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• Exploring potential medicinal value from production waste of Chinese herbal medicine and realizing its resourceful utilization is an important way to enhance income and alleviate poverty. • Essential oils from the branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of finger citron were studied for composition and antioxidant activity. • Extraction rate and relative content of essential components of young leaf essential oil were high and antioxidant capacity was moderate. • Young leaves could be preferred in the late development of finger citron non-medicinal parts to develop by-products such as finger citron essential oil perfume and fragrance. The finger citron (Citrus medica L.var. sarcodactylis Swingle) is a both medicinal and edible species specified by the China Ministry of Health, It is also a regional medicinal plant grown in Chinaʼs Chongqing Municipality. We explored the utilization value of flower, leaf, and branch resources of non-medicinal sections of finger citron of Chongqing origin and identified variations in its yield, content, and antioxidant activity in essential oils in several organs. From several finger citron organs, essential oils were extracted using ultrasonic-assisted steam distillation, and their essential components were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). To assess antioxidant properties of various finger citron organs, DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ABTS free radical scavenging rate, and total reducing power of essential oils were determined. A total of 71 chemical components were discovered, and a cluster heat map revealed that d-limonene, Citral, (Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal, γ-Terpinene, O Cymene, and Ocimene were the most significant components and that their composition and concentration in essential oils of different organs varied substantially, with the average total amount in the four major organs in descending order: branches (79.34 %), leaves (73.40 %), flowers (68.85 %), and dried fruits (55.69 %). Finger citron's non-medicinal sections and organs' essential oils exhibited some level of antioxidant activity. The maximal clearance rate of the final flower group was 19.26 % when the essential oil concentration of each group was 4.0 mg·mL−1 for the assessment of DPPH free radical scavenging activity. DPPH free radical clearance rates of the bud group, initial flower group, full flower group, final flower group, branch group, and young leaf group were significantly different from the medicinal parts dried fruits group (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the old leaf group (P > 0.05). When the essential oil concentration of each group was 0.10 mg·mL−1 for the ABTS radical scavenging ability measurement, the bud group had the highest scavenging rate of 32.24 %, and significant differences in the ABTS radical scavenging rates of the bud group, primary flower group, full flower group, final flower group, and branch group were observed when compared to the dried fruits group (P < 0.05). Between the young leaf and old leaf groups, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). When the essential oil concentration was 3.0 mg·mL−1 for the measurement of overall reduction capacity, the old leaf group's highest absorbance value was 0.310. and the total reduction capacity of the bud group, first flower group, complete flower group, last flower group, branch group, young leaf group, and old leaf group substantially differed from the dried fruits (P < 0.05). This study provides a reference for the formation of "green" concurrent consumption and development of medicinal and non-medicinal elements of Chinese medicinal materials as well as theoretical support for the diverse utilization of finger citron resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) content in milk may have been underestimated due to the neglect of the esterified SCFA content and the lack of an accurate detection method, especially for C1:0, C2:0, and C3:0 SCFA. In this study, an accurate GC-MS profiling method was established for 10 SCFA. A 2-step esterification, including alkaline saponification (60°C for 30 min) and acid-catalyzed esterification (80°C for 150 min) in water/isopropyl/hexane (1:2:1, volume ratio), was found to be the most suitable for the quantification of esterified and nonesterified SCFA analysis. The validation results demonstrate satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, matrix effects, precision, and accuracy. The recoveries of nonesterified and esterified SCFA ranged from 82.78% to 112.49%, respectively. Human milk is distinguished from cow milk by its higher C1:0 and C2:0 content and lower C4:0 and C6:0 content. This method successfully accomplished qualitative and quantitative estimation of all 10 SCFA in milk, including both nonesterified and esterified SCFA. Furthermore, whether our method is applicable for the determination of SCFA in serum, rumen fluid, and feces remains to be explored. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Barley flour, known to be rich in various phytochemicals, has been demonstrated to improve the technological and nutritional properties of pasta; however, its volatile profile, on which its aromatic properties depend, also plays an important role in the acceptance of barley‐enriched pasta. In the present work, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of semolina doughs enriched with different percentages of barley and of the related pasta were characterized by solid phase micro‐extraction (HS‐SPME) coupled to gas‐chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and evaluated using a multivariate statistical approach, including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster heatmaps, Pearson's and Spearman's correlations, and partial least squares correlation (PLSC). RESULTS: The effects of single raw materials, and their interactions, were studied to establish their importance in the volatile profile of the samples, and the correlation between the dough VOCs and the processed product VOCs was assessed. The presence of barley flour markedly affected the volatile profile in comparison with the dough obtained with only durum wheat. For alcohols, esters, terpenes, and some aldehydes there was a clear correlation with the percentage of barley. For some of the VOCs, on the other hand, a strong dependence on the ingredients interaction effect due to the mixing stage has been demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The heatmaps allowed a good graphical visualization of the relationship between molecules and barley percentage, offering the possibility to select the best one according to the desired volatolomic footprint. Pasta with 40% of barley was demonstrated to give pasta with the most complex volatile profile. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing demand for alternative sources of non-animal proteins has stimulated research in this area. Mushrooms show potential in the innovation of plant-based food products. In this study, the aim was to develop prototype fish fillets analogues from Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms applying enzymatic treatment (β-glucanase and transglutaminase-TG). A Plackett–Burman 20 experimental design was used to optimize forty variables. Oat flour (OF) exerted a positive effect on the hardness and gumminess texture parameters but a negative effect on cohesiveness and resilience. Soy protein isolate (SPI) exhibited a positive effect on elasticity, gumminess and chewiness, while acacia gum had a negative effect on elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience. After sensory analysis the assay with 1% cassava starch, 5% OF, 5% SPI, 0.1% transglutaminase (240 min/5 °C), 1% coconut oil, 1% soybean oil, 0.2% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.6% β-glucanase (80 °C/10 min) and without β-glucanase inactivation was found to exhibit greater similarity to fish fillet. The classes hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes are the predominant ones in aromatic profile analysis by chromatography and electronic nose. It is concluded that a mushroom-based analogue of fish fillet can be prepared using enzymatic treatment with TG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In response to growing concerns regarding the environmental impact and the development of resistance to synthetic fungicides, researchers have undertaken investigations into natural alternatives for managing plant diseases caused by various fungi. This study investigates the antifungal properties of aqueous extracts and essential oils from Moroccan Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum compactum, and Origanum majorana leaves against ten phytopathogenic fungi. The essential oils of the plants were extracted by hydrodistillation employing the Clevenger apparatus, and aqueous extracts were obtained through the infusion process. The antifungal efficacy of the extracts was assessed against ten phytopathogenic fungi utilising the poisoned food technique. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined through GC-MS. Biochemical analyses were conducted to identify the phytochemical compounds responsible for the antifungal efficacy observed in the EOs and aqueous extracts. The essential oil extracts derived from Origanum compactum and Origanum majorana leaves exhibited potent antifungal properties against all tested fungi, with notably low IC50 values. While Rosemary essential oil displayed moderate activity. The aqueous extracts exhibited weak activities against all tested fungal strains. The GC-MS analysis revealed that 1.8-cineole accounted for 49.93% of the essential oil of Rosemary, pulegone (26.79%) of the essential oil of Compact Oregano, and carvacrol (61.66%) of the essential oil of Marjoram. The results of the biochemical analysis have shown that the extracted samples contain important components, specifically polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, and catechic tannins. This study has showcased the promising potential of essential oils and aqueous extracts derived from Moroccan plants to effectively combat fungal diseases in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The low molecular weight metabolome (LMWM) of Lobelia dortmanna L. (Campanulaceae, Magnoliophyta)—a relic aquatic macrophyte listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus—has been studied for the first time using the GC/MS technique. This macrophyte grows in oligotrophic lakes in the northwest of Vologda oblast, Russia. We have discovered 127 volatile low molecular weight organic compounds (VOCs), and 13 of the main ones accounted for 77.23% of the overall VOC content (198.75 µg/g of dry plant mass). The main components of the LMWM are represented by carboxylic acids and hydrocarbons. The presence of a large number of biologically active metabolites with a high concentration in L. dortmanna LMWM may indicate a significant effect of this plant on the hydrobiocenoses of the littoral zone of oligotrophic lakes. Further research into the LMWM of aquatic macrophytes in oligotrophic lakes, a valuable renewable resource, is needed to assess the background characteristics of the natural environment for the more effective monitoring of the ecological status of water bodies in northwestern Russia and rational use of their biological resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition and nature of changes in the low-molecular-weight metabolome (LMWM) of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. growing in six biotopes of Lake Ladoga with different types of anthropogenic load have been analyzed. According to the results, it is found that the total number of low-molecular-weight organic compounds (LMWOCs) in the P. perfoliatus LMWM composition is directly dependent on anthropogenic load, which is well marked by the development of cyanobacteria. The greater the intensity of pollution or eutrophication of waters, or the higher the number of cyanobacteria, the lower the total number of LMWOCs and their concentration. A strongly pronounced dependence of the total concentrations of groups of LMWM compounds on the anthropogenic disturbance of the biotope and the concentration of cyanobacteria is revealed. A decrease in the number, relative amount, total concentration of carboxylic acids, and number and content of unsaturated fatty acids and an increase in the composition and content of phenols and the total content of aldehydes and ketones depends on an increase in anthropogenic pressure. The specific composition of the LMWM of claspingleaf pondweed depends on its response to biotic and abiotic factors of the aquatic (including anthropogenic) environment. The features of the change in the composition of the P. perfoliatus LMWM make it possible to use it as an integral indicator of the anthropogenic impact on the littoral biotopes of water bodies and the deterioration of their ecological state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical compositions of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Spenn.) and sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) essential oils, both individually and in various blend ratios, were investigated by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Their antifungal activities were also determined against the potato rubbery rot disease agent, Geotrichum candidum, under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Camphor (20.69%) and terpinen-4-ol (35.13%) were determined as primary constituents in rosemary and sweet marjoram essential oils, respectively. Sweet marjoram and rosemary essential oils completely inhibited mycelial growth of G. candidum at 55.0 and 65.0 µL/Petri concentrations, respectively. Essential oils at these concentrations were found as fungicidal. Notably, a synergistic fungicidal antifungal effects were also observed in essential oil blends. Blend of sweet marjoram and rosemary essential oil in a 3:1 ratio (O75R25) significantly enhanced antifungal activity at the relatively lower concentration (45.0 µL/Petri). Microscopic observations revealed structural deformations in exposed hyphae, including cytoplasmic coagulation and vacuolization. Essential oil blend (O75R25), sweet marjoram and rosemary essential oils completely inhibited the disease lesion caused by G. candidum on potato tubers at concentrations of 100.0, 125.0, and 150.0 µL/L air, respectively. These findings emphasized that essential oil blends of rosemary and sweet marjoram have synergistic antifungal potential and can be used as effective biofungicides against plant fungal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major health concern globally, much of the brunt of which is experienced by the low- and middle-income countries where screening in terms of cytology and DNA genotyping for the high-risk oncogenic subtypes of the human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) is either inadequate or performed rather late. In this study, we aimed to determine biomarkers or panels of biomarkers that are capable of diagnosing the precancerous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) stages from healthy and CC patients via untargeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Various cross-comparisons were conducted from which differential metabolites were identified. The underlying metabolic pathways based on the differential metabolites identified from the various cross-comparisons mainly related to amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis. From all cross-comparisons, two common metabolites namely, 2-methyl-1-propylamine (also known as isobutylamine) and estrone were found to possess excellent to good diagnostic abilities, especially in distinguishing the early stages of CIN (CIN I, CIN II) from healthy women and CC patients. These findings have clinical significance in the sense that, once validated the 2-biomarker panel could be adopted in clinical practice for early diagnosis of CIN and invasive carcinoma. This would therefore inform the choice of treatment to be initiated by the clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this research is the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments along Shatt Al-Arab estuary, Iraq. The study examines the problem of river PCB pollution. PCB effects on humans include cancer, impaired reproduction, neuro-developmental effects in infants, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption. PCBs lead to liver damage and stimulate changes in the DNA sequence. The Shatt Al-Arab Estuary is formed in southern Iraq near Al-Qurna city after the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Shatt Al-Arab Estuary region is shared between Iraq and Iran. The Estuary receives pollutants when it is passing during Basrah City regions, due to industrial, agricultural and human activities which discharge the pollutants to the Estuary without treatment. The concentrations of Σ13 PCBs compound in sediment samples were determined and analyzed at each site by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent). Six sites were chosen along Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. They are Al-Qurna (S1), Al-Deer (S2), Al-Qarma (S3), Al-Ashar (S4), Abi Al-Khasib (S5) and Al-Fao (S6), at Basrah city, south of Iraq. Sediment samples were collected seasonally, starting from Autumn season on September 2019 to summer season on July 2020. The Σ13 (PCB-18, PCB-29, PCB-31, PCB-28, PCB-44, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-141, PCB-149, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-189, and PCB-194) concentrations at the sediment samples ranged from 4.48 ng/g in Al-Deer site during summer season to 27.75 ng/g in Al-Ashar site during winter season for all selected sites. The Al-Deer site were found to have the lowest mean of PCBs its 0.345 ng/g and Al-Ashar site were found to have the highest mean of PCBs its 2.135 ng/g. PCBs concentrations in sediment samples during autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons ranged from 7.75 to 21.68 ng/g, 16.25 to 27.75 ng/g, 7.28 to 22.01 ng/g and 4.48 to 14.41 ng/g, respectively. The congener distribution patterns in these samples indicate the dominance highly chlorinated congeners (tri- and hexa-PCBs) in comparison with remaining others PCBs congeners. This project is the first of its kind in Basrah and all Iraq that reports PCB concentrations in the region and is considered a baseline study and can be used for subsequent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angomonas deanei belongs to Trypanosomatidae family, a family of parasites that only infect insects. It hosts a bacterial endosymbiont in a mutualistic relationship, constituting an excellent model for studying organelle origin and cellular evolution. A lipidomic approach, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of all lipids in a biological system (lipidome), is a useful tool for identifying and measuring different expression patterns of lipid classes. The present study applied GC-MS and NMR techniques, coupled with principal component analysis (PCA), in order to perform a comparative lipidomic study of wild and aposymbiotic A. deanei grown in the presence or absence of FBS. Unusual contents of branched-chain iso C17:0 and C19:0-cis-9,10 and-11,12 fatty acids were identified in A. deanei cultures, and it was interesting to note that their content slightly decreased at the log phase culture, indicating that in the latter growth stages the cell must promote the remodeling of lipid synthesis in order to maintain the fluidity of the membrane. The combination of analytical techniques used in this work allowed for the detection and characterization of lipids and relevant contributors in a variety of A. deanei growth conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although men's attraction to women's body odour has been suggested to vary over the ovulatory cycle, peaking around the fertile window, we still lack methodologically robust evidence corroborating this effect. Further, the chemical underpinnings of male preference for the odour of ovulating women remain unknown. Here, we combined perceptual and chemical analyses to investigate the axillary odour of naturally cycling women over 10 days, covering the gradual change in fertility across the ovulatory cycle with a focus on fertile days. The fertile state was confirmed by urinary ovulation tests as well as salivary oestradiol and progesterone levels. Men rated the scent of unfamiliar women, resembling a first encounter. We used multivariate analyses to relate variation in both odour ratings and chemical composition to female conception probability, temporal distance to ovulation and ovarian hormone levels. Our results provide no evidence that males prefer the odour of fertile women. Furthermore, the volatile analysis indicated no link between axillary odour composition and current fertility status. Together, our results showed no convincing support for a chemical fertility cue in women's axillary odour, questioning the presence of olfactory fertility information that is recognizable during first encounters in modern humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated levels of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH8) compounds in both raw and processed marine products in South Korea. Katsuobushi exhibited the highest concentration of benzo[a]pyrene, at 14.22 µg/kg, exceeding the European Commission's regulation level of 5.0 µg/kg. The total PAH8 concentration in katsuobushi was 220.5 µg/kg. Among the product categories, shellfish had the highest detection rate (70%), followed by fish (19%) and crustacea (8%), with chrysene being the most prominent PAH8 congener in all marine products. Grilled fish predominantly contained pyrogenic PAHs from combustion byproducts, while shellfish primarily contained petrogenic ones from the aquatic environment. Grilling, smoking, and drying processes significantly contributed to the formation of PAH8 in these food products. Based on the results of a risk assessment using a margin of exposure approach through a total diet study, exposure to PAH8 from marine products is considered to pose low concern to the South Korean population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oils from the flowers, seeds, and leaves of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. collected in southeastern Algeria and to assess their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The seeds exhibited the highest yield (5.366%). Overall, 93 components have been identified: α-thujene (38.46%), dill ether (12.35%), cosmene (9.43%), sabinene (5.59%), and piperitenone (3.71%) were the major components in leaf essential oil; carvone (27.35%), dill ether (7.22%), 2-hydroxy-1,1,10-trimethyl-6,9-epidioxydecalin (5.67%), and 2,3-pinanediol (4.69%) in flowers; carvone (46.17%), diprene (14.32%), and cis-dihydrocarvone (9.38%) in seeds. For the first time, the antioxidant capacity of isolated oils was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1,1-picrirylhydrazil, 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and phosphomolybdenum methods. The flower oil showed the highest antiradical ability with inhibitory concentrations at 50% of 14.59 and 22.43 mg/mL, successively. Positive controls, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene showed strong scavenging activity with respective inhibitory concentrations of 50% at 6.42 and 18 µg/mL compared to our oils. Moreover, seed oil possessed the highest power to reduce molybdenum, with an efficient concentration of 0.58 mg/mL. Additionally, the antimicrobial power was measured by observing the size of inhibition zones produced by oils after being diffused onto agar discs. Results showed that the seed and flower oils are very effective against all kinds of bacteria tested, while the leaf oil exhibited a high level of antifungal activity. F. vulgare essential oils can provide a highly promising natural option with potential use in food preservation and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Water kefir is a kind of beverage from a brown sugar solution fermented by water kefir grains. It has probiotic functions and unique flavour, and is widely popular in the international market. However, there are few comparative studies on water kefir grains sourced domestically and internationally. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the fermentation performance and metabolites of 6 different water kefir grains from different sources in brown sugar water, in order to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent functional studies and to identify advantages for the development of water kefir. Methods. The fermentation characteristics of 6 kinds of water kefir grains (HY, GS, LS, SJ, JW, M339) were studied by measuring the wet weight of water kefir grains and the pH value, acidity, polysaccharide yield and antibacterial activity of the fermentation solution. Then the metabolites were analysed by GC-MS. Finally, an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant score (OPLS-DA) was used to identify the differences among the groups. Results. Among the 6 kinds of water kefir grains, JW had the fastest proliferation, SJ produced more acid and its fermentation broth had the best inhibition effect on E. coli, and the yield of exopolysaccharides of LS was the highest. A total of 131 metabolites were detected in 6 kinds of water kefir, including 22 kinds of carbohydrates, 35 kinds of esters, 29 kinds of acids, 10 kinds of alcohols, 8 kinds of nucleosides, 6 kinds of amino acids, 4 kinds of ethers and aldehydes, and 17 kinds of other organic compounds. OPLS-DA showed significant variation among different water kefir groups. Conclusion. Determination of several important indicators of water kefir grain fermentation and GC-MS analysis of metabolites can clearly identify the differences of water kefir grains from different sources, which is conducive to its targeted development and utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositional composition of oil from the Uzen field has been studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the analysis, we used the oil sampled at the central oil treatment station on February 26, 2020, as well as its fraction up to 60 °C, obtained by simple distillation of the original oil. It was found that in addition to the traditional main components of oil, it contains a high content of valuable unsaturated carboxylic acids and their esters. The composition of the studied oil and its fraction up to 60 °C contains a large amount of methyl esters of Z, Z-9,12-octadecadienoic (7.04 and 1.33 mass%) and Z-6-octadecenoic acids (1.33 and 0.68 mass%), respectively. These substances are the basis for the production of acidol and mylonaft. Also, these acids are the basis for dietary supplements - they belong to ω-acids. A table of valuable oil components has been compiled and the price of some of them is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze the impact of two different non-Saccharomyces yeast species on the aromatic profile of red wines made from the cv. Babić (Vitis vinifera L.) red grape variety. The grapes were obtained from two positions in the Middle and South of Dalmatia. This study compared a control treatment with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) strain as a type of sequential inoculation treatment with Lachancea thermotolerans (Lt x Sc) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td x Sc). The focus was on the basic wine parameters and volatile aromatic compound concentrations determined using the SPME-Arrow-GC/MS method. The results revealed significant differences in cis-linalool oxide, geraniol, neric acid, and nerol, which contribute to the sensory profile with floral and rose-like aromas; some ethyl esters, such as ethyl furoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl lactate, ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-hydroxy butanoate, diethyl glutarate, and diethyl succinate, contribute to the aromatic profile with fruity, buttery, overripe, or aging aromas. A sensory evaluation of wines confirmed that Td x Sc treatments exhibited particularly positive aromatic properties together with a more intense fullness, harmony, aftertaste, and overall impression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insect-plant interactions are shaped by the exchange of chemical cues called semiochemicals, which play a vital role in communication between organisms. Plants release a variety of volatile organic compounds in response to environmental cues, such as herbivore attacks. These compounds play a crucial role in mediating the interactions between plants and insects. This review provides an in-depth analysis of plant semiochemicals, encompassing their classification, current understanding of extraction, identification, and characterization using various analytical techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The article also delves into the manner in which insects perceive and respond to plant semiochemicals, as well as the impact of environmental factors on plant odor emission and insect orientation. Furthermore, it explores the underlying mechanisms by which insects perceive and interpret these chemical cues, and how this impacts their behavioral responses, including feeding habits, oviposition patterns, and mating behaviors. Additionally, the potential applications of plant semiochemicals in integrated pest management strategies are explored. This review provides insight into the intricate relationships between plants and insects mediated by semiochemicals, highlighting the significance of continued research in this field to better understand and leverage these interactions for effective pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the volatile components of coffee honey and their profiling differences caused by different chromatographic columns, the volatile compounds of 19 batches of coffee honey were detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the differences in the detected volatile compounds of coffee honey caused by DB-5MS and DM-Wax chromatographic columns were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 40 volatile compounds were detected in coffee honey, mainly including alcohols, terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, etc. The compounds with higher contents were cis-Linalool-oxide, hotrienol, benzeneacetaldehyde and trans--linalool-oxide. A total of 40 volatile compounds were detected when the DM-Wax column was used, whilst only 30 volatile compounds were detected when the DB-5MS column was used. 16 and 10 alcohols were detected through using the two columns, respectively, and 2 acids were detected only when the DM-Wax column was used. In general, the DM-Wax chromatographic column exhibited a better retention effect on alcohols and acids. The results of this study can provide a reference for the selection of chromatographic columns in the determination of volatile components in coffee honey, while offering technical support for the study of coffee honey's flavor and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study simplifies the complex relationship among grapevine plants, aphids, ladybirds, and ants, which is essential for effective pest management and ecological balance. This study investigated the impact of aphid attacks and the presence of ants and ladybirds on the volatile compounds profile released into the chemosphere of the community consisting of the common vine Vitis vinifera , the aphid Aphis illinoisensis , the ladybird Coccinella undecimpunctata -and the ant Tapinoma magnum. This study aims to analyze the volatile compounds emitted by the grapevine and surrounding insects in response to these intricate interactions. The extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out using closed-loop stripping (CLS) and then analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and principles coordinated analysis (PCA) was performed. The grapevine was exposed to different types and order of treatments, including non-infested, aphid-infested, aphid-infested with ant, aphid-infested with ladybird, and various combinations of ant and ladybird. After the aphid attack, the outcomes uncovered massive alterations in the volatile compound profiles. Infested grapevine displayed distinct emissions of germacrene D, an alcohol, and an alkene compared to non-infested plants. The characteristic VOC profile was the share of infested grapes in the presence of ants, with benzene derivatives and sesquiterpenes dominating the components. The coexistence of ladybirds with ants and aphids resulted in a different volatile profile characterized by elevated levels of aldehydes, ketones, α-farnesene, and its hydroxy derivative. It was concluded that the emission of VOCs into the chemosphere of the grapevine communities varied qualitatively and quantitatively depending on the level of the relationship complexity within each community in response to the infestation of grapevines by aphids, the presence of ladybirds as natural predators, and the presence of ant as protector. The grapevine's status-dependent compounds can serve as indicators of infestation status and contribute to non-destructive early-stage diagnosis of the aphid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are organic acids with carbon atoms less than six, released through fermentation products by intestinal microbiome, having multiple physiological activities. Considering weak acidity and high volatility, derivatization or liquid–liquid extraction is essential, which is time consuming. Headspace‐solid‐phase dynamic extraction (HS‐SPDE) coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry is automated and effortless to determine SCFAs in rat feces. The extraction procedure is performed by aspirating and discharging the headspace cyclically through a steel needle, coated with an inner polyethylene glycol sorbent. The key parameters of SPDE were optimized including coating type, incubation time and temperature, and number of extraction strokes. Besides, salting‐out was conducted. Then, a method by HS‐SPDE‐GC‐MS was established and validated. It only took 3‐min incubation time, 4.5 min extraction time, and 13 min chromatographic separation in a run. The recovery, linearity, limit of quantification, and stability were evaluated. Then, the proposed method was applied to analyze rat feces including 18 rats with liver injury and 23 normal controls. Mann–Whitney U test indicated that the concentrations of six SCFAs in normal rat feces were higher than those with liver injury. This method provides a choice for fast, solvent‐free, automated, and high‐throughput analysis of SCFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, dispersive micro-solid phase extraction technique was developed for the purpose of extracting and preconcentrating organochlorine pesticide residues in juice samples before their separation and quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A sorbent composed of a silica-supported Fe2O3-modified khat leftover biochar nanocomposite (SiO2-Fe2O3-KLBNC) was implemented in the process. To improve the dispersion of the sorbent in the solution, vortex mixer was employed. Experimental parameters influencing the performance of the method were optimized, and the optimal conditions were established. With these conditions, linear dynamic ranges ranged from 0.003 to 100.0 ng/mL were achieved, with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.9981. The limits of detection and quantification, determined by signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and 10, respectively, were found to be in the ranges of 0.001–0.006 ng/mL and 0.003–0.020 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision, values ranging from 0.3–4.8% and 1.7–5.2% were obtained, respectively. The matrix-matched extraction recoveries demonstrated favorable outcomes, falling within the range of 83.4–108.3%. The utilization of khat leftover as an adsorbent in contemporary sample preparation methodologies offers a cost-effective alternative to the currently available, yet expensive, adsorbents. This renders it economically viable, particularly in resource-constrained regions, and is anticipated to witness widespread adoption in the coming future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo vinegar is a liquid biomass with a huge yield and complex chemical composition. At present, the relative quantification of bamboo vinegar has been investigated in most studies. To analyze twelve compounds from bamboo vinegar simultaneously, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and an external standard method were used to develop an analytical method. In this method, chromatographic separations of all compounds were above 1.5. The linear range was between 0.100 and 10.000 mg/L, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was between 0.9981 and 0.9997, indicating a good linear relationship. The limit of detection (LOD) was between 0.004 and 0.780 mg/L; the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was between 0.016 and 3.120 mg/L; the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of instrument precision and method stability were less than 8%; the recovery rate was between 89.25% and 113.77%, and its RSD was between 0.44% and 5.70%. Using this method, fourteen bamboo vinegars and six wood vinegars were analyzed, and it was found that the content of propionic acid, phenol, and 2-methoxyphenol was higher in most samples. In addition, the differences in physicochemical properties between distilled bamboo vinegar and its original solution after atmospheric distillation were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Changes in skin phenotypic characteristics are based on skin tissue. The study of the metabolic changes in skin tissue can help understand the causes of skin diseases and identify effective therapeutic interventions. Objectives: We aimed to establish and optimize a non-targeted skin metabolome extraction system for skin tissue metabolomics with high metabolite coverage, recovery, and reproducibility using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Methods: The metabolites in skin tissues were extracted using eleven different extraction systems, which were designed using reagents with different polarities based on sequential solid-liquid extraction employing a two-step strategy and analyzed using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiency of diverse solvents was evaluated by coefficient of variation (CV), multivariate analysis, metabolites coverage, and relative peak area analysis. Results: We identified 119 metabolites and the metabolite profiles differed significantly between the eleven extraction systems. Metabolites with high abundances in the organic extraction systems, followed by aqueous extraction, were involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, while metabolites with high abundances in the aqueous extraction systems, followed by organic extraction, were involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism. MeOH/chloroform-H2O and MeOH/H2O-chloroform were the extraction systems that yielded the highest number of metabolites, while MeOH/acetonitrile (ACN)-H2O and ACN/H2O-IPA exhibited superior metabolite recoveries. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that our research facilitates the selection of an appropriate metabolite extraction approach based on the experimental purpose for the metabolomics study of skin tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI), especially the early PMI, plays a key role in forensic practice. Although several studies based on metabolomics approaches have presented significant findings for PMI estimation, most did not examine the effects of ambient temperature. In this study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‒MS)‒based metabolomics was adopted to explore the changes in metabolites in the cardiac blood of suffocated rats at various ambient temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) from 0 to 24 h after death. Isoleucine, alanine, proline, valine, glycerol, glycerol phosphate, xanthine, and hypoxanthine were found to contribute to PMI in all temperature groups. Hypoxanthine and isoleucine were chosen to establish estimation models (equations) with an interpolation function using PMI as the dependent variable (f(x, y)), relative intensity as the independent variable x, and temperature as the independent variable y. Thereafter, these two models were validated with predictive samples and shown to have potential predictive ability. The findings indicate that isoleucine, alanine, proline, valine, glycerol, glycerol phosphate, xanthine, and hypoxanthine may be significant for PMI estimation at various ambient temperatures. Furthermore, a method to determine PMI based on ambient temperature and PMI-related metabolites was explored, which may provide a basis for future studies and practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuticular waxes are essential for protecting plants from various environmental stresses. Allium fistulosum serves as an excellent model for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying cuticular wax synthesis with notable epidermal wax characteristics. A combination of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) metabolite analysis and transcriptomics was used to investigate variations in metabolites and gene expression patterns between the wild type (WT) and glossy mutant type (gl2) of A. fistulosum. The WT surface had a large number of acicular and lamellar waxy crystals, whereas the leaf surface of gl2 was essentially devoid of waxy crystals. And the results revealed a significant decrease in the content of 16-hentriacontanone, the principal component of cuticular wax, in the gl2 mutant. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3084 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT and gl2. Moreover, we identified 12 genes related to fatty acid or wax synthesis. Among these, 10 DEGs were associated with positive regulation of wax synthesis, whereas 2 genes exhibited negative regulatory functions. Furthermore, two of these genes were identified as key regulators through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Notably, the promoter region of AfisC5G01838 (AfCER1-LIKE1) exhibited a 258-bp insertion upstream of the coding region in gl2 and decreased the transcription of the AfCER1-LIKE1 gene. This study provided insights into the molecular mechanisms governing cuticular wax synthesis in A. fistulosum, laying the foundation for future breeding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial, UV photoprotective and antioxidant capabilities of Spirulina spp. methanolic extracts were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Notable compounds were reported to be 5 fatty acid methyl esters, 4-methoxyallocinnamic acid, 2-ethylhexyl esters and bumetrizole. Moreover, these metabolites contained functionalities including hydroxyl, alkyl and carbonyl, as supported by the FTIR result. After 24 h, there was no zone of inhibition in the antibacterial activity as measured by the agar well diffusion method at doses of 30, 50 and 70 g/mL. The ABTS radical scavenging assay revealed that the methanolic Spirulina spp. exhibited an inhibitory concentration of 1,047.91 g/mL for antioxidant activity and SPF values of 0.40, 0.23 and 0.93 were calculated using Mansur's equation for concentrations of 30, 50 and 70 g/mL, respectively. The results of the study showed the potential of cyanobacterial extracts as a bioactive ingredient in cosmetic product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new synthetic approach to 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines bearing the CF3 and HCF2 substituents at the C(4′) atoms that involved the reaction of lithium 3-polyfluoroalkyl-1,3-ketoenolates with ammonium acetate in glacial AcOH was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential analytical technique in the scientific domains of chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacy, medicine, and many others. The technique is centrally implicated in the quality control of pharmaceuticals, foods, atmospheric and forensic analytes, polymers and the structure elucidation of unknown compounds. Foods are an intricate combination of carbohydrates, oils, vitamins, amino acids, polyphenols and nutrients that give a wide range of flavours and aromas. MS therefore due to its great selectivity and specificity has proven to be a very effective method for characterising and estimating food components. The main employment of MS in food-related applications was probably gas chromatography mass spectrometry which enables derivatized polar isolates and natural volatiles to be easily examined even if the mixtures should contain over 100 ingredients. The technique due to its capabilities and the ease with which it interacts with widely used chromatographic techniques is particularly useful for the analysis of food as regards nutritional content and adulterations. This review intends to present an overview of some recent applications of MS and its associated techniques in the analysis of food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The findings of this study shed light on the intricate relationship between the cooking techniques, volatile compound formation, and consumer acceptance of beef meat. By employing Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods to analyze volatile "marker" compounds, the study delineates significant disparities in flavor profiles arising from roasting versus stewing methods. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two distinct cooking techniques, namely roasting and stewing, on the formation of volatile compounds in various beef muscles (Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris, and Rectus femoris) and how this relates to consumer acceptance. The research employs the concept of volatile "marker" compounds to discern the influence of cooking techniques on the flavor profile of beef. Eighteen "marker compounds" were selected to represent a number of the mechanisms of formation and quantified in beef subjected to two different cooking methods. While no statistically significant differences were observed in consumer evaluations between the two cooking methods, notable disparities emerged in the consumer assessments of specific muscle cuts. Notably, the Rectus femoris muscle received the highest ratings (p < 0.05) among other evaluated muscles. The utilization of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods for the analysis of volatile "marker compounds" in beef proved effective in highlighting significant differences in flavor compound classes between cooking methods, and these differed between muscles. The main effect was of the cooking method with stewed beef aroma having approximately 39× more dimethyl trisulphide, 9× more dimethyl disulphide, 7× more pentanal, 3× more hexanal, and twice as much benzaldehyde and 2-methylthiophene. Dimethyldisulphide, dimethyltrisulphide, hexanal, and heptanal, therefore, emerged as characteristic volatile compounds associated with the stewing cooking technique, suggesting their potential as markers for lipid and other oxidation reactions. This work indicates that certain lipid oxidation compounds, Strecker aldehydes, and sulfur compounds can be markers for the undesirable and/or desirable flavors of cooked beef, but that this depends on the cooking method chosen. It shows that flavor differences may be understood through the analysis of volatile flavor compounds in association with palatability and other chemical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill or control various types of pests, which are hazardous for crops and animals. Pesticides may remain on or in foods after these are applied to crops. Pesticide residue in food has been a major global concern since there are direct and indirect health hazards associated with the regular consumption of foods with pesticide residues. Chlorpyrifos is one of the most used pesticides that has received much attention worldwide due to its detrimental health impact. The presence of chlorpyrifos residue in food crops can have both long-term and short-term effects on consumer health. Bangladesh is an agricultural country that uses a high volume of pesticides every year including chlorpyrifos. This experimental study aimed to analyze chlorpyrifos pesticide residue in locally grown cauliflower, cabbage, and eggplant samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique followed by a suitable extraction process. Commercially available cauliflower, cabbage, and eggplant samples along with samples cultivated with the recommended pesticide dose were collected for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Samples cultivated without chlorpyrifos were collected as control samples for the validation study. The method was validated with respect to accuracy, recovery, reproducibility, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The method has a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.011 mg/kg and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.034 mg/kg. The experimental results were compared to the maximum residue level (MRL) to assess the human health impact. Chlorpyrifos residue was found in 44% of cauliflower samples with 91% of samples higher than MRL. The residue was found in 68% of cabbage samples with 53% of samples higher than MRL. For eggplant, the residue was found in 80% of the samples with 65% of samples higher than MRL. The risk assessment based on the residue level found in this study shows a potential health hazard of having a high concentration of chlorpyrifos residue in locally grown vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Moringa oleifera is called a miracle plant due to its diverse uses and several medicinal benefits all over the world. There are several bioactive secondary metabolites yet to be discovered. This study was conducted to actuate the biochemical content of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (ELEMO) using Agilent Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and phenols. The GC-MS results of the extract were relevant to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of ELEMO showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (33.42), Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methylmethyl ester (36.23), Ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (33.12 and 4-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)- 1-cyclohexyl-5-tosylamino-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (31.24). Results from this study may potentiate the discovery of more valuable bioactive components of industrial and pharmaceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology is the property of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present work, wastewater treatment plants and collection systems from Nagpur, Central India were studied for frequently occurring endocrine disrupting chemicals. All the EDCs, such as bisphenol A, butylparaben, and diethyl phthalate were present in all the collected samples with a detection frequency of 100%. Laboratory analysis revealed high bisphenol A, butylparaben, and diethyl phthalate levels, with mean concentrations of 79.10, 4.12, and 2.25 μg/L, respectively, in influent samples and 33.20, 1.62, and 0.77 μg/L, respectively, in the effluent wastewater. The distribution of the emergent pollutants among the sampling locations was found to be consistent with the physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, according to the component analysis, and the sites with the highest levels of contamination were also identified. Finally, an ecological risk assessment was carried out for aquatic biota in terms of risk quotients. The risk quotients for the target chemicals in effluent wastewater suggested a minimal impact, except for the target insect Chrironomus riparius, which had a risk quotient value of 33.20 for bisphenol A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabichromene (CBC) is a minor cannabinoid within the array of over 120 cannabinoids identified in the Cannabis sativa plant. While CBC does not comprise a significant portion of whole plant material, it is available to the public in a purified and highly concentrated form. As minor cannabinoids become more popular due to their potential therapeutic properties, it becomes crucial to elucidate their metabolism in humans. Therefore, the goal of this was study to identify the major CBC phase I-oxidized metabolite generated in vitro following incubation with human liver microsomes. The novel metabolite structure was identified as 2′-hydroxycannabicitran using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following the identification, in silico molecular modeling experiments were conducted and predicted 2′-hydroxycannabicitran to fit in the orthosteric site of both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. When tested in vitro utilizing a competitive binding assay, the metabolite did not show significant binding to either the CB1 or CB2 receptors. Further work necessitates the determination of potential activity of CBC and the here-identified phase I metabolite in other non-cannabinoid receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is normally cooked at a high temperature. In order to explore the effects of cooking methods on the protein nutritional values and volatile flavor substances of silver carp meat, the meat was fried, roasted and steamed, and its contents were determined in relation to moisture, protein, fat, ash, amino acids and volatile flavor substances. The results show that the moisture content of cooked silver carp can be ranked as follows: raw > steamed > roasted > fried. The protein content order of the four samples can be ranked: fried > roasted > raw > steamed. The ash and the fat contents of the four samples showed similar significant (p < 0.05) differences, in the order of fried > roasted > steamed > raw. The contents of all the amino acids in the fried meat were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the contents in others, and the frying, roasting and steaming processes improved the umami taste (supported by the increased content of glutamate and aspartate) and the protein nutritional value (supported by the amino acid score, essential amino acid index and protein efficiency ratio) of the silver carp meat. A total of 51 compounds were detected in the fried, roasted and steamed meat. Frying and roasting reduced the fishy flavor of this meat. The odor activity value (OAV) indicated that methanethiol, 1-octen-3-ol and 2-heptanone were the key flavor chemicals in raw meat. Hexanal, propionaldehyde, octanal, nonanal, decanal, 1-octen-3-ol and 2-heptanone were key to the flavor of fried meat. Pentanal, decanal, methyl mercap-tan and 1-octen-3-ol contributed greatly to the overall flavor of the roasted meat. Nonanal, methylmercaptan and 1-octene-3-ol had strong effects on the flavor of the steamed silver carp meat.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a devastating pest that attacks a wide range of crops, including sugarcane, rice, and maize. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the toxicity potential of native plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cannabis sativa, Citrullus colocynthis, Nicotiana tabacum) against S. frugiperda. Four different concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) of the ethanolic plant extracts was evaluated against S. frugiperda third-instar larvae to determine their median lethal concentration (LC50). After 72 h of exposure, the LC50 values of A. indica, E. globulus, P. hysterophorus, C. sativa, C. colocynthis, N. tabacum, and positive control (Spinetoram) were 186.104, 518.438, 320.027, 334.259, 252.651, 720.980 and 189.369 ppm respectively. The maximum percent mortality was caused by the highest concentration (400 ppm) of A. indica (64 ± 0.18), E. globulus (48 ± 0.22), P. hysterophorus (56 ± 0.18), C. sativa (56 ± 0.18), C. colocynthis (60 ± 0.00), and N. tabacum (40 ± 0.28), after 72 h of treatment while Spinetoram induced 100 ± 0.00 percent mortality of S. frugiperda and only 4 ± 0.18 percent mortality was recorded in a control group. Results showed that all plant extracts were found to be effective against S. frugiperda. The compounds from the two most effective ethanolic plant extracts were identified by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). The key compounds identified in neem leaf extract and kortuma fruit extract are predominantly biologically active molecules. Many of them were volatile compounds that belonged to different chemical categories, such as fatty acids, hydrocarbons, esters, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and amines. Terpenes exhibited a wide range of different biological activities, such as serving as insecticides and antifeedant. The presence of various functional groups in the plant extract was determined by conducting a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Farmers should employ these kinds of environmental friendly insecticides to lessen the impact of fall armyworm because these products are cheaper to use and better for the economy and the environment.

Piling fermentation (PF) is crucial for Pu-erh tea aroma, yet its microbial and moist-heat impact on aroma quality is poorly understood. Solid-phase microextraction, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were used to detected and analyses the samples of sun-green green tea, sterile PF and spontaneous PF. Microbiological action promotes the formation of stale aromas. Moist-heat action promotes the formation of plum-fragrance and sweet aroma. 20 microbial markers and 28 moist-heat markers were screened from 184 volatile components. Combining odor activity values and gas chromatography-olfactometry, 22 aroma-active compounds were screened (1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, linalool, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene …), and analyzed during PF processing. Aroma omission and addition experiments verified its importance. Gallic acid addition experiments successfully verified that microorganisms are the main contributors to the synthesis of methoxybenzenes. Finally, Blastobotrys, Rasamsonia, and Thermomyces showed positive correlation with the synthesis of 1-ethyl-4-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, and 1,2-dimethoxybenzene. The formation mechanism of Pu-erh tea's aroma was clarified.Exploring microbial and moist-heat effects on Pu-erh tea volatiles and understanding the methoxybenzene formation mechanism using molecular sensory science.

Lu’an Guapian (LAGP) tea is one of the most famous teas in China. However, research on its suitable processing varieties is still lacking. This study analyzed the quality of LAGP tea made from three different tea varieties, namely, ‘Anhui1’ (AH1), ‘Quntizhong’ (QTZ), and ‘Shuchazao’ (SCZ), using molecular sensory science and metabolomics techniques. The results showed that AH1 had a strong floral aroma and the strongest umami flavor, while QTZ had a distinct roasted aroma and a mellow taste. SCZ had a cooked corn-like aroma and the highest bitterness and astringency owing to the high tea polyphenol contents and low free amino acid contents. The study also identified 12 key aroma-active compounds, with trans-beta-ionone and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrazine contributing the most to floral and roasted aromas, respectively. The results of this study provide a theoretical and practical basis for selecting and breeding high-quality varieties of LAGP tea and stabilizing its quality.