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The chemical composition of the essential oil of Rothmannia schoemannii Tirveng. (Rubiaceae) was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterised by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 28 components were identified in the essential oil, which made up 99.6% of the total oil. The essential oil is composed mainly of β-eudesmol (30.8%), α-cadinol (18.2%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), δ-cadinene (5.5%), and γ-eudesmol (5.4%). The essential oil exhibited cytotoxic activity against J5 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells with IC50 values of 112.5 and 98.5 ug/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citron peel is a valuable by-product gained from the fruit processing industry, which can be utilized as a potential feedstock to extract important commercial compounds such as essential oils. This conversion process can play a main role in reducing pollution and saving the environment by reusing waste, in addition to producing added-value products. In the present study, to extract the essential oil from citron peel were applied various methods of hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2, and the different essential oils produced were evaluated and compared in terms of extraction yield, physical attributes, bioactive compounds, chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that higher amount of extraction yield (7.6%), total phenol (112.84 mg GAE/g), flavonoid compounds (33.38 mg QE/g) and limonene (the major volatile component of citron peel essential oil) (60.69%) belonged to the supercritical CO2 sample. The DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power of all the essential oils increased in a concentration-dependent manner (50–2000 µg/mL). The treatments of hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2in the order recorded less and more IC50 values in both DPPH and FRAP tests. The obtained data from assay of MIC, MBC and inhibition zone diameter represented that citron peel essential oils possessed the best antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus compared to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Therefore, citron peel essential oil considering the high levels of volatile and bioactive compounds viz limonene, phenol and flavonoid and desirable characteristics of antioxidant and antimicrobial can be used as a natural functional additive in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Only a few studies have investigated the bioactivity of the essential oils (EOs) of Chamaecyparis formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana, which are endemic to Taiwan. The wood and leaf EOs extracted from C. obtusa var. formosana had anti-inflammatory and antitermitic effects, respectively, and the twig EO extracted from C. formosensis inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis funerea, and Ganoderma australe. Methods: A poisoned food technique was used to evaluate the antifungal effects of wood and leaf EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana on brown rot fungus, white rot fungus, and mold. A phytatray chamber assay was conducted to investigate the antifungal activities of the EOs in the vapor phase. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry was used to examine the chemical constituents of both EOs. Results: The leaf EO extracted from C. formosensis primarily contained monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas the leaf EO extracted from C. obtusa var. formosana primarily contained monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The wood EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana primarily contained sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. These results indicated that the wood EOs had higher antifungal activity in the liquid phase, whereas the leaf EOs had higher antifungal activity in the vapor phase. Conclusion: Wood EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana have strong antifungal effects against Gloeophyllum trabeum, Lenzites betulina, Trametes versicolor, and Trichoderma sp. Compared with wood EOs, leaf EOs have a greater inhibitory effect on mycelial growth in the vapor phase. In both the liquid and vapor phases, the EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana serve as effective antifungal agents against pathogenic fungi. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antifungal activities of EOs in different phases and explore their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzaldehyde occurs in a number of plants, especially in the family Rosaceae and in particular in the genus Prunus. In nature, there are more than 100 genera and 3,000 species in the Rosaceae family. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of leaf essential oil of peach (Prunus persica L.) and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) as a new potential source of natural benzaldehyde.

ABSTRACT Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is one of the most important raw materials of beer production. Despite being the third-largest producer and consumer of beer worldwide, Brazil imports almost all hops for production. Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for hop development and its behavior under different doses is still unknown for Brazilian conditions. Our goal was to evaluate the dry matter and essential oil yields of the Chinook hop fertilized with five N rates during three harvests. Leaves, branches, and cones were sampled to determine their dry matter production, and cones were also analyzed for essential oil contents, extracted by hydrodistillation. Cone number per plant, cone, branch, and leaf dry matter yields, as well as total essential oil yield per plant, increased linearly as nitrogen rates were raised. The production of DM of cones obtained ranged between 245.8 (N:0) and 386.7 kg ha-1 (N:250 kg N ha-1). Yield differences were also noted between harvest years due to weather conditions. Therefore, we can conclude that increasing N rates and climatic conditions affect N contents in hop leaves, as well as hops overall and oil yields, due to the higher cone dry matter. However, essential oil contents in cone dry matter did not change.

The hydrodistillation (HD) process is used to obtain and fractionate essential oils (EOs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the effects of six different HD timeframes (HDTs: 0–2, 2–10, 10–30, 30–60, 60–120, and 120–240 min) on the yield, physical properties, and chemical profile of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica foliage (Az–CJF) EO. An Az–CJF EO obtained by a typical HD over 4 h was used as a control sample, yielding 0.82%, w/fresh weight (f.w.), and containing eighty-nine components, as determined by GC–MS. The EO fraction yield revealed a narrow range (0.06–0.18%, w/f.w.), with ca. 50% obtained within the first hour. Monoterpene hydrocarbons dominated in Fr1 and Fr2 (92 and 45%, respectively, mainly α-pinene) while oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes prevailed in Frs. 3–6 (42–62%, mainly elemol and eudesmol isomers). Furthermore, Fr2 and Fr3 were the richest in oxygen-containing monoterpenes (9 and 7%, respectively, mainly bornyl acetate) and in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (6 and 5%, respectively, mainly δ-cadinene), while Fr4 and Fr5 had higher amounts of diterpene hydrocarbons (ca. 22% both, mainly phyllocladene) and Fr6 exhibited the highest oxygen-containing diterpenes content (4%, mainly nezukol). In addition, regression models were established to predict EO yield, HD rate, and composition (major components) for a given HDT. As a result of this study, specific EO fractions can now be targeted in Az–CJF EO by adjusting the HDT. Hence, these findings can help reduce distillation time and, thus, operating costs associated with the HD process. It can also meet specific market demands due to the differential composition of the obtained EO fractions. In turn, this contributes to increasing the commercial potential of C. japonica EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread worldwide Peucedanum plants (Apiaceae) have been used for centuries as plant medicines. The polymorphism of this genus is consistent with chemotaxonomically and therapeutically significant differences in the composition of secondary metabolites. GC-MS of Peucedanum tauricum M.B. volatiles from the headspace (HS) and hydrodistilled essential oil (HD), both obtained simultaneously from flowers (FL), immature and ripe fruits (IF, MF) and leaves (L1-L3) collected at the time of harvesting of generative organs, show differences in the chemical profiles of HS and HD from the same parts of the plant, and between organs (FL, IF, MF vs. L1-L3). The presented studies on the variability of biometabolites in the phenological period indicated the optimal harvesting time, focused on two molecular chemotaxonomic markers of PT; guaia-1(10),11-diene and guaia-9,11-diene (in generative organs iHD at 25.5–32.1% and 26.8–33.6%; and in their HS at 29.4–41.3% and 25.0–29.4%, respectively). This is the first report on the analysis of fresh aerial parts of Peucedanum sp. in which GC-MS of HS and HD was performed simultaneously during the vegetation period. The importance, with possible limitations, of GC-MS analysis of HS and HD as an evaluation tool useful in the chemotaxonomy of Peucedanum plants was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of irrigation water quality on the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the chemical composition of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPEO). Three essential oils from Mentha piperita plants, irrigated with different water sources commonly used for mint irrigation in Morocco's Oriental region, were analyzed. The water sources were characterized based on various parameters, such as nitrites, nitrates, orthophosphates, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), pH, and electrical conductivity. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealing notable variations among the compositions of the three essential oils. In this study, in silico tests using the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) algorithm; the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) model; and Pro-Tox II were conducted to evaluate the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, expected safety profile upon ingestion, and potential pharmacological activity of the identified compounds in MPEO. The antioxidant activity of the MPEOs was assessed through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant activity (TAC) method. Additionally, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the essential oils was tested against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four fungal strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger), demonstrating moderate to strong activities against the tested strains. This study concludes that regulating irrigation water quality can enhance the production of specific metabolites, making them potentially valuable as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia is the largest genus in the Clusiaceae family. Plants of Garcinia are widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Australia, Central America, Madagascar, and Polynesia. There are over 400 species of Garcinia found in the lowland tropical forests. Garcinia are known for their medicinal values due to the presence of biologically active constituents. Plants with medicinal values play a key role in human health and disease prevention. Plant-based natural products such as essential oils (EOs) have been employed for centuries owing to their beneficial effects. Generally, EOs are a mixture of volatile chemical constituents comprising mainly terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. They play diverse roles as biologically active agents. To date, EOs have found wide applications in pharmaceutical, food, flavour and fragrance. This review discusses the volatile chemical constituents of EOs extracted from different plant parts of Garcinia. The biological activities of Garcinia EOs are highlighted to explore their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to extract the essential oil (EO) and a volatile fraction (VF) from Anvillea garcinii subsp. radiata obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and Head-Space Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) methods, respectively as well as to examine the antioxidant activity of isolated EO. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) allowed the identification of 35 and 26 volatile components, representing respectively 90.7% and 91.6% of the total compositions of EO and VF. Quantitative and qualitative differences in two chemoprofiles were observed. Cis 8-acetoxychrysantenyl acetate (30.8%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (15.5%) and 6-oxocyclonerolidol (14.9%) were the major constituents of the EO, whereas 6-oxocyclonerolidol (53.9%) and 6-hydroxycyclonerolidol (18.1%) were the main components of HS-SPME extract. The antioxidative activity of the isolated EO was determined by using two different methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical activity assay and the β-carotene bleaching (BCB) test. The results showed that EO expresses satisfactory antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 270.53 and 181.92 μg/ml using DPPH and BCB assays, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the VF obtained by HS-SPME-GC-MS method and the antioxidant activity of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia, a Southeast Asian country, is well known for its tropical rainforest. Malaysia has approximately 15,000 species of vascular plants. Among these, 2,000 plant species are estimated to possess medicinal values. Medicinal plants have promising therapeutic potential in treating certain illnesses and health disorders. They have been regarded as an important source of drugs and/or therapeutic agents. Essential oils (EOs), or known as aromatic oils, are a complex mixture of volatile chemical constituents extracted from various parts of plants. Over the years, EOs are gaining wide attention from the scientific community owing to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. To date, EOs are extensively used in flavour and fragrance, food and pharmaceutical industries. The present review focused on the traditional medicinal plants from Malaysia along with the extracted EOs, major chemical constituents and potent pharmacological activities. This review serves as an important reference for the discovery and developments of bioactive EOs from traditional medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the yield of essential oils in hydrodistillation of bay laurel and sage, the effect of pretreatment with ultrasound and enzymes (under different conditions of xylanase pretreatment) was studied. The effects of the optimized conditions (concentration of xylanase 0.20 mg/mL in buffer pH=6.5 at 40°C for 4 h) during the enzymatic pretreatment showed that despite the optimization the activity of xylanase did not significantly affect the quantity and quality of essential oils of bay laurel and sage. Ultrasonic pretreatment prior to enzymatic pretreatment with the addition of optimized xylanase resulted in increased yields of dominant compounds (α-thujone 27.42%, β-thujone 12.15%, and camphor 20.94%) in sage essential oil, while in bay laurel the amount of dominant compounds (1,8-cineole 24.65% and α-terpenyl acetate 11.05%) was not significantly increased. Despite minor changes, ultrasonic and enzymatic pretreatment of the plant materials did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the essential oils of bay laurel and sage compared with the control without pretreatment, as confirmed by the Spearman rank test (p < 0.05). The main advantage of ultrasonic extraction is the reduction in pretreatment time. Ultrasonic pretreatment for only 10 min before enzymatic pretreatment resulted in a 50% increase in sage essential oil yield and a 40% increase in bay laurel essential oil yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) depend on environmental, genetic and other factors. We hypothesized that the EOs of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), lavender (Lavendula sublepoidota) and Ferulago contracta may be affected by distillation methods. This study investigated the effects of hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) on bioactive compounds yield, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant property of rosemary, lavender and F. contracta EOs. Results showed that the yield of EO in SD was significantly higher than HD (p < 0.05). Thumbnail (11.28%; 10.71%) and Eucalyptol (9.48%; 12.58%) in rosemary EO, Eucalyptol (25.9%; 22.7), Borneol (12.43%; 14.09%) and Camphor (9.61%; 5.76%) in lavender EO, and Thumbnail (15.37%; 9.98%), bornyl ester (13.42%; 14.32%), trans-β-Ocimene (11.52%; 6.78%) and Limonene (8.93%; 3.34%) (in HD and SD respectively) known as the principal components in F. contracta. In rosemary, F. contracta and lavender EOs TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity obtained by SD significantly higher than HD method (p < 0.05). Among the distillation methods studied, SD was the best method for the EO extraction while keeping the highest yield, TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Overall, the findings revealed that the type of distillation has a substantial impact on the EO performance, composition, and antioxidant capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous fruit trees are underutilized local resources but of great interest as potential sources of new chemical entities for drug discovery. In this work, the antimicrobial potential of essential oils (EOs) extracted from indigenous fruit trees of Mindanao was evaluated. Thirtyfour (34) fruit trees were screened for the presence of EOs using the Clevenger apparatus for hydrodistillation. EOs were subjected to disk diffusion assay for antibacterial evaluation. The result showed that Lansium domesticum (lanzones) leaves, L. domesticum (lanzones) pericarp, Psidium guajava (bayabas) leaves, and Citrus maxima (pomelo) pericarp yielded a significant amount of EOs. The said EOs were shown to inhibit the growth of B. subtilis and E. coli. However, only EOs from P. guajava leaves inhibited the growth of three other bacteria namely S. aureus, S. enteretica and P. pseudomonas. The EOs from these plants may further be investigated as potential drug candidates against microbial drug resistance. Moreover, these EOs could be combined for possible synergistic action to maximize their antimicrobial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distillation by-products of two Ocimum sp. were recycled through extraction of phenolic compounds and development of functional material like biochar. For extraction, different solvents either sole or in aqueous combinations (25%, 50%, and 75%) were used. Fifty percent aqueous methanol provided highest extraction yield (11.37 and 14.81% for distillated materials of O. sanctum and O. basilicum, respectively) with total phenol content of 76.51 and 82.00 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry extract and total flavonoid content of 37.53 and 41.01 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g of dry extract for distillated materials of O. sanctum and O. basilicum, respectively. This solvent extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging, reducing power and iron chelating ability with IC50 of 94.02, 237.91, and 379.55 μg/mL for distilled O. sanctum and 89.48, 193.70, and 394.41 μg/mL for distilled O. basilicum, respectively. The exhausted biomasses were further utilized for development of biochar. Physicochemical properties (carbon content, porous surface morphology, and cation exchange capacity) of developed biochar indicated its agronomic as well as soil amendment potential. Thus, this study proposed a model biorefinery for distillation waste, which also support circular economy through effective recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of Oricia suaveolens and Guibourtia ehie from Southern Côte d’Ivoire were extracted by hydrodistillation then analyzed by gas chromatography in combination with retention indices [GC(RI)], gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance of carbone-13 (13C NMR) And described here for the first time. A total of 42 compounds were identified in the essential oils of the leaves of G. ehie while 55, 40 and 23 components were identified in the leaves, stem bark and root bark oils of O. suaveolens, respectively. Essential oils samples were dominated by sesquiterpenes and (E)-β-caryophyllene was the major compound common to all samples: G. ehie leaf oil contained (E)-β-caryophyllene (26.9–40.8%), α-humulene (syn. α-caryophyllene) (6.7–9.7%), β-elemene (5.5–9.5%) and germacrene D (5.6–8.1%); O. suaveolens, leaf oil contained (E)-β-caryophyllene (33.5–39.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (5.9–9,3%), caryophyllene oxide (2.1–7.7%) and α-humulene (4.0–4.6%); stem bark oil contained α-humulene (38.3–45.8%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (34.7–41.6%); root bark oil contained α-humulene (36.1–47.9%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (34.3–43.3%). This study highlighted the abundant presence of (E)-β-caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoïd sesquiterpene with countless biological properties, in two plant species: Guibourtia ehie and Oricia suaveolens.

The essential oils of three medicinally important Curcuma species (Curcuma alismatifolia, Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma xanthorrhiza) were extracted using conventional hydro-distillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) methods. The volatile compounds from the rhizome essential oils were subsequently analysed by GC–MS. The isolation of essential oils of each species was carried out following the six principles of green extraction and comparison was made between their chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anticancer activities. SFME was found to be more efficient than HD in terms of energy savings, extraction time, oil yield, water consumption and waste production. Though the major compounds of essential oils of both the species were qualitatively similar, there was a significant difference in terms of quantity. The essential oils extracted through HD and SFME methods were dominated by hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds, respectively. The essential oils of all Curcuma species exhibited strong antioxidant activity, where SFME was significantly better than HD with lower IC50 values. The anti-tyrosinase and anticancer properties of SFME-extracted oils were relatively better than that of HD. Further, among the three Curcuma species, C. alismatifolia essential oil showed the highest rates of inhibition in DPPH and ABTS assay, significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and exhibited significant selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 and PC3 cells. The current results suggested that the SFME method, being advanced, green and fast, could be a better alternative for production of essential oils with better antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anticancer activities for application in food, health and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commiphora gileadensis (C. gileadensis) has been identified and linked with various health benefits and pharmaceutical potential for its phytochemical activities and chemical constituents. This study aimed to evaluate ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (USE) technique for total phenols content from C. gileadensis leaf compared to the hydrodistillation extraction (HDE). Our results showed that the USE operating conditions were identified as: MeOH·H2O solvent‐to‐fresh sample ratio of 80:20 (v/v); ultrasonic power/frequency at 150 W/20 kHz; and a temperature of 40 ± 1°C; subjected to acoustic waves intermittently for a calculated time (5 min) during the total programmed time of 12 min. The USE exhibited (118.71 ± 0.009 mg GAE/g DM) more amounts of all phenols than HDE (101.47 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g DM), and antioxidant (77.78 ± 0.73%, 75.27 ± 0.59% scavenging inhibition of DPPH), respectively. Anti‐aging and Cytotoxicity activities were investigated. The results of biological evaluations showed that the crude extracts of C. gileadensis significantly extended the replicative lifespan of K6001 yeast. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell line showed significant anticancer activity, and approximately 100 μg/mL is required to decrease viability compared with that of the control. This study is proven for a larger scale to extract and isolate compounds of C. gileadensis for potential utilization in the pharmaceutical industry. In conclusion, advanced methods afford an extract with high activity in the biological properties of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of growth regulators in in vitro plant cultures is a common practice in agriculture, and has been known to improve plant development and affect chemical composition in plants that produce essential oils. In this study, the researchers investigated the effect of kinetin, a growth regulator, on the chemical composition of Acmella oleracea essential oil produced in vitro. The experiment consisted of four treatments with varying concentrations of kinetin added to the culture medium: T1 (control), T2 (0.1 mg L−1), T3 (0.3 mg L−1), and T4 (0.5 mg L−1). After 90 days of growth in a controlled environment, the leaves were harvested and hydrodistilled to obtain the essential oil. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for chemical characterization of the essential oil. The results showed that the concentrations of the major compounds in A. oleracea essential oil were influenced by the addition of kinetin to the culture medium. Specifically, the concentrations of 2-tridecanone and trans-farnesene increased with increasing levels of kinetin, while the concentrations of Germacrene D and 8-cedren-13-ol decreased with increasing levels of kinetin. These findings suggest that the addition of kinetin can influence the chemical composition of A. oleracea essential oil produced in vitro. Further studies are underway to evaluate the effect of other compounds on the chemical composition of A. oleracea essential oil. Key message: Kinetin addition to in vitro cultures of Acmella oleracea influences the chemical composition of its essential oil, increasing 2-tridecanone and trans-farnesene, while decreasing Germacrene D and 8-cedren-13-ol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavender is among the medicinal and aromatic plants with high economic value in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and aromatherapeutic industries, and in its composition has numerous compounds, such as tannins, anthocyanins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, essential oil and others. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lavender are best highlighted by extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation, steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction. In the water distillation extraction method, the plants are soaked in water until boiling and steam is released, carrying the essential oils with it, which are then separated via cooling. Steam distillation is one of the most common methods used to extract essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants. Unlike hydrodistillation, where the water is stored directly in a tank, in this method, the steam is transported into the tank from the outside and the oils are released from the plant components when the steam penetrates the structures that contain it. Essential oils contain essential compounds that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, etc., properties. All the component parts of lavender contain essential oils, which are distributed as follows: in leaves at about 0.4%, in stems at about 0.2%, and in inflorescences at about 2–4.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin olive oil processing results in a large amount of biomass (leaves, pomace, stones and wastewater) during harvesting, pruning and production. In recent years, these by-products have been studied as possible sources of bioactive compounds, and several techniques have been developed, including microwave, ultrasound, subcritical extraction, high hydrostatic pressure, a pulsed electric field, and high-voltage electrical discharge. However, these techniques can be expensive, and may require specialized staff to implement them. Therefore, this study proposes a novel method. Hydrodistillation is a simple and fast technique that can recover valuable compounds from olive oil biomasses. As it uses water as a solvent, it is sustainable, does not harm the environment, and is compatible with industrial practice. This paper presents the results of a hydrodistillation experiment on olive leaves, olive pomace and olive stones. Two fractions were obtained: a "phytocomplex" fraction from inside the boiler, and a "hydrolate" fraction from inside the condenser column. HPLC–DAD–MS and GC–MS analyses characterized and differentiated these two fractions. In general, more bioactive compounds, notably phenolic, were recovered from the phytocomplex fraction than the hydrolate fraction. Total phenolic compounds (mgtyr/kgoil) in the phytocomplex fraction were 11903.51, 4007.33, and 2469.42 mgtyr/kgoil for olive leaves, olive pomace and olive stone, while in the hydrolate fraction they were 67.67, 1.98, and 29.05 mgtyr/kgoil, respectively. Furthermore, interesting phenolic compounds typical of Olea europaea L. were found for both matrices. The main families were phenolic alcohols, secoiridoids and flavonoids. In particular, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol were recovered from the phytocomplex fraction of leaves and pomace. Finally, the analysis revealed higher amounts of volatile compounds in the hydrolate fraction than the phytocomplex fraction for leaves, stone and pomace. The main class of compounds were esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, phenols and their derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Vitis vinifera leaves harvested from the developing canes are used in Balkan cuisines. The objective was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) extract of V. vinifera leaves harvested after the flowering of the new vine shoots. Methods: The V. vinifera leaf oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and SC CO2 extraction. The application of different SC CO2 extraction parameters, determined by the Box–Behnken design, influenced the extraction yield and the chemical composition of the SC CO2 extracts. The optimal extraction conditions were set for the extraction yield and eucalyptol amount. The essential oil and SC CO2 extracts obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The most abundant compounds present in the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were: phytol (11.3%), α-cadinol (8.3%), trans -calamenene (8.2%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (7.0%), and τ-cadinol (6.6%). The extracts obtained by SC CO2 extraction consisted of twenty five compounds among which the most abundant were: phytol, squalene, eucalyptol, camphene and hexadecan-1-ol. Over the ranges of SC CO2 process parameters studied, those of pressure and extraction time had significant effect on the extraction yield and eucalyptol amount. Conclusion: The results obtained determined the compounds present in V. vinifera leaves essential oil and SC CO2 extracts which contribute to the flavor and aroma of V. vinifera leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great genetic and phenotypic diversities characterize the mandarin species (Citrus reticulata). The present study aimed to evaluate a part of this diversity with molecular markers and through the composition of leaf (LEO) and fruit peel (PEO) essential oils. Seventy-two cultivars were chosen for this study to represent some wild and cultivated mandarins growing in the same orchards. The essential oils were analyzed via gas chromatography (retention indices) and via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The low similarity of 'Tachibana' and 'Korail tachibana' with mandarins and other species suggested that they were pure mandarins but were not involved in the genesis of the cultivated forms. This distinction was also evident at the aromatic level with specific compounds or unusual proportions, such as δ-3-carene in PEO or β-phellandrene at 24.9% in 'Korail tachibana' LEO. 'Kunembo' and 'Ben di gang ju' were genetically and chemically identical, with a high proportion of myrcene (>20%) in their LEO. In general, the genetic diversity of SSR markers was higher than the chemical diversity. From the 72 accessions, 54 genotypes were identified, with only 8 aromatic profiles in PEO and 9 in LEO. This diversity of essential oils of mandarins offers new perspectives for the research and validation of new aromatic properties for food and cosmetic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E. globulus leaves have been mainly exploited for essential oil recovery or for energy generation in industrial pulp mills, neglecting the abundance of valuable families of extractives, namely, triterpenic acids, that might open new ways for the integrated valorization of this biomass. Therefore, this study highlights the lipophilic characterization of E. globulus leaves before and after hydrodistillation, aiming at the integrated valorization of both essential oils and triterpenic acids. The lipophilic composition of E. globulus leaves after hydrodistillation is reported for the first time. Extracts were obtained by dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, their cytotoxicity on different cell lines representative of the innate immune system, skin, liver, and intestine were evaluated. Triterpenic acids, such as betulonic, oleanolic, betulinic and ursolic acids, were found to be the main components of these lipophilic extracts, ranging from 30.63–37.14 g kg−1 of dry weight (dw), and representing 87.7–89.0% w/w of the total content of the identified compounds. In particular, ursolic acid was the major constituent of all extracts, representing 46.8–50.7% w/w of the total content of the identified compounds. Other constituents, such as fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and β-sitosterol were also found in smaller amounts in the studied extracts. This study also demonstrates that the hydrodistillation process does not affect the recovery of compounds of greatest interest, namely, triterpenic acids. Therefore, the results establish that this biomass residue can be considered as a promising source of value-added bioactive compounds, opening new strategies for upgrading pulp industry residues within an integrated biorefinery context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant essential oils have been used for hundreds of years as natural medicines to combat a multitude of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The paper reports the chemical compositions of essential oil hydrodistilled from the leaves and rhizomes of Amomum unifolium Gagnep. from Vietnam. The main classes of compounds present in the essential oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons (10.1% and 23.9%, respectively), oxygenated monoterpenes (14.5% and 4.9%, respectively), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.9% and 21.9%, respectively), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (20.1% and 26.8%, respectively). Diterpenes (16.1%) were identified in sizeable proportion in the rhizome essential oil. The constituents occurring in higher amounts in the leaf essential oil were aromadendrene (6.9%), occidenol (6.8%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), β-elemene (5.7%), and δ-elemene (5.0%). However, the main compounds of the rhizome essential oil were β-phellandrene (18.5%), torulosol (16.1%), germacrene D (5.7%), α-cadinol (5.5%) and (6S, 7R)-bisabolene (5.1%). The leaf essential oil of A. unifolium displayed higher antibacterial activity than the rhizome oil. The leaf oil showed activity towards S. aureus ATCC 6538, and B. pumilus ATCC 14884, with MIC values of 75.0 μg/mL and 37.5 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the rhizome essential oil displayed activity against the organisms at MIC value of 150.0 μg/mL. Both essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity to E. coli ATCC 8739, with MIC value of 150.0 μg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of A. unifolium essential oils are being reported for the first time as a confirmation of the ethnomedical uses of A. unifolium in the treatment of diseases especially antimicrobial infections. Furthermore, the paper discusses the chemotaxonomy of Amomum oil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Volatile compounds present in green Ginkgo biloba L. leaves extracts contain compounds that can undertake free radical scavenging. The assumption was that volatile compounds present in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts have a different composition compared to green Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts. The investigation was conducted in order to determine the compounds in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaves’ extracts that can undertake free radical scavenging. Methods: The volatile compounds present in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts were obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction. The obtained essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation consisted of monoterpenes (3.1%), oxygenated monoterpenes (15.3%), sesquiterpenes (6.2%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (51.4%), esters (1.3%), benzopyrans (7.1%), an oxolane (1.5%), and a rose ketone (0.8%). Caryophylene-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol (7.1%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 14-hydroxy-(Z)-caryophyllene (5.8%), caryophyllene oxide (5.8%), and hydroxydihydroedulan (5.6%). The supercritical fluid extraction was done under the pressure of 30 MPa, at the temperature of 40 °C and the CO2 flow rate was 2 kg·h−1 . The obtained chromatogram revealed the presence of 12 compounds. The main constituents were squalene (110.5 mg per 100 g of plant material) and α-tocopherol (99.3 mg per 100 g of plant material). Conclusion: The well-known compound that has a free radical scavenging activity α-tocopherol was determined in yellow Ginkgo biloba leaves extract obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to provide a chemical profile and determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) and lipid extracts of Thymus serpyllum L. herbal dust obtained via conventional (hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet extraction (SOX)) and novel extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)). In addition, a comparative analysis of the chemical profiles of the obtained EO and extracts was carried out, as well as the determination of antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the lipid extracts. According to the aforementioned antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the monoterpene yield and selectivity, SFE provided significant advantages compared to the traditional techniques. In addition, SFE extracts could be considered to have great potential in terms of their utilization in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as appropriate replacements for synthetic additives in the food industry.

Essential oils are of great interest due to their potent pharmaceutical and biological activities. In this study, essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis originating from the Middle Atlas of Morocco were investigated. Their chemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, while the assessment of the trapping power of the radical (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and the reducing antioxidant potential of ferric ions (FRAP: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) were performed in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Their antibacterial potency was tested against six bacterial strains through the disk diffusion method. The chromatography analyses of the extracted essential oils highlighted the presence of two main components, namely carvacrol at 75.70% in O. compactum and thymol at 40.67% in T. zygis. The antioxidant activity tests showed that both essential oils demonstrated a significant antioxidant activity comparable to the positive control (e.g., ascorbic acid). The antibacterial activity results showed a strong antimicrobial effect for both essential oils, compared to synthetic antibiotics. This study affirms the presence of bioactive components with interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis, which could find several applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries through the substitution of synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics.

The present study attempted to evaluate the suitable conditions for essential oil extraction from the fruit of Triphasia trifolia using hydrodistillation technique. The effect of various factors such as material size, solvent to solid ratio, heating temperature and distillation time, state of maturation, and fruit preservation on the oil yield was investigated. The physicochemical property, chemical composition, and biological properties were accessed. The highest yield of essential oil (7.9 mL/kg dry matter) from T. trifolia was obtained at optimal conditions such as fine particle size, solid to solvent ratio of 1:5, temperature oil bath of 140 °C, and distillation time of 3 h. The state of maturation of the fruits significantly affects the essential oil yield and insignificantly influences chemical composition based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It was found that the essential oil yield decreases significantly when ripened fruits are not kept in cool conditions before distillation. It implied that ripened fruits should be immediately processed or kept in cool storage to maintain the essential oil yield. Our findings will help produce high-quality essential oil from T. trifolia at a pilot or industrial scale.

The huge amount of solid waste produced during the hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. is a serious environmental hazard. The aim of this research is to reduce this environmental pollution and to valorize this waste by using its extract as a natural dye. Extracts were used for dyeing wool samples. The dyed fabrics showed shades ranging between brown and beige. By using the Minitab 19 Software, a definitive screening design was used to optimize the dye extraction process. The studied extraction process parameters were pH, temperature, and extraction time. The main studied responses were the color strength and the polyphenol, flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents (mg.g−1). Based on the photochemical study and the UV–vis absorption spectra, it was found that the polyphenol content varies between 4.144 and 7.567 mg.g−1. For the tannin content, the highest value was equal to 120.967 mg.g−1. To optimize the colorant extraction process, the K/S was also measured by the spectrocolorimeter. Process optimum conditions were of 11, 100°C, and 65 min, respectively, for pH, temperature, and extraction time. The optimum K/S value was equal to 115.15. Therefore, the solid waste hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens can be an interesting choice for the natural dyeing of textile fabrics.

The samples of Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) aerial parts were collected from four different localities in sub-Mediterranean area of Bosnia and Herzegovina and subjected to phytochemical profiling. Shade-dried and fresh samples were used to determine their headspace volatile organic composition by solid-phase microextraction on two differently coated fibers. Corresponding essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Both headspace and essential oil were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Among detected compounds, piperitenone oxide and pulegone were dominant in the headspace of shade-dried and fresh C. nepeta samples. The essential oils contained 42 compounds including pulegone (44.8%), piperitenone (48.8%) and piperitenone oxide (60.2%) as the major compounds, followed by limonene, cispiperitone oxide, p-menthone and dihydrocarvyl acetate. In this work, a wide range of volatile compounds present in C. nepeta samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina was determined. The obtained data provides detail phytochemical analysis of the volatiles of C. nepeta and therefore completes earlier researches of this plant from the other geographical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil (EO) from the aerial parts of Mentha longifolia was obtained by hydro- [distillation method and its chemical composition was determined using GC-MS. This oil was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (64.91 %) and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (1.62 %). Piperitenone oxide (62.91 %) was identified as major compound along with limonene; germacrene-D; 1, 8-cineole; piperitenone; linalool propanoate and p-mentha-1, 8-diene-2-one. Piperitenone oxide (PO) was purified from the oil using column chromatography and identified by1D and 2D NMR and GC-MS. Its EO and PO were evaluated at different concentrations (31.25 to 1000 ppm) for their nematicidal activity against M. incognita in lab conditions. These effectively killed the nematodes with LC50/96h values of 92.74 and 34.15 ppm, respectively. In pot study, they were applied to tomato plants as bare root dipping and soil drenching at 1000 and 2000 ppm under polyhouse condition. PO showed promising nematicidal activity and suppressed nematode infestation and multiplication (9.5 galls/root and 11 egg masses/root) on tomato roots compared to EO (13 galls/root and 15.5 egg masses/root) as a soil dresser at 2000 ppm with increased plant biomass and Fluopyrum 400 SC @ 500 g a.i. ha-1 (6.5 galls/root and 5.2 egg masses/root). Piperitenone oxide showed potent nematicidal activity against M. incognita for the first time and could be used as an alternate to synthetic nematicide against M. incognita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of Oricia suaveolens and Guibourtia ehie from Southern Côte d'Ivoire were extracted by hydrodistillation then analyzed by gas chromatography in combination with retention indices [GC(RI)], gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance of carbone-13 (13C NMR) And described here for the first time. A total of 42 compounds were identified in the essential oils of the leaves of G. ehie while 55, 40 and 23 components were identified in the leaves, stem bark and root bark oils of O. suaveolens, respectively. Essential oils samples were dominated by sesquiterpenes and (E)-β-caryophyllene was the major compound common to all samples: G. ehie leaf oil contained (E)-β-caryophyllene (26.9–40.8%), α-humulene (syn. α-caryophyllene) (6.7–9.7%), β-elemene (5.5–9.5%) and germacrene D (5.6–8.1%); O. suaveolens, leaf oil contained (E)-β-caryophyllene (33.5–39.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (5.9–9,3%), caryophyllene oxide (2.1–7.7%) and α-humulene (4.0–4.6%); stem bark oil contained α-humulene (38.3–45.8%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (34.7–41.6%); root bark oil contained α-humulene (36.1–47.9%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (34.3–43.3%). This study highlighted the abundant presence of (E)-β-caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoïd sesquiterpene with countless biological properties, in two plant species: Guibourtia ehie and Oricia suaveolens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of essential oils obtained from the most commonly grown plant species in Serbia. Aromatic and medicinal plants from Lamiaceae (Mentha x Piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Satureja montana and Thymus vulgaris), Asteraceae (Ehinacea purpurea and Matricaria chamomilla), Apiaceae (Anethum graveolens, Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum) and Cupressaceae (Juniperus comunis) were selected as raw material for essential oils (EOs)' isolation. Hydrodistillation (HD) was used for the isolation of EOs while they were evaluated in terms of yield and terpenoid profiles by GC-MS. In vitro radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS+ radical activities were carried out for all EOs. Finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the experimental results of the composition and antioxidant activity of the EOs, which showed a clear distinction between the selected plant species for the aforementioned responses. This work represents a screening tool for the selection of other EO candidates for further processing by emerging extraction techniques and the use of EOs as natural additives for meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with orange and mandarin, grapefruit production in Florida has declined sharply due to Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). HLB affects the volatile profiles of juice and peel oil in oranges, but there is limited information on grapefruit. In this research, 'Ray Ruby' grapefruit were harvested in 2020 and 2021 from healthy (HLB−) and HLB-affected (HLB+) trees. Peel oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the volatiles were analyzed by direct injection of the oil samples into gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatiles in the juice were analyzed by headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS. HLB significantly altered the volatile profiles of peel oil and juice in 'Ray Ruby' grapefruit. Juice samples of HLB+ fruits had lower decanal, nonanal, and octanal, important citrus juice flavor compounds. HLB+ samples also showed reduced content of nonterpene compounds, other aliphatic and terpene aldehydes, and terpene ketones. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butanoate were increased in HLB+ juice samples, indicating an HLB-induced stress response. The most abundant compounds D-limonene and β-caryophyllene, as well as other sesquiterpenes, were increased in HLB+ juice and peel oil samples. On the other hand, the oxidative/dehydrogenated terpenes were increased by HLB in peel oil but decreased in the juice sample. Nootkatone, the key grapefruit volatile was consistently reduced by HLB in both peel oil and juice samples. The impact of HLB on nootkatone deteriorated the quality of both juice and peel oil in grapefruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the chemical compositions and antioxidant and antipathogenic properties of commercial orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) essential oils obtained using the cold-press method (EOP) and the cold-press method followed by steam distillation (EOPD). The chemical compositions of the volatilizable fractions, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were similar in both samples. A relatively large amount of γ-terpinene was found in the EOPD (1.75%) as compared to the EOP (0.84%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons with limonene (90.4–89.8%) followed by myrcene (3.2–3.1%) as the main compounds comprised the principal phytochemical group. The non-volatile phenolics were eight times higher in the EOP than in the EOPD. Several assays with different specificity levels were used to study the antioxidant activity. Although both essential oils presented similar reducing capacities, the radical elimination ability was higher for the EOP. Regarding the antipathogenic properties, the EOs inhibited the biomass and cell viability of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Furthermore, both EOs similarly attenuated the production of elastase, pyocyanin, and quorum-sensing autoinducers as assessed using Gram-negative bacteria. The EOP and EOPD showed important antioxidant and antipathogenic properties, so they could represent natural alternatives to extend the shelf life of food products by preventing oxidation and contamination caused by microbial spoilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The huge amount of solid waste produced during the hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. is a serious environmental hazard. The aim of this research is to reduce this environmental pollution and to valorize this waste by using its extract as a natural dye. Extracts were used for dyeing wool samples. The dyed fabrics showed shades ranging between brown and beige. By using the Minitab 19 Software, a definitive screening design was used to optimize the dye extraction process. The studied extraction process parameters were pH, temperature, and extraction time. The main studied responses were the color strength and the polyphenol, flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents (mg.g−1). Based on the photochemical study and the UV–vis absorption spectra, it was found that the polyphenol content varies between 4.144 and 7.567 mg.g−1. For the tannin content, the highest value was equal to 120.967 mg.g−1. To optimize the colorant extraction process, the K/S was also measured by the spectrocolorimeter. Process optimum conditions were of 11, 100°C, and 65 min, respectively, for pH, temperature, and extraction time. The optimum K/S value was equal to 115.15. Therefore, the solid waste hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens can be an interesting choice for the natural dyeing of textile fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family are widely known worldwide, in traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, among others. Framed in the high biochemical value of this family, this research focused on the optimization of extracting essential oils method from Curcuma longa dry rhizomes collected in the Department of Quindío (Colombia), using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and evaluating variables optimized by response surfaces. The results obtained from the optimization showed a considerable improvement in the oils extraction from some aspects and variables, compared to conventional hydrodistillation. The yield of essential increased by 32%, in α-Turmerone as the most abundant component there was by 31%, the extraction time was reduced from 120 to 59 minutes, and the energy consumption and CO2 emission were reduced by one third. These interesting results encourage the potential improvement of possible applications in health, food or cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to optimize the isolation of biologically active birch and poplar complexes based on woodworking industry waste to study their biological activity to create cosmeceutical compositions that have cosmetic and pharmaceutical effects. Materials and methods. The object of research is the vegetative organs of birch (buds and shoots) and poplar (buds). In the process of work, experimental studies were carried out on the extraction and separation of natural compounds, development of biological complexes of vegetative organs of birch and poplar, study of the chemical composition and standardization of biologically active complexes of birch and preparations based on them. Results. The optimal methods for extracting natural complexes were determined. Created as a semi-industrial installation for producing biologically active complexes by barothermal method, combining two processes - high pressure and hydrodistillation. The optimal operating cycle and plant parameters were determined. The optimal solvents for the extraction of biologically active complexes from the vegetative organs of birch and poplar have been determined. Petroleum ether (33.60 %) extracted the most compounds from birch buds, in birch shoots - ethanol (8.34 %). Qualitative and quantitative indicators of biologically active complexes are determined, and projects for examining the obtained biologically active complexes are proposed. We determined the yield of essential oil depending on the time of collection of raw materials and determined that the largest amount of essential oil is contained in spring buds (0.21 % of dry raw materials) and shoots (0.08 %). Conclusions. Biological complexes created from timber processing waste with high activity are the basis for the creation of cosmetic products. The created semi-industrial plant will provide the basis for creating new original products in industrial volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of bioactive plant components, which belong to specialized metabolites, is carried out by conventional and novel extraction methods. In this study, a classical (hydrodistillation, HD) and a novel technique (microwave-assisted water extraction, MAE) were used to isolate free volatile compounds from nine Croatian Veronica taxa (family Plantaginaceae). Each of these extracts consists of a lipophilic phase and an aqueous phase (hydrosol). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the compounds in the hydrosol phase studied taxa Veronica. The compounds β-ionone and benzene acetaldehyde were detected in all nine Veronica hydrosols studied. Other compounds abundant in all investigated species are germacrene D, α-muurolol, (E)-β-damascenone, and β-ionone. Also, the compositions of hydrosols and lipophilic phases (published in our previous research) of these nine Veronica species were compared. Identification of the compounds in both extract parts is important for selecting the extract part for further biological research. According to the distribution of species in the PCA analyses comparing two methods, only two species showed a greater difference in the composition of the hydrosol by the two methods, therefore our conclusion is that for most species there is no significant difference in the composition. Microwave water extraction is a better choice with regards to more environmentally friendly working conditions. Furthermore, we conclude that hydrosol extracts are not waste products, but are a valuable source of compounds with great potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants gain a great interest in the drug development process due to their bioactive compounds content. Syringa vulgaris has been used as traditional medicine and it has considerable biological effects. In this study, essential oil (EO) was generated from Syringa vulgaris flowers by hydrodistillation and the chemical constituents were identified by GC/MS/MS analysis. The GC/MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 57 compounds, and linalool (26.34%), α-terpineol (10.84%), trans geraniol (9.83%), α-bisabolol (4.50%), cis-nerol acetate (5.28%), lavandulyl acetate (4.32%) were found as major products.

This study was conducted to evaluate essential oils from Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Allium sativum L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus schimperi Ronniger using four concentrations (l mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL) and three sprays against potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) late blight disease. Two improved potato varieties were planted using randomized complete block design with factorial combinations in three replications. Analysis of disease incidence means at 53 and 60 days after planting showed highly significant differences between varieties and among sources of essential oils. Furthermore, the combined effect of essential oils and potato varieties on disease severity showed significant differences. Disease severity was maintained from 25% to 48% (Jalene); 13% to 30% (Gudene) with essential oils while it was maintained between 92% and 95% (Jalene); 37% to 38% (Gudene) for control plants. The lowest disease percentage of disease severity was obtained on plants treated with A. sativum for Jalene variety while on plants sprayed with C. macrostachyus, E. globulus and T. schimperi for Gudene variety. The lowest disease progress rate 0.198/day and 0.162/day as well as values of area under disease progress curve 228% days and 93% days were obtained for varieties Jalene and Gudene, respectively. Maximum reduction in mean disease severity was exhibited by garlic for varieties Jalene (28.3%) and Gudene (16.3%), as compared to the control (93.3% for Jalene and 37.5% for Gudene). Therefore, results indicated the potentials of essential oils to minimize effects of potato late blight disease. Communities involved in potato production could use the current results as base line information to find alternative management options for late blight disease which has no effect on human health and environment. However, further investigation is required on essential oils affordability and availability to farmers across different locations.

In recent years, essential oils extracted from different plant species have become increasingly popular in the production of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. The essential oil from orange (Citrus sinensis) is important in large-scale applications due to its antibacterial, antioxidant activities, and pleasant aroma. In this study, factors affecting the production of orange essential oil on a distillation device with an operating capacity of 50 L/batch, including the ratio of material to water, temperature, and time distillation, have been surveyed. Through the survey, it was found that the raw materials were pureed, the materials: water ratio was 1:3 g/g, the water heating temperature was 130 °C, and the distillation time was 140 min. The yield of the essential oil was 1.8 mL/g with compounds limonene accounting for 98%, α-Pinene (0.655–0.734%), and β-Pinene (1.114 and 1.163%) by the GC-MS method. The review also found that the hydrodistillation equipment was designed to be suitable for the semi-industrial scales of orange essential oil due to its stable yield and volatile compounds contained in the essential oil.

Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) has been used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of blood circulation problems, swelling, and prostatic hyperplasia, among others. The objective of this study was to use different extraction methods (soxhlet, hydrodistillation and ultrasound) and solvents with different polarities (hexane, methyl chloride, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol) to determine volatile compounds contained in ocotillo stems. Solvents used were water in hydrodistillation; hexane, methyl chloride, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol in soxhlet; and a solvent mixture of water acidified with methanol, acetone, and 1% acetic acid at a 50:35:15 ratio in the ultrasound method. The major components identified were bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate, bis (2-Ethylhexyl) ester, butyl acetate, palmitic acid, and myristic acid. A toxicity assay on Artemia salina was conducted and the median lethal concentration was quantified. The bioassay showed that extracts isolated by non-polar solvents are extremely toxic because they were lethal at concentrations lower than 100 ppm, while polar extracts were innocuous. However, in polar extracts were found compounds that suggest their use in traditional medicine, the most relevant being 2-butoxyethanol, pentadecanol, and undecanal.

The species of Artemisia are well known in the Mediterranean region, especially in Morocco, for their traditional uses and health benefit. In this study, we were interested in two species of Artemisia, namely A. herba alba Asso and A. mesatlantica Maire. These species were collected from different soils of the Central Middle Atlas (loamy, stony, limestone and rocky soil) with different atmospheres. Extraction of essential oils from the leaves and flowering tops was carried out by hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus. Chemical composition analysis was further carried out using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the similarities and dissimilarities in the chemical compositions of these six essential oils. The results obtained showed that the essential oil contents extracted from the flowering tops vary from one species to another according to the place of harvest, altitude, soil type and climate. The essential oil yield is between 0.84% and 2.19% (mL/100 g). Chemical analysis revealed that the chemotype of A. herba alba in limestone soil with a subhumid to humid atmosphere is trans-thujone (33.78%), while camphor (46.19%) is for limestone soil with a semi-arid atmosphere, vetivenic acid (14.91%) and davana ether (14.64%) are for limestone soil with a semi-arid and arid atmosphere and camphor (18.39%) is for loamy and stony soil with a semi-arid atmosphere. As for A. mesatlantica from a rocky soil on limestone with a subhumid to humid atmosphere, the main component is camphor (44.86%), and that of limestone soil with a subhumid to the humid atmosphere trans-thujone (41.08%). In addition, HCA affirmed the PCA and allowed us to distinguish between four groups. Our findings observed differences in the chemical compositions of the isolated essential oils most likely related to many factors such as the climates in the regions of the samples collected, altitudes and soil types.