile. Internal migrants were matched with non-migrants of similar status from their region of origin to compare their economic mobility. Results show that the majority of internal migrants did not achieve economic advancement in the short and medium terms, which challenges the neoclassical and functionalist assumptions of a positive relationship between migration and social mobility. Finally, we identify three interregional elevators in Chile: the Austral, Norte Grande and Metropolitan macro-regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential effect of a demographic transition on industrialization is of interest to scholars in both demography and economics. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that a demographic transition creates population pressure that can facilitate rural industrialization. By studying China's rapid demographic transition in the late twentieth century before massive internal labor migration took off and linking it to large regional variations in the process of rural industrialization in the wake of the country's market-oriented reforms, we find that initial local population pressure is positively associated with subsequent rural industrial development, proxied by the extensive growth in local privately and collectively owned enterprises. Population pressure was more significantly associated with rural industrialization than other demographic factors considered, such as birthrate, dependency ratio, and sex ratio at younger ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative development and current state of care for the elderly in Poland and Albania, as well as some of its determinants. These countries were selected for analysis both because of their post-socialist welfare state tradition and similarly strong familisation of care. The text discusses both the health and socio-economic situation of the elderly population and demographic trends affecting care (based on Eurostat, WHO, and national statistics) as well as the panorama of the current care system created by the state and/or the private and non-governmental sector. Based on the analyses, several conclusions were presented. The high level of internal and international migration (especially in Albania) disrupts the model of family care for seniors, especially in some regions of these countries. The countries studied vary in the types of chronic diseases older people suffer from, which should influence the type of care provided. The scale of social services in both countries is far from sufficient, however, based on numerical data it can be concluded that in Poland support, both institutional and environmental, is much more widely available. In Albania, the main provider of formal services is the private sector, and in Poland, there is a move towards a multi-sector model, increasingly entrusting the running of institutions, daycare centres and care services to non-public entities and the civic sector (volunteering, neighbours). The directions of care policy in both countries are similar, consistent with those set by the EU, and aim at deinstitutionalisation and multi-sectoralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a bioeconomic regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the economic and welfare effects on a sub-national region of transitioning from regulated open access to rationalization for a mackerel fishery in a region (Busan), Korea. Results from the baseline simulation demonstrate that the resource rent from the fishery increases, but that the aggregate and per capita welfares in the region can deteriorate due to an out-migration of the factors of production. However, sensitivity analyses reveal that the sign and size of the aggregate and per capita welfare changes depend on, among other things, (i) regional factor mobility, (ii) the ratio of the initial level of biomass to the carrying capacity, and (iii) the magnitude of the rationalization-induced enhancement in the fishing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the post-graduation employment location preferences of international students preparing to participate in the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program in the United States. An exploratory survey asked international students in their final semesters at three midwestern public universities to indicate their employment location preferences via an online text- and map-based questionnaire. Two main questions guided the research: 1) Do international students hold employment location preferences before graduation? and 2) Where in the United States do international students applying for OPT prefer to work? Results indicated the affirmative and that preference geographies extend well beyond the state in which the students earned their degrees. In applying for OPT, participants in this study signaled their intent to remain incountry. As such, the scale of analysis shifts from traditional country-to-country migration flows of international students to the internal movements within the host country in anticipation of post-graduation employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]