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Copyright of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the use of locative and orientation descriptions in Tarascan, a language isolate spoken in Michoacán, Mexico. The article describes the use of topological relations and spatial frames of reference (FoRs) in Tarascan, as well as the speakers’ preferences regarding FoR types when describing spatial configurations. The data show that relative FoRs are not preferred. Despite the existence of variation among speakers, it is attested that speakers of Tarascan, in addition to object-centered FoRs, favor geomorphic and/or landmark-based FoRs in locative descriptions. However, in orientation descriptions the direct FoR is dominant under specific conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article offers author's insights on the author Larry Grossberg's mode of writing in his book "Cultural Studies in the Future Tense." He states the writings of Grossberg in cultural studies can be characterized as hortatory and exegetical. He argues on the controversial accounts addressing the depiction on cultural-economy research and the opposition in media and cultural relationship. He adds the connection of the book on Marxism which the author cites as significant source of criticism.

Vocalic Systematics of Italian Verbal Endings and Person Representation: The Alternation Indicative/Subjunctive. In this article, we show that the vowels used in the verbal morphological signifiers are based on a specific division of the oral area. In the operational time of the Italian chronogenesis, the first step (nominal mood) determines the first limit and thereby also predetermines the vocalic orientation of the second step (subjunctive mood). In Italian, verbal morphology (person, aspect) is not independent of lexical meaning: the opposition of the signifiers reflects the opposition between prior anteriority and non-anteriority, which governs the verbal groups. This distribution of the verbal lexemes organizes the universe of possible processes in Italian by distinguishing two sets: on the one hand, processes that require no mental preparation for understanding (non-anteriority for first group verbs) and on the other hand, processes requiring a prior criterion and processes for which this precision is not relevant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given article deals with the comparative analysis of category of mood in English and Dargin. Common and different features in the category of mood are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed appraisal of selected papers from Halpert et al. 2009 (Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop in Greek Syntax and Semantics at MIT) is offered here. It must be recognized that the selections represent only a small section of the wide spectrum which is Greek Linguistics today. The five papers selected for attention here reflect the reviewer's main interests but the volume as a whole contains a rich array of subjects, of theoretical orientations, and of language areas treated (beyond Greek). What is especially pleasing and encouraging about the entire volume is the number of non-Greek linguists who were chosen to offer commentary on papers and who were interested and familiar enough with Greek linguistic research to enter into scientific dialogue as commentators with the authors. Thus, Greek Linguistics is no longer isolated and its contribution is not restricted to Greek but it creates, extends and stimulates linguistic researchers everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I analyse the relationship between the Ramsey Test (RT) for the acceptance of indicative conditionals and the so-called problem of decision-instability. In particular, I argue that the situations which allegedly bring about this problem are troublesome just in case the relevant conditionals are evaluated by non-suppositional versions, e.g. causal/evidential, of the test. In contrast, a suppositional RT, by highlighting the metacognitive nature of the evaluation of indicative conditionals, allows an agent to run a simulation of such evaluation, without yet committing her to the acceptance of such conditionals. I conclude that a suppositional interpretation of RT is superior to its non-suppositional counterparts and by briefly showing that a suppositional RT is compatible with a deliberational decision theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article treats about the status of grammatical forms of imperativo (eng. imperative) in contemporary Spanish. The author focuses primarily on formal (morphological) aspects of the imperativo. The conclusions stated that due to the small number of their inflectional forms, form the formal point of view it is hardly to conceive imperativo the same status as that of indicativo and subjuntivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handbooks are unclear as to the form of the 2.sg. pret. indic, of strong verbs in Frisian, not least because of the sparsity of Old Frisian data. However, evidence from later stages of the language shows that the inherited West Germanic form, of the type *kuziz 'thou chosest', was recharacterized with the ending -st. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the temporal reference and morphological tense mismatch in interaction with lexical semantics in Spanish language. It mentions the relationship between imperfect indicative and preterit indicative meanings of Spanish verbs. Also mentioned is the apparent meaning changes in the imperfect and preterit indicatives of stative verbs in Spanish, as well as its connection with mismatches with the forms and meanings of between different languages.

In language the indicative mood is for facts and absolutes; the subjunctive mood is for hope and possibility, for faith held together with astonishment. The argument of this article is that women may be more likely to do their believing, their preaching, and their ministry in the subjunctive mood, a mood that would seem to correspond to the kind of truth both revealed and hidden in the Incarnation, a mood that refuses brute inevitability and the despotism of the fact. To consider this thesis, we turn not to statistics but to Scripture and to three key women: Eve, whose fall is a fall into the indicative; Mary, whose subjunctive mood in response to the Annunciation sets our salvation in motion; and Mary Magdalene, whose encounter with the risen Lord is an encounter with the one whom words cannot hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we will argue for a particular method in the teaching of subjunctive to foreign students of Spanish. Our proposal is to base mood contrasts between indicative and subjunctive on pragmatic and communicative notions that have a clear effect on the formal properties of the language, and, more specifically, on the notions of assertivity and presuppositionality (Hopper and Thompson 1973). To the extent that the explanation is based on communicative notions, this method guarantees that the strategy can be used independently of the mother tongue of the students, as the pragmatic notions used here are universal; additionally, these concepts are intuitively understandable by students without formal training in grammar. The method proposed motivates a particular class of activities and exercises which focus on the identification of pragmatic notions and textual communicative aims, and not on the classification of specific lexical items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper assembles, synthesizes, and considers a range of data concerning mood selection in Romance and Balkan. An account of the appearance of subjunctive morphology under factive emotives in Romance is proposed. It is argued that factive emotives occur with subjunctive because indicative, with its assumption of speaker commitment to the truth of the embedded proposition, is ruled out due to pragmatic constraints on the redundant repetition of the factive presupposition that would occur. Subjunctive mood morphology is argued to fill in as a kind of default. This analysis is extended to a range of mood distribution facts in Romance and Balkan languages, and implications of the proposal are discussed. It is proposed that Romance and Balkan differ in the semantic contribution of indicative, and that in Balkan indicative is associated with certainty on the part of the subject (not necessarily the speaker). This analysis is applied to various data concerning mood distribution in Balkan, including the existence and properties of Polarity Subjunctive in Balkan. The ways in which Romance and Balkan mark various mood-related distinctions are also discussed. A particular analysis of the notion of subjunctive-as-default mood is briefly sketched. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I aim to show that standard theories of counterfactuals are mistaken, not in detail, but in principle, and I aim to say what form a tenable theory must take. Standard theories entail a categorical interpretation of counterfactuals, on which to state that, if it were that A, it would be that C is to state something, not relative to any supposition or hypothesis, but categorically. On the rival suppositional interpretation, to state that, if it were that A, it would be that C is to state that it would be that C relative to the supposition that it were that A. The two interpretations make incompatible predictions concerning the correct evaluation of counterfactuals. I argue that the suppositional interpretation makes the correct prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have looked into the different uses of indicative and subjunctive in the Spanish of heritage speakers. Generally speaking, research seems to show that mood simplification is taking place in heritage speakers’ Spanish. Mood and modal alternation is of particular interest to research on language change and contact due to the wide variation in the ability of heritage speakers to produce and apply it. (This is, in part, no doubt, due to their embodiment of a complex relationship between syntactic form, semantics and pragmatic meaning.) The present study examines the use of the indicative/subjunctive in the written and oral Spanish production of one group of heritage language speakers to find out which similarities/differences can be found when compared to monolingual speakers and what this says about how their linguistic systems are configurated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Moenia: Revista Lucense de Lingüística & Literatura is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alfa: Revista de Lingüística is the property of Alfa: Revista de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I discuss an argument given by Dorothy Edgington for the conclusion that indicative conditionals cannot express propositions. The argument is not effective against Robert Stalnaker's context-dependent propositional theory. I isolate and defend the feature of Stalnaker's theory that allows it to evade the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jan Heylen and Leon Horsten object to my proposed analysis of ordinary-language conditionals by appealing to certain putative counter-examples. In this reply, I explain how, by ignoring my reading of the indicative/subjunctive distinction, their objection misses its target. I also criticize their underlying methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An examination of conditionals in different languages leads to a distinction of three types of conditionals instead of the usual two (indicative and subjunctive). The three types can be explained by the degree of acceptance or as-if acceptance of the truth of the antecedent. The labels subjunctive and indicative are shown to be inadequate. So-called indicative conditionals comprise two classes, the very frequent uncertain-fact conditionals and the quite rare accepted-fact conditionals. Uncertain-fact conditionals may have a time shift in contemporary English and the future subjunctive in Portuguese (though not all of them do). Moreover, paraphrases of if with in case or supposing are usually possible with approximately the same meaning. Accepted-fact conditionals never have these features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that the suppositional view of conditionals, which is quite popular for indicative conditionals, extends also to subjunctive or counterfactual conditionals. According to this view, conditional judgements should not be construed as factual, categorical judgements, but as judgements about the consequent under the supposition of the antecedent. The strongest evidence for the view comes from focusing on the fact that conditional judgements are often uncertain; and conditional uncertainty, which is a well-understood notion, does not function like uncertainty about matters of fact. I argue that the evidence for this view is as strong for subjunctives as it is for indicatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We shall raise two new difficulties concerning conditionals in the present paper. We argue that many influential theories, including those of Lewis, Jackson and Stalnaker, do not provide satisfactory solutions to these difficulties. Moreover, in our arguments, we also indicate that a theory which can handle the difficulties should also provide a unified account of subjunctive conditionals and indicative conditionals. We give a rough sketch of such a theory in the final section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much recent research in SLA is guided by the hypothesis of L2 interface vulnerability (see Sorace 2005). This study contributes to this general project by examining the acquisition of two classes of subjunctive complement clauses in L2 Spanish: subjunctive complements of volitional predicates (purely syntactic) and subjunctive vs. indicative complements with negated epistemic matrix predicates, where the mood distinction is discourse dependent (thus involving the syntax–discourse interface). We provide an analysis of the volitional subjunctive in English and Spanish, suggesting that English learners of L2 Spanish need to access the functional projection Mood P and an uninterpretable modal feature on the Force head available to them from their formal English register grammar, and simultaneously must unacquire the structure of English for-to clauses. For negated epistemic predicates, our analysis maintains that they need to revalue the modal feature on the Force head from uninterpretable to interpretable, within the L2 grammar.With others (e.g. Borgonovo & Prévost 2003; Borgonovo, Bruhn de Garavito & Prévost 2005) and in line with Sorace’s (2000, 2003, 2005) notion of interface vulnerability, we maintain that the latter case is more difficult for L2 learners, which is borne out in the data we present. However, the data also show that the indicative/subjunctive distinction with negated epistemics can be acquired by advanced stages of acquisition, questioning the notion of obligatory residual optionality for all properties which require the integration of syntactic and discourse information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the alternation between ‘that’- and ‘to’-complements with ‘believe’. Besides providing a theoretical explanation for previous findings that relate the alternation to textual structure and rhetorical intentions, novel hypotheses are also presented and confirmed through a corpus analysis. This analysis shows that the ‘to’-/‘that’-complement alternation is sensitive to whether the writer intends the reader to focus on the implications of the proposition expressed by the embedded clause, or on those of the proposition expressed by the sentence as a whole. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article immersed in the area of the Spanish as a Foreign Language, proposes a didactic method for the teaching and learning of the past of the Indicative Mood, using three organizational criteria: pragmatic, semantic and syntactic. Our aim is to offer a structural as well as functional view of grammar which based on a communicative approach, should stimulate meaningful learning in students of Spanish as a Foreign Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article opposes the view that the conditional verb form of Northern Sotho should be regarded as an autonomous mood, and shows that the notion of condition is nothing but one of several modalities which can be expressed by indicative verbs. It is argued that although both situative and conditional verb forms can be used in conditional clauses, they differ in respect of the factuality versus non-factuality of the conditions they express. Despite this difference, it is nonetheless suggested that both situative and conditional verbs are subsumed under the broader category `indicative mood', since strong evidence exists in languages across the world of a direct discourse-pragmatic link between the modality of condition and declaratives. Proposals put forth in this contribution effectively reduce the number of moods in Northern Sotho to three, namely the indicative, subjunctive and imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an essay depicting one of the tribunes use of the auxiliary verb, shall, in the third person and how it reveals the tribune's intent to deny Coriolanus' consulship and make themselves the political power in Rome. In discussing Coriolanus' imminent consulship and how it will affect them, Sicinius tells Brutus, "It shall be to him then as our good wills: sure destruction." Whether Sicinius uses shall in the indicative or imperative mood, it becomes an indicator of the tribunes' quest for power and a means of revealing their ulterior motive. From the first declarative to the last imperative shall the tribunes move with stealth and fervor toward political dominance by plotting and orchestrating Coriolanus' downfall.

Discusses Classical Greek uses of the aorist indicative. Reference to the viewpoint of the speaker or writer; Indication that the viewpoint of the speaker or writer is outside the action being described; Revelation that only some aorist verbs have the past tense; Prominence of non-past-referring aorist indicatives in epic literature.

The commonplaces, all grammatically confused, are that 'conditionals' are ternary in structure, have 'antecedents' and conform to the traditional taxonomy. It is maintained en route that 'The bough will not break' is consistent with 'If the bough breaks ...', that there is no logical difference between "future indicatives" and "subjunctives", and that there is a difference between the logic of propositions (e.g. 'The bough broke') and that of judgments ('The bough will/might/could/should/must/needn't break'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the interpretation of indicative/subjunctive contrasts in embedded clauses is pursued here that, rather than attaching rigid meanings to each mood, views mood shifts as the overt marking of a change in the model for the evaluation of the proposition or property expressed by the embedded clause. From this perspective, mood morphology conveys information about model flow in discourse, which can be determined by a variety of factors ranging from lexical meaning of embedding predicates to different aspects of discourse interpretation and context change. The proposal identifies and analyzes the parameters that induce model shift in subordinated domains. This allows us to distinguish core cases of subjunctive selection from more peripheral ones, both within a language and crosslinguistically, and it also provides us with an explanation for several empirical problems that a rigid interpetation of mood leaves unresolved. The analysis offered concentrates on mood distribution in Catalan and Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on philosophy while discussing an argument presented by Stephen Barker for a pure material implication analysis of indicative conditionals. What the author's argument is based on; Assumptions made by Barker; Reference to an example of his assumptions; Rejection of Geachian analysis of the logical form of general indicatives.

Discusses the subjunctive mood of language teaching. Function of the subjunctive mood; Comparison between subjunctive and indicative mood; Application of the doctrine of dichotomy on the subjunctive mood.

A correction is presented to the article "Subjunctive conditionals' local contexts" which appeared in the 22 April 2019 issue.

What is architectural mood? Is it subjective, or objective? Phenomenological, or conceptual? Consistent, or constantly evolving? John McMorrough, Associate Professor of Architecture at the University of Michigan, here considers the theme from four different angles - indicative, imperative, interrogative and subjunctive. He suggests that we are embarking on a 'manic' phase, in which the noise of modern life makes making an impression ever more difficult, but the vocabulary of mood in architecture just might be growing richer as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an abstract of a study which determined whether electronic corpora can give realistic illustration of language use than seen in English as Second Language/English as Foreign Language textbooks. An analysis of the alteration between the subjunctive were and indicative was is discussed. The prescriptivist approach is being used by several textbook authors in describing the use of was and were. It was revealed that textbook authors regarded standard and informal English as wrong.