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Here, we report a Na-promoted FeCu-based catalyst with excellent liquid hydrocarbon selectivity and catalytic activity. The physiochemical properties of the catalysts were comprehensively characterized by various characterization techniques. The characterization results indicate that the catalytic performance of the catalysts was closely related to the nature of the metal promoters. The Na-AlFeCu possessed the highest CO2 conversion due to enhanced CO2 adsorption of the catalysts by the introduction of Al species. The introduction of excess Mg promoter led to a strong methanation activity of the catalyst. Mn and Ga promoters exhibited high selectivity for light hydrocarbons due to their inhibition of iron carbides generation, resulting in a lack of chain growth capacity. The Na-ZnFeCu catalyst exhibited the optimal C5+ yield, owing to the fact that the Zn promoter improved the catalytic activity and liquid hydrocarbon selectivity by modulating the surface CO2 adsorption and carbide content. Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation to liquid fuel is considered a method for the utilization and conversion of CO2, whereas satisfactory activity and selectivity remains a challenge. This method provides a new idea for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and from there the preparation of high-value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of early maturing crop varieties will aid in expanding the range of planting latitudes and enhancing the adaptability of plants to seasonal climates. There are remarkable parallels and discrepancies between the roles and regulatory networks of early maturing regulators in different crops. The breeding process is hindered by the negative correlation between early maturity, multi-resistance, and yield. Breaking this negative association and effectively polymerizing multiple desirable features is a key objective of modern plant breeding. Gene pleiotropy facilitates the highly efficient polymerization of early maturity, multi-resistance, optimal plant architecture, and high yield. Many newly created early maturing varieties exhibit poor stress resistance and low yield, whereas stress-resistant varieties are typically late maturing. For this reason, the polymerization of early maturity and other desired agronomic qualities requires overcoming the negative connection between early maturity, multi-resistance, and yield, which presents a formidable challenge in current breeding techniques. We review the most salient constraints of early maturity breeding in current crop planting practices and the molecular mechanisms of different maturation timeframes in diverse crops from their origin center to production areas. We explore current breeding tactics and the future direction of crop breeding and the issues that must be resolved to accomplish the polymerization of desirable traits in light of the current obstacles and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an easy, low-cost, high-yield fabrication method for spherical cellulose nanocrystals (SCNCs) from raw celluloses of eucalyptus pulp (EP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) via a synergetic strategy of swelling-enzymolysis-mechanical treatment. The effects of swelling, enzymolysis, and homogenization on the morphology and properties of the SCNCs obtained from the two raw celluloses were systematically investigated. In comparison with the method that only resulted in low-yield (at most 8%) SCNCs from the supernatants prepared by swelling and enzymolysis of raw celluloses in sequence or simultaneously, high-yield, well-dispersed SCNCs with a high purity of more than 98% was obtained by high-pressure homogenization of centrifugal precipitates of the swollen and enzymatically hydrolyzed raw celluloses. The total yields of SCNCs with diameters of 20–50 nm were ca. 72% and 74% from EP and MCC, respectively. The deconvolution fitting of FT-IR showed that the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds related to O(6) within the anhydroglucose unit of cellulose were largely destroyed in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis, which was closely associated with the degradation of partial crystalline regions by endonuclease under high enzyme activity, thus promoting the depolymerization of cellulose and the formation of SCNCs. The crystal structure of the resulting SCNCs did not change. In particular, compared with SCNCs from EP, the SCNCs obtained from MCC possessed high crystallinity (88.5%), thermal stability (decomposition temperature, 341.7 °C), and hydrophobicity. The unique morphology and excellent properties of SCNCs may broaden the application of cellulose-based nanomaterials in high value-added fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exceptional properties of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXene) have led to numerous promising applications. However, the performance of MXene is often dependent on the size of the flakes, and obtaining large‐sized, high‐quality MXene flakes remains challenging. Herein, a carbon nanotube (CNT)‐assisted exfoliation strategy is introduced, which significantly improves the yield of large‐flake MXene while entirely transforming the centrifugation residues into small‐flake MXene, resulting in waste‐free synthesis of MXene. The average size of the obtained MXene flakes can reach over 10 and 0.7 µm for the two populations, respectively. Additionally, the capacitive performance of MXene can be greatly enhanced with a small amount of CNTs. As a proof of concept, a planar interdigital micro‐supercapacitor with heterogeneous layers assembled by large‐ and small‐flake MXene simultaneously exhibits outstanding synergistic enhancement in volumetric capacitance (1072 F cm⁻3) and energy density (53.5 mWh cm⁻3). This CNT‐assisted method provides explicit directions for achieving the ideal utilization of MXene, improving the yield of large flakes while making judicious use of waste, to meet specific application needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I asked whether Grime's triangle of competitive, stress tolerance and ruderal ecological strategies—which was originally developed for plants—applies to microbes.I conducted a synthesis of empirical studies that tested relationships among microbial traits presumed to define the competitive, stress tolerance and ruderal, and other ecological strategies.There was broad support for Grime's triangle. However, the ecological strategies were inconsistently linked to shifts in microbial communities under environmental changes like nitrogen and phosphorus addition, warming, drought, etc. We may be missing important ecological strategies that more closely influence microbial community composition under shifting environmental conditions.We may need to start by documenting changes in microbial communities in response to environmental conditions at fine spatiotemporal scales relevant for microbes. We can then develop empirically based ecological strategies, rather than modifying those based on plant ecology.Synthesis. Microbes appear to sort into similar ecological strategies as plants. However, these microbial ecological strategies do not consistently predict how community composition will shift under environmental change. By starting 'from the ground up', we may be able to delineate ecological strategies more relevant for microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree architectural attributes demonstrate a significant association with fruit yield. Yellowhorn is the future bioenergy tree in China; however, the species suffers from high reproductive energy and exceedingly low reproductive output. To optimize yellowhorn management and pinpoint priority trees featuring optimal architecture, we employed machine learning modeling to develop high fruit yielding predictive models using five yield indicators (dependent variables: FrW, SeW, ShW, FrW, and SeN) and five tree characteristics (independent variables: CA, TH, DGL, HLC, and MBN) of yellowhorn. Results showed that trees characterized by a substantial canopy area (>1.70 m2) and a large diameter at ground level (>3.71 cm) have been found to yield a higher fruit production. However, increased tree height does not invariably correlate with an elevated yield. Effective selection of high‐yielding individuals can be accomplished by restricting tree height within the range of 192–232.4 cm. This approach emphasizes the importance of integrating considerations of tree architecture into forestry management practices. Such integration can bolster productivity, thereby contributing to both the sustainability and economic viability of yellowhorn forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have devoted a lot of time and efforts to demonstrate the energy storage mechanism and improve the performance of biomass-based porous carbon materials for the past decades. But little attention has been paid to the cleanliness and low energy consumption of the manufacturing process, which is very important for the widely application in the practical production of porous carbon materials. As a fishery industry by-product, squid pen value-added utilizations have attracted attentions in recent years. This study reports an iron doped porous carbon derived from squid pen for supercapacitor application. The fabrication process are designed in a scientific and reasonable pathway, in which the activator—FeCl3 transforms into iron oxide improving the electrochemical performance meanwhile avoiding the repeated washing-centrifugation process of residual Fe. Optimal parameters of the synthesis process are Fe doped dosage (Squid pen: FeCl3 = 10:1, w/w), carbonization temperature 700 °C for 1 h and activation temperature 700 °C for 1 h. The specific capacitance of Fe doped carbonized squid pen powder (CSPP) has increased more than 4 times to 131.7 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g comparing to the CSPP. Fe doped CSPP also shows a relatively high yield of 30.6%, which is significantly higher than that of biomass based porous carbon material in previous reports. This high yield and cost-effective method is beneficial for the high value transformation of squid pen as electrode material application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades act as crucial signaling modules that regulate plant growth and development, response to biotic/abiotic stresses, and plant immunity. MAP3Ks can be activated through MAP4K phosphorylation in non-plant systems, but this has not been reported in plants to date. Here, we identified a total of 234 putative TaMAPK family members in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). They included 48 MAPKs, 17 MAP2Ks, 144 MAP3Ks, and 25 MAP4Ks. We conducted systematic analyses of the evolution, domain conservation, interaction networks, and expression profiles of these TaMAPK–TaMAP4K (representing TaMAPK, TaMAP2K, TaMAP3K, and TaMAP4K) kinase family members. The 234 TaMAPK–TaMAP4Ks are distributed on 21 chromosomes and one unknown linkage group (Un). Notably, 25 of these TaMAP4K family members possessed the conserved motifs of MAP4K genes, including glycine-rich motif, invariant lysine (K) motif, HRD motif, DFG motif, and signature motif. TaMAPK3 and 6, and TaMAP4K10/24 were shown to be strongly expressed not only throughout the growth and development stages but also in response to drought or heat stress. The bioinformatics analyses and qRT-PCR results suggested that wheat may activate the MAP4K10–MEKK7–MAP2K11–MAPK6 pathway to increase drought resistance in wheat, and the MAP4K10–MAP3K8–MAP2K1/11-MAPK3 pathway may be involved in plant growth. In general, our work identified members of the MAPK–MAP4K cascade in wheat and profiled their potential roles during their response to abiotic stresses and plant growth based on their expression pattern. The characterized cascades might be good candidates for future crop improvement and molecular breeding.

Abstract Tree architectural attributes demonstrate a significant association with fruit yield. Yellowhorn is the future bioenergy tree in China; however, the species suffers from high reproductive energy and exceedingly low reproductive output. To optimize yellowhorn management and pinpoint priority trees featuring optimal architecture, we employed machine learning modeling to develop high fruit yielding predictive models using five yield indicators (dependent variables: FrW, SeW, ShW, FrW, and SeN) and five tree characteristics (independent variables: CA, TH, DGL, HLC, and MBN) of yellowhorn. Results showed that trees characterized by a substantial canopy area (>1.70 m2) and a large diameter at ground level (>3.71 cm) have been found to yield a higher fruit production. However, increased tree height does not invariably correlate with an elevated yield. Effective selection of high‐yielding individuals can be accomplished by restricting tree height within the range of 192–232.4 cm. This approach emphasizes the importance of integrating considerations of tree architecture into forestry management practices. Such integration can bolster productivity, thereby contributing to both the sustainability and economic viability of yellowhorn forests.

Vaccination is an efficient approach to preventing influenza virus infections. Recently, we developed influenza A and B virus vaccine backbones that increased the yield of several vaccine viruses in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. These vaccine backbones also increased viral replication in embryonated chicken eggs, which are the most frequently used platform for influenza vaccine manufacturing. In this study, to further increase the viral titers in embryonated chicken eggs, we introduced random mutations into the 'internal genes' (i.e., all influenza viral genes except those encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins) of the influenza A virus high-yield virus backbone we developed previously. The randomly mutated viruses were sequentially passaged in embryonated chicken eggs to select variants with increased replicative ability. We identified a candidate that conferred higher influenza virus growth than the high-yield parental virus backbone. Although the observed increases in virus growth may be considered small, they are highly relevant for vaccine manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents ground reasoning and results of experiments and modeling of heavy hollow ingot manufacturing using advanced electroslag technology. The requirements for ingots for huge diameter reactor pressure vessels include high density, homogeneity, and minimal segregation, which are very difficult to achieve by traditional casting. In the electroslag remelting process (ESR), hollow ingots form in between two copper water-cooled molds under effective heat removal. This improves the solidification pattern due to the shortening of a solidifying volume thickness more than twice compared with a solid ingot of the same diameter. The shallow liquid metal pool and narrow mushy zone at the ESR hollow ingot solidification assure their high metallurgical quality. Due to the dense and low segregation structure, ESR hollow ingots proved to be used for as-cast pipes and heavy wall billets for further forging. The results of a mathematical simulation within the range of simulated dimensions (the outer diameter up to 2900 mm, wall thickness up to 750 mm) also predict the favorable solidification pattern for thick-wall hollow ingots of big diameters. The analysis made and the modeling results provide a framework for scaling up the sizes of hollow ingots produced by ESR and widening their application for manufacturing heavy wall large diameter shells for nuclear and petrochemical industries. The higher reachable productivity of hollow ingot formation and lower capacity of power supply source than that for solid ingots of the same diameter and weight are also preconditions of their energy saving and cost-effective manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report a single-step, high-yield technique for producing planar sheets of wrinkle-free multi-layer graphene (MLG) under ambient conditions by ablation of graphite powder dispersed in ethanol using a femtosecond laser. The parameters for the synthesis of MLG have been optimized and established. The number of layers and quality of MLG produced at several laser fluences (39.4 J/cm2, 98.72 J/cm2, 197.45 J/cm2, 296.16 J/cm2) was established based on detailed characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Wrinkle-free, ultra-flat crystalline MLG sheets with 2-12 layers were produced in each case with an average lateral dimension of ∼1--3 μm. The associated oxy- functional groups were characterized and quantified using FTIR and XPS. The highest percentage of sp2 C atoms and C/O ratio for MLG was achieved at the lowest laser fluence. The higher the laser fluence higher the defects produced in the MLG sheets. The technique produces zero chemical waste, has a very high yield of ∼ 95%, and is promising for bulk-scale production of MLG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs) are renowned for their unique properties with numerous and growing applications in various fields and industries. Although several methods are available to prepare CDs, low conversion yield, tedious purification processes and poor color purity remain major drawbacks. To address these issues, a cooling stage for full protonation prior to direct heating has been developed. This innovative method produces high-color purity solid-state CDs with a conversion yield of up to 99.5% in less than 6 min. The CDs synthesized by this method exhibited a highly crystalline structure, as confirmed by HRTEM, Raman and XRD analyses. In addition, the emission profile of the CDs could be effectively tuned by reducing the amount of concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in a shift of the emission from 484 to 650 nm. The high-color purity of the CDs is postulated to be due to the solvent cage effect. Overall, this study presents a simple, efficient and rapid method for the preparation of high-quality CDs with excellent color purity and crystallinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proso millet (Panicummiliaceum L.) is a short-duration C4 crop that is drought tolerant and nutritionally rich and can grow well in marginal lands. Though the crop has many climate-resilient traits like tolerance to drought and heat, its yield is lower than that of common cereals like rice, wheat, and maize. Being an underutilized crop, the molecular resources in the crop are limited. The main aim of the present study was to develop and characterize contrasting mutants for yield and generate functional genomic information for the trait in proso millet. Gamma irradiation-induced mutant population was screened to identify highyielding mutants, which were evaluated up to M4 generation. One mutant with a dense panicle and high yield (ATL_hy) and one with a lax panicle and low yield (ATL_ly) along with the wild type were sequenced using the genotyping-bysequencing approach. The variants detected as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions-deletions (InDels) were annotated against the reference genome of proso millet. Bioinformatic analyses using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and UniProt databases were performed to elucidate genetic information related to the SNP variations. A total of 25,901, 30,335, and 31,488 SNPs, respectively, were detected in the wild type, ATL_hy mutants, and ATL_ly mutants. The total number of functional SNPs identified in high-yielding and low-yielding mutants was 84 and 171, respectively. Two functional SNPs in the high-yielding mutant (ATL_hy) and one in the lowyielding mutant (ATL_ly) corresponded to the gene coding for "E3 ubiquitinprotein ligase UPL7". Pathway mapping of the functional SNPs identified that two SNPs in ATL_ly were involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway coding for the starch synthase enzyme. This information can be further used in identifying. genes responsible for various metabolic processes in proso millet and in designing useful genetic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed perceived factors influencing farmers’ preference for rice varieties grown in Enugu State, Nigeria. A structured interview schedule was used to obtain information from 150 rice farmers. Data collected were analysed using frequency counts and percentages. The major rice varieties grown by the farmers were Faro 44 (60.7%), R8 (28.7%) and Mass II (20.7%). The farmers’ major sources of information that perhaps influenced their preferences for rice varieties were fellow farmers (93.3%) and personal observation (86.7%).The farmers’ perceived factors influencing preference of varieties were high yield (74.7%) and cooking characteristics like not sticking together on cooking (64.0%), 87 nice taste (60.0%) and rising better while cooking (59.4%). Aside from the preference for FARO 44 rice variety because of high yield, the perceived factors influencing farmers’ preference of other rice varieties (R8 and Mass) were mainly because of seed availability. Therefore, farmers need information on affordable sources of FARO 44 rice seeds for higher yield that could increase their profit and raise their standard of living

The rice culture, CB 12588 evolved by crossing CB 04110 x CB 05501 was released as CO 54 during the year 2021 as an alternate variety to CO 51 and ADT 43 with 105-110 days duration. CO 54 is a medium tall variety with a profuse tillering habit, long erect leaves and droopy compact panicles possessing more number of filled grains per panicle. CB 12588 recorded an overall mean grain yield of 6354 kg/ha in various yield trials which was 10.83 per cent improvement over CO 51 and 10.35 per cent over ADT 53. CO 54 has got high yielding potential due to its high agronomic and physiological efficiency and the maximum yield of 9259 was recorded in Bhavanisagar, Erode district under multi location trial. A High yield of more than 7000 kg/ha was realized in 16 locations in an adaptive research trial. Besides yield, the culture CB 12588 has got marketable grain type i.e. medium slender grains with high milling outturn and head rice recovery percentage. Desirable cooking quality parameters like good linear elongation ratio, high volume expansion, intermediate amylose, soft gel consistency and moderate gelatinization temperature along with highly productive plant traits make CO 54 a suitable alternate variety to CO 51 and ADT 53. The culture CB 12588 is moderately resistant to blast, sheath rot, sheath blight and BPH under artificial conditions. The rice culture CB 12588 was released as CO 54 with a higher yield, better pest and disease resistance and good cooking quality in comparison to the checks CO 51 and ADT 53. It is suitable for cultivation during Kar/ Kuruvai/Sornavari/ Navarai and the seasons/tracts wherever early maturing rice varieties are cultivated throughout Tamil Nadu.

Selection for earliness, high yield, quality pods, resistance to pests and diseases are the major aims in the French bean. Selection and identification of French bean variety suitable for cultivation are needed. Collections were made at the Nilgiris district and based on evaluation, French bean variety Ooty 3 (pole type) was selected as a pure line. Initially, sixteen different genotypes were collected from different locations and evaluated at Horticultural Research Station, Ooty. A single plant namely PvP5-1 was selected from Nilgiris local based on improvement in pod length, pod number, pod weight, pod circumference and yield per plant. The yield performance of Ooty 3 was superior over check in all the Multi-Location Trials, Adaptive Research Trial and large-scale evaluation trials. Due to its consistent superior performance, it was released as a French bean variety, Ooty 3 during 2018 duly approved by the Crop Scientist Meet, 2017 held at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and Tamil Nadu State variety release committee to cater for the needs of Tamil Nadu farmers thereby increasing the yield level.

The reduction of ketones or alkenes is an attractive and challenging task in organic chemistry and has widespread applications in the production of fine chemicals, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, vitamins, and functional materials. Classical reduction methods usually require the use of potentially dangerous hydrogen and the reaction under high temperature and pressure conditions, so environmentally friendly, economical, simple, and safe reduction methods are urgently needed. This paper innovatively reports a method for the electrochemical reduction of diarylketones or aryl alkenes in a mixed solvent system of CH3CN/THF. The reaction proceeds smoothly, and the corresponding products are obtained in high yields. The mechanistic study shows that the reaction is a free radical reaction, and reveals the necessity of CH3CN solvent, which plays the three roles of solvent, proton donors, and reactant at the same time. Furthermore, the high yield of the gram‐scale experiment successfully confirmed the potential industrial application of this electrochemical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shiyan City is one of the traditional potato production areas in Hubei Province, with annual planting area of more than 20 000 ha. However, most of the major production areas are facing problems such as the usage of commercial potatoes as seed potatoes, poor production conditions, underdeveloped production methods, and low production technology, resulting in low and unstable yields. The advantages and existing problems in the potato production area of Shiyan City were briefly analyzed, and high- yielding and efficient planting technical measures applicable to Shiyan City was introduced from the aspects of variety selection, use of virusfree seed potatoes, land selection, sowing date determination, planting mode, field management and harvesting, so as to improve the potato planting level and farmers' economic benefits in Shiyan City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the biggest threats to plant species around the world. As one of the most important crops worldwide, rice is an awfully climate-sensitive agro-ecosystem. Therefore, Giza 183 will be released in 2023 as a high-yielding variety that has been adapted to mitigate climate change. This new variety is the product of cross-breeding between Giza 178 and SKC 23893 in 2010. The first generation, "F1," of this cross was evaluated in 2011 and planted as the F2 generation in 2012. Sequentially, the next generations from F3 to F6 were evaluated in the pedigree trails from 2013 to 2016, under cross number "GZ 10848." Five promising sister lines of GZ 10848 were selected and evaluated in the preliminary yield trail (GZ 10848-1-2-2-1, GZ 10848-1-2-2-2, GZ 10848-1-2-4-5, GZ 10848-1-2-5-3, and GZ 10848-1-2-5-6). The results revealed that the promising line GZ 10848-1-2-2-1 "Giza 183" surpassed all selected lines. Accordingly, Giza 183 was evaluated from 2017 to 2022 in multi-location yield trails at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Zarzoura as normal conditions and El-Sirw as saline conditions, as well as in regional, final, and verification yield trails. The evaluation resulted in a significant superiority of the yield of Giza 183 over Giza 178, with shorter growth duration and blast resistance. The new variety grain yield recorded 10.88, 10.47, 11.30, 10.60, and 10.70 t/ha during the 2017 to 2022 seasons under normal conditions, respectively, with a total duration of 122 days. while the grain yield for Giza 178 was recoded at 10.50, 10.54, 9.90, 10.00, 9.80, and 10.30 t/ha during the same seasons and conditions, with a total duration of 135 days. Furthermore, Giza 183 exhibited a higher yield than Giza 178 as a salt tolerance check variety at a rate of 0.800-0.160 t/ha under saline conditions at El-Sirw Agricultural Research Station in different years of evaluation. Giza 183 showed a high level of blast resistance in blast nursery and trap varieties in the field and artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Finally, the new rice variety Giza 183 is resistant to stem borer and has high grain quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline and drought conditions are the biggest threats to plant species around the world. The rice crop is one of the most important crops worldwide. Therefore, the Giza 179 rice variety was released in the 2013 season as an earlymaturing, high-yielding variety that is adapted and mitigated to drought and saline soils. This new variety was produced by crossbreeding between GZ6296-12-1-2-1-1 and GZ 1368-5-S-4 in the 2001 season. The first generation, "F1," of this cross was evaluated in the 2002 season and planted as the F2 generation in the 2003 season. Sequentially, the next generations from F3 to F6 were evaluated in the pedigree trails during the 2004-2007 seasons under code number GZ 9057. Two promising sister lines, GZ 9057-6-1-3-1 and GZ 9057-6-1-3-2, were selected and evaluated in a preliminary yield trail at the Experimental Farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The results revealed that the promising line GZ 9057-6-1-3-2 (Giza 179) surpassed all selected lines. Accordingly, the line GZ 9057-6-1-3-2 was evaluated from 2009 to 2011 and used as a check variety up to the 2022 seasons in multi-location yield trails at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Zarzoura as normal conditions and El-Sirw as saline conditions in regional, final, and verification yield trails. The GZ 9057-6-1-3-2 (Giza 179) recorded 10.47 t/ha for grain yield with a total duration of 122-125 days under normal conditions and 7.000-7.200 t/ha under saline conditions at El-Sirw Agricultural Research Station, while Giza 178 recorded 9.75 t/ha during the same seasons under normal conditions with a total duration of 135 days. Furthermore, the Giza 179 variety showed a high level of blast resistance in blast nursery and trap varieties in the field and artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. The results from PCR analysis for the Giza 179 with their parents showed that the proximity matrix was 89.8% between Giza 179 and GZ6296 and 71.1% between Giza 179 and GZ1368. Finally, it is an excellent new cultivar to be released and recommended for cultivation in the different rice-growing governorates, particularly in areas suffering from water shortages and saline soils in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] To avoid the drawbacks (such as multi-step operations and causing big quality loss) of currently reported molten salt-assisted strategy for the preparation of crystalline graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) photocatalysts, in this study, an innovative and one-step sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa)-mediated synthesis strategy has been designed to synthesize a high-yield and crystalline g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst. It is found that CH 3 COONa can strongly combine with dicyandiamide (DCDA) to availably prevent the massive sublimation of DCDA and the following intermediates, causing the high-efficiency transformation of DCDA into g-C 3 N 4 with a high yield (52.2 wt%). In addition to the promoted denitrification and quick polymerization of DCDA via CH 3 COONa, the produced Na 2 CO 3 from CH 3 COONa decomposition at a higher temperature can further accelerate the polymerization reaction of 3-s-triazine units, leading to the final production of highly ordered and crystalline g-C 3 N 4. Consequently, the resultant high-yield and crystalline g-C 3 N 4 shows an obviously strengthened hydrogen (H 2)-evolution rate, about 2.4 times higher than that of bulk g-C 3 N 4 , which is due to the synergetic function of highly crystalline structure, reduced band gap and cyano-groups. The current one-step CH 3 COONa-mediated synthesis strategy may open a novel horizon for the facile preparations and various applications of crystalline g-C 3 N 4 materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of toxic and essential nutrient elements in wheat grain influences wheat yield, grain nutritional quality, and human health. Here, we assessed the potential for breeding wheat cultivars to combine high yield with low cadmium and high iron and/or zinc concentrations in grains, and we screened appropriate cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted to explore differences in grain cadmium, iron, and zinc concentrations among 68 wheat cultivars, as well as their relationships with other nutrient elements and agronomic characters. The results showed 2.04-, 1.71-, and 1.64-fold differences in grain cadmium, iron, and zinc concentrations, respectively, among the 68 cultivars. Grain cadmium concentration was positively correlated with grain zinc, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese concentrations. Grain copper concentration was positively correlated with grain zinc and iron concentrations, but not with grain cadmium concentration. Therefore, copper has a potential role in regulating grain iron and zinc accumulation without influencing cadmium concentration in wheat grain. There were no significant relationships between grain cadmium concentration and four important wheat agronomic characters (i.e., grain yield, straw yield, thousand kernel weight, and plant height), indicating that the breeding of low-cadmium-accumulating cultivars with dwarfism and high yield characteristics is possible. On cluster analysis, four cultivars (Ningmai11, Xumai35, Baomai6, and Aikang58) exhibited low-cadmium and high-yield characteristics. Among them, Aikang58 contained moderate iron and zinc concentrations, while Ningmai11 had relatively high iron but low zinc concentrations in the grain. These results imply that it is feasible to breed high-yield dwarf wheat with low cadmium and moderate iron and zinc concentrations in the grain.

Maximizing rice yield potential has always been the focus of high-yield rice cultivation research. For high-yield rice cultivation and breeding, more research into the link between yield and yield components is essential. In this experiment, 38 rice varieties with different yield types and 185 rice varieties as materials were chosen. The relationships between yield and yield components were studied. The regulation effects of total nitrogen application rate (TNAR) on yield and yield components were observed. The results showed that (1) the grain yield of high-yield varieties was 189.3−195.6%, 76.1−77.7%, and 27.0−28.7% higher than that of super-low-yield, low-yield, and medium-yield varieties, respectively. Compared with rice varieties with other yield types, rice varieties with high-yield type have a higher total number of spikelets. (2) The spikelet number per panicle and total number of spikelets were significantly positively linked with grain yield, but significantly negatively correlated with filled grains and grain weight. (3) With an increase in TNAR (0−340 kg ha−1), the panicles, spikelet number per panicle, and total spikelets of rice varieties with different yield types increased gradually, and the filled grains and grain weight decreased gradually. The higher the TNAR, the more obvious the decrease in filled grains and grain weight. The grain yield of rice varieties with different yield types was the highest under the TNAR at 250 kg ha−1. The main factor contributing to its high yield was the substantial increase in total spikelets. The above results showed that increasing the spikelet number per panicle and total spikelets played a material role in improving rice yield.

Rice plays a vital role in global food security, and its yield needs to be increased to meet escalating demand. Although many high yield quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified in the last decades, rice grain yield in the main rice-producing countries is stagnating. By summarizing the yield performance of high-yielding QTL lines, we highlighted that almost all the high-yielding QTL introduced lines had no practical usage in current high yield breeding programs, mainly due to their low absolute grain yield. Further analysis showed that scientists primarily focused on spikelet number per panicle alone rather than other yield traits, and, in most of the studies, the yield increase was referenced to very old cultivars. By analyzing the yield traits correlations across cultivars in both field and pot conditions and different eco-sites using the same cultivars, we emphasized that the rice high yield will be rarely achieved by using single trait approaches due to the counteracting effects of yield components. Finally, several recommendations are provided to the next generation of biotechnological breeding in rice.

Proso millet (Panicummiliaceum L.) is a short-duration C4 crop that is drought tolerant and nutritionally rich and can grow well in marginal lands. Though the crop has many climate-resilient traits like tolerance to drought and heat, its yield is lower than that of common cereals like rice, wheat, and maize. Being an underutilized crop, the molecular resources in the crop are limited. The main aim of the present study was to develop and characterize contrasting mutants for yield and generate functional genomic information for the trait in proso millet. Gamma irradiation-induced mutant population was screened to identify high-yielding mutants, which were evaluated up to M4 generation. One mutant with a dense panicle and high yield (ATL_hy) and one with a lax panicle and low yield (ATL_ly) along with the wild type were sequenced using the genotyping-by-sequencing approach. The variants detected as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions–deletions (InDels) were annotated against the reference genome of proso millet. Bioinformatic analyses using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and UniProt databases were performed to elucidate genetic information related to the SNP variations. A total of 25,901, 30,335, and 31,488 SNPs, respectively, were detected in the wild type, ATL_hy mutants, and ATL_ly mutants. The total number of functional SNPs identified in high-yielding and low-yielding mutants was 84 and 171, respectively. Two functional SNPs in the high-yielding mutant (ATL_hy) and one in the low-yielding mutant (ATL_ly) corresponded to the gene coding for “E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UPL7”. Pathway mapping of the functional SNPs identified that two SNPs in ATL_ly were involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway coding for the starch synthase enzyme. This information can be further used in identifying genes responsible for various metabolic processes in proso millet and in designing useful genetic markers.

Superior upland rice varieties can be obtained through the plant breeding process. Upland rice lines that are carried out from crossing have different potentials. The research aims to determine upland rice promising lines with high yields in acid-dry land. The study is conducted on Ultisol soil. The first season is in 2019 for F6 lines, and the second is in 2021 for F7 lines. The experimental methods use factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment at the preliminary yield test use 5 lines 4 varieties, and 1 landrace. The advanced yield test uses 5 F7 lines (selected from F7 lines) and 5 types. Analysis data use ANOVA and LSI test. The result shows that lines GH8 and GH10 have the highest yields on acid-dry soils during two planting seasons. The GH10 line has a 7.20-9.53 kg/plot yield, and the GH8 line has a 5.22-6.260 kg/plot. The highest yield potential was the GH10 line of 3.69-4.77 t/ha, more increased than Balok, Banyuasin, Danau Gaung, Inpago 8, and PBM-UBB1 varieties. GH10 and GH8 lines are recommended as candidates for new superior varieties of upland rice that are adaptive to acid-dry soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kufri Lohit is a red skin, medium maturing, main season, high yielding table potato variety recommended for cultivation in North-Indian plains (Eastern & Central plains). It can also successfully be grown in northern plains to meet the seed potato demands of regions that prefer red skin tubers. It is a clonal selection of a cross between Kufri Kanchan and Kufri Khyati. Its plants are medium tall and vigorous having field resistance to late blight. It produces attractive red coloured, ovoid tubers with shallow eyes, cream flesh, and mealy texture. This variety possesses approximately 18% tuber dry matter content and has very good keeping quality. It is responsive to crop nutrition and yields 36–38 t/ha total tuber yield under optimum crop management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kufri Uday is an early maturing, main season, high yielding table potato variety suitable for cultivation in North Indian plains (Northern, Central, and Eastern plains). It is a clonal selection from the cross between CIP387521.3 √ Aphrodite. Its plants are medium tall and vigorous with field resistance to late blight. It produces attractive red coloured ovoid tubers with shallow eyes, yellow flesh, and a mealy texture. The new variety possesses 18-19% tuber dry matter and very good keeping quality. It is fertilizer responsive and capable of yielding 36–38 t/ha under optimum agronomical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) is an important short duration pulse crop of Gujarat. It is inflicted by number of diseases but MYMV is the most serious disease whichis also observed on several alternate and collateral hosts which act as primary sources of inoculum. Further, farmers of mungbean cultivation requirements were to cultivate medium duration maturing varieties in kharif season to prevent rainfall damage at maturity stage. Efforts were therefore made at Pulses & Castor Research Station NAU, Navsari and a crosses were attempted between Meha x GM-4 during 2010. It was evaluated in four kharif season and three summer seasons in ten different trials with four checks. Considering all kharif and summer seasons for overall performances of 37 trials in Gujarat it was found promising where it recorded 17.8, 22.9, 25.1 and 17.5% increase over yield check varieties viz., Meha, GM-4, GAM-5 and GM-6 resp. The GM-7 variety was found resistant against MYMV disease and has high yield potential and good quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jiahe 165 was a conventional rice variety with high quality, disease resistance, high yield and lodging resistance after many years of breeding, which was bred by the College of Life Science of Xiamen University. This variety was bred by crossing the high-quality early rice variety Jiafuzhan as the female parent with the high-quality large-grain material Jiafu 42 created by the irradiation mutagenesis of mature pollen as the male parent, and then recrossed with the introduced high-quality rice variety Yuejingsimiao. The whole growth period of Jiahe 165 was about 122 days, which was equivalent to that of Tianyouhuazhan (CK). The yield level of this variety was high, with the average yield being 8 859.5 kg • hm-2 in the regional test, and the average yield in the 100 mu demonstration plot of high-yield cultivation reaching 8 904.00 kg • hm-2, Jiahe165 showed medium resistance to the rice blast and its grain quality accorded with the quality standard of the first-class high-quality edible rice varieties issued by the Ministry. The rice quality had good stability and it was also resistant to high fertilizer level and lodging. Jiahe 165 was approved by Fujian Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 (Minshendao 20210039) and has been popularized and applied in the production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in Tamil Nadu. An inter sub- specific cross was made VBN (Bg) 5 x V. mungo var. silvestris (22/10) to develop high yielding variety with yellow mosaic disease resistance. A high yielding blackgram culture (COBG 10-05) was identified and evaluated in different yield trials from 2012 to 2020. The culture matures in 60 - 65 days. It recorded an overall mean yield of 881 kg/ha which is 12.1 , 12.4 and 14.4 per cent yield increase over the check varieties viz., CO 6 (786 kg/ha) , VBN 6 (784 kg/ha) and VBN 8 (770 kg/ ha), respectively. This culture is resistant to mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease and moderately resistant to leaf crinkle and stem necrosis diseases. It has bold seeds with 100 seed weight ranged from 5.5 to 6.0 g. The plant type is determinate with synchronized maturity and suitable for single/mechanical harvest. It contains 22.3 per cent protein. This culture was released as Co 7 and it is recommended for cultivation during kharif and rabi seasons in Tamil Nadu.

Abstract Breeding rice (Oryza sativa L.) with high yield, superior quality, desired grain shape and high resistance is the goal of breeding to meet the needs of current consumers. It is usually hard to combine multiple complex traits based on traditional breeding methods because they are frequently antagonistic to each other. However, molecular design breeding, as a novel breeding method, is an optional alternative to this challenge. To demonstrate molecular design breeding, 15 favorable genes from five parent lines were pyramided together to develop elite rice with high-yield, superior-quality, desired grain shape and high resistance to brown planthopper (BPH). The parental lines were 9311, the recurrent parent, carrying APO1, Ghd7, Ghd8 and Gn1a for high yield, GS3 and qSW5 for grain shape, and Wx and ALK for eating and cooking quality; 1880 with Gn8.1 for large panicles; Luo-Yu-Xiang carrying GW7 for grain shape and SBE3, SSIV2 and SSIII for eating and cooking quality; Luoyang6 with Bph6 and Luoyang9 with Bph9 for BPH resistance. After careful screening for the 15 targeted genes, desired phenotype and maximum genetic background from 9311, three molecular design lines with desired phenotypes, named as MD1 (Molecular design 1), MD2 and MD3 were developed. MD3 carried all 15 targeted genes, and MD1 and MD2 had 14 of the 15 targeted genes. Only SBE3 was not introgressed into MD1 and MD2 but this had minimal impact on the gel consistency and alkali spreading value. These newly bred lines exhibited higher yield potential, better grain quality with slender grains, low amylose content, high gel consistency and alkali spreading value, and higher BPH resistance compared to the parent 9311. In this study, we successfully created three novel rice lines with high yield, superior quality and improved BPH resistance by rational molecular design. Our results demonstrate molecular design is a powerful strategy to improve multiple complex traits and will provide a reference for the future commercial rice improvement.

This work aims to investigate the effects of deep eutectic solvents (DES) on the chemical and physical structure of cellulose. Choline chloride–oxalic acid and choline chloride–oxalic acid–glycerol were selected as solvents and cotton fibers was sued as raw materials to explore the difference between cotton fibers treated separately with two different DES. According to yield analysis, ternary solvents alleviated the degradation of cellulose when comparing to binary solvents, resulting in over 90 % of cellulose being obtained. Particularly, there is an esterification reaction of cellulose during treatment with the DES system, which also affects the performance of the subsequent products. Through the simple use of mechanical foaming with polyvinyl alcohol and the palm wax impregnation process, foams with a water contact angle greater than 140° and excellent mechanical properties can be obtained. The resultant foam material has 5 % linear elastic area, and prominent compressive strength providing potential use in the packaging industry in the replacement of plastic. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived electromagnetic functional materials are a hot research trend in the field of microwave absorption (MA). However, there is a lack of high-yield strategies to drive high-performance MOFs-derived MA absorbers out of the laboratory. Herein, we prepared MIL-88B-like using a simple room-temperature liquid-phase method with more than 75 times the yield of the solvothermal method. The obtained MOFs were pyrolyzed to form C/FeO/FeN 0.0324 /Fe quaternary composite materials. Under suitable graphitizing conditions, the moderate conductivity of derivative material of M1 precursor carbonized at 700 °C (M1-700) not only meets the requirement of impedance matching but also provides high conduction loss. Meanwhile, the multiple polarization loss mechanisms from defect-induced polarization, dipole polarization, heterogeneous interfaces, and magnetic loss mechanism synergize with each other, resulting in an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.71 GHz and a reflection loss (RL) value of −62.57 dB at 22.5 wt% filler, which is a 6-fold increase in the RL compared with that of the conventional MIL-88B-derived wave absorber. In conclusion, this work provides a feasible solution for practical absorbers and an excellent reference value for high MA performance materials for applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report a Na-promoted FeCu-based catalyst with excellent liquid hydrocarbon selectivity and catalytic activity. The physiochemical properties of the catalysts were comprehensively characterized by various characterization techniques. The characterization results indicate that the catalytic performance of the catalysts was closely related to the nature of the metal promoters. The Na-AlFeCu possessed the highest CO2 conversion due to enhanced CO2 adsorption of the catalysts by the introduction of Al species. The introduction of excess Mg promoter led to a strong methanation activity of the catalyst. Mn and Ga promoters exhibited high selectivity for light hydrocarbons due to their inhibition of iron carbides generation, resulting in a lack of chain growth capacity. The Na-ZnFeCu catalyst exhibited the optimal C5+ yield, owing to the fact that the Zn promoter improved the catalytic activity and liquid hydrocarbon selectivity by modulating the surface CO2 adsorption and carbide content. Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation to liquid fuel is considered a method for the utilization and conversion of CO2, whereas satisfactory activity and selectivity remains a challenge. This method provides a new idea for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and from there the preparation of high-value-added products.

The recent rapid growth of the battery industry has led to a rapid increase in methylene chloride emissions. Methylene chloride causes health and social problems in humans. In this study, cellulose-based activated carbon fibers (CACFs) with improved yield were prepared for the removal of methylene chloride. The concentration of ammonium phosphate in the pretreatment controlled the crosslink density of cellulose fibers and improved the yield. From the results, the specific surface area and total pore volume of cellulose-based activated carbon fibers pretreated with ammonium phosphate (AP-CACFs) were determined to be 1920–2060 m2/g and 0.83–1.02 cm3/g, respectively, and the total yield improved by 6.78–11.59% compared to that of CACFs (4.97%). In particular, a correlation between the textural properties of CACFs and methylene chloride adsorption/desorption behavior was obtained. This correlation can be used to develop efficient adsorbents for methylene chloride removal.

[Objectives] This study was conducted to select suitable medium-sized watermelon varieties for early spring cultivation in Beijing. [Methods] Seven watermelon varieties were collected, including Beinong Tianjiao 2, Beinong Tianjiao, Hongfuji, Yongfeng 1, Beinong Futian, Beinong Shijia, and Beinong Jinxiu, and Jingxin 2 was used as the control check (CK). The growth period, morphological traits, yield traits and fruit quality of the tested varieties were investigated. [Results] Beinong Tianjiao 2 had an earlier maturation stage, a fruit development period of 38 d and a total growth period of 118 d. It showed stable growth, with a single fruit weight of 7. 56 kg, a fruit setting rate of0.99 per plant, and a yield of 83 076.9 kg/hm², which ranked, respectively, second, first, and second among all tested varieties, and were significantly superior to the CK. Furthermore, this variety had thin and tough peel, a bright red flesh color, high central sugar content, loose and crisp flesh, and a good taste. [Conclusions] It is preliminarily believed that it is suitable for early spring watermelon production in Beijing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shannong 116 is a strong gluten, high yield and multi-resistance wheat variety bred by Shandong Agricultural University, which was approved by the State in 2021 and by Shandong Province in 2022. Shannong 116 combines the excellent characteristics of the female parent (strong gluten, disease resistance and early maturity) and the male parent (high yield, water saving and lodging resistance), with a plant height of 76.9 cm, compact plant type, orderly spike layer and good maturity performance, which is suitable for large-scale promotion and market order planting in Huanghuai wheat area. In this paper, the characteristics of Shannong 116 are analyzed, and cultivation technical measures for high yield, high quality and high efficiency are put forward, in order to provide a technical support for the popularization and application of the variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets (TMDC NSs) have attracted growing interest due to their unique structure and properties. Although various methods have been developed to prepare TMDC NSs, there is still a great need for a novel strategy combining simplicity, generality, and high efficiency. In this study, we developed a novel polymer-assisted ball milling method for the efficient preparation of TMDC NSs with small sizes. The use of polymers can enhance the interaction of milling balls and TMDC materials, facilitate the exfoliation process, and prevent the exfoliated nanosheets from aggregating. The WSe2 NSs prepared by carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC)-assisted ball milling have small lateral sizes (8~40 nm) with a high yield (~60%). The influence of the experimental conditions (polymer, milling time, and rotation speed) on the size and yield of the nanosheets was studied. Moreover, the present approach is also effective in producing other TMDC NSs, such as MoS2, WS2, and MoSe2. This study demonstrates that polymer-assisted ball milling is a simple, general, and effective method for the preparation of small-sized TMDC NSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanjing 5718 is a rice variety with good eating quality approved by Jiangsu province in 2019 and was confirmed as super rice by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs in 2021. Studying its yield composition characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, and physiological basis can be helpful to investigate photosynthetic traits of super rice variety, improve its photo- synthetic performance through genetic improvement, and provide the theoretical basis for high-yield breeding and cultivation of japonica rice. In this study, the parents of Nanjing 5718 and Huaidao 5, a widely popularized rice variety with the same growth period type, as the control, dry weight of aboveground of plant, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rates, and photochemical characteristics of photosystem II (PSII), core antenna protein expression, photosynthetic enzyme activities, and chloroplast ultrastructure were investigated in Nanjing 5718 from full expansion of flag leaves at the beginning of booting to 35 days after flowering. The results showed the pigment contents of the leaves in Nanjing 5718 were higher, which were close to male parent Yanjing 608. The net photosynthetic rates, dry weight, and PSII electron transfer activities of flag leaves at the late growth stage were significantly higher in Nanjing 5718 than those in parents and Huaidao 5. The light energy conversion performance of PSII was superior. The core antenna protein CP43 and CP47 were more stable under strong light and high temperature, and their adjustment ability of Nanjing 5718 was better than that of parents and Huaidao 5. In addition, the activities of RuBP carboxylase in flag leaves were higher, the contents of photosynthetic products were higher, the chloroplast structure was more stable, the senescence characteristics appeared later, and the chloroplast decay rates were slower in Nanjing 5718, compared with parents and Huaidao 5. The results indicated that high photosynthetic performance of flag leaves was the basis for the formation of high yield characteristics of super rice Nanjing 5718 with large panicles. The great activity and function of photosystem proteins were main factors of improving leaf photosynthesis, and the stability of chloroplast structure could provide powerful support for high photosynthetic efficiency of leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]