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Mechanical weed control in agriculture has advanced in terms of precision and working rate over the past years. The real-time communication of implements with sensor systems further increased the potential of mechanical weeding. There is a wide array of available sensors including image analysis by camera, GNSS, laser and ultrasonic systems that can improve weed control efficacy in combination with mechanical systems. Every sensor type has its advantages and disadvantages. Camera-steered hoes with a hydraulic side shifting control for row crops are robust and reliable and they are now widely available from different manufacturers. The robotic sector has difficulties handling the everchanging environment of agricultural fields and fully automated systems may not exist for many years. This review looks at the developments in sensor-based mechanical weeding since the 1980s. It focused on scientific studies presenting data results of their work, with the aim of providing an overview of the possibilities of sensor-based systems and to show their efficacy. The practical application for current and future farms is considered and discussed. Furthermore, an outlook towards sensor-based mechanical weeding in the future and necessary improvements are given.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of weed density and different weed control treatments on chickpea yield and yield components. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with 3 replications in experimental fields of Kirsehir Ahi Evran University during 2016 and 2017 crop seasons. Total nine treatments (no weed control, permanent weed control, one-time hoeing, two-time hoeing, three-time hoeing, herbicide application after emergence, one-time hoeing with herbicide application, two-time hoeing with herbicide application and three-time hoeing with herbicide application) were compared to know the most effective weed control method. Vaccaria pyramidata Medik., Sinapis arvensis L., Acroptilon repens L. weed species were found to be the most intense in the experimental area. All weed control applications had significant effect on chickpea yield and yield components compared to weedy plots. Three-time hoeing with herbicide application increased the yield by 361.55-478.50% compared to weedy plots. Likewise, three-time hoeing application even increased the yield by 348.50-357.09% compared to weedy plots. The results revealed that threetime hoeing with herbicide and three-time hoeing applications stood out in weed management to obtain a good yield in chickpea cultivation at Kirsehir province. © 2020, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.

National audience; Pour réduire l’utilisation des herbicides, une des solutions possibles est de ne traiter que le rang en post-levée et de biner l’inter-rang ensuite. Terres Inovia, en collaboration avec la Coopérative Agricole Lorraine, a mis en place des essais au champ sur colza et tournesol avec la rampe localisée Marechal, dans le but de mettre au point cette technique pour des rampes de grande largeur avec une bonne qualité de pulvérisation sur le rang et un type de guidage adapté à des terres à colza, plus irrégulières que les terres à betterave sur lesquelles la rampe avait été développée. L’objectif est également d’évaluer les efficacités de la technique (satisfaction du désherbage en comparaison avec un traitement en plein), sa praticabilité (débit de chantier notamment) et son gain environnemental (réduction d’usage et d’impact, non présenté dans cet article). L’approche économique, présentée succinctement en fin d’article, reste à consolider. Parallèlement à ces résultats, AgroSup Dijon conçoit avec Terres Inovia un Outil d’Aide à la Décision, attendu par les agriculteurs, pour déterminer facilement les réglages optimaux d’une pulvérisation efficace (paramètres du pulvérisateur et calcul des volumes d’eau et de produit…). L’outil permettra de faciliter le travail de l’agriculteur et d’apporter des informations sur le gain environnemental d’une solution localisée. To reduce the use of herbicides, one of the solutions is to treat only the row, completed by hoeing. Terres Inovia, in collaboration with Coopérative Agricole Lorraine, realized some field trials on oilseed rape and sunflower crops with the Marechal’s boom. The objectives are to adjust the technic to have a good quality of the spraying on the row (guidance system needs to be adapted to different types of soil) and to evaluate the efficiency of this technology (compared to full treatment, the feasibility and the environmental benefits. The economic bill will be developed later. Moreover, AgroSup Dijon develops with Terres Inovia a decision support tool (DST) to help farmers in the choice of the spraying parameters (volumes, boom hight…) according to the stage of the crop and their situation, in the aim to provide good advices.

Weeding is expensive and laborious, and some weeds may re-establish themselves afterwards. Arboreal leguminous plants can control weeds, and fertilization with nitrogen can increases the competitive ability of the maize. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of weed-removal and intercropping with sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) on control of weed plants and maize productivity. A randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement was used with five replications. Cultivar AG 105, fertilized with nitrogen (30 and 120 kg/ha of N applied to the plots) was subjected to the following treatments (subplots): A) no weeding; B) intercropping with sabiá (30 viable seeds/m2, broadcast between the rows of maize); C) hoeing {20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS)} with no removal of weeds (nROW); D) two hoeings at 20 and 40 DAS with ROW at 20 DAS; E) two hoeings at 20 and 40 DAS with ROW at 40 DAS; F) and two hoeings at 20 and 40 DAS with ROW after each hoeing. Increasing the dose of nitrogen reduced the growth of the sabiá (30%) and weeds (32%) and increased the corn green ear yield (115%) and grain yield (40%) of maize. Sabiá did not reduce the growth of weeds, but it was beneficial to corn because increased the number of green ears. Carrying out two hoeings, with or without the removal of weeds, reduced weed growth (92%) and provided the highest yields of green ears (5.6 t/ha) and grains (6.0 t/ha). RESUMO: As capinas são caras e trabalhosas e algumas plantas daninhas podem se "reestabelecer" após as capinas. A consorciação com leguminosas arbóreas pode controlar plantas daninhas e a adubação com nitrogênio aumenta a habilidade competitiva do milho. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da remoção das plantas daninhas e da consorciação com sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) no controle das plantas daninhas e nos rendimentos do milho. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e cinco repetições. A cultivar AG 105, adubada com nitrogênio (30 e 120 kg de N/ha aplicados nas parcelas) foi submetida aos seguintes tratamentos (subparcelas): A) sem capinas; B) consorciação com a sabiá (30 sementes viáveis/m2 a lanço entre as fileiras do milho; C) duas capinas (20 e 40 dias após a semeadura, DAS), sem remoção das plantas daninhas (nROW); D) duas capinas, com ROW aos 20 DAS; E) duas capinas, com ROW aos 40 DAS; F) duas capinas, com ROW após cada capina. O aumento da dose de nitrogênio reduziu os crescimentos da sabiá (30%) e das plantas daninhas (32%), mas aumentou a habilidade competitiva e os rendimentos de espigas verdes (115%) e de grãos (40%) do milho. A consorciação com a sabiá não reduziu o crescimento das plantas daninhas, mas pode ser benéfica ao milho, pois aumentou o número de espigas verdes. A realização de duas capinas, com ou sem remoção do mato, reduziu o crescimento das plantas daninhas (92%) e propiciou os maiores rendimentos de espigas verdes (5,6 t/ha) e de grãos (6,0 t/ha).

Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T14:29:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE-FRANCISCO MARTINS DE CASTRO.pdf: 2734907 bytes, checksum: 8cf39c9918a8ec2e86eabcdde7ad2b1a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T14:30:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE-FRANCISCO MARTINS DE CASTRO.pdf: 2734907 bytes, checksum: 8cf39c9918a8ec2e86eabcdde7ad2b1a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-11T14:30:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE-FRANCISCO MARTINS DE CASTRO.pdf: 2734907 bytes, checksum: 8cf39c9918a8ec2e86eabcdde7ad2b1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior Forage sorghum is a crop with high forage yield per hectare, with large scale for silage production. It is cultivated in several regions of Brazil and easily adapts to different cropping systems. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the growth, production and chemical composition of forage sorghum silage as a function of different weed control and spacing between raw. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in subdivided plots with four replications, the treatments of the plot being the spacings (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 cm between rows) and in the subplot the weed control methods: herbicide; manual hoeing with hoe and without weeding. The silage was made in mini silos. The aerial part dry matter (DMAP), leaf area index (LAI), relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR) net assimilation rate (NAR). The dry matter of the weeds, dry matter of the sorghum, dry matter of the morphological components (leaf, stem and panicle) and sorghum leaf area in silage were evaluated for productivity analysis. Weed control, together with the larger spacings, provided greater accumulation of DMAP, but smaller spacings produced higher LAI, DLA, and GRC. The best productive indexes were found when weed control with herbicide allied to the spacing 50 cm between rows, providing higher dry matter yield of the sorghum in t ha???? and, together with the spacing of 40 cm, the lowest yields of dry matter of weeds in t ha????. Besides the better proportions of the morphological components compared to the treatment with weed that had a higher proportion of stem, less leaves and panicle. In the chemical composition, the weed control with herbicide, together with the smaller spacings (40, 50, 60 cm), were shown to be more efficient favoring silage quality, with higher levels of crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM) and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The reduction of the spacings and the chemical control of weeds provided better growth rates, higher productivity and better chemical composition of the silage for the forage sorghum, being indispensable the weed control in the environmental conditions of Central Amazonia. O sorgo forrageiro ?? uma cultura com elevada capacidade de rendimentos de forragem por hectare, com larga escala para produ????o de silagem. ?? cultivado em diversas regi??es do Brasil e se adapta facilmente aos diferentes sistemas de cultivo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com essa pesquisa analisar o crescimento, produ????o e a composi????o qu??mica da silagem do sorgo forrageiro em fun????o de diferentes m??todos de controle de plantas daninhas e espa??amentos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repeti????es, sendo os tratamentos da parcela os espa??amentos (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 cm entre linhas) e na subparcela os m??todos de controle de plantas daninhas: herbicida; capina manual com enxada; e sem capina. A silagem foi confeccionada em mini silos. Foram estimados a mat??ria seca da parte a??rea (MSPA), ??ndice de ??rea foliar (IAF), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa assimilat??ria l??quida (TAL). Para an??lises da produtividade foram avaliadas a mat??ria seca das plantas daninhas, mat??ria seca do sorgo, mat??ria seca dos componentes morfol??gicos (folha, colmo e pan??cula) e a ??rea foliar do sorgo na ensilagem. O controle das plantas daninhas, aliado aos maiores espa??amentos proporcionou maior ac??mulo de MSPA, por??m os menores espa??amentos produziram maiores IAF, DAF, TCC. Os melhores ??ndices produtivos foram encontrados quando realizado o controle das plantas daninhas com herbicida aliado ao espa??amento 50 cm entre linhas, proporcionando maior produ????o de mat??ria seca do sorgo em t ha-1 e juntamente com o espa??amento de 40 cm as menores produ????es de mat??ria seca das plantas daninhas em t ha-1. Al??m das melhores propor????es dos componentes morfol??gicos em compara????o ao tratamento com capina que teve maior propor????o de colmo, menos folhas e pan??cula. Na composi????o qu??mica o controle de plantas daninhas com herbicida aliado aos menores espa??amentos (40, 50, 60 cm) mostrou-se mais eficientes favorecendo a qualidade da silagem, com teores superiores de prote??na bruta (PB), mat??ria mineral (MM) e inferiores da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A redu????o dos espa??amentos e o controle qu??mico das plantas daninhas proporcionaram melhores ??ndices de crescimento, maior produtividade e melhor composi????o qu??mica da silagem para o sorgo forrageiro, sendo indispens??vel o controle das plantas daninhas nas condi????es ambientais da Amaz??nia Central.

Ülkemiz bitkisel üretiminin oldukça önemli bir parçası olan Ayçiçeğinin üretim aşamasındaki en önemli aşamalardan biri olan çapalama işlemi, günümüz koşullarında kimyasal kullanımının minimuma indirilmesi çabaları ile daha da önem kazanmıştır. Buradan hareketle ayçiçeğinde yabancı ot mücadelesinde çapalama aletleri ve makinelerinin daha verimli kullanılması yönünde kullanılan çapalama ünitelerine alternatif oluşturabilmek ve çapalama etkinliğini arttırabilmek amacı ile geliştirilen bir ünitenin etkinliğini saptamak amacı ile bu çalışma yürütülmüştür. Çalışma 2017-18 yıllarında Tekirdağ İlinin Hayrabolu İlçesinde oluşturulan deneme alanında gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışma; gübreleme düzeneğine sahip,standart ve geliştirilmiş üniteli iki farklı çapalama makinesinin, yabancı ot bertaraf başarısı, bitki gelişimi ve verim açısından karşılaştırılması şeklinde yürütülmüştür. Yürütülen çalışma sonucunda geliştirilmiş üniteye sahip çapalama makinesi ile elde edilen sonuçlar pozitif yönde etkiler göstermiş, farklı ayak yüksekliğine bağlı olarak çapalama zamanı açısından, özelikle zorunlu koşullarda esneklik kazandırabilmesi ile dikkat çekmiştir. Hoeing operaion which is one of the most significant stages of sunflower production which is quite important in plant production in our country has gained importance with the effort of minimizing chemical use in present conditions. Thus this study was conduted to obtain the activity of a unit which was developed to ramp up the hoeing operations and to be an altenative to hoeing units which are used to increase the productivity of wed control in sunflower production. The study was executed in Hayrabolu, Tekirdağ between 2017 and 2018. In this study two different hoeing machines which have fertilizer equipment with standart and enhanced units were compared in terms of success in weed combat, plant development and productivity. At the end of the study the results obtained from the hoeing machine with enhanced unit have positive effects and drew attention in terms of the heights of the legs with regard to hoeing time especially making it flexible under diffucult condions

The objectives of this study were to evaluate baby corn yield, green corn yield, and grain yield in corn cultivar BM 3061, with weed control achieved via a combination of hoeing and intercropping with gliricidia, and determine how sample size influences weed growth evaluation accuracy. A randomized block design with ten replicates was used. The cultivar was submitted to the following treatments: A = hoeings at 20 and 40 days after corn sowing (DACS), B = hoeing at 20 DACS + gliricidia sowing after hoeing, C = gliricidia sowing together with corn sowing + hoeing at 40 DACS, D = gliricidia sowing together with corn sowing, and E = no hoeing. Gliricidia was sown at a density of 30 viable seeds m-2. After harvesting the mature ears, the area of each plot was divided into eight sampling units measuring 1.2 m² each to evaluate weed growth (above-ground dry biomass). Treatment A provided the highest baby corn, green corn, and grain yields. Treatment B did not differ from treatment A with respect to the yield values for the three products, and was equivalent to treatment C for green corn yield, but was superior to C with regard to baby corn weight and grain yield. Treatments D and E provided similar yields and were inferior to the other treatments. Therefore, treatment B is a promising one. The relation between coefficient of experimental variation (CV) and sample size (S) to evaluate growth of the above-ground part of the weeds was given by the equation CV = 37.57 S-0.15, i.e., CV decreased as S increased. The optimal sample size indicated by this equation was 4.3 m².

Een camera kan een plant herkennen en de software verbindt daar conclusies aan: het onkruid wordt weggeslagen en de suikerbiet blijft staan. Dat is de theorie. In de praktijk staan de herkenning en de vertaling nog in de kinderschoenen, maar de ontwikkelingen gaan snel. Elektronisch schoffelen ligt onder handbereik. Voor dit herkenningsonderzoek werkt het PPO in Lelystad met de Franse Sarl Radis als basis. Deze machine werd in 2003 naar Nederland gehaald. Hij bestrijdt het onkruid in de rij en werkt daarvoor met twee schoffels.

Cultivating maize under systems of alley cropping results in improvements to the soil, a reduction in weeds and an increase in yield. Studies using ground cover from tree shoots produce similar results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on weed growth and maize yield of ground cover made up of 30 t ha-1 (fresh matter) of branches from the tree species: neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.], leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] and sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.). Two treatment groups (cultivars and weed control) were evaluated. The cultivars AG 1041 and AL Bandeirantes were subjected to the following treatments: no hoeing, double hoeing, and ground a cover of branches of the above species when sowing the maize. A randomised block design was used with split lots (cultivars in the lots) and ten replications. The cultivars did not differ for green ear or grain yield. Double hoeing was more effective than ground cover at reducing the growth of weeds. However, both weeding and ground cover resulted in similar yields for green ears and grain, which were greater than those obtained with the unweeded maize. RESUMOO cultivo do milho em sistema de aléias resulta em melhoria do solo, redução das plantas daninhas e aumento do rendimento. Os trabalhos com a cobertura do solo com a parte aérea de árvores produz resultados semelhantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da cobertura do solo com 30 t ha-1(matéria fresca) de ramos das espécies arbóreas nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), gliricídia [Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.], leucena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] e sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.) sobre o crescimento das plantas daninhas e sobre o rendimento do milho. Dois grupos de tratamentos (cultivares e controle de plantas daninhas) foram avaliados. As cultivares AG 1041 e AL Bandeirantes foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: sem capinas, duas capinas e cobertura do solo, por ocasião da semeadura do milho, com ramos das espécies referidas. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (cultivares nas parcelas) e dez repetições. As cultivares não diferiram quantos aos rendimentos de espigas verdes e de grãos. A realização de duas capinas foi mais eficiente na redução do crescimento das plantas daninhas do que a cobertura do solo. Entretanto, as capinas e a cobertura do solo propiciaram rendimentos semelhantes de espigas verdes e de grãos, que foram superiores aos obtidos no milho não capinado.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate baby corn yield, green corn yield, and grain yield in corn cultivar BM 3061, with weed control achieved via a combination of hoeing and intercropping with gliricidia, and determine how sample size influences weed growth evaluation accuracy. A randomized block design with ten replicates was used. The cultivar was submitted to the following treatments: A = hoeings at 20 and 40 days after corn sowing (DACS), B = hoeing at 20 DACS + gliricidia sowing after hoeing, C = gliricidia sowing together with corn sowing + hoeing at 40 DACS, D = gliricidia sowing together with corn sowing, and E = no hoeing. Gliricidia was sown at a density of 30 viable seeds m-2. After harvesting the mature ears, the area of each plot was divided into eight sampling units measuring 1.2 m² each to evaluate weed growth (above-ground dry biomass). Treatment A provided the highest baby corn, green corn, and grain yields. Treatment B did not differ from treatment A with respect to the yield values for the three products, and was equivalent to treatment C for green corn yield, but was superior to C with regard to baby corn weight and grain yield. Treatments D and E provided similar yields and were inferior to the other treatments. Therefore, treatment B is a promising one. The relation between coefficient of experimental variation (CV) and sample size (S) to evaluate growth of the above-ground part of the weeds was given by the equation CV = 37.57 S-0.15, i.e., CV decreased as S increased. The optimal sample size indicated by this equation was 4.3 m². O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os rendimentos de minimilho, de milho-verde e de grãos da cultivar BM 3061, com o controle de plantas daninhas feito pela combinação de capinas + consorciação com gliricídia, e verificar como o tamanho da amostra influencia a precisão da avaliação do crescimento das plantas daninhas. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com dez repetições. O cultivar foi submetido aos tratamentos: A = capinas aos 20 e 40 dias após a semeadura do milho (DASM); B = capina aos 20 DASM + semeadura de gliricídia após a capina; C = semeadura de gliricídia por ocasião da semeadura do milho + capina aos 40 DASM; D = semeadura da gliricídia por ocasião da semeadura do milho; e E = sem capinas. A gliricídia foi semeada na densidade de 30 sementes viáveis por m². Após a colheita das espigas maduras, a área da parcela foi dividida em oito unidades amostrais de 1,2 m², para avaliação do crescimento (biomassa seca da parte aérea) das plantas daninhas. O tratamento A proporcionou os maiores rendimentos de minimilho, milho-verde e grãos. O tratamento B não diferiu do tratamento A quanto ao rendimento dos três produtos e foi equivalente ao tratamento C no tocante ao rendimento de milho-verde, porém foi superior ao C no que se refere a massas de minimilho e rendimento de grãos. Os tratamentos D e E proporcionaram rendimentos semelhantes e foram inferiores aos demais tratamentos. Esses resultados mostram que o tratamento B é promissor. A relação entre o coeficiente de variação experimental (CV) e o tamanho amostral (T), para avaliar a biomassa seca da parte aérea das plantas daninhas, foi dada pela equação CV = 37,57 T0,15, isto é, o CV diminuiu com o aumento de T. O tamanho Amostral ótimo indicado por essa equação foi de 4,3 m².

Een camera kan een plant herkennen en de software verbindt daar conclusies aan: het onkruid wordt weggeslagen en de suikerbiet blijft staan. Dat is de theorie. In de praktijk staan de herkenning en de vertaling nog in de kinderschoenen, maar de ontwikkelingen gaan snel. Elektronisch schoffelen ligt onder handbereik. Voor dit herkenningsonderzoek werkt het PPO in Lelystad met de Franse Sarl Radis als basis. Deze machine werd in 2003 naar Nederland gehaald. Hij bestrijdt het onkruid in de rij en werkt daarvoor met twee schoffels.

Bu araştırma, 2009-2010 yıllarında Tekirdağ iline bağlı Banarlı kasabasında tarla denemeleri şeklinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın amacı; Sıra arası çapalama ve sıra üzeri bant ilaçlaması yapan bir makina ile yabancı ot kontrolünü sağlamak, kullanılan kimyasal miktarını azaltarak geleneksel ilaçlama yöntemlerine oranla aynı miktarda zirai ilaçlı sıvı ile daha fazla alanda mücadele etmek ve böylelikle sürdürülebilir tarım ortamının korunmasına katkıda bulunmaktır. Ayrıca yöntemlerin verim ve verim unsurları üzerindeki etkilerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Kuşkusuz ki tüm işletmelerin amacı an az girdi ile en kaliteli ve en fazla üretimi elde etmektir. Bu çalışma; çapalama ve ilaçlama kombinasyonunu tek seferde uygulamayla, kimyasal yabancı ot kontrolünün tüm yüzeye değil sadece sıra üzerine uygulamayı, kullanılan ilaç miktarını azaltmayı, verim ve verim unsurlarındaki değişimi kapsamaktadır.Deneme parsellerinin hepsinde, toprak işleme, tohum yatağı hazırlama, ekim ve gübreleme işlemleri aynı yöntemler ve oranlarda uygulanmıştır.Yabancı ot kontrolünden önce parsellerdeki yabancı ot miktarları ¼ m2 lik ölçüm çemberi yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. İlaçlı çapalama uygulamalarında, 1,33 m/sn ilerleme hızı ile 80 ml/da dozunda ilaç uygulanmış ve dönüme en az 13,16 lt ilaçlı sıvı kullanılmıştır. Yüzey ilaçlama yöntemlerinde ise 2m/sn ilerleme hızı ile 80 ml/da dozunda ilaç uygulanmış ve dönüme en az 20 lt ilaçlı sıvı kullanılmıştır. Kimyasal mücadele yapılan parsellerden, en iyi yabancı ot kontrolü % 95,83 ile 3. (ilaçlı çapalama) parselde, en düşük kontrolü ise %87,50 ile 1. (ilaç) parselde tespit edilmiştir. Yine kimyasal mücadele yapılan parsellerden, en iyi verim değeri 311,40 kg/da değeri ile 4. (Tırmık+ilaçlı çapalama) parselde iken, en düşük verim değeri 282,09 kg/da ile 2. (Tırmık+ilaç) parselde tespit edilmiştir.İlaçlı çapalama uygulamalarında en düşük ilerleme hızı ile, yüzey ilaçlama yöntemlerine oranla dönüme %34,2 daha az ilaçlı sıvı kullanılmıştır. İlerleme hızı arttırılarak ve düşük dereceli memeler kullanılarak bu değer daha da arttırılabilir. Verim ve verim unsurları değerlerinde ise yapılan varyans analizi sonucunda, guruplar arasında, tabla çapı dışındaki tüm unsurlar istatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Ayçiçeği, Yabancı ot kontrolü, Çapalama, Bant ilaçlaması, Çapa ve ilaç kombinasyonu This project was carried out as a field experiment in Banarlı village of Tekirdag between 2009-2010. The objective of this study is to control the weeds using machine that hoeing between rows and band spraying above the rows, to obtain more sprayed areas with use of reduced amount of chemical than traditional methods, thus contributing the protection os sustainable agricultural lands. Also the effects of the applications on yield and quality were tried to evaluateThe aim of all enterprises are higher amount of good quality production with lesser input. This study targets on to above row spraying with application of hoeing and spraying together, to reduce the amount of chemicals applied and differences on quality and yield parameters.Tillage, seed bed preparation, planting and fertilization was applied with the same method and amount to all selected experimental areas. Before the applicaitons the number of weeds in the areas were determined using the chamber with ¼ m2 diameter. 13,16 lt acre pesticide was applied in hoeing-spraying method applying 80 ml/da pesticide with 1,33 m/sec movement speed. 20 lt acre pesticide was applied in surface spraying method applying 80 ml/da pesticide with 2 m/sec movement speed. The highest weed control rate with 95,83% was obtained in chemical applied third plot (spraying-hoeing) and the lowest rate was in first plot with %87,50 (spraying). On the other hand the highest yield was counted in fourth plot (harrow+ spraying-hoeing) with the total amount of 311,40 kg/da and the lowest was in second plot (harrow+spraying) with amount of 282,09 kg/da34,2% less chemical than surface spraying was applied per acre in hoeingspraying method. This amount may be increased with the utilisation of lower level nozzles and higher movement speed. According to varience analysis all characteristics except head diameter were found important in the point of quality and yieldKeywords: Sunflower, Weed control, hoeing, Band spraying, the combination of hoe and pesticide 72

Akkerbouwers krijgen steeds minder chemische onkruidbestrijdingsmiddelen tot hun beschikking, zeker in kleinere teelten. Daarnaast groeit het areaal biologisch. Onkruidspecialist Piet Bleeker van het PPO zet daarom de ontwikkelingen in mechanische onkruidbestrijding op een rijtje.

Bu araştırma, 2009-2010 yıllarında Tekirdağ iline bağlı Banarlı kasabasında tarla denemeleri şeklinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın amacı; Sıra arası çapalama ve sıra üzeri bant ilaçlaması yapan bir makina ile yabancı ot kontrolünü sağlamak, kullanılan kimyasal miktarını azaltarak geleneksel ilaçlama yöntemlerine oranla aynı miktarda zirai ilaçlı sıvı ile daha fazla alanda mücadele etmek ve böylelikle sürdürülebilir tarım ortamının korunmasına katkıda bulunmaktır. Ayrıca yöntemlerin verim ve verim unsurları üzerindeki etkilerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kuşkusuz ki tüm işletmelerin amacı an az girdi ile en kaliteli ve en fazla üretimi elde etmektir. Bu çalışma; çapalama ve ilaçlama kombinasyonunu tek seferde uygulamayla, kimyasal yabancı ot kontrolünün tüm yüzeye değil sadece sıra üzerine uygulamayı, kullanılan ilaç miktarını azaltmayı, verim ve verim unsurlarındaki değişimi kapsamaktadır. Deneme parsellerinin hepsinde, toprak işleme, tohum yatağı hazırlama, ekim ve gübreleme işlemleri aynı yöntemler ve oranlarda uygulanmıştır.Yabancı ot kontrolünden önce parsellerdeki yabancı ot miktarları ¼ m2 lik ölçüm çemberi yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. İlaçlı çapalama uygulamalarında, 1,33 m/sn ilerleme hızı ile 80 ml/da dozunda ilaç uygulanmış ve dönüme en az 13,16 lt ilaçlı sıvı kullanılmıştır. Yüzey ilaçlama yöntemlerinde ise 2m/sn ilerleme hızı ile 80 ml/da dozunda ilaç uygulanmış ve dönüme en az 20 lt ilaçlı sıvı kullanılmıştır. Kimyasal mücadele yapılan parsellerden, en iyi yabancı ot kontrolü % 95,83 ile 3. (ilaçlı çapalama) parselde, en düşük kontrolü ise %87,50 ile 1. (ilaç) parselde tespit edilmiştir. Yine kimyasal mücadele yapılan parsellerden, en iyi verim değeri 311,40 kg/da değeri ile 4. (Tırmık+ilaçlı çapalama) parselde iken, en düşük verim değeri 282,09 kg/da ile 2. (Tırmık+ilaç) parselde tespit edilmiştir. İlaçlı çapalama uygulamalarında en düşük ilerleme hızı ile, yüzey ilaçlama yöntemlerine oranla dönüme %34,2 daha az ilaçlı sıvı kullanılmıştır. İlerleme hızı arttırılarak ve düşük dereceli memeler kullanılarak bu değer daha da arttırılabilir. Verim ve verim unsurları değerlerinde ise yapılan varyans analizi sonucunda, guruplar arasında, tabla çapı dışındaki tüm unsurlar istatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. This project was carried out as a field experiment in Banarlı village of Tekirdag between 2009-2010. The objective of this study is to control the weeds using machine that hoeing between rows and band spraying above the rows, to obtain more sprayed areas with use of reduced amount of chemical than traditional methods, thus contributing the protection os sustainable agricultural lands. Also the effects of the applications on yield and quality were tried to evaluate The aim of all enterprises are higher amount of good quality production with lesser input. This study targets on to above row spraying with application of hoeing and spraying together, to reduce the amount of chemicals applied and differences on quality and yield parameters. Tillage, seed bed preparation, planting and fertilization was applied with the same method and amount to all selected experimental areas. Before the applicaitons the number of weeds in the areas were determined using the chamber with ¼ m2 diameter. 13,16 lt acre pesticide was applied in hoeing-spraying method applying 80 ml/da pesticide with 1,33 m/sec movement speed. 20 lt acre pesticide was applied in surface spraying method applying 80 ml/da pesticide with 2 m/sec movement speed. The highest weed control rate with 95,83% was obtained in chemical applied third plot (spraying-hoeing) and the lowest rate was in first plot with %87,50 (spraying). On the other hand the highest yield was counted in fourth plot (harrow+ spraying-hoeing) with the total amount of 311,40 kg/da and the lowest was in second plot (harrow+spraying) with amount of 282,09 kg/da 34,2% less chemical than surface spraying was applied per acre in hoeingspraying method. This amount may be increased with the utilisation of lower level nozzles and higher movement speed. According to varience analysis all characteristics except head diameter were found important in the point of quality and yield.

Opomba: Doktorska disertacija je pisana v angleškem jeziku. The lack of data for sweet maize production under temperate climate described as non-typical growing conditions for maize shows a need for further research, also because of increasing consumption in Europe. Our research was aimed at defining appropriate cultivation systems (i), efficiency of organic/mineral N fertilizers (ii), N target value and water regime (iii) for growth, yield, soil Nmin and photosynthetic parameters of sweet maize. In a three-year (2005, 2007, 2008) field experiment with different cultivation systems - hoeing frequency (1-6×) during the vegetation period and mulches (polyethylene black foil, wheat straw, hand cutting and control), their effects on soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin = NO3-N, NH4-N), maize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), growth, and yield parameters were investigated (i). Field experiments included treatments of N applied at different N target values (70, 120, 170, and 220 kg N ha-1) and control (CON: Nmin at sowing) compared in the form of organic by-products (pumpkin cake, pig manure digestate) and in the form of mineral (CAN 27 and ENTEC®26) fertilizers to investigate growth, yield, photosynthetic parameters, and Nmin dynamics (ii). In a pot experiment we observed the effects of water regimes (2.8 pF - drought stress, 2.6 pF - optimal watered, and 2.4 pF - overwatered) and N target values (calculated N rates were 0.6 and 2 g N pot-1) applied as organic by-product - pumpkin cake and pig manure digestate and mineral - CAN 27 and ENTEC®26 fertilizers and control without added N on morphological, yield, photosynthetic parameters, and Nmin in the soil (iii). Results (i) showed that higher hoeing frequencies significantly increased total (2 543 to 14 900 kg ha-1) and marketable yield (2 003 to 11 637 kg ha-1), as well as morphological (plant mass, plant length, green mass, stem diameter) and cob parameters (cob mass with husks, cob mass without husks, cob diameter, cob length), except for the cob ratio. Polyethylene black foil mulch had higher or the same effect on yield, growth parameters, NUE, and soil Nmin as hoeing frequencies. It was concluded, that pumpkin cake had similar effect to mineral fertilizers, and gave significantly higher total (14 476 kg ha-1) and marketable (11 619 kg ha-1) yields (ii), higher values of cob characteristics and plant mass than pig manure digestate (ii, iii). Furthermore, no significant differences in total and marketable yield (ii) among target values 120, 170, and 220 kg N ha-1 were observed. However, calculated N target value expressed by regression curve for yield is 170 kg N ha-1, and represents useful basic information for N application (N rate = 170 kg N ha-1 – kg Nmin ha-1 to soil depth 0.9 m) at the time of sowing. Yield parameters - cob mass, cob length and diameter (iii) were significantly increased at the higher N rate. But Nmin residuals at higher N rate (2 g pot-1) were significantly higher (59 mg N kg-1) compared to lower N rate (0.6 g pot-1). Significantly lower morphological parameters and photosynthetic rate (at BBCH 65-67 and BBCH 75-79 growth stage) were associated with drought stress compared with optimal and over watered regime. Stomatal conductance was not significantly different among used fertilizers, N rate and water regime (except at brooming stage). Metric tension of 2.6 pF (- 40 kPa) was found out as appropriate water regime for sweet maize growth. It can be concluded that findings of investigated cultivation systems and physiological parameters can support sweet maize production in a temperate climate, especially in organic farming systems.

There is interest in the identification of the best seeding density for new corn hybrids and on reduced use of herbicides for weed control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seeding density (30, 50, 70, and 90 thousand plants ha-1) and weed control on green ear yield and grain yield in corn cultivar AG 1051. A completely randomized block design was adopted with split-plots (seeding densities assigned to plots) and ten replicates. Weed control was achieved by means of two hoeings and by planting corn intercropped with gliricidia (between corn rows, in pits spaced 0.3 m apart). A "no weeding"treatment was included as well. Increased seeding density increased the total number and weight of marketable green ears and decreased the biomass of both weeds and gliricidia. In non-weeded, intercropped and hoed plots, the maximum grain yield values achieved as seeding density increased were 7,881, 7,021, and 9,213 kg ha-1, respectively, obtained with populations of 67 thousand, 74 thousand, and 67 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Intercropping did not control weeds (26 species) and provided weed growth, green ear yield, and grain yield (at the lowest densities) similar to those obtained without hoeing, except for total number of green ears, in which no influence of weed control was observed. At densities of 70 thousand and 90 thousand plants per hectare, grain yield with two hoeings was not different from yield values obtained without weeding or in the treatment intercropped with gliricidia, respectively, indicating that increased corn seeding density as well as gliricidiamay help to control weeds. Existe interesse na identificação da densidade de semeadura ideal para os novos híbridos de milho e na redução do uso de herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da densidade de semeadura (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) e do controle de plantas daninhas sobre os rendimentos de espigas verdes e de grãos da cultivar de milho AG 1051. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (densidades de semeadura atribuídas às parcelas) e dez repetições. O controle de plantas daninhas foi obtido por duas capinas e pela consorciação do milho com gliricídia (entre as fileiras do milho em covas espaçadas por 0,3 m). Um tratamento "sem capinas"foi incluído como controle. O aumento da densidade de semeadura aumentou o número total de espigas e o peso de espigas verdes comercializáveis e diminuiu a biomassa das plantas daninhas e da gliricídia. Nas parcelas não-capinadas, consorciadas e capinadas foram obtidos rendimentos máximos de 7.881 kg ha-1, 7021 kg ha-1 e 9.231 kg ha-1, respectivamente, com as populações de 67, 74 e 67 mil plantas ha-1, respectivamente. A consorciação não controlou as plantas daninhas (26 espécies) e propiciou crescimento das plantas daninhas, rendimento de espigas verdes e rendimento de grãos (nas menores densidades) similares aos obtidos com a ausência de capinas, exceto para o número total de espigas verdes, no qual não houve influência do controle de plantas daninhas. Nas densidades de 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1, os rendimentos de grãos obtidos com duas capinas não diferiram dos rendimentos obtidos com a ausência de capinas e com a consorciação, respectivamente, indicando que o aumento da densidade de semeadura, bem como a consorciação com a gliricídia podem auxiliar a controlar as plantas daninhas.

Zoals bij veel sectoren is ook de onkruidbestrijding bij de biologische boomkwekerij een van de grootste knelpunten. De afgelopen jaren zijn met name in de biologische landbouw veel methoden ontwikkeld en beproefd om het onkruid de baas te kunnen. Op de bijeenkomst ‘Milieuvriendelijke en duurzame onkruidbestrijding van 13 oktober 2009 in Zwolle zijn een aantal nieuwe ontwikkelingen ter bestrijding van onkruiden onder de aandacht gebracht. Eén van de nieuwe ontwikkelingen om een groter deel van het oppervlak te bewerken met onder andere schoffelapparatuur is het gebruik van GPS gecombineerd met RTK.

Beide technieken zijn toegepast binnen drie case studies: 1) Het bestrijden van aardappelopslag tussen suikerbieten. 2) Het schoffelen in de rij van gezaaide of geplante gewassen. 3) Het bestrijden van ridderzuring in grasland. Voor het bestrijden van aardappelopslag is het Particle filter gebruikt om de kleuren van aardappel en suikerbieten beter van elkaar te onderscheiden. Dit leverde nog geen verbetering op ten opzichte van het huidige adaptieve algoritme. Voor het schoffelen in de rij is het Kalman filter gebruikt om de afstand te schatten waarop de planten zijn gezaaid. Visueel is vastgesteld dat dit een verbeterd detectieresultaat oplevert, omdat het algoritme bijleert en zich dus aanpast aan de omstandigheden. Voor het bestrijden van ridderzuring in grasland is geïnventariseerd welke algoritmes het beste kunnen worden gebruikt Samengevat: adaptieve algoritmes dragen bij aan een betere detectie, maar ze moeten wel verstandig worden ingezet

Zoals bij veel sectoren is ook de onkruidbestrijding bij de biologische boomkwekerij een van de grootste knelpunten. De afgelopen jaren zijn met name in de biologische landbouw veel methoden ontwikkeld en beproefd om het onkruid de baas te kunnen. Op de bijeenkomst ‘Milieuvriendelijke en duurzame onkruidbestrijding van 13 oktober 2009 in Zwolle zijn een aantal nieuwe ontwikkelingen ter bestrijding van onkruiden onder de aandacht gebracht. Eén van de nieuwe ontwikkelingen om een groter deel van het oppervlak te bewerken met onder andere schoffelapparatuur is het gebruik van GPS gecombineerd met RTK.

O manejo inadequado das plantas daninhas é uma das principais causas da baixa produtividade da cultura da mandioca no Brasil. Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar as espécies de plantas daninhas infestantes da cultura da mandioca e o grau de interferência que estas exercem sobre o cultivo, em função do período de convivência com a cultura. Dois experimentos foram realizados em áreas adjacentes, no município de Viçosa-MG, utilizando-se o cultivar Cacauzinha, do grupo das mandiocas mansas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos do primeiro experimento foram compostos por períodos iniciais de convivência da cultura com as plantas daninhas: 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 dias após o plantio (DAP); no segundo experimento, as plantas de mandioca, inicialmente, permaneceram livres das plantas daninhas pelos mesmos períodos. Em ambos os experimentos adotou-se o espaçamento de 1,0 x 0,5 m, sendo a área útil da parcela constituída pelas duas linhas centrais, deixando-se 1,0 m em cada extremidade como bordaduras frontais, totalizando 8,0 m². As plantas daninhas foram avaliadas aos 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 e 350 DAP. As características produtividade de raízes, peso da parte aérea, índice de colheita, teor de amido e matéria seca das raízes foram avaliadas aos 12 meses após o plantio. As espécies de plantas daninhas que predominaram na área experimental foram: Bidens pilosa, Raphanus raphanistrum, Cyperus rotundus e Commelina benghalensis, com a primeira delas predominando em quase todas as épocas de coletas. Os períodos de convivência com as plantas daninhas não interferiram nos índices de colheita, teor de amido e matéria seca das raízes. Todavia, considerando a produtividade de raízes, o final do período anterior à interferência foi próximo dos 25 dias, e o período crítico de prevenção da interferência situou-se entre 25 e 75 DAP. Cultivos realizados após 75 DAP não afetaram as características da cultura da mandioca avaliadas. Inadequate handling of weeds is one of the main causes of cassava low yield in Brazil. The objective of this work was to identify the weed species interfering in cassava crop and the degree of this interference, in function of then coexistence period. Two experiments were carried out in adjacent areas in Viçosa-MG, Brazil, using the "cacauzinha" cultivar of the cassava group. A randomized block design was adopted, with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments in the first experiment were composed by the initial crop periods and weed coexistence 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days after planting (DAP). In the second experiment, the cassava plants initially remained weed-free for the same periods. For both experiments, 1.0 x 0.5 m spacing was adopted, being the useful portion area constituted by the two central lines, with 1.0 m being left in each extremity as front borders, totaling 8.0 m².. The weeds were analyzed at 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 and 350 DAP. The characteristics root yield, aerial part weight, crop index, starch content and root dry matter were evaluated at twelve months after planting. The prevailing weed species in the experimental area were: Bidens pilosa, Raphanus raphanistrum, Cyperus rotundus and Commelina benghalensis, with Bidens pilosa prevailing in almost all collection times. The coexistence periods with the weeds did not interfere in the crop indexes, starch content and root dry matter. However, taking into account root yield, the end of the period before interference was close to 25 days and the interference prevention critical period was between 25 and 75 DAP. Crops sown after 75 DAP did not affect the analyzed cassava crop characteristics.

Weed management is often the most troublesome technical problem to be solved in organic farming, especially in poorly competitive crops like vegetables. A four-year (2000–2003) series of trials was established to assess the possibility of adopting an innovative non-chemical weed management system in organic carrot grown on the Fucino plateau, i.e., the most important carrot-growing area in Italy. The system utilized for physical weed control was based first on a false seedbed technique followed by pre-sowing weed removal, performed with a special 2 m wide 6-row spring-tine harrow. Prior to crop emergence, a pass with a flame weeder equipped with four 50 cm wide-open flame burners was also performed. Post-emergence weed control consisted of one or more hoeing passes with a purpose-designed 11-tine precision hoe equipped with spring implements (torsion weeders and vibrating tines), in addition to hand weeding. This innovative system was applied to a novel planting pattern (sowing in ten individual rows within 2 m wide beds) and compared to the standard management system of the area (sowing within 2 m wide beds but in five bands, use of spring-tine harrowing and flame weeding pre-emergence and of traditional hoeing post-emergence). The new system was tested in different commercial farms including both early and late-sown carrot. Assessments included machine operative characteristics, labor time, weed density and biomass, crop root yield and yield quality, and economic data (physical weed control costs and crop gross margin). Compared to the standard system, the innovative system usually resulted in reduced labor time (from 28 to 40%) and total costs for physical weed control (on average −416 € ha−1). Use of the precision hoe resulted in intra-row weed reduction ranging from 65 to 90%, which also led to a marked reduction in the labor required for hand weeding. In 2001 the two systems did not differ in terms of yield and yield quality, whereas in 2002 and 2003 the innovative system showed a higher mean density of carrot plants (from 28 to 55%), root yield (from 30 to 42%), and gross margin (from 40 to 100%). Carrot yield was higher in farms which adopted an early sowing whereas root commercial quality was somewhat variable between systems and years. In general, results obtained with the innovative management system look very promising.