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Moisture plays a vital role in several aspects of storage, drying, processing of grains and to understand the properties of grains. In general, the moisture content in grains can be measured by direct and indirect methods. Schematically, the former includes gravimetric method whereas the latter comprises resistance, capacitance-based measurements. Also, the direct method has been proved to be more time-consuming in comparison to the indirect one. Apart from these methods, calorimetry based measurements, the Karl Fischer method, is restricted to their laboratory research purpose and is not being used in industries for real-time measurement. In this article, a new capacitance-based method for grain moisture measurement has been developed which relies upon the integration of IC555 timer. The experimental findings revealed that with an increase in mean frequency value from 343310.04 to 355271.16, the capacitance values dropped from 2.03446369 to 1.9678978 respectively and these results have proved to be economical and reliable in terms of providing a promising relationship between the grain moisture content and capacitance of the circuit in further investigation. The effectiveness of the developed method was corroborated by comparing the results with the resistance measurement method.

In this article, the quality indicators of seed materials in the preparation for planting autumn seeds were analysed. The importance of sorting seeds according to state standards for moisture, purity, fertility and other indicators, a serious approach to the storage of seed materials and timely qualitative preparation has been studied.

Aim. The article presents the results of selection of Lancaster maize lines by the standard method during 2006–2019. Methods. The initial material was middle-ripe sister hybrid DK185×DK633-266 related to Lancaster (?103) germplasm. Its parental forms were the components of a number of hybrids listed in the State Register of Ukraine. Inbred DK633 (Lancaster C103 germplasm), closely related to inbred DK633-266 was taken as a control. The selection for a set of desirable features was made at each stage of self-pollination. Starting from the generation S3, self-pollinated families were crossed with testers from alternative germplasms to estimate their combining ability. Results. The maximum average grain yield of test crosses was recorded in 2011 – 10.97 t ha–1, the minimum – in dry year 2012 – 1.96 t ha–1. It was relatively low (4.45 t ha–1) in 2014; almost the same in 2010, 2015 and 2016 – 6.64, 6.87 and 6.54 t ha–1, respectively; slightly higher in 2009, 2013 and 2017 – 7.60, 7.77 and 7.71 t ha–1, respectively; and the largest in 2019 – 8.84 t ha–1and in 2018 – 9.16 t ha–1. The average grain moisture ranged from 11.8% in 2019 to 21.9% in 2009. Conclusion. A group of maize constant lines has been selected ((DK185×DK633-266) 4p?12212111211, (DK185×DK633-266) 5p?4221311211, (DK185×DK633-266) 5p?4221311221, (DK185×DK633-266) 6p?131121111, (DK185×DK633-266) 6p?131121112, (DK185×DK633-266) 6p?131121121 and (DK185×DK633-266) 6p?2223111121)). The testcrosses of these lines exceeded in grain yield both testcrosses of inbred DK633 and standard hybrids by 0.5-1.5 t ha–1 at grain moisture at harvest lower by 2.0% or more. All of them have been included in crosses with the best testers of germplasms Reid, Iodent and Mix for synthesis of new perspective hybrids FAO 300-400. Keywords: Selection; Maize; Line; Test cross; Grain yield and moisture

A mixture of ethephon (ETH) and thidiazuron (TDZ) (called ETTD) has been proven to effectively reduce maize grain moisture content and improve yield and quality of mechanical grain harvesting, but ...

The current paper has presented the results of breeding work on maize in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The three-line and double interlinear middle early and middle ripening maize hybrids of various economic use ‘Zernogradsky 242 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 282 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 288 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 299 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky 354 MV’, ‘Zernogradsky MV’, ‘Stepnyak MV’ were developed and included into the State List of Breeding Achievements from 2006 to 2020. The Competitive Variety Testing has identified a new high-heterosis simple hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 352 MB’ and the new early ripening hybrids ‘Krucha M × KB 215’, ‘Krucha M × SP 56/57’ with low harvesting grain moisture. The main method used to develop maize hybrids was an interline hybridization using heterosis in the first generation (F1 ). There have been determined the priority directions of further breeding, namely early ripeness, grain humidity-transfer intensity during ripening, drought resistance, high starch content in grain. There has been developed new initial material for each direction of breeding. There have been selected the introduced testers (‘Alpha M’, ‘Almaz M’, ‘Aurora S’, ‘Milena M’, ‘Istok S’) to develop early-ripening hybrids. There have been identified the early and middle-early ripening self-pollinated lines ‘C 207’, ‘RD 12’, ‘TVA 308’, ‘PLS 61’, ‘KB 215’, etc., with a high grain humidity-transfer intensity during ripening (0.95–1.30% per day), low harvest moisture content of grain (10.8–13.8%). There have been developed the new self-pollinated waxy maize lines (24/29/5, 25/64/10, 26/8, 26/4, 26/80, 24/28) with 68.1–69.8% of amylopectin starch in grain. There have been identified the new self-pollinated maize lines resistant to water stress (DS 498/217-3, DS 257/85-5, DS 498/203, KB 262, etc.) promising for breeding drought-resistant maize hybrids.

Moisture content is an important index to assess the grain quality and food processing conditions. A measurement system based on the traveling–standing microwave attenuation method is designed for a fast and nondestructive grain moisture content determination. The proposed system consists of a microwave cavity oscillator, microwave transmitting and receiving horn antennas, microwave detector, slide rail, sample container, weight sensor, temperature sensor, and controller. The traveling–standing wave caused by free space microwave multiple reflection is discussed. The moisture content calibration functions eliminated the interference of bulk density and temperature are proposed based on the attenuation of the maximum field strength of the transmission traveling–standing wave. The moisture content of rice, which ranges from 10.75% to 27.62%, is obtained with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.586% and a coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.988, whereas the moisture content of corn, which ranges from 7.72% to 24.46%, is obtained with a SEP of 0.340% and R2 of 0.991. The main results might provide technical support for the development of accurate and intelligent grain quality detection equipment.

The objective of this study were to examine genetic parameters in some traits such as flowering time, plant height, grain/ear rate, grain moisture and thousand grain weight in maize, to determine the combining ability of the lines and hybrids and thus make selections for future studies. Eight maize lines were crossed according to Griffing Method III in 2016 and 2017, obtained fifty six maize hybrids were tested in 2017 and 2018 in Antalya and Sakarya locations in randomized complete block design using three replications. In the study, genotypes, general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA) effects were found to be significant, while reciprocal effects were found to be insignificant. It is determined that additive gene effects were more important in these traits. The highest narrow (0.82) and broad sense heritability (0.90) were detected from flowering trait, while the lowest values were determined as 0.20 and 0.27 in grain/ear ratio, respectively. Due to their high degree of inheritance, it is envisaged that direct selection can be made in the investigated characteristics except grain / ear rate. As a result of the study, M1, M2, M3 and A1 lines selected for earlines and lower grain moisture content. S1 and S2 lines selected for higher plant height. M3 and A1 lines selected for higher grain/ear rate and A1, S1 and M3 lines were selected for higher seed weight. These lines transferred to the breeding programs., Bu çalışmanın amacı mısırda çiçeklenme süresi, bitki boyu, tane/koçan oranı, tane nemi ve bin tane ağırlığı gibi bazı özelliklerde genetik parametreleri incelemek, hatların ve melezlerin uyum yeteneklerini belirleyerek gelecek dönem çalışmaları için seleksiyonlar yapmaktır. 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında 8 mısır hattı Griffing Metod III’e göre melezlemelere alınmış, elde edilen 56 adet mısır melezi 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında Antalya ve Sakarya lokasyonlarında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak denenmiştir. Çalışmada genotipler, genel kombinasyon yeteneği ve özel kombinasyon yeteneği etkileri bakımından önemli bulunurken, resiprokal etkilerin bu özelliklerde önemsiz olduğu bulunmuştur. Araştırmada, bu özelliklerde eklemeli gen etkilerinin baskın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek dar (0.82) ve geniş anlamda kalıtım dereceleri (0.90) çiçeklenme süresinden alınırken, en düşük değerler tane/koçan oranında sırasıyla 0.20 ve 0.27 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yüksek kalıtım dereceleri nedeniyle tane/koçan oranı hariç diğer özelliklerde doğrudan seleksiyonların yapılabileceği öngörülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, erkencilik ve düşük tane nemine sahip çeşit geliştirme çalışmaları için, M1, M2, M3 ve A1 hatları, bitki boyu için S1 ve S2 hatları, tane /koçan oranı için M3 ve A1 hatları ve bin tane ağırlığı için A1, S1 ve M3 hatları seçilerek ıslah programlarına aktarılmıştır.

The influence of hydrothermal treatment (grain moistening) and dehulling duration on the yield and quality of groats from different fractions of triticale grain was studied. Comparative analysis of groats yield and its culinary quality at different grain moisture, depending on its fractions, was performed. The degree of the influence of the studied factors on the yield and quality of triticale groats was determined. The influence of dehulling duration, the size of a triticale caryopsis and grain moisture content is reliable. These factors significantly influenced the groats yield and quality. In addition, the influence of the duration of grain dehulling was the highest. The highest groats yield was obtained at the dehulling duration of 20s, the lowest – at dehulling for 180s. The social survey was conducted and the main priorities for buyers of cereal products were established. It was proved that while choosing food, consumers pay the most attention to culinary characteristics of the finished product. It was established that it is optimal to dehull triticale grain for 100s. The application of such parameters of treatment makes it possible to obtain the yield of whole groats of 88.8% with the culinary quality of 6.7points. The groats quality meets the requirements of DSTU 76992015 "Wheat Groats. Technical specifications". Based on the research, it was established that the separation of the triticale grain into fractions that differ in their geometric properties, in particular, thickness, is effective. The peculiarities of groats yield, depending on the triticale grain fraction, were determined. Application of hydrothermal treatment of triticale grain (moistening up to 14.0%) makes it possible to increase the groats yield up to 88.7%. The treatment of the fractions with grain thickness less than 2.4mm ensures the groats yield up to 87.8%. The groats yield during dehulling the grain, which has a thickness of more than 2.4mm, is from 88.8 to 89.1%. To produce the groats from triticale grain, it is advisable to use the grains that have a thickness of 2.8mm or more. The optimum duration of dehulling is 100s. To increase the overall culinary assessment by 1point, it is recommended to increase the duration of dehulling a large grain up to 140s. This method differs from the classical one by the fact that it uses a large grain fraction with the lower moisture content. The developed recommendations can be used by grain processing enterprises during processing triticale with the view to intensifying the production

Fusarium head blight, caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, results in major losses in wheat. In two separate field experiments, spikes of winter wheat cultivars ‘Overland’ (moderately resistant) and ‘Overley’ (susceptible) were sprayed at anthesis with the triazole fungicide Prosaro (prothioconazole + tebuconazole) or the strobilurin fungicide Headline (pyraclostrobin) or not sprayed. Following harvest, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations were monitored during 120 d of grain storage at 10 °C, 40% relative humidity, and 10%, 16%, or 20% grain moisture. In ‘Overland’, DON decreased significantly at P = 0.05 from an average of 3.6 to 3.0 μg g−1 in the check and decreased from 2.7 to 2.2 μg g−1 in the Prosaro treatment. DON did not significantly decrease (4.4–4.1 μg g−1) in the Headline treatment. DON concentrations did not differ between 16% (3.1 μg g−1) and 20% (3.0 μg g−1) grain moisture. In ‘Overley’, DON increased significantly from 3.1 to 3.6 μg g−1 in the check and from 2.9 to 3.5 μg g−1 in the Headline treatment, but remained the same at 2.2 μg g−1 in the Prosaro treatment. DON concentrations were not different between 16% (3.2 μg g−1) and 20% (3.1 μg g−1) grain moisture but were significantly lower (2.7 μg g−1) at 10% grain moisture. These results indicate that the effects of fungicides applied at anthesis in the field can impact DON concentrations through grain storage. Triazoles are recommended over strobilurins to achieve this extended postharvest protection from DON, and grain moisture during storage should be below the maximum safe level of 13.5% at 10 °C.

Hybrid maize breeding requires constant renewal of the source material. In this regard, broadening of genetic variation in parental lines is one of the primary tasks in heterotic hybrid breeding programs. The use of reverse diploid inbred lines derived from a tetraploid population is considered as an innovative approach to achieve this goal.Results. The investigated material comprised 106 reverse diploid (rediploid) inbred lines originating from diploid plants selected in segregating selfed progenies of triploid populations and consequently subjected to inbreeding, while triploid populations resulted from a cross between plants of a tetraploid population with a broad genetic basis and a diploid line. The use of a system of crosses with 37 sterile testers belonging to different FAO maize maturity groups allowed the evaluation of the rediploid lines’ combining ability and the response to M and C types of CMS. Field tests were conducted in 2019 in the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. Forty-six lines (43.3%) with the combining ability ranging from ultra-high to good, and 78 lines (73.6%) maintaining the CMS character were identified. Among them, 59 lines (55.7%) were maintainers for the M type CMS, 15 lines (14.1%) for C type CMS, and 4 lines maintained sterility for both CMS types. Sixteen lines (15.1%) restored pollen fertility of the forms with M type CMS, 11 lines (10.4%) were restorers for the C-type and one line turned out to be a universal restorer for both CMS types. Ranking by the “sprout - flowering of ears” interstage period duration showed that most of the lines (66.0%) with the ability to maintain sterility or restore male fertility of M and C CMS types, as well as with the combining ability from ultrahigh to good (32.6%) fell into the group with the flowering period duration of 51-55 days. According to the results of the harvested grain moisture assessment, the hybrids ♀(РГС246с × OL213) × ♂92с5986·2·3, ♀714М × ♂1/67-1 and ♀714М × ♂92н136-4, with the values of 13, 6%, 13.9%, 14.0%, respectively, were identified. The hybrids ♀714М × ♂1/67- 1 and ♀(OL563С × KL1392) × ♂92с0653 2 1 2 were characterized by the maximum value of the selection index, i.e. 5.03 and 5.13, respectively.Conclusions. The results of the studies showed the breeding value of rediploid lines as an initial material for hybrid maize breeding.

Цель исследований – изучить зависимость формирования урожайности и качества зерна озимой вики с озимой рожью от способа и срока уборки. Исследование проводилось на опы-тном поле ООО «Михайловское» Прокопьевского района Кемеровской области (лесостепная зона Западной Сибири) в 2015–2017 гг. Объектом исследования были выбраны озимая вика сорта Фортуна селекции Алтайского НИИСХ и озимая рожь сорта Тетра короткая селекции СибНИИРС и Института цитологии и генетики СО РАН. Схема двухфакторного опыта: 1) однофазная уборка при влажности зерна ржи 20 %; 2) однофазная уборка при влажности зерна ржи 14 %; 3) двухфазная уборка при влажности зерна ржи 20 %; 4) двухфазная уборка при влажности зерна ржи 14 %. Площадь делянок в опытах – 200 м2, 3-кратная повторность. Расположение вариантов – систематическое. Уборка растений на зерно проводили комбайном New Holland; скашивание валков – самоходной жаткой МаcDon при влажности зерна 25 %. При расчете урожайности зерна влажность была доведена до стандартной – 14 %. Сроки и способы уборки повышают урожайность зерна исследуемых культур: озимой ржи до 0,28 т/га, озимой вики – до 0,50 и зерносмеси – до 0,31 т/га. Двухфазная уборка при влажности зерна озимой ржи 14 % повышает урожайность озимой ржи на 0,18 т/га, озимой вики – на 0,39 т/га, зерносмеси – на 0,30 т/га. Доля зерна озимой ржи в зерносмеси сократилось от 71 до 59 %. Соответственно повысилась доля зерна озимой вики – от 29 до 41 %. При двухфазной уборке доля зерна в смеси сократилась на 3 %, что объясняется более интенсивным оттоком питательных веществ в зерно озимой вики в результате прекращения роста и развития растений. Содержание белка в зерне (основной показатель качества) от срока и способа уборки увеличивалось по всем вариантам исследования: озимой ржи – на 1,2 %; озимой вики – на 2,20; зерносмеси – на 2,9 %. Соответственно повысился сбор белка за единицу площади: озимой ржи – на 0,06 т/га, озимой вики – на 0,16 и зерносмеси – на 0,12 т/га.

They are given the results of the study of new early-ripening and mid-early hybrids of corn for grain according to the main economic characteristics: grain yield and harvesting moisture of the grain on two backgrounds - dry land and irrigation in the Volgograd region. The main indicator of the hybrid value was the figure of the breeding index. As a result of studies, it was found out that the productivity of corn hybrids increases sharply under irrigation conditions, in comparison with the bogara it is higher by 75–85%, and in dry years by 100% or more. Harvesting grain moisture of hybrids during irrigation is always higher. Due to the high grain yield, the breeding and economic value of hybrids on irrigation in any test year is higher than on the bogara. According to the data in the early ripening group on the bogara, the breeding index was 2.4; under irrigation it was 3.4; in the mid-early group - 2.5 and 3.6, respectively. The best hybrids were selected for transmission to the Testing of New Varieties and further implementation in production: in the early ripening group: WG 3, WG 4, WG 5, in the mid-early one: RS 5, RS 6, RS 8.

Eight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.

Some of the physical properties of the new rice drought variety (Sakha 107) in terms of principle dimensions (length, width, thickness), coefficient of contact surface and shape index-k were measured and calculated at four levels of grain moisture content (14.15, 15.11, 16.09, and 18.04%, w.b). The crack, head rice yield, broken grain percentages and whitening degree were also determined in term of milling quality at the same levels of grain moisture content and compared to the common rice variety Giza 177. The results of this study showed that, length, width and thickness of the new rice drought variety (Sakha 107) increased linearly with the increasing of grain moisture content, while, shape index-k and coefficient of content surface decreased generally with the increasing of grain moisture content. For the rice milling quality, the head rice yield and degree of whitening increased with the decreasing of rice moisture content and the broken rice percentage increased with the increasing the rice moisture content for both rice varieties Sakha 107 and Giza 177. In general, the data obtained from this study could help the designers and operators who deal with this new rice variety.

Annotation Purpose. Improving the efficiency of harvesting work based on the development of information tools for determining grain moisture. Methods. Method of regression analysis, method of planning and processing of experimental data using software packages – “Microsoft Office Excel 2010”, Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2015 in C ++, statistical method of processing research results. Results. Regression model of the dependence of the electric capacitance of the capacitor on the working area of the plates of the capacitor of the sensing element and the distance between the plates of the capacitor. Rational values of the parameters of the sensitive element of the grain moisture indicator. Conclusions 1. The NSC “IAEE” has developed a simple and reliable indicator of grain moisture, the principle of which is based on the change in dielectric constant between the plates of the capacitor. 2. A regression model of the dependence of the electric capacitance of the capacitor on the working area of the capacitor plates of the sensing element and the distance between the plates of the capacitor, which allowed to determine that at a capacitor plate area of 200 mm, the rational value of the distance between capacitor plates is 0.69 mm. 3. The values of the rational values of the distance between the plates of the capacitor of the sensitive element of the grain moisture indicator, which are obtained in theoretical calculations and experimental studies, differ by 15%. Keywords: grain, humidity, grain moisture indicator, primary converter, rational parameters.

HighlightsA novel measuring device was developed for the propagation constant of acoustic waves in grain.Increase in moisture of wheat from 1.1% to 7.8% (wet basis) decreased the wave velocity and increased the attenuation coefficient.Increase in moisture of wheat from 7.8% to 21.2% increased the wave velocity and decreased the attenuation coefficient.Using the Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the influence of moisture on the pore structure in wheat was characterized.Abstract. Acoustic methods have been widely used for the measurement of grain moisture content and temperature as well as for detecting the presence of insects in grain. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the influence of wheat moisture content on acoustic wave propagation characteristics. A novel device was developed for measuring the acoustic wave propagation constant. The propagation constants of 12 samples of wheat were measured, with each sample having a different moisture content in the range from 1.1% to 21.2% (wet basis). The results showed that the acoustic wave velocity decreased slightly with an increase in moisture from 1.1% to 7.8%, while the attenuation coefficient increased slightly. When the moisture increased from 7.8% to 21.2%, the velocity increased gradually, while the attenuation coefficient decreased. A quadratic equation described the results well. In addition, a Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model was adopted to study the influence of moisture on the pore structure of wheat samples. With the increase in moisture from 1.1% to 21.2%, the average radius of interconnection between two adjacent pores decreased from 0.275 to 0.262 mm at moisture below 7.8% and then increased to 0.304 mm, and the average radius of the pores decreased from 0.773 to 0.481 mm at moisture below 7.8% and then increased to 1.2 mm. Keywords: Acoustic standing wave tube, JCA model, Moisture content, Propagation constant, PSO algorithm, Wheat.

Early maturity is a highly important factor in the interrelations between yield, grain moisture, and plant density, contributing to cost-efficient maize production. Landraces conserved in gene banks present a promising basis for enriching the diversity of early maize breeding material. To start and speed up the mobilization of the maize genetic resources maintained in the ex situ Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje gene bank collection, which are currently scattered, little studied, and underused, 63 landraces were selected as new potential sources of early maturity; their test-cross performance with two divergent early testers was evaluated. The majority of the landraces with a prevailed flint type (29) exhibited heterosis for yield when crossed with the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic—Iowa Dent tester (102NS), out of which 20 top crosses expressed grain moisture below the defined threshold value (21.1%). The best performing landraces can be used as a starting point for a new pre-breeding programme for the broadening of flint maize breeding material. In parallel, nine landraces expressed simultaneous heterosis when crossed with the flint tester (14NS), exhibiting grain moisture above the threshold value. A simultaneous heterotic effect with two divergent inbred testers implies the existence of an independent heterotic pool. These findings will contribute to the broadening of maize breeding material for early maturity and low grain moisture at harvest, which are important goals in maize breeding.

The results of studying 32 variety samples and lines of grain sorghum are presented, as well as experimental data on the genotypes of vegetative and generative traits, and the biochemical composition of grain. When considering the elements of the structure of the grain sorghum crop, we proceeded from the understanding that the yield is directly dependent on the number of grains per 1 m2 and their mass of 1000 grains. Since the plant standing density was the same for all the studied samples, genotypes with a large mass of grains of 1 plant were noted (k-3568, k-3867, k-3900, k-3904, k-8926), which depends on the number of productive stems per plant and weight of 1000 grains. The following cultivars are characterized by the largest mass of 1000 grains: k-3568, k-3900, k-3904, k-3911, k-3962, k-3967, k-3970, k-8926. The average weight of grains from 1 panicle varied in the range from 14.1 to 22.7 g, and the biological grain yield was 3.69 ... 6.19 t / ha (with a grain moisture content of 13%). The output of gross energy for cattle is from 3.99 to 6.69 energetic feed unit. Energy assessment and feed value are determined by the biochemical composition of the grain. In the experiment, variety specimens with high protein content were revealed: k-3902, k-3946, k-3959, k-3970. More than 4.0% of fat was detected in the grain of the variety samples: k-3867, k-3911, k-3957, k-3967, k-3970, k-3973.

This paper aimed at providing popping characteristics of different red and white sorghum genotypes according to different moisture content at traditional methods of popping using high temperature for a short time (HTST). To increasing grain moisture level, seven sorghum genotypes - mutant and hybrid lines (M1(6282), 16113, 16121, 1641, 1643, 1651, 1673) were soaked to 0, 60, 120 and 180 min in distilled water. The popping rate and expansion ratio were recorded. The results showed that conventional method of popping is a good main to produce pops sorghum after increasing moisture of grains. Moistening of grains from 13-16 % increased 5.3-10.2% popping rate of all sorghum genotypes. The mutant line M1(6282) with red coloration of pericarp had the highest popping rate and expansion ratio at 16% moisture i.e. 85% and 3.88 %, respectively. There was correlation between diameter of grains and parameters expansion ratio (from 0.604 to 0.724), popping rate (from 0.815 to 0.878) and moisture grains (from 0.815 to 0.878).

The ventilation resistance of air flow through rice grain layers is one of the key parameters affecting drying uniformity as well as the energy consumption of the drying process. In order to reveal the variation of characteristics of the ventilation resistance with paddy grain moisture content, the air velocity and the bed layer depth are needed. A second order model was fitted to pressure drop using the response surface methodology and the results are compared with those of the Ergun model. The results showed that the pressure drop increases with the increase of paddy grain moisture content, air velocity and the bed layer depth, and the interactions between the air velocity and the bed layer depth have the most significant influence on the pressure drop. Moreover, a second-order polynomial pressure drop model based on RSM was established and compared with the Ergun model. The results showed that the pressure drop model established by RSM is similar to that of the Ergun model.

All harvestable cereal straw cannot be collected every year in regions where wet periods are probable during the baling season, so some Swedish studies have used ’recovery coefficients’ to estimate potential harvestable amounts. Current Swedish recovery coefficients were first formulated by researchers in the early 1990s, after discussions with crop advisors, but there are no recent Swedish publications on available baling times and recovery proportions. Therefore, this study evaluated baling operations over a series of years for representative virtual farms and machine systems in four Swedish regions, to determine the available time for baling, baled straw ratio and annual variation in both. The hourly grain moisture content of pre-harvested cereals and swathed straw was estimated using moisture models and real weather data for 22/23 years, and the results were used as input to a model for simulating harvesting and baling operations. Expected available baling time during August and September was estimated to be 39–49%, depending on region, with large annual variation (standard deviation 22%). The average baling coefficient was estimated to be 80–86%, with 1400 t·year−1 harvestable straw and 15 t·h−1 baling capacity, and the annual variation was also considerable (s.d. 20%).

Rapid germination is important for both direct seeded rice in the field and for the production of germinated brown rice for healthy food. This study aims to evaluate genotypic differences in germination speed and identify characteristics that determine germination speed. Seven experiments were conducted to determine (i) the impact of dehulling on water absorption and germination, (ii) variety consistency in germination speed across crops grown in three years, and (iii) the effect of grain size. Germination speed in both paddy rice and dehulled brown rice was significantly correlated with grain moisture content at early stages of soaking, however significant interaction of genotype and grain type (paddy and brown rice) existed and varieties differed in their response to dehulling. Germination speed of grain from crops exposed to water deficit in the field was slightly slower than those with higher water supply. Sherpa/IRAT109 genotypes with smaller grain size tended to germinate faster than larger grain, however no significant effect of grain size existed among diversity set varieties. It was concluded that genotype ranking in germination speed was consistent across years and water availability conditions, and that barriers to water absorption in hull and pericarp were important determinants of germination speed. The existence of genotypic variation in germination speed has management implications for both field crop establishment and paddy germination in food processing.

Skladištenje ratarskih kultura je završni proces u proizvodnji te čovjek svojim djelovanjem ima značajan utjecaj na uspješnost čuvanja. Prilikom skladištenja može doći do značajnih gubitaka ukoliko roba nije ispravno uskladištena. U ovom radu praćeno je stanje merkantilne soje i kukuruza kroz tri mjeseca (listopad, studeni i prosinac) u 2020. godini. Svaki uzorak je podijeljen na tri jednaka dijela te je u svakom dijelu mjerena vlaga, temperatura i hektolitarska masa. Uzorci su prosijani kroz sito kako bi se od robe odvojile nečistoće i primjese te štetnici. Nakon pregleda primjesa, utvrđeno je da nema prisutnih štetnika. Ovo je pokazatelj da je roba ispravno uskladištena., Field crop storing is the final process in production, where human activity has significant influence on storage success. A significant loss can occur during storage if the goods are not stored properly. In this paper, the condition of mercantile soybeans and corn was monitored for three months (October, November and December) in 2020 year. Each sample was divided into three subsamples and grain moisture, temperature and hectolitre mass where measured. The samples were sieved on a sieve to separate impurities and other foreign materials from the grain. After examination of the impurities, it was determined that no pets were present. This is an indication that the goods have been stored properly.

In view of the current traditional grain moisture detection equipment is greatly affected by the environmental temperature and has long detection cycle, small detection range and other problems, this paper uses ultrasonic sensor technology, combined with automatic control principle, to study the current grain moisture detection problems. A kind of detection device for grain moisture detection by ultrasonic wave is designed. Compared with the traditional laboratory grain moisture detection, the detection device can feed back the transmission status of ultrasonic wave in the detection sample through the sensor in real time, and get the detection results in a short time. Compared with the traditional capacitive resistance grain moisture detection device, the ultrasonic grain moisture detection device is less affected by the environmental temperature and has a larger detection range. The research shows that the widespread use of the ultrasonic grain moisture detection device can effectively increase the grain detection efficiency and improve the measurement accuracy, which is of great significance for controlling the grain quality and ensuring the grain storage security.

The article is devoted to the control of the level of grain moisture during storage, transportation and processing. The topicality is due to the need for rapid control of humidity, as one of the ways to improve quality, productivity and reduce costs, including energy, in the preparation, production, processing, transportation and storage of grain and processed products– cereals, feed, pasta, bread. The paper considers the risks of grain moisture on its quality, the known methods of measuring grain moisture. It describes their advantages and disadvantages. It is shown that by improving the known methods it is possible to increase the measurement of accuracy and sensitivity. The dependence of humid air pressure on grain moisture is investigated in the work. It is shown that the pressure of moist air depends only on the amount of water per unit volume of grain and does not depend on the specific gravity of the grain. Empirical formulas and methods of theoretical calculation of grain moisture on the change of air pressure in the chamber are given. The results of experimental measurements are presented, which confirm the validity of theoretical calculations. Based on the obtained theoretical results, an engineering method for calculating the mass of water containing a grain sample has been developed. It can be used to design real devices. A model structure for estimating the influence of the scatter of the determining parameters on the error of water mass measurement is proposed and the simulation results obtained using the Micro-Cap medium are presented. The tasks are set for further research., Стаття присвячена розгляду питання контролю за ступенем вологості зерна під час зберігання, транспортування та переробки. Актуальність теми обумовлена потребою експрес-контролю вологості як одного зі шляхів підвищення якості, продуктивності та зниження витрат, у тому числі й енергетичних, під час підготовки, виробництва, переробки, транспортування й зберігання зерна та продуктів його переробки – круп, комбікормів, макаронів, хліба і хлібобулочних виробів. У роботі розглянуто ризики впливу вологості зерна на його якість, відомі методи вимірювання вологості зерна, описано їх переваги та недоліки. Показано, що шляхом удосконалення відомих методів можна збільшити точність вимірювання та чутливість. Досліджено залежність тиску вологого повітря від вологості зерна. Показано, що тиск вологого повітря залежить тільки від кількості води в одиниці об’єму зерна і не залежить від його питомої ваги. Наведено емпіричні формули та методику теоретичного розрахунку вологості зерна по зміні тиску повітря в камері. Представлено результати експериментальних вимірювань, що підтверджують справедливість теоретичних розрахунків. На основі отриманих теоретичних результатів розроблена інженерна методика розрахунку маси води, що містить проба зерна, яка може використовуватися для проєктування реальних приладів. Запропоновано модельну структуру для оцінювання впливу розкиду визначальних параметрів на похибку вимірювання маси води, та наведено результати моделювання, отримані за допомогою середовища Micro-Cap. Поставлено завдання для подальших досліджень.

The article considers the change in chemical and biological characteristics in some legumes grains, under conditions of high-temperature micronization with different moisture contents during heat treatment with infrared rays. The heat treatment of grains was carried out on a laboratory apparatus with a quartz radiant infrared panel. The temperature variation in the heat treatment zone occurred due to changing the distance between the panel and the surface of grains. The grain temperature was determined using a laser thermometer, and with a timer. To determine chemical and biological characteristics, we used a special optical density metering device. We have studied: 1. The dependence of starch content on the temperature in the changing initial moisture content. We found that after 30 seconds of high-temperature micronization of, “Tsanava“ beans at a grain moisture content of 12.7%, the starch content in the grain increases from 39.65% to 40.12%, then gradually decreases, and at 18.3% moisture content, it increases from 38.71% to 41.2%, with a moisture content of 28.6% it increases from 37.36% to 42.42%. Similar processes are also observed for the beans “field red“ and “white lupine“; 2. The dependence of glucose content on the temperature in the changing initial moisture content. As the mass fraction of starch decreases, the percentage of sugar (in terms of the equivalent amount of glucose) at a moisture content of 12.7% at the initial stage increases from 1.36% to 1.46%, and then the percentage of sugar increases relatively quickly to 1.64%, at a moisture content of 18.3% it increases from 1.3% to 1.38%, and then increases to 1.51, with a moisture content of 28.6%, it increases from 1.28% to 1.35% and then increases to 1.54. Similar processes are also observed for the beans “field red“ and “white lupine“.

Corn borers are the most important pest affecting maize. Resistance to corn borer attack may compromise plant fitness being detrimental for some important agronomic traits such as yield. Against the attack of this pest, cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamates have been previously described as a possible defense mechanism. In this study, agronomic characterization and cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamates quantification was performed in a subset of Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) from a Multiparent Advanced Generation Intercross (MAGIC) population that showed contrasting behavior against corn borer attack. Resistant lines showed greater concentration of p-coumaric acid, the only hydroxycinnamate that could have a role in the resistance in these particular materials. In addition, results indicated that resistant lines showed precocity, low grain moisture at harvest, and reduced plant height, thus, selecting for resistance may be detrimental for yield. In this way, a breeding strategy directly targeting grain yield in order to tolerate corn borer attack would be the recommended one.

En el presente artículo, se evidenció el comportamiento del cacao sometido a cinco tratamientos; FI1 (Fermentación con Inóculo # 1); FI2 (Fermentación con Inóculo # 2); FI3 (Fermentación con Inóculo # 3); FN1 (Fermentación Natural # 1); FN2 (Fermentación Natural # 2) para los clones CCN-51, LUKE-40 y ICS 95. Se evidenció los cambios fitoquímicos donde se evaluó la humedad del grano, pH, Acidez titulable, Aw, Solidos solubles tanto en la almendra seca como en la almendra tostada. Los tratamientos con fermentación natural durante el proceso fueron los que más cambios se obtuvieron durante el proceso de secado y tueste en la acidez y humedad con respecto a los tratamientos de inóculos. Sensorialmente muestran un perfil más aromático y sabores a cacao pronunciados

This paper presents an IoT sensing system for agricultural applications, which can monitor at real time the moisture content of grains stored in silo bags located in remote locations thus allowing to avoid costly grain losses and to optimize the logistics of post-harvesting operations. The system comprises a customized gateway that collects the sensor data and sends it to a satellite network as well as multiple sensing units, which can measure both the grain moisture content with a resolution of 0.1% and the air temperature and air humidity inside the silo bags that are used together to assess the quality and condition of grains. The details about the modeling, design and fabrication of the proposed system together with the experimental results obtained during field tests are reported.

Post-harvest storage of wheat in grain storage bags is commonly adopted practice in many developing countries, which offers a viable chemical-free approach to control storage insects. The damage potential of Tribolium castaneum in wheat grains stored in different storage bags at various storage periods was studied. A highly significant effect (P

The quality of seeds is the most important factor in increasing the yield of agricultural crops, including soybeans. However, on average, up to 20–25% of soybean seeds sown in the Amur oblast are substandard. At the same time, one of the main reasons for the decline in the quality of seed material is significant crushing and damage of soybeans during harvesting and processing. Up to ten different brands of combines, which allow a high degree of crushing of bunker grain, are used in harvesting soybeans in the Amur oblast. The crushing of grain by combines of different brands varies in the range from 6.9 to 15.1%. Combines of Russian and foreign production are mainly single-beater drum by design and collect the threshed soybean grain in one bunker, while they do not separate seeds according to the biological diversity inherent in soybeans. As a result, soybean yield losses reach 2.7–3.3 c/ha. In order to reduce grain losses from the crushing and obtaining of high-quality seeds, a new device based on a two-stage threshing combine with double-flow cleaning and with two bunkers was developed. The study of the operating modes of the threshing and separating device for threshing, separation, and damage of soybean seeds along the length of the combine thresher was carried out. The goal of this study was the selection and preservation of the part of the biologically valuable and high-quality soybean seeds from the crushing during combine harvesting of soybean with reduced grain moisture (less than 12%). The conducted research with the use of the complete factorial experiment method and processing the results allowed creating mathematical models of separation and seed damage. Based on this model, a nomogram for determination of separation and the content of damaged soybean seeds was constructed. Damaged seeds were obtained in the zone of the first beater drum, depending on the technological adjustments of the threshing apparatus, grain feed, and grain moisture.

Diyarbakır ili, Karacadağ yöresi ülkemizin için önemli çeltik üretim bölgelerinden birisidir. Bölgedeçeltik tarımında mekanizasyon uygulamaları oldukça yenidir. Bu yüzden biçerdöverle yapılan hasattaürün kayıpları yüksektir. Çalışmanın temel amacı Karacadağ yöresinde biçerdöverle yapılan çeltikhasat-harmanında kullanılan tahıl biçerdöverinin neden olduğu dane kayıpları, nedenleri ve azaltmayollarını ortaya koymaktır. Denemeler bir üreticiye ait Karacadağ beyaz çeltik çeşidinin ekili olduğutarlada üç farklı dönemde; üç farklı tane nem içeriğinde ( % 22.10, 24.81 ve 28.81 ürün nem içeriğinde),üç farklı biçerdöver ilerleme hızında (1.6 km h-1, 3.2 km h-1ve 4.8 km h-1) ve dört farklı batör devrinde(600, 700, 800 ve 900 min-1) yürütülmüştür. Denemelerde NEW HOLLAND TC 56 marka biçerdöverkullanılmıştır. Yapılan varyans analizi sonuçlarına göre seçilen bağımsız parametrelerin tanekayıplarına etkisinin önemli olduğu bulunmuştur (p

A wide margin of crop safety is a desirable trait of POST herbicides, and investigation of crop tolerance is a key step in evaluation of new herbicides. Six field experiments were conducted in Ontario, Canada, from 2017 to 2018 to examine the influence of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid (DKC42-60RIB, DKC43-47RIB, P0094AM, and P9840AM), application rate (1X and 2X), and application timing (PRE, V1, V3, and V5) on the tolerance of field corn to tolpyralate, a new 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor, co-applied with atrazine. Two corn hybrids (DKC42-60RIB and DKC43-47RIB) exhibited slightly greater visible injury from tolpyralate + atrazine, applied POST, than P0094AM and P9840AM at 1 to 2 wk after application (WAA); hybrids responded similarly with respect to height, grain moisture, and yield. Applications of tolpyralate + atrazine at a 2X rate (80 + 2,000 g ai ha−1) induced greater injury (≤31.6%) than the field rate (40 + 1,000 g ha−1) (≤11.6%); the 2X rate applied at V1 or V3 decreased corn height and slightly increased grain moisture at harvest. On average, field rates resulted in marginally higher grain yields than 2X rates. Based on mixed-model multiple stepwise regression analysis, the air temperature at application, time of day, temperature range in the 24 h before application, and precipitation following application were useful predictor variables in estimating crop injury with tolpyralate + atrazine; however, additional environmental variables also affected crop injury. These results demonstrate the margin of corn tolerance with tolpyralate + atrazine, which provides a basis for optimization of application timing, rate, and corn hybrid selection to mitigate the risk of crop injury with this herbicide tank mixture.

The rapid increase of the overall grain production of Argentina resulted with a storage capacity deficit in permanent structures of 40-50 million tons, and this context favored the rapid adoption of the silo bag technology. Silo bag allows differing grain selling from harvest time, taking advantage of the seasonal price changes and, hence, improving farmers? income. However, storing grain in silo bag could be risky if inadequate planning, handling or monitoring is implemented. Thus, the objective of this article was to develop a prediction model for soybean losses in silo bag storage based on monitoring CO2 concentration and other sensible variables. During 2013, an experiment was conducted in 13 soybean silo bags placed at farms and grain elevators in Balcarce area, South East of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, since Mayto December. Grain samples were collected and grain quality was evaluated. Storage variables, such as moisture content and interstitial atmosphere gas composition were also recorded, and at the end of storage, physical grain losses were quantified for each silo bag (kg of spoiled grain not commercialized).The results showed that there was not generalized quality loss in any silo bag, but localized losses were observed. These losses occurred due to water entrance in the silo bag through openings which resulted in spoiled grain from 140 to 4320 kg, representing from 0.07% to 2.16% in a 200 ton silo bag. Next, a correlation to predict grain losses was developed, which considered grain moisture and a predictor related to the CO2 concentration at the silo bag closing end as independent variables. This correlation explained 73% of the grain losses variability, allowed to model different levels of losses, and was consistent with biological concepts. Fil: Taher, Hernán Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Urcola, Hernan Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Cendoya, María Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Bartosik, Ricardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Agronomía; Argentina

Little or no attention has so far been paid to using sweet sorghum malt for commercial beer brewing. Thus, three sweet sorghum varieties (SSV) and four sorghum varieties (SV) were analyzed for brewing quality. Variations were observed in their thousand grain weights (22.8 to 58.7 g), grain moisture contents (12.5 to 20.5%), germination energies (99.0 to 100%) and germination capacities (99.7 to 100%). After 4-day germination, radicle lengths of seedlings were 2 to 5 fold of plumules. Remarkable variations existed in their water sensitivity (7.1 to 27.6%) and grain protein contents (7.0 to 11.8%). Malts moisture contents (8.6 to 13.8%), malting losses (16.3 to 26.0%) and malts protein contents (12.2 to 19.5%) differed among cultivars. Cold water extracts (CWE) (3.8 to 8.8%) and hot water extracts (HWE) (8.8 to 17.5%) varied with cultivars. HWE were 1.5 to 3-fold of CWE. Diastatic powers (DP) were substantially higher in SSV (123.7 to 136.7o) compared to SV (111.8 to 117o). Amyloglucosidase (AMG) activities were detected in SSV malts but not in SV. α-Amylases activities in both SSV and SV malts were about 2 to 4-fold of β-amylases. Generally, DP in SV malts = α-amylase + β-amylase activities. But DP in SSV malts >α-amylase + β-amylase + AMG activities, thus, suggesting synergism between the enzymes. SSV showed similar wort yields with SV. Reducing sugars in wort of SSV (12.3 to 15.6 mg/ml) were higher than those of SV (6.2 to 10.5 mg/ml). Malts and worts analyses suggest that SSV have greater beer brewing potentials than SV. Key words: Diastatic power, amylase, amyloglucosidase, sweet sorghum, malt, wort.

The new and complete scientific knowledge and information on the physical and mechanical characteristics and morphological traits of the ear of plants are necessary to design and develop less energy-intensive and less injurious threshing methods. The purpose of the research is to establish a change in the coupling strengths of kernels and ear during a ripening period, taking into account the grain moisture and varietal characteristics of winter wheat. It was established that the maximum values of the coupling strengths of spikelet scales and kernels with an ear during the daytime were 17.84 N for the variety “Admiral” and 11.6 N for the variety “Luchezar”. The coupling strengths of kernels and ear and the force of kernel separation effort from the ear significantly depend on: 1) varietal traits of winter wheat (more than in 2 times); 2) humidity of plants during the period of ripening and harvesting time, depending on the variety from 30 to 100%; 3) changes in the moisture content of grain and an ear due to precipitation in 1.5–2.0 times.

The article discusses the method of drying grain using ozone-air mixture as a drying agent. The article presents the main results of research conducted by leading scientists in this field. Dependences of reduction of grain moisture at its venting by air and ozone-air mixture are received. In General, the advantages of ozone use in the ventilation of grain material over the traditional method are revealed.

In an effort to control the quality of corn, among others, it is determined based on the moisture content in the corn seeds so that the corn produced has a seed quality standard. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the water level of the seeds. Corn was tested by a tool made with standardization of the moisture content of corn seeds from the Agricultural Center using the PM-650 Grain Moisture Tester. The parameters tested were the moisture content of the corn seeds, the temperature of the storage containers, and the weight of the corn seeds. Based on the research that has been done, it can be seen that a capacitive sensor with a working principle such as a parallel plate capacitor as a tool for measuring the moisture content of corn seeds has a reading accuracy ratio with the PM-650 Grain Moisture Tester measuring instrument is 94.9%. The temperature in the storage container was around 23

The grain storage loss is serious in farm after harvest due to lack of storage and drying technologies. A new drying silo was developed based on the idea of letting the grain "move", changing from passive drying to active drying. It is used not only for drying but also for short term storage. Also, it can be compiled with mechanical ventilation and heating. The field studies showed that our rotating silo can be used for reducing the grain moisture to safe level in an economic way and keep the quantity and quality of grain safe. This provides a strong support for the reduction loss in the post-harvest section with energy-saving.