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Los recursos fitogenéticos están representados por toda la variedad y combinaciones posibles de rasgos que permiten a las especies vegetales adaptarse a los cambios en el medio; a mayor cantidad de rasgos y combinaciones, mayor es la probabilidad de que una especie pueda subsistir. El estado de Hidalgo presenta condiciones topográficas que lo hacen mega-diverso, ya que crean un mosaico de paisajes que someten a las plantas a diferentes presiones de selección. Sin embargo, de toda esa diversidad muy poca ha sido evaluada a nivel genético, por lo que en este trabajo se presentará un resumen de tres estudios específicos que se han realizado en la región hidalguense. En general, el uso inadecuado de los recursos (Cedrela odorata), el aislamiento (Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana) y la perturbación (Ceratozamia fuscoviridis) son los principales problemas a los que se enfrentan los recursos fitogenéticos del Estado de Hidalgo.

Based on morphological evidence, we propose to raise Tillandsia mauryana forma secundifolia to species level with the name Viridantha secundifolia (Ehlers) Hern.-Cárdenas, Espejo & López-Ferr. Viridantha secundifolia can be readily distinguished by the falciform rosettes, the broadly oblong to square, 1-1.2 x 0.8-1.1 cm leaf sheaths and by the 1.8-2 x 0.7-1.2 cm floral bracts. Additionally, we describe and illustrate Viridantha uniflora Hern.-Cárdenas, Espejo & López-Ferr., from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. The new species is morphologically similar to Viridantha boqueronensis, but differs by the nearly square leaf sheaths, 1.3-1.5 x 0.4-0.5 cm spikes and by the presence of only one flower per spike. A key to the taxa, morphological descriptions, list of specimens examined, illustrations and a distribution map of the described taxa are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedesgabriel is one of the rare species endemic in Mexico. This species was originally described from specimens collected in the state of Morelos in 1970; however, very few occurrence records have been published since. During an ovitrap survey of mosquitoes in 2018, eggs of Ae. gabriel were collected for the 1st time in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Aedes gabriel appears to have become common and the species is frequently found in ovitraps, and often confused with other common species of Aedes, such as Ae. epactius, Ae. podographicus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus. Females of Ae. gabriel are highly anthropophagous and persistent biters in wild habits during the rainy season. Although the medical importance of Ae. gabriel is unknown, its biting habitats and increasing abundance indicate that the potential importance of this species should not be neglected by the public health officials of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas que tiene el corredor turístico de balnearios de Ixmiquilpan - Tasquillo, lo cual se logró detectar a partir de un estudio de campo in situ, acompañado de una serie de entrevistas aplicadas a visitantes y turistas a su salida del balneario. La técnica de la investigación se basó en la aplicación de cuarenta entrevistas. Derivado del trabajo de campo se muestra los resultados y por ende la realidad actual de los balnearios de aguas termales del corredor Ixmiquilpan - Tasquillo en el estado de Hidalgo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los balnearios del mencionado corredor no cuentan con los servicios secundarios que les permita ser explotados con eficacia y eficiencia. Se debe pensar en el cambio y en la innovación permanente y, es que las nuevas necesidades y deseos de la demanda de hoy son diferentes a lo que se demandaba ayer.

Objetivo. Calcular la razón costo-efectividad de servicios públicos y privados contratados por el Seguro Popular en primer nivel de atención. Material y métodos. Se evaluó una experiencia piloto de contratación de servicios de primer nivel de atención a la salud en el estado de Hidalgo, México, midiendo, con base en una encuesta poblacional, la calidad general y la detección de disminución de visión. Se analizó la sensibilidad mediante simulaciones de Monte Carlo. Resultados. El prestador privado es dominante en calidad y costo-efectivo para la detección de disminución de visión. Conclusiones. La compra estratégica de prestadores privados de atención primaria es promisoria para mejorar los servicios de salud y reducir los costos.

Mexican Pliocene cervids are very poorly known. We report on new fossil material of the roe deer Capreolus constantini recovered from the Pliocene Atotonilco El Grande Formation of Santa María Amajac, Hidalgo (central Mexico). The specimens were collected from a series of layers of friable to moderately indurated polymictic conglomerate supported by a sandstone-tuffaceous-calcareous matrix. This species was formerly known only from the late Pliocene of Udunga, Russia, thus implying a dispersal event to North America around 4.0 Ma. This cervid is one of the very small number of mammals recorded from the poorly sampled Pliocene temperate deposits of Mexico.

Se reportan nuevos registros y ampliaciones en el área de distribución de Harpagus bidentatus, Glaucidium sanchezi, Attila spadiceus, Cyanolyca nana, Oreoscoptes montanus y Peucedramus taeniatus. Estas seis especies de aves fueron registradas en el bosque mesófilo de montaña del estado de Hidalgo, México. Dos de estas especies (G. sanchezi y C. nana) son especies de distribución restringida, lo que eleva a tres el número de especies de distribución restringida en la zona. Esto enfatiza la importancia de esta región en la conservación de la diversidad de aves. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos nuevos registros en la obtención de inventarios completos de la avifauna de la región y en la conservación de su diversidad de aves.

The purpose of the article is to understand the philosophy of technology of José Ortega y Gasset. The task is to examine the works of José Ortega y Gasset, first, the origin and the main stages of technological development; secondly, the relationship of natural circumstances, humans and technology; third, the relationship of the inner world of man and technology; fourth, the relationship of the world of culture and their life projects with technology; fifthly, the interplay of modern technology and "human mass". Methodology. For performance of the tasks are applied comparative approach for analysis of historical stages of technological development, human behaviour and the animals on natural circumstances of life projects of bodhisattva, hidalgo and gentleman of the production technology. Using the functional approach has revealed the close, the inextricable link between the appearance and operation of equipment and the inner world of man, culture and lifestyle program that it implements. The elements of scientific novelty of our research is the isolation, structuring, analysis, synthesis and systematization of the main ideas of the philosophy of technology of José Ortega y Gasset. Conclusion. Summarizing the aforesaid, it should be noted that José Ortega y Gasset creates its philosophy of technology through specific synthesis of existentialism, marxism and the philosophy of life. His rational vitalism is the integration of various philosophical currents of the late XIX – early XX century. The issue of his philosophy of technology is extremely broad. The philosopher is not limited to the analysis technique. It thoroughly examines the issues of technology due to the existence of man, his inner world and life program, criticizes the idea of progress and technological determinism. As part of his research include issues such as communication technology and culture, orientation of technological development and its dependence on the type of culture and science.

Abstract Two new species of Matelea from central Mexico with nearly black corollas and papillate lobes are described here: Matelea tezcatlipocantha and Matelea tlilxochitli. These taxa differ from each other and from morphologically similar species (e.g. M. calcicola, M. chrysantha, M. congesta, and M. inops) by the corolla tube and corona ornamentation. Descriptions, illustrations, morphological comparisons, and geographic distributions of these species as well as their conservation status are provided. This discovery highlights Mexico as a center of diversity and endemism for the genus, as more than 70 species are currently found there, with 60% of those species being restricted to the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Describimos la estructura y composición de la comunidad de aves del sureste del Valle del Mezquital, una región semiárida del centro de México. Realizamos el trabajo de campo de enero a diciembre de 2013, con registros adicionales en 2014, 2015 y 2016. Registramos en total 160 especies pertenecientes a 118 géneros, 44 familias y 15 órdenes. De éstas, 98 especies fueron residentes permanentes, 48 visitantes de invierno, 11 transitorias y tres residentes de verano. De acuerdo con la abundancia, 27 fueron muy abundantes, 28 abundantes, 41 comunes, 23 poco comunes y 41 raras. Destaca el registro de siete especies endémicas de México, dos cuasiendémicas y 17 semiendémicas, así como seis especies exóticas. Además, 27 especies se encuentran bajo alguna categoría de amenaza. Los tipos de vegetación con mayor riqueza fueron el matorral espinoso-crasicaule (85 especies), el matorral submontano (77 especies) y el bosque de encino (75 especies). Por su composición de especies, el área de estudio es más similar a las regiones desérticas del suroeste de Estados Unidos y a la Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán, Hidalgo, que a otras zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte y centro del país. Resaltamos la importancia biológica de la región y sugerimos incrementar el número de estudios avifaunísticos en otras partes del valle.

Detection of urban growth through digital processing of satellite images provides valuable information for understanding the dynamics of change of land use and its spatial relationship with environmental factors. To apply or create effective policies for land use planning is essential to have a historical record of the regional distribution of human centers and in our country this kind of geographical database is practically null. Although Mexico has an update and complete mapping of land use, this poses great challenges. Within this issue, the Hidalgo state destines half of its territory to agricultural use, nonetheless, ranks fifth nationally in road infrastructure density. In the last decade, the current highway "Arco Norte" that crosses the southern state has promoted economic development in several neighboring municipalities and many of them were integrated into the Management Programme of the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico 2012. Given this background, this paper is focused on the generation of geographic information for regional urban planning and the overall aim is to examine urban growth rate during the period 2000-2014 in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico and identify potential areas of expansion from Landsat images. The methodology was based on techniques of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS). The inputs used were six Landsat scenes: three for 2000 year and three for 2014. Image processing was performed on ERDAS Imagine® 9.1 and the spatial analysis of urban coverage statewide on ArcGIS 10.0 by ESRI®. First, the radiometric correction was made and we obtained the urban polygons of the 2000 year through of supervised classification. The 2014 urban layer was digitized manually due to the spectral incompatibility between the bands of the Landsat sensor 5 and 7, and the Landsat sensor 8. Then, we build a road density map and the spatial relationship of the urban centers with the road influence area was evaluated. For the year 2000, 103 urban polygons were mapped, whilst for 2014 were identified ten polygons more with a mapped minimum area of 24 ha. The main results indicated that in the state has increased 72.3 km2 urban area from 2000 to 2014. This represents an average growth rate of 1.8% per year. The most widespread municipalities are located in the region of Valle del Mezquital, however, Mineral de la Reforma, Tetepango, Tizayuca and Pachuca showed growth rates of 183.44%, 102% 94% and 68.5% in fourteen years, respectively. According to the road map density, these municipalities are located in areas of greatest influence of infrastructure as the Arco Norte highway in the state. The above findings, lead us to conclude that the Mezquital Valley and the Basin of Mexico are potential areas of urban spreading and it is associated with road development in the Central Mexico.

Observations on the biology and distribution of Uresiphita reversalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae), a defoliator of the native tree Calia secundiflora in México. Uresiphita reversalis (Guenée, 1854) feeding on Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev is recorded for the first time in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. New aspects regarding the life cycle, feeding behaviour, geographical distribution and host plant damage by U. reversalis on C. secundiflora are here presented and discussed.

La investigación se centró en el análisis del proyecto de la refinería Bicentenario. Compitiendo los estados de Guanajuato e Hidalgo, México. Ambos gobiernos locales compraron tierra agrícola a los campesinos, entre 700 y 900 hectáreas, respectivamente. Se formuló en el segundo estado, dentro de la región de Atitalaquia-Tula. Sobre la base de desmontar la agricultura, el gobierno de cada estado compró las parcelas a los productores agrícolas, adquiriendo deuda con los bancos, posteriormente se contrató a más de una inmobiliaria para realizar ajustes en el terreno y levantar una barda perimetral con una inversión de aproximadamente $11,610,000,000 USD. La metodología se centra en demostrar que la representación espacial devino empíricamente en valorización del capital financiero inmobiliario y desvalorización de la tierra. En ambos estados la representación desvalorizó el territorio y valorizó la especulación de las inmobiliarias nacionales y extranjeras que se asociaron con el Estado, para ofertar los recursos naturales y la fuerza laboral.

Registros notables del Gavilán cabeza gris Leptodon cayanensis y el Mosquero de anteojosRhynchocyclus brevirostris fueron obtenidos en un bosque mesófilo en Tlanchinol, Hidalgo, en enero de 2005. El registro del milano es aparentemente el primero en el este del país desde 1909, mientras que el del mosquerito representa el segundo para el estado.

The disappearance of powers is a faculty of the Mexican Senate that allows it to declare that all the constitutional powers have disappeared in a state of the Republic and to arrange a federal intervention to remedy the serious disturbances that have caused that situation. This article examines two cases in which it was applied: Guerrero in 1960-1961 and Hidalgo in 1975, to show how this power, granted by article 76 of the Constitution of 1917, was in practice an instrument of control of the authoritarian regime that ailed to Mexico during the 20th century, as it served presidents to suppress state governments whose actions broke constitutional order, put at risk governance or challenged presidential authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first time for the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, the following five species of Coleoptera: Tetracha carolina (Linnaeus, 1766) (Carabidae, Cicindelinae), Chalcolepidius lafargi Chevrolat, 1835 (Elateridae), Aegithus cardinalis Chevrolat, 1834, Gibbifer boisduvali Chevrolat, 1834 (Erotylidae) and Renda debilis (Sharp, 1884) (Staphylinidae). We also provide a precise locality for Euchroma gigantea Linnaeus, 1758 (Buprestidae). It is unknown whether it has been previously recorded for this state. Some biological comments also are included for each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of field collects and the BRUCOL database, we present and illustrate 27 know bruchids species, recorded in the municipality of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México. Their host plants, new distributions, and the type of vegetation where it can be find are presented, addressing important aspects of their biology such as oviposition and voltinism. The most relevant results is a new record of the genus Abutiloneus and nine new species records to Hidalgo, México: Abutiloneus idoneus Bridwell, 1946; Acanthoscelides aequalis (Sharp, 1885), Acanthoscelides speciosus (Schaeffer, 1907); Meibomeus hidalgoi Kingsolver & Whitehead, 1976; Merobruchus porphyreus Kingsolver, 1988; Mimosestes humeralis (Gyllenhal, 1833); Mimosestes janzeni Kingsolver & Johnson, 1978; Sennius discolor (Horn, 1873) and Stator vachelliae Bottimer, 1973; two new host plants, Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. for M. humeralis and M. janzeni, and Senna guatemalensis (Donn. Sm.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby variety hidalgensis H. S. Irwin & Barneby for S. discolor and S. fallax; and a new host plant recorded in Mexico for Megacerus maculiventris (Fåhraeus, 1839), Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Finally, a taxonomic key is provided to identify the bruchid species. This study offers insights to the taxonomic-faunal knowledge of this group of insects and lays the basis for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Moore provisionally and therefore invalidly published the name Ceratozamia fuscoviridis in 1878. The name was subsequently accepted with a brief description the year after in one of William Bull's horticultural catalogues, resulting in its valid publication. In 2006, Roy Osborne and co-authors intended to validate Moore's C. fuscoviridis, a name that they identified as applicable to a cycad occurring in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. However, they were unaware of the protologue published by Bull and instead created an isonym with no nomenclatural status. Their holotype designation has no standing but that specimen is here designated as a neotype, therefore retaining the name C. fuscoviridis in use for the species from Hidalgo. Considerations regarding the increasing discovery of validly published names in historical literature are discussed as pertaining to the nomenclature of cycads, with the case of C. fuscoviridis providing an example of an old and obsolete plant name that is dealt with in a way that fosters nomenclatural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the structure and the composition of the bird community in the southeastern section of Mezquital Valley, a semiarid region located in central Mexico. Fieldwork was conducted between January and December 2013, with additional records in 2014, 2015 and 2016. We recorded a total of 160 species, distributed in 118 genera, 44 families and 15 orders. Of these, 98 species were permanent residents, 48 winter visitors, 11 transients, and three summer residents. According to the abundance, 27 were very abundant, 28 abundant, 41 common, 23 uncommon, and 41 rare. We recorded seven endemic species, two quasiendemics, and 17 semiendemics, as well as six exotic species. Moreover, 27 species are under some category of threat. Vegetation types with the highest species richness were the thorn-succulent scrub (85 species), submontane scrub (77 species) and oak forest (75 species). Regarding its species composition, the study area is similar to desert regions of southwestern United States and Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve, Hidalgo, than to other northern and central Mexican arid and semiarid areas. The biological importance of the region is highlighted, and we suggested to increase the number of ornithological research in other parts of the Mezquital Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From outcrops of the Permian Tuzancoa Formation in the region of Pemuxco, Hidalgo State, México, five species of crinoids are described Cylindrocaulis cusfiski Moore & Jeffords, 1968, Baryschir anosus Moore & Jeffords, 1968, Cyclocaudex costatus Moore & Jeffords, 1968, Cyclocaudex jucundus Moore & Jeffords, 1968, Cycloscapus laevis Moore & Jeffords, 1968. The presence in these outcrops of the Skinnerella fusulinid, on the same level as the crinoids, determines the precise age of the lower Permian sequence (Leonardian) for this sequence. The crinoids assemblage of Pemuxco region probably lived in a bathyal environment of flysch facies, which correspond ed to a rhythmic deposit present in the Tuzancoa Formation and suggesting a shallow water environment in an unstable geotectonic setting. The occurrence of continental plants remains could indicate that they were transported. Crinoids have been cited in other parts of the upper Paleozoic of Mexico that includes Calnali, Hidalgo, Puebla Patlanoaya and Cuxtepeque, Ixtaltepec, Oaxaca, Peregrina Canyon, Tamaulipas, and The El Tule and Mesteñas mountain range, Sonora. In the United States they have been reported in Texas (Shale Mingus, Strawn Group, Training Thrifty, Training Graham, and Limestone Marble Falls) and Oklahoma (Training Dornick Hills). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partir de la crisis financiera mundial del año 2008 los movimientos migratorios internacionales han disminuido, particularmente el de los mexicanos que van a Estados Unidos. Los datos de diversas fuentes de información revelan que debido a este proceso no hay un retorno masivo de mexicanos. Sin embargo el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 detecta que más de un millón de personas regresaron de Estados Unidos a México en los últimos años. Ante la imposibilidad de estudiar este fenómeno en todo el país proponemos analizar el proceso de retorno en algunos municipios del estado de Hidalgo. Se busca conocer por qué toman los migrantes la decisión de retornar a México.

Este artículo trata de hacer un análisis prosopográfico de los corregidores castellanos en el periodo 1588-1633. El autor traza un esbozo general del origen de los corregidores, de su perfil social, de las trayectorias vitales y profesionales de los candidatos y de las razones que determinaron su nombramiento. Este fue el resultado de un proceso de decisión complejo en el que el origen social, la capacitación profesional y la experiencia previa en oficios de gobierno y de justicia de los candidatos se combinaron con sus conexiones familiares y políticas, la gracia real y el servicio a la Corona para producir un tipo de corregidor socialmente homogéneo en el que la condición de caballero acabó convirtiéndose en su rasgo más característico.This article tries to make a prosopographical analysis of the Castilian corregidores appointed by the Crown in the period 1588-1633. It draws a general draft about their origin, their social profile and their professional and political activities, concluding with an analysis of the reasons that led to their appointment by the Crown. This was the result of a complex decision process in which social background, professional training and previous experience of the candidates were combined with their family and political connections, the royal grace and the service to the Crown in order to produce a socially homogeneous type of corregidor in which his hidalgo condition eventually became its most characteristic feature.

This article tries to make a prosopographical analysis of the Castilian corregidores appointed by the Crown in the period 1588-1633. It draws a general draft about their origin, their social profile and their professional and political activities, concluding with an analysis of the reasons that led to their appointment by the Crown. This was the result of a complex decision process in which social background, professional training and previous experience of the candidates were combined with their family and political connections, the royal grace and the service to the Crown in order to produce a socially homogeneous type of corregidor in which his hidalgo condition eventually became its most characteristic feature.

La zona sureste del estado de Hidalgo presenta diversos tipos de vegetación, como el bosque mesófilo de montaña, bosque de pino-encino y bosque de pino, con alta riqueza de reptiles. En este estudio, se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta de los reptiles en los 3 tipos de vegetación presentes en la zona sureste. Durante el periodo de recolección, de junio 2008 a agosto del 2009, se realizaron 12 salidas, 1 por mes, con duración de 3 días cada una. La diversidad de reptiles está compuesta por 25 especies, incluyendo un registro nuevo para el estado, la culebra Thamnophis scaliger. El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) presentó la mayor riqueza, con 15 especies, seguido del bosque de pino (BP), con 13, y el bosque de pino-encino (BPE), con 12. Las asociaciones realizadas entre el BMM-BP y BMM-BPE presentaron la más alta disimilitud en especies, y el menor valor fue para el BPE-BP. Este estudio muestra la riqueza y distribución de las especies de los reptiles en los diferentes tipos de vegetación del sureste del estado y presenta nuevos registros de especies para la entidad. El conocimiento de la riqueza de especies por tipos de vegetación de este estudio sienta las bases sobre la biodiversidad, lo que ayuda a plantear estudios dirigidos a la conservación de este grupo.The southeast of Hidalgo in Mexico includes various vegetation types, such as cloud forest, pine-oak forest and pine forest, all harbouring a high species richness of reptiles. In this study we analyzed the alpha and beta diversity of reptiles in 3 vegetation types in the southeast of the state. The field work period was from June 2008 to August 2009, comprising 12 sampling periods of 3 days, 1 per month. The diversity of reptiles is composed of 25 species, reporting the snake Thamnophis scaliger as a new record for the state. The cloud forest (CF) has the highest richness, with 15 species, followed by pine forest (PF), with 13, and finally, the pine-oak forest (POF), with 12 species. The associations between the CF-PF and CF-POF showed the highest dissimilarity in species, and the lowest the POF-PF. This study shows the richness and distribution species of the reptiles in the different vegetation types from southeast of the state, presents new records of species from the state and provides the basis for future studies on the biology of some species of reptiles in the area. The knowledge of species richness by vegetation types from this study provides the basis on the biodiversity that help to raise studies directed to the conservation of this group.

Aspiculuris huascaensis n. sp. was found in the intestine of Mus musculus collected from 2 localities in Hidalgo, Mexico, and is described herein. The new species possesses cervical alae abruptly interrupted at mid-length of esophageal bulb form an acute angle, distinguishing it from 5 of the 17 species in the genus. The new species is differentiated from 11 of the remaining species by having cervical alae that form an acute angle and end at mid-length of the esophageal bulb. Aspiculuris huascaensis n. sp. most closely resembles A. tetraptera in the position of the terminal end of the cervical alae. However, the new species can be distinguished from that species by the number of caudal papillae (12 vs. 14), the presence of a sessile precloacal papilla between 2 cuticular folds, and by having a single pedunculate papilla located slightly posterior to the cloaca.Se describe una especie nueva, Aspiculuris huascaensis n. sp., proveniente del intestino de Mus musculus de 2 localidades de Hidalgo, México. Esta especie cuenta con 1 ala cervical interrumpida abruptamente formando un ángulo agudo; con base en este carácter, la especie nueva se distingue de 5 de las 17 especies que contiene el género. De 11 especies más, A. huascaensis n. sp. se diferencia por el ángulo agudo que forma el ala cervical y porque ésta finaliza a la mitad de la longitud del bulbo esofágico. Aspiculuris huascaensis n. sp. se asemeja a A. tetraptera por la terminación del ala cervical. Sin embargo, puede distinguirse de dicha especie por el número de papilas caudales (12 vs. 14), por la presencia de una papila precloacal sésil entre 2 pliegues cuticulares y por una papilla sencilla detrás de la cloaca.

In the form of an essay the author tackles the personality, formation, readings, battles, leadership, excommunication and execution of Hidalgo alongside other fighters who participated in the independence like Morelos, Allende, López Rayón and Quintana Roo. She presents their heroism and sacrifice, military aspects, crucial successes and failures for the movement, like the battle of Puente de Calderón, without ignoring the participation of notable women like Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and Leona Vicario.