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Abstract In response to the urgent environmental and social challenges posed by mining operations, this paper introduces the Mining Area Sustainability Index (MASI), a novel framework aimed at transforming the mining sector towards sustainable practices. Mining activities have historically led to significant environmental degradation, including water contamination and habitat destruction, contributing to climate change and biodiversity loss. These activities also have profound social implications, such as displacing communities, endangering health, and distributing economic benefits inequitably, often leaving local communities in developing countries marginalized. Recognizing these challenges, this paper outlines the consolidation and standardization in sustainability reporting within the mining sector as a pivotal development. The introduction of international standards by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) and the European Union's European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) marks significant strides towards enhancing transparency, accountability, and sustainability across mining operations. Furthermore, the concept of double materiality, assessing both financial and social impacts of mining, represents an advancement in comprehending the broader societal impacts of mining alongside its environmental and economic effects. MASI emerges as a comprehensive tool designed to assess the sustainability of mining areas, offering a nuanced understanding of mining activities' impacts on local environments, societies, and economies. By focusing on localized, community-centric evaluations, MASI aims to fill existing gaps in sustainability assessment and provide a reference for local residents to gauge the sustainability of their surroundings. This framework advocates for a multidimensional approach to sustainability, encompassing ecological preservation, social welfare, and economic viability, urging a reimagined, sustainable future for mining communities.

Background: Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. Aim of review: The purpose of this work is to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. Key scientific concepts of review: In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed.

This article discusses the importance of effective waste management for environmental sustainability, public health, and global resource security. It highlights the development of green technologies in three areas: e-waste valorisation, extraction of bioactive compounds from food waste, and green technologies for microbial surface disinfection. The studies presented in the article demonstrate the advantages of these technologies in terms of time, cost, and energy efficiency compared to traditional methods. The article also emphasizes the need for optimization of operational parameters and the importance of research-based evidence to guide policy decisions. The authors suggest future actions for sustainability, including the development of a centralized database, funding for research and development, support for green start-ups, and the use of AI and machine learning algorithms for predictive modeling and process optimization. [Extracted from the article]

Crop diseases significantly threaten agricultural productivity, leading to unstable food supply and economic losses. The current approaches to automated crop disease recognition face challenges such as limited datasets, restricted coverage of disease types, and inefficient feature extraction, which hinder their generalization across diverse crops and disease patterns. To address these challenges, we propose an efficient data augmentation method to enhance the performance of deep learning models for crop disease recognition. By constructing a new large-scale dataset comprising 24 different classes, including both fruit and leaf samples, we intend to handle a variety of disease patterns and improve model generalization capabilities. Geometric transformations and color space augmentation techniques are applied to validate the efficiency of deep learning models, specifically convolution and transformer models, in recognizing multiple crop diseases. The experimental results show that these augmentation techniques improve classification accuracy, achieving F1 scores exceeding 98%. Feature map analysis further confirms that the models effectively capture key disease characteristics. This study underscores the importance of data augmentation in developing automated, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable crop disease detection solutions, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.

In response to the urgent environmental and social challenges posed by mining operations, this paper introduces the Mining Area Sustainability Index (MASI), a novel framework aimed at transforming the mining sector towards sustainable practices. Mining activities have historically led to significant environmental degradation, including water contamination and habitat destruction, contributing to climate change and biodiversity loss. These activities also have profound social implications, such as displacing communities, endangering health, and distributing economic benefits inequitably, often leaving local communities in developing countries marginalized. Recognizing these challenges, this paper outlines the consolidation and standardization in sustainability reporting within the mining sector as a pivotal development. The introduction of international standards by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) and the European Union's European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) marks significant strides towards enhancing transparency, accountability, and sustainability across mining operations. Furthermore, the concept of double materiality, assessing both financial and social impacts of mining, represents an advancement in comprehending the broader societal impacts of mining alongside its environmental and economic effects. MASI emerges as a comprehensive tool designed to assess the sustainability of mining areas, offering a nuanced understanding of mining activities' impacts on local environments, societies, and economies. By focusing on localized, community-centric evaluations, MASI aims to fill existing gaps in sustainability assessment and provide a reference for local residents to gauge the sustainability of their surroundings. This framework advocates for a multidimensional approach to sustainability, encompassing ecological preservation, social welfare, and economic viability, urging a reimagined, sustainable future for mining communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy promotes economic development, industrial upgrading, and environmental protection. In this study, we calculated green total factor productivity (GTFP) based on the SBM-DDF model and used the entropy method and principal component analysis to calculate a digital economy index. We used panel data from 282 Chinese cities to measure the driving effect of the digital economy on green total factor productivity. The study results show that the digital economy significantly increases GTFP. We then assessed the heterogeneity of this impact. We also explored the mechanisms by which the digital economy promotes green development and found that the digital economy can indirectly increase industrial production efficiency by promoting innovation in green technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae have emerged as a promising source of renewable energy and natural bioproducts since they show high biomass productivity, offer carbon dioxide fixation, and exhibit a rich content of compounds. Recent efforts have focused on green extraction technologies that utilize green solvents to further promote sustainability and minimize the environmental impact of the microalgal process. At this point, life cycle analysis (LCA) provides valuable insights into the environmental impacts of specific products and techniques. A comprehensive overview of the life cycle environmental and energy assessments conducted for the extraction of metabolites from microalgae is presented. Special attention is given to using green extraction technologies, i.e., supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, and pulsed‐electric field extraction, and solvents to ensure sustainability. Additionally, the main principles, historical development, tools, and challenges of LCA are discussed. By addressing these aspects, the paper attracts attention to the environmental impacts associated with green extraction techniques for obtaining microalgal metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to fulfil the environmental goals set for the coming years, industrial companies are motivated to look for clean technologies and green solutions. Replacing common fuels in the transport sector can also contribute to the reduction of emissions. In this work, we focus on four alternative fuels. The main raw materials are hydrogen together with carbon dioxide or used cooking oil. We analysed seven technologies for low-emission hydrogen production. However, in such types of production, there are often problems with combining the environmental side with the economic one because they are usually in conflict. The solution can be found using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Individual fuels were compared, as well as hydrogen production processes, using three criteria: minimum selling price, carbon footprint, and maturity of technology, in order to find the most suitable alternative. The main advantage of our MCDA approach is the objectivity of the final ranking. On the other hand, the complexity of this method also provides the possibility of the subjective choice of criteria preferences, which allows each decision maker to focus on their target of interest. Data-driven decision making also provides an opportunity to incorporate sensitivity analysis into our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • To overcome the major challenges of global food security and environmental and social problems caused by the extensive use of chemical pesticides, developments of modern green sustainable management strategies are urgently needed for the control of crop diseases. • A deeper understanding of the principles of plant immunity and induced host immunity offers potentials for reducing the use of chemical pesticides and paves the way for sustainable agriculture. • The sustainable environment-friendly disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers are comprehensively summarized in this review. • The significance of the application of plant immunity inducers for plant disease control is systematically summarized. • By focusing on research advances of plant immunity inducers, this review offers future perspectives of plant immunity inducers and provides a theoretical reference for researchers. Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. The purpose of this work is to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping enable a mobile robot that is exploring an uncharted environment to localize itself and calculate its path within the map. In the context of green technologies and applications, there is a growing need for efficient SLAM solutions that not only provide accurate localization and mapping but also minimize power consumption. EKF-SLAM is a SLAM solution based on the Extended Kalman Filter, it is well known In the domain of robotics for its ability to handle non-linear models, its ability to handle noise related to the sensors, and its extremely high degree of precision. To guarantee real-time performance, the EKF-SLAM implementation requires a high-performance hardware architecture. In light of this challenge, researchers are thinking about using parallel processing platforms like FPGAs, which can provide the required level of performance and meet strict constraints on physics, computing capacity, and electrical power. This study describes a hardware architecture's implementation design for EKF-SLAM on an FPGA platform. The entire design is built on the Cyclone 2 FPGA, which has a maximum speed of 114 MHz and 18577 LUTs, creating a highly efficient hardware architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world increasingly dependent on green energy and interconnected systems, the energy security has become a top priority. Smart grid technology is one of the most important green innovations in this area. It promises efficient energy management and an increased use of renewable resources. However, given the various vulnerabilities in smart grids and the history of cyber-attacks on energy systems, securing their communications is becoming more important than ever. This article examines the importance of securing smart grid information systems. It also explores the similarities in structure and function between multi-agent systems and an interconnected Microgrids network in a smart grid environment. In addition, different types of cyber threats to smart grid information systems are discussed and various existing approaches for detecting and mitigating these attacks are outlined. The paper concludes by suggesting that the use of Multi-Agent Systems principles in smart grid information systems can lead to innovative solutions for addressing their collaboration security challenges in the face of cyber threats, thus contributing to a greener and more resilient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovations in smart cities are crucial to integrating green technologies, including in the tourism sector, which can signif-cantly impact the sustainability of destinations. Conversational agents (CAs) are considered green technologies because they ofer solutions to reduce the negative impact of human activity on the environment while enhancing the customer experience through automated interactions. By combining these advances, sustainable tourism destinations can effectively leverage green technologies such as CAs to ofer quality attractions while preserving the natural environment. In this work, we present an analysis study and a comprehensive comparison of CA development tools. As a case study, we explore the power of Bot Framework Composer, a visual development tool from Microsoft, to create a CA that displays attractions in the Deraa Taflalet region as part of smart tourism. However, our goal goes beyond the creation of a simple CA. We also introduce a metamodel for the CA, identifying the fundamental concepts of Bot Framework Composer. This metamodel aims to establish a unified basis for creating a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for designing CA in a consistent and portable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction and utilization of non-renewable mineral resources impose significant transportation and economic challenges in infrastructure construction. At the same time, recycling fly ash derived from the bottom ash in municipal solid waste incineration residues (MSWIRs) presents a waste management hurdle. This study investigates the viscoelastic characteristics and mechanical performances at different scales of asphalt mastic and mixture with fly ash from MSWIRs. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) was adopted to distinguish the physically blended states of asphalt and fillers. Then, a frequency test using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was conducted to construct viscoelastic master curves, focusing on asphalt mastic. A dynamic modulus test characterized the viscoelastic behavior at the asphalt mixture scale. Furthermore, the mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures were evaluated, including the resilient modulus through indirect tension tests, moisture susceptibility via the immersed Marshall stability test, and anti-cracking properties with a low-temperature bending test. The FA incorporation in the mixture decreased the immersion residual stability by 7.40%, and increased the flexural tensile strength by 5.03% and the stiffness modulus by 78.67%. The mechanical evaluation of the mixture with FA could meet the application requirements of the asphalt layer. Finally, statistical analyses were conducted to present strong correlations (coefficient R2 over 0.70) among the mechanical results. Fly ash in asphalt mixtures revealed potential as a sustainable approach for waste reuse in road construction. Additionally, substituting mineral fillers at the mastic scale significantly influences the viscoelastic characteristics and mechanical performances of asphalt materials at the mixture scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The societal shift to a greener economy is subject to a trade-off. Green products are often more expensive than conventional products, making them less attractive and thus slowing down the transition. Advanced Frugal Innovations overcome this trade-off and are able to accelerate the transition through the inclusion of broader population groups. Based on a company survey, this research examines the influence of societal actors on green and cost-related product attributes that influence this trade-off using correlation analyses and meaningful illustrations. Using the German manufacturing sector as an example, this new database provides first empirical results that illustrate how societal and systemic agents affect the development of green and competitive products. The results indicate that the societal and systemic situation in Germany has an inhibiting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella vulgaris is a potential sustainable source of lipids, carotenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, as it shows high biomass productivity and easy cultivation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to critically discuss the cultivation and characterization of C. vulgaris, and also the aspects related to the application of green extraction technologies for the recovery of valuable compounds from the algae biomass. As a novelty, this review provided insights concerning scientific trends on sequential extraction methods—biorefinery concepts, and to the use of surfactants as solvent modifiers. It was found that green methods such as Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) with CO 2 can recover 50% of Chlorella vulgaris-based lipids. It is worth noting that no data are available combining SFE with surfactants applied for microalgae extraction, except for the study on dewaxing of grey cotton fabric using SFE-CO2 with a surfactant as modifiers. On the other hand, surfactants were applied as modifieds in other green technologies, such as in the study of hydrothermal lipid-extraction from C. vulgaris, with a positive significant effect of the surfactants (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and methylbenzenethonium chloride) on lipid-extraction yield. Therefore, the use of surfactants and biosurfactants as modifiers on green extraction methods should be deeper investigated, since it is technically and economically feaseble to implement for different extraction methods and can lead to higher yields, mostly with low restrictions of application from health to environment. Graphical abstract showing outcomes when pulping with wood ash solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reality of climate change is a fact that cannot be disputed. Its impact is felt globally on nature and humans. Drought, flooding, delayed or excessive rainfall, extreme heat conditions, rising sea levels, hurricanes, etc., have been linked to global warming and climate change. Anthropogenic activities, especially in energy exploitation, are a major source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) driving climate change. As such, to combat climate change, continued energy sourcing from fossil fuels with the emission of greenhouse gases must be replaced by cleaner renewable energy (RE) options. Climate change and its effects are a global phenomenon and require concerted effort by all nations to combat. Nigeria is one of the countries most affected by climate change given frequent floodings and other climate change related problems. Also, Nigeria is a signatory to the Paris Climate Accord. However, the country is facing severe electricity shortages necessitating increased use of fossil fuels. How can Nigeria meet its commitment to climate change mitigation and the energy need in the country? This paper reviews the current energy situation in Nigeria, the Nigerian RE program, the RE resources in Nigeria, climate change mitigation initiatives, the challenges of RE technologies in Nigeria, and proposes the way forward. The study identifies RE potentials like wind, biomass, hydro, and solar technologies, and how they could be harnessed for climate change mitigation. Increasing the use of such energy resources in Nigeria will drastically cut down emissions of carbon dioxide, and in that way, stem climate change. In conclusion, the paper enumerates recommendations to conserve the present energy generated in the country using energy-efficient products and practices.

After being harvested, strawberries experience a decline in nutrients and anthocyanins, which is further exacerbated by their vulnerability to plant pathogen-related decay. As postharvest losses encompass up to 50 % of total production, the development of a physical method complementary to refrigeration to reduce these losses is a goal pursued globally, given a global market of US$19 B per year. In this study, two non-thermal technologies, pulsed electric fields (PEF) and cold plasma (CP), were used to evaluate their effectiveness in maintaining phytochemical integrity in exposed strawberries. A PEF treatment of 1 pulse at 1 kV/cm field strength in 3 L of tap water could significantly alter the volatile and metabolomic composition of the fruit, while simultaneously reducing its firmness during cold storage. However, subjecting the fruit to a CP treatment at 15 % (210 watts) for 1 min did not impact the quality parameters. Furthermore, unlike the PEF treatment, the strawberries retained their firmness during storage and exhibited a consistent volatile and metabolomic profile. Based on these results, CP treatment enhances firmness and maintains the compounds found in strawberries, meanwhile, while PEF treatment might not be ideal for preserving the physicochemical parameters of fruit

Due to a high spatial angle resolution and low circuit cost of massive hybrid analog and digital (HAD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), it is viewed as a valuable green communication technology for future wireless networks. Integrating the massive HAD-MIMO with direction of arrival (DOA) will provide an even ultra-high performance of DOA measurement, which can the fully-digital (FD) MIMO. However, phase ambiguity is a challenge issue for a massive HAD-MIMO DOA estimation. In this paper, we consider three parts: detection, estimation, and Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). First, a multi-layer-neural-network (MLNN) detector is proposed to infer the existence of emitters. Then, a two-layer HAD (TLHAD) MIMO structure is proposed to estimate the DOA and eliminate phase ambiguity using only one time block. Simulation results show that the proposed MLNN detector is much better than both the existing generalized likelihood ratio test (GRLT) and the ratio of maximum eigen-value (Max-EV) to minimum eigen-value (R-MaxEV-MinEV) in terms of detection probability. Additionally, the proposed TLHAD structure can achieve the corresponding CRLB.

China's commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 has sparked scholars' interest in examining the environmental ramifications of green technologies in the digital era. While plenty of them provide eco-efficiency policy such as increasing R&D investment or stimulating green exports, little attention has been paid to the firm-level technological management and recombination strategies such as differentiation/specialization of green portfolios along with AI integration, which can significantly impact the pace of net-zero transitions. To address these gaps, this study investigates the moderating effect of technological specialization on levels of AI integration into green technologies estimated by green-AI technological distance and enterprises' innovation performance in Chinese contemporary contexts. Regression results of fixed-effect model in Chinese patent data (2011–2020) indicate that enterprises' green innovation performance is significantly improved as AI integrates more into the green technologies due to the legitimacy and the inability to appropriate more green values. Interestingly, specialized green-technological enterprises demonstrate superior performance in integrating distant AI technologies. This occurrence could potentially be driven by the governments' incentives and the organization's risk attitudes, shaping green innovation outcomes. Hence, the study underscores the importance of considering both the AI integration and green specialization in shaping innovation outcomes amidst green transitions.

Sustainable food production covers a wide range of perspectives and embraces issues relating to environment, economy and society. Sustainability of food production systems faces challenges ranging from environmental degradation, resource competition to elevated food demands and integration of agriculture into the global economy. Considering its far-reaching socio-economic implications, this review first provides an overview of key characteristics that distinguish sustainable food production from conventional agricultural practices. In addition, emerging green technologies in promoting sustainable food production are summarized. Among those modern techniques, urban agriculture, next-generation plant-based foods and food nanotechnology are discussed in detail. Finally, futuristic solutions and research work are proposed to provide guidance for designing sustainable Agri-Food system.

Fileting is a popular form of processing methods and in addition to being sold fresh or frozen, filets are used for preparation products battered and breaded filets. This generates considerable amount of side streams like skin, frames, and cut-offs which forms around 30--70% of the total body weight. The European Waste Framework Directive 2008 and recent amendments [EU WFD (2018/851)] stipulates comprehensive regulations which the manufacturers must follow while handling the side streams generated during the processing. This demands a detailed compilation of information regarding the yield, classification and valorization potential of side streams associated with the fileting operations of the cold-water finfishes. The side streams are a rich source of proteins including structural proteins like collagen and biominerals such as hydroxyapatite which find multiple application in food and pharmaceutical industry. Previously, the recovery of these components was performed by extensive chemical treatment with acids or bases, including subsequent washing steps. Nowadays, green extraction methods, defined as technologies with reduced energy and chemical consumption, should be considered to achieve a green shift in the food industry. Nevertheless, industrial upscaling of green extraction methods and subsequent refinement of the isolated compounds must be further evaluated and improved in order to achieve a green shift in food industry by using side-stream derived compounds as ingredients. Moreover, legislations as well as national and international regulations must be considered and evaluated. Even though a number of articles are recently available regarding seafood side stream valorization, this review focus on side streams generated predominantly from cold water fish species and also discusses sustainable green technologies to be included during the recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can a transition to a green capitalism remain within the planet’s ecological and environmental capacities and could such a transition prove socially just? A transition to new sources of energy and new green technologies depend upon the appropriation of new sources of materials from the planetary ecosystem. Reserves and the capacity to process them are highly concentrated spatially in the Global South and in large corporations leading to inter-imperialist struggle as Global North countries seek to develop secure supplies and processing capacity. The demand for these materials and processed outputs is expected to explode. Spatial concentration is a source of strategic risks. The ability of renewable energy sources to provide sufficient stable supplies is questionable, especially given the energy-intensity of equipment and infrastructure industries. All pose challenges. As a capitalist transition run by and for major corporations an energy transition will be subject to the same contradictory socio-spatial relations that marked carbonbased capitalisms, exacerbating social and spatial inequalities, delivering relatively few benefits to places that see growth and generating unjust transitions rather than responsible disengagement from carbonbased economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the food industry prioritizes the safety and quality of products, facing the challenge of maintaining sensory and nutritional integrity. To address this challenge, emerging non-thermal technologies are being explored that offer significant advantages in improving food quality over conventional technologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these innovative technologies can transform the traditional food processing landscape as we know it. Non-thermal technologies have the potential to reduce energy consumption for food production, processing and packaging, compared to conventional thermal treatments. Furthermore, these technologies are particularly suitable for efficiently preserving bioactive compounds present in foods. This review describes the fundamental principles, applications, advantages and limitations of emerging technologies in food processing. These technologies include pulsed electric field, ultrasound, cold plasma, high pressure, irradiation, light-emitting diodes, pulsed light and oscillating magnetic fields. Despite the large number of studies on the subject, more research is required to optimize and improve the efficiency of the application of these technologies, alone or in combination, in food processing. The bioaccessibility and bioactivity of the compounds, nutritional value, shelf life and sensory aspects may be variables of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of green pretreatment processes, such as ultrasonic process (US) and deep eutectic solvent (DES), applied to the biomass on kinetic parameters are as important as their effects on characteristic properties. Process conditions and course of reaction progression depend on the knowledge about kinetic parameters, activation energy and reaction model of thermal degradation in scale-up studies. Therefore, in this study, the change in the kinetic parameters with US applied with both distilled water and DES (glycerol:sodium acetate) at 100 W power and 20 kHz frequency for 10 minutes to sunflower seed husk (SSH) was revelaed. Isoconversional methods Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-WallOzawa (FWO) were preferred for the evaluation of activation energy of SSH and pretreated SSH at 15°C/min, 20°C/min and 25°C/min heating rates. US pretreatment with DES instead of water resulted in increment of average activation energy values (Ea) from 113.13 to 143.65 kJ/mol in the KAS method. Ea values for all SSH samples changed in the range of 87.72-143.65 kJ/mol and higher Ea values was obtained with KAS method for pretreated SSH samples. Consequently, the use of DES in US pretreatment was more effective to change kinetic parameters of SSH compared to water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers' debt is a major issue in India's current agricultural environment. It is widely considered as one of the main obstacles to rural development. A decrease in agricultural output and a worsening of socio-economic opportunity disparities are the results. In the 77th cycle of the NSS, from January to December 2019, the situational assessment of agricultural households and land and holdings of households in rural India-2019 performed. In each of these surveys, information on household debt was gathered. Approximately 35% of rural families (45.1% of agricultural households and 21.5% of non-agricultural households) reported spending money on fixed capital. In metropolitan areas, 15% of families reported spending money on fixed capital formation (25.3% self-employed households, 11% other households), the debt percentage of cultivators is higher than that of non-cultivators in rural India. This demonstrates the farmer's descent into debt. Government should initiate the over-come indebtedness not only urban area but also rural area of state. Government programs have a significant impact on farmers' decisions therefore the study may offer advice to policymakers on effective ways to raise knowledge about debt reduction among farmers and rural residents. Financial incentives, such as a 0% interest rate, might go a long way toward enlightening rural farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a high spatial angle resolution and low circuit cost of massive hybrid analog and digital (HAD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), it is viewed as a valuable green communication technology for future wireless networks. Integrating the massive HAD-MIMO with direction of arrival (DOA) will provide an even ultra-high performance of DOA measurement, which can the fullydigital (FD) MIMO. However, phase ambiguity is a challenge issue for a massive HAD-MIMO DOA estimation. In this paper, we consider three parts: detection, estimation, and Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). First, a multi-layerneural-network (MLNN) detector is proposed to infer the existence of emitters. Then, a two-layer HAD (TLHAD) MIMO structure is proposed to estimate the DOA and eliminate phase ambiguity using only one time block. Simulation results show that the proposed MLNN detector is much better than both the existing generalized likelihood ratio test (GRLT) and the ratio of maximum eigen-value (Max-EV) to minimum eigen-value (R-MaxEV-MinEV) in terms of detection probability. Additionally, the proposed TLHAD structure can achieve the corresponding CRLB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macromolecules, large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers, play a crucial role in living organisms, performing diverse functions such as energy storage, structural support, information storage and transfer, and catalysis of chemical reactions. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major classes of biological macromolecules. Extracting macromolecules from natural resources is critical in developing analytical processes and subsequent fortified products. Public awareness has grown due to using natural resources for environmental preservation and sustainable development. Extraction might be the first step in developing analytical methods and give room to product development. However, conventional techniques use organic solvents like acetone, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate along with heated or boiling water. As a result, high temperatures and lengthy extraction times are produced when procedures like maceration, percolation, and solvent extraction are utilized. Due to these drawbacks, other extraction techniques have recently started to replace these conventional methods. These conventional procedures frequently entail using an energy source to hasten the transfer of the macromolecules compounds for further processing. This paper explores emerging techniques, such as pulse electric field-assisted extraction, Ionic liquid-based extraction, Subcritical water extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, Enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonication-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. The extraction of macromolecules for fortification purposes offers significant health and commercial benefits, addressing nutritional deficits and malnutrition. By understanding each macronutrient's specific benefits and purposes, effective fortification strategies can be developed to maintain a healthy body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]