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In a scientifc study conducted by teachers of the Department of Journalism and Media Communications of the Faculty of Social Technologies of the RANEPA, the importance of the frst Russian newspaper Vedomosti as a means of reflecting the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian state was determined and the degree of its influence on the processes of public administration in Russia in the frst quarter of the XVIII century was revealed. To achieve the purpose of the study, an analysis of the content of all issues of Vedomosti for 1703–1727 was carried out, which made it possible to determine the functional tasks of this publication for the formation of public opinion, propaganda among the social elite of the need for political, social, economic and cultural transformations in the country, including in the feld of public service and public administration. Since the era of Peter the Great, the formation of the information space of Russia began, which had a direct impact on the processes of public administration, on the development of the public administration’s system and on the creation of mechanisms for the state personnel policy of Russia. It is known that the editor of a number of issues of Vedomosti and the author of some articles was Peter I, which made the newspaper a state media outlet. The experience of publishing Peter’s Vedomosti has shown how important not only the informational, but also the agitation and propaganda function is for the state media of modern Russia.

Within the framework of any theoretical study, the key issue is the conceptual and terminological apparatus. However, the problems of information policy are not only theoretical, but primarily practical. Information policy has ceased to be the concern of journalists and officials. Securitization — considering information policy issues in the context of national security issues — is not only a Russian, but a global imperative.

The article examines the phenomenon of rumors, which played an important role in the formation of the information space in the territories occupied by the German army during the Second World War. The analysis of conditions in which rumors arose and functioned is carried out; the peculiarity of rumors created by Nazi and Soviet propaganda is determined; a comparison of their characteristics and impact on the population of the occupied territories of Ukraine in 1941-1943; specific examples show the regularity of the distribution of oral messages transmitted among the Ukrainian population. The general methodological and technical mechanisms of preparation and dissemination of rumors, training of specialists who disseminated them and analyzed the events caused by their influence are shown. It is shown that the German occupation authorities used rumors as weapons. In order to spread rumors and conduct active counter-propaganda, the German government began training psychologists who developed the necessary strategy for using rumors. Based on the analysis of archival materials and literature, it is shown that both sides and the Soviet and German leadership used rumors quite effectively as one of the mechanisms influencing the consciousness of the population of the occupied territories and directly involved in the formation of information space. In addition to word of mouth, the latest technical means, including radio broadcasting, were used to spread rumors. It is concluded that rumors are a serious weapon of any propaganda, in particular in the modern Russian-Ukrainian war. Without knowledge of the laws that determine the emergence and effect of rumors, it is impossible to fight them.

New economic conditions in the context of the information and technological revolution led to an increase in the role and importance of intangible factors of production, in particular information and knowledge resources. Transformational processes that covered all aspects of society, turned it from industrial one to post-industrial service-information (network-based) one with the appropriate type of economy. All this, in turn, determines that the dominant tendency of the contemporary world economic development is the formation of a network economy, which leads to radical transformations of various spheres of economic activity. In view of this, the study is aimed at the theoretically summarizing and systematizing the exitant conceptual approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «network economy»; substantiating the authors’ approach to defining the content of this scientific category. As result of the study, it is found that the concept of «network economy» is synonymous with such definitions as: high-tech economics; knowledge economy; global, new, informational, digital, digitalized, virtual, information and network-based, electronic, cognitive, noospheric, creative, service, innovative, intellectual economy; post-industrial society; information society; network intelligence society; e-business, etc. Using a system approach and the classification method, the interpretations of the term «network economy», which are proposed by various scientific schools, are conditionally systematized in the following groups: the basis of the information society; new economic system; a new type of economy; state of the economy; specific form of organization; a qualitatively new form of management of the national economy; type of economic system; type of post-industrial economy; characteristics of the global economy; form of innovative economy; innovation factor; system of new economic relations; multilevel spatial structure; structured information space; interactive environment; form of economic activity; an instrument to increase the level of development of the knowledge economy; national security mechanism. The article provides an authors’ approach to defining the category of «network economy» as a new type of economic environment resulting from the digitalization of fast-growing, highly interactive real-time connections between economic agents, different categories of stakeholders, digital technologies, information systems, devices, electronic networks. It is proposed that network economy as a category be considered according to the three positions: as an economic activity carried out through electronic and computer networks; as a global information environment where subjects of economic relations can contact each other about joint activities using digital technologies; as a fundamentally new form of management of the national economy, based on horizontal (direct) long-term partnerships between economic entities in a single digital space in the context of globalization.

Objectives The aim of the article is to analyze the use of feature films as a means of anti-Ukrainian stereotyping of the Russian-language information space users in comparison with the effect of this influence, reflected in the results of sociological research. Material and methods Deduction technique has been involved to male conclusions based on the analysed facts and generaliation method as well. The analyses of social research results has been performed. Results It is generaly known, that cinema has a significant impact on the mass consciousness and stereotypes formation. The Soviet Union made great efforts to create appropriate film images that broadcast Soviet ideology – the main function of Soviet cinema was to create a new Soviet identity. Everything that did not fit into the notion of “Sovietness” was directly or indirectly branded as hostile, alien and unacceptable to the Soviet man. Therefore, the image of the enemy in the the Soviet cinematography and the one of the Socialist Camp was formed with special care and clarity. Conclusions Observations and analysis confirm that the Soviet stencil of the cinematic image of a Ukrainian is actively used in modern Russian films. Ukrainian-patriotic heroes of Soviet and modern Russian films are always antipodes to “correct” heroes and portrayed purely negatively, they are associated with stereotypes about their appearance, character, past, religious views. In such films, Ukrainians are portrayed as bearers of negative values and qualities – demonstrate criminal tendencies, willingly drink alcohol, appear as traitors, grounded people, primitive.

The purpose of the article is to study the main risks, dilemmas and ways to optimize the formation of a single informative space. The methodology of the article consists of analysis, synthesis, modeling, prognostic methods, which were used to implement the task. The results noted the formation of the Bologna system as an important element of the formation of a unified informational and educational environment. At the same time, it was emphasized that digitalization of education and the development of a single digital educational environment were not included in the fundamental principles of this organization. It has been proven that in the future it will be important to create unified digital educational institutions that will become accessible to a globalized society. It is determined what the information space is, its components, the main conditions of optimization solutions for its improvement and further evolution are characterized.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Rekonfiguration von Raum im Kontext von Wissensarbeit im Informationsraum. Dies geschieht entlang von theoretischen Ausführungen, die die Bedeutung der sozialen Konstruktion von Räumen hervorheben und dazu Raum in einer relationalen Perspektive verstehen. Da Büroarbeit, zumindest in Bezug auf den Umfang der Flexibilisierung des Arbeitsorts, aktuell am stärksten betroffen ist, wird danach gefragt, wie Wissensarbeiter:innen ihren Arbeitsraum erzeugen und welche Rolle dabei der (Arbeits-) Ort einnimmt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die unmittelbare Umgebung der konkreten Arbeitsplätze im Informationsraum dabei in der einen oder anderen Weise mitwirkt. Zudem wird erwartet, dass die Gleichzeitigkeit von miteinander verwobenen Arbeitsräumen nicht ohne Konsequenzen bleibt. So fragt der Beitrag danach, was es für Menschen bedeutet, darin zu arbeiten, und welche Vorstellungen von Arbeitsplätzen und der Zusammenarbeit mit anderen sie entwickeln. Diese Fragen werden anhand von Fallbeispielen aus einer explorativen Studie zu Raumbezügen in der Arbeitswelt während der Pandemie sowie zweier älterer Studien vor allem auf Basis von Mental Maps und Interviews verfolgt. The article deals with the reconfiguration of space in the context of knowledge work in the information space. This is done along theoretical lines that emphasise the significance of the social construction of spaces and understand space in a relational perspective. Since office work is currently the most affected, at least in terms of the extent of flexibilisation of the place of work, the subject of this paper is how knowledge workers create their working space and what role (working) place plays in this. It is assumed that the immediate surroundings of the concrete workplaces in the information space have an effect on this process. It is also expected that the simultaneity of interwoven workspaces will not remain without consequences. Thus, the paper asks what it means for people to work in them, and what notions of workplaces and collaboration with others they develop. These questions are pursued using case studies from an exploratory study on spatial relations in the world of work during the pandemic as well as two older studies, primarily on the basis of mental maps and interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present stage of transformational change, the problems of activating the economic partnership and cooperation based on the creation of network structures are extremely important. These issues are actualized especially in the context of the rapid development of the digital economy and smart specialization. Given this, the purpose of this study is the theoretical generalization and systematization of existing scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «network structure»; substantiation of the authors’ own approach to defining the content of this economic category. As a result of the carried out study, it is determined that the concept of «network structure» be identified with such definitions as: organization, interaction, association, management structure, form of management, coordination, cooperation, alliance, structured set, integration, corporate structure, relations, coalition. Using a systematic approach and the classification method, the interpretation of the term of «network structure», proposed by various scientific schools, is conventionally systematized as to the following groups: entrepreneurial network; business structure; open structures; new organizational form of joint activity; collective interaction; organizational type; model of economic relations; complex of business units (network partners); element of the network economy, et cetera. The article provides the authors’ own approach to defining the category of «network structure» as a specific form of organization of collective efforts, which is based on the voluntary interaction of its participants on the basis of combining their interests, resources, competencies, and capabilities. It is proposed to consider the network structure as an economic category from three positions, such as: a network form of partnership; an effective model of stakeholder interaction in the context of global transformations; a model of partnerships between market participants in the organization of logistics processes

The incorrectness of the concepts of "information society" and "information civilization" is considered, the justification of which is given by the author on the basis of the development of the information space and information technologies. It is shown that the use of these terms is one of the elements of the program of globalism, which threatens the transformation of the world space with the disappearance of nation-states and the domination of a transnational government. The latest trends in physical science are identified, where questions are raised about the importance of synthesizing quantum theory and general relativity with the existing problem of the possibility of combining local and non-local observations, the hypothesis of the existence of information fields. The integration of educational technologies is designed to show that the development of the information space is an important step in civilization, but humanity also faces more global challenges about the place and mission of Man in this world.

The latest information and communication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly considered by nation-states as a means to project their power and promote national interests. Over the past 20 years the major militarily signifi cant powers have created the doctrinal, logistical and organizational foundations for conducting military activities in the ICT environment and some states have already openly declared the priority of off ensive cyber operations, which increases the risks of crossing “red lines” and inadvertent escalation. The current situation related to the military-political exploitation of the ICT environment predetermines the urgent need for continuous analysis of current trends in this area and the search for approaches to reduce tension, which is the goal of this article. To achieve this goal, the fi rst part of the article considers in detail relevant doctrinal and strategic documents of the United States and other key countries and identifi es certain stages and aspects of evolution of their approaches. Further, the article considers and evaluates factors that infl uence military stability in the ICT environment, taking into account the previously obtained results. It is concluded that the identifi ed factors make the task of developing international frameworks to reduce the escalation in this area uncontested. This task is of particular urgency in the context of general international instability. Analysis of the current international environment in the relevant sphere allows to conclude that international community as a whole and the major players in particular (primarily Russia and the US) are aware of the danger of unintentional escalation in the ICT environment, especially when linked to strategic stability, and are ready to take steps towards developing the framework aimed at regulation and prevention of cyber confl icts. It is very actual now in new political reality but the question mostly is about fi nding the possible format.

This article presents the results of the research on the influence of the personality's psychological char- acteristics on the structure and content of a person's information field. We discovered theoretical bases for the necessity of the transition from the research of separate psychological phenomena of the personality, deter- mined by the media influence, to the research of multidimensional, integral structures such as the content of the world view of modern man. We researched specifics of the informational preferences determined by age, necessities, motivation of the personality, media perception etc.

Relevance of the article - security has always been one of the priority issues of state policy. Considering that the defence forces are an inseparable part of state security, studying their information security is essential. The feasibility of this study is confirmed by the fact that in the current conditions of development of the information society, the information technology of the Ukrainian defence forces must adapt to the current challenges and threats, to ensure proper protection of information of strategic importance to the state and collected, consolidated and stored by the defence forces. This article aims to identify problems of information security of defense forces in Ukraine to find ways of their elimination. Formal logical, systemic structural, comparative and legal methods were used to conduct the research. It is stated that by dividing the information space and cyber space, the legislator has laid down legal regulation of protection of the state's information space. It is understood that the Lithuanian and Latvian forces for combating threats to the information space were consolidated within the structure of the Ministry of Defence. Consequently, the authorities argue that the system of entities responsible for protecting the information space needs to be optimized, creating conditions for state-private cooperation in this area, as in the case of Germany, and providing these entities with qualified employees. The results obtained are important for research, law-making and law enforcement activities.

The relevance of the subject is largely conditioned upon the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, which, regretfully, does not exclude cases of criminal offences regarding the disclosure of information constituting a state secret. The purpose of the study is to analyse some aspects of criminal liability for disclosure of state secrets in Ukraine and to identify, based on positive foreign experience, proposals for improving this institution in Ukraine. The research methods were: analysis and synthesis, dialectical, comparative legal, Aristotelian and formal-dogmatic. In the process of analysis, it was identified that at the legislative level in Ukraine, the protection of state secrets is regulated in detail, lists of information that may contain state secrets, and cases when information cannot be a state secret, no matter what. In addition, the Criminal Code of Ukraine defines adverse consequences in the form of criminal sanctions that may occur for persons who disclose information constituting a state secret. It is determined that the analysis of the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and its correlation with the legal provisions of other regulations, including the study of international legislation, allows concluding that the criminal law provisions defining liability for violation of the state secret protection regime should be transferred to another section. The materials of this study can be used in consideration of the problems of criminal law, in law-making activities in the development of provisions for improving criminal liability for disclosure of information constituting a state secret in Ukraine.

As a result of Russian aggression, the electoral infrastructure of Ukraine was destroyed and needs to be restored and improved. Russian aggression not only created many new security and legitimacy challenges, but also actualized those problems that remained unresolved for a long time. Immediately after the end of the war, several election processes await Ukraine, so the objective of the paper is to identify potential threats and search for the most optimal model of administration of future election and referendum processes. During the research, the authors used a number of general theoretical methods and scientific approaches to the study of electoral/referendum legitimization of power and the issue of election administration. The paper contains a detailed analysis of the impact of the Russian aggression and martial law conditions on the post-war election and referendum processes, outlines key security and legitimacy challenges and possible ways to counter them. The results of the study make it possible to divide the main security and legitimacy challenges into three groups: 1) challenges of the election/referendum organization process; 2) threats of the Russian Federation interference in the election/referendum process; 3) challenges of ensuring the principles of democracy, transparency and openness of elections/referendum. The authors of the study proposed a number of practical recommendations that will allow eliminating/minimizing the negative effect of security and legitimation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to determine the main forms of behavior of the participants of the political process in the information space of Ukraine and progressive informative countries of the world in order to achieve political goals and decisions that have a constructive or destructive function in the political system, considering social, cultural, legal, and ideological factors that affect interaction of participants during the confrontation of political processes in cyberspace. The subject of the study is the concept of modern political confrontation in cyberspace. Through the lens of a combination of international and national approaches to the development of effective ways of improvement for the further segmental possibility of use in the field of cybersecurity and cyber protection, the theoretical and practical underpinnings of political conflict in Ukraine were established. The protection of an individual's and a citizen's rights and freedoms was used in an approach that calls for the implementation of political conflict within the context of political interaction. The correlation of global cybersecurity in the context of the dichotomy "democratic political regime—non-democratic political regime" is revealed. It is proposed to borrow the experience of individual states regarding coordination of the increase of scientific potential and human resources in the field of the IT industry in order to achieve the highest level in the protection of the state's critical infrastructure; improvement of the political system organization in the direction of the formation of an institutional subsystem at the modern informational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research subject matter is the foundations of the National concept of the state policy on information in the era of digitalization with an emphasis on cybersecurity. The study aim is to determine possible means to increase the level of information policy efficiency, considering the concept of technological society in the context of digitalization, research into international standards for ensuring cyber security, ideas of a national model of information policy for providing cyber security. The comparison was used to analyze and summarize the approaches to the implementation of digital transformation in public relations. Apart from that, the specific parameters of the activities of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention in terms of digitalization were singled out. Besides, the inductive and deductive methods allowed to distinguish approaches to the information policy model. The authors established that the components of state policy in the context of digitalization include the following components: 1) electronic governance; 2) cyber security. Moreover, the elements of the national model of information were singled out. The results of the research proved that the introduction of the latest information technologies in the activities of government entities creates the need to improve cyber defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The training of a specialist at a university is determined by the quality of the educational process, during which it is necessary to take into account the situation on the labor market. Successful training largely depends on the students self-education, which is difficult and limited in the context of a pandemic. The conditions of todays realities dictate the methods and forms of the process of self-education of students. During the pandemic, students practice self-education on a remote basis. We consider this form as a complex functional system with its own logic of development and relatively independent stages of learning via the Internet. Changes in various fields of activity are observed daily, which increases the requirements for the quality of education of a competitive individual; the idea of online education using electronic information platforms that serve as a means of self-education of students at the university is analyzed. The process of organizing the educational process in disciplines and tasks from the position of digitalization, through the introduction of modern digital technologies in the process of education of academic courses at the time of the pandemic in the country and the world, becomes significant. The conceptual apparatus considered in the paper: information space, educational space, self-education, competence, competence approach. It clarifies the need to teach the discipline in combination to acquire professional experience; the idea of revealing and enriching the inner potential of each person, his development and self-education throughout his life is substantiated; a detailed analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature is given. The results of a comprehensive study conducted at Chelyabinsk State University confirm the dependence of communicative competence on the students self-education during the pandemic.

The article is devoted to the study of political communication, inscribed into the new sociocultural and political systems of relations, into the wartime conditions. It has been proven that information media and network communications not only influence the behavior of social subjects, but can also destroy ideas about order, justice, and morality if they are exposed to the propaganda technologies of an aggressive state. In the structure of information influence, propaganda plays a decisive role, its task is to spread ideas and views, true or half-true facts, outright lies or rumors with the aim of manipulating public consciousness. The special relevance of this problem in the context of information support of the actions of the Russian authorities during Russia’s war against Ukraine is emphasized.

The article deals with the problem of creating single information space in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The author outlines the ways of development of the state strategy which in the shortest possible time would ensure the creation of a single information space in the subjects of the Russian Federation

The article explores the application of the approach using lattice models and the theory of cellular automata in identifying extended objects in images obtained during monitoring of urbanized areas. Such images have a certain degree of "blurriness" caused not only by the limitations of the images themselves, but also by the incompleteness of the accepted object model, processing algorithms, thermodynamic and quantum effects. For the created methodology and its software implementation, a study was carried out in order to assess the efficiency of obtaining results and the quality of work. Parameters of algorithms for segmentation and identification of objects on the earth's surface were selected as evaluation criteria. A previously developed binary image filtering device is considered as a variant of a cellular automaton. The purpose of developing a device of such a filtration device is to increase the speed by parallelizing the procedures performed, which is characteristic of a cellular automaton having a parallel (not "von Neumann") architecture. A scheme of the memory matrix element of the device in question is presented. It is shown that the set of identification features can be expanded due to the elements of triangulation using. The injection of triangulation elements and supplementation of additional reference points during the construction of the triangulation grid can be used in the monitoring process to identify potentially vulnerable objects. In addition, the proposed technique allows extracting new information from images about such objects. An example of such information is also presented in the article. The results obtained make it possible to perceive with optimism the ongoing developments and to recommend the use of the developed technique for the operational identification of extended objects during remote sensing of the Earth.

In the current conditions of rapid digitalization of the worldwide space, taking into account global factors, which are being forced, including such «black swans» as the COVID-19 pandemic, the issues of e-commerce development in the context of certain regions are being activated. The article is aimed at studying and identifying the features and trends of e-commerce development in the Latin American region, a detailed analysis of Brazil, Mexico and Argentina as the largest markets in the region. To achieve this aim, the methods of scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis, comparison, structural and logical generalization were used. The article determines that, given the large population of the region with a significant stratification of society, the region has seen a sharp increase in the e-commerce market, including by means of the mass digitalization of the end user to meet the need for remote work and training during the pandemic. Most researchers distinguish the markets of Brazil, Mexico and Argentina as the largest in the region. There is a significant increase in the presence of regional and global platforms, with an emphasis on the problem of disproportionately large volume of Asian products sold by global platforms. The increase in the volume of trading platforms can have a beneficial impact on the improvement of logistics infrastructure in the region, which is currently one of the key problems. Among the existing problems, experts also indicate a low level of penetration of banking services and a high degree of cash circulation. Due to the specifics of the banking sector, not all local cards are valid on international trading platforms, which is one of the deterrent factors for the development of e-commerce. Based on statistical analysis, it is determined that in the current realities of the Latin American region, the process of digitalization of all e-commerce market participants is experienced while maintaining trends in the steady growth of key indicators of Internet commerce. This characterizes the region as promising in terms of increasing market volumes, the number of Internet consumers, the level of Internet penetration, the modernization of the banking sector and changes in legislation. At the same time, it is identified that in the presence of problems of the shadow economy, a low degree of public confidence in the banking sector, the preservation of a significant disparity in the incomes of categories of the population, there is a need to revalue the prospects and conditions for the further development of the e-commerce market in the post-pandemic period.

The article focuses on the relevance of the implementation of information and analytical support mechanisms in the activities of local state administrations. Information resources and information processes in general become the main prerequisites for the effectiveness of public administration and local governments. This requires public authorities to implement systems and structures of information and analytical support of government activities, new forms and technologies of information use, new technologies for its collection, processing and analysis, creation and interaction of information databases. Theoretical bases of functioning of information and analytical maintenance mechanisms of local administrations activity are substantiated; practical offers concerning the improvement of processes of their formation and functioning in system of public administration are generalized and developed.

Objectives Through the means of implementation and spreading of Russian myths and stereotypes legitimization and justification of Russia’s aggressive policy regarding to its own people and peoples of neighboring countries has been continuing. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze manifestations of use of social networks and feature films as means of mythologization and legitimization of Stalin’s terror in modern information space based on results of social surveys. Material and methods Analyses and generalization of making up headlines events and results of sociological surveys have been performed. Deduction technique as a process of logical concluding based on the complex of analyzed facts as well as summarizing have been applied. Results - Conclusions Public surveys have shown that in Russian society gradual depreciation of terror scale and moral damage are taking place. Mass character growth in positive opinion about Stalin and positive technique of Stalin’s repressions are accompanied by lack (misunderstanding) of certain phenomena and events of Stalin’s epoch. Myths and stereotypes in the case described have many social functions, most important of which are legitimization of history, justification of existing social system and mobilizing function. Growing popularity of Stalin is manifestation growth of not only conservative disposition, but also authoritative and repressive tendencies in Russian society.

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At the present stage of socio-economic development of the country, it is necessary to take into account the relevance of important aspects for ensuring the quality of human life, including the scientific sphere, which includes the active use of information and communication technologies (ICT), which cause the rapid integration of society into an environment where a large array of information and knowledge is created, processed and used. The objective of the work is to promote the methodology of sociological research, the development of the process of integration of science, population and entrepreneurship by expanding information and communication technologies to achieve the effectiveness of regional development in Kazakhstan. The realization of this goal allows us to state with full confidence that this problem and methodological approaches to its solution in the national research practice do not have a wide elaboration and dissemination, therefore it is of high relevance for the progress of Kazakh science and social development. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the author's research is focused on obtaining a socio-economic effect, which is important for the promotion of Kazakhstani society in the direction of increasing competitiveness, living standards of the population, reducing poverty and differentiating incomes of the population. In addition, broad-profile specialists in the field of economics and management, sociological analysis and social sciences should be involved in the implementation of scientific research. The new scientific and practical results obtained in the study can significantly expand the scientific base, promote the methods of sociological research in the context of the use of information and communication technologies, show the scientific and technological directions of development relevant to society, can be used for the rating of regional scientific programs in the framework of the development of the prognosis of scientific and technological development of Kazakhstan for 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: the purpose of the study is to develop a methodological toolkit for reindustrialization in the branches of the material sphere of lagging and underdeveloped regions based on the use of information, communication and digital technologies.Methods: the study is based on the use of the methodology of the systems approach, the methodological apparatus of the information society theory, the use of methods of economic and statistical analysis, scientific abstraction, analogies and scientific generalizations. In the course of developing the proposed topic, classical and modern works of domestic and foreign scientists, statistical and empirical material prepared in the process of field research were used.Results: regions with different levels of development function in the country's economy. The greatest problems are associated with underdeveloped and problem regions, which, given their certain potential, cannot yet cope with their difficulties. The situation in which such regions are located requires the search for new mechanisms that will allow us to overcome unfavorable circumstances and embark on the path of highly stable development. Many problems can be solved on the basis of reindustrialization. This requires a transition to continuous digitalization processes, the use of digital technologies and software products that can ensure the development of production systems in the direction of creating a new technological order.Conclusions and Relevance: issues of digital and programmatic reindustrialization of the economy are especially aggravated in lagging and underdeveloped regions, where, due to the poorly diversified sectoral structure of the industry, there is a weak reaction to the formation of investment demand for the production of competitive goods. Such regions, to which the North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD) belongs, can solve problems when using digital and information technologies. The implementation of the proposed measures will allow the region to leave the zone of problems and depression.

The main purpose of this work is to study how loss functions in machine learning influence the "binary machines", i.e., probabilistic AI models for predicting binary classification problems. In particular, we show the following results: (i) Different measures of accuracy such as area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve, the maximal balanced accuracy, and the maximally weighted accuracy are topologically equivalent, with natural inequalities relating them; (ii) the so-called real probability machines with respect to given information spaces are the optimal machines, i.e., they have the highest precision among all possible machines, and moreover, their ROC curves are automatically convex; (iii) the cross-entropy and the square loss are the most natural loss functions in the sense that the real probability machine is their minimizer; (iv) an arbitrary strictly convex loss function will also have as its minimizer an optimal machine, which is related to the real probability machine by just a reparametrization of sigmoid values; however, if the loss function is not convex, then its minimizer is not an optimal machine, and strange phenomena may happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]