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Although the impact of a leadership style has recognized over the years, there is a need for better understanding of its relationship with organizational optimism. This paper examines the impact of leadership style on organizational optimism with respect to the mediating role of psychological climate. Research method was applied based on aim and was quantitative based on data collecting with the approach of correlation. Based on a convenience method, 145 staff and professors working at Farhangian University were determined. To collect data, leadership style questionnaire (Lathans), psychological climate questionnaire (Koys & Decotiis) and organizational optimism questionnaire (Smith, Caputi & Crittenden) have used. For data analysis was used the Structural equation modeling. The results indicate that leadership style is not significantly related to organizational optimism, though psychological climate related positively to organizational optimism. The major hypothesis of this study also supported and results indicated (0.53) of the total effect of relationship-oriented leadership style indirectly explained by the psychological climate. According to the results, organizational optimism in University staff and professors can be improvement by using relationship-oriented leadership style.

Background and Objectives:In the ideals proposed by experts for education systems in the twenty-first century, the teacher is mentioned as the fulcrum of any change. Competence is a set of knowledge, skills and abilities of a particular job that makes a person successful in performing tasks. In recent educational research, the term professional competence is used to describe the specific prerequisites that teachers need to succeed in their work. It is assumed that this professional competence can be learned and taught. Professional competence includes having professional knowledge as well as motivational and emotional aspects. Professional knowledge is divided into different types such as content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge and pedagogical-psychological knowledge. A teacher's competence refers to his or her ability to adequately meet the demands and requirements of the teaching profession, using an integrated set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that manifest in the teacher's performance and response. Based on the growth model of teachers' professional competence, the psychological characteristics of the teacher seem to play an important role in gaining learning opportunities. In addition, it has been suggested that beyond specific subject knowledge, more aspects of the teacher, such as teachers' beliefs and motivational and emotional characteristics, are important prerequisites for educating and motivating students. The aim of this study is to investigate professional qualifications among teachers graduated from Farhangian University, former Teacher Education Centers and other universities. Methods: The method of the study is causal-comparative. The sample was comprised of 210 teachers in three groups that graduated from Farhangian University, former Teacher Education Centers and other universities such that the groups were similar in demographic factors. All subjects assessed by teacher professional qualifications questionnaire. The results of two-way analysis of variance show that teachers’ professional qualifications in three groups are different. Findings: The results of the cognitive qualification show that Farhangian University’s graduates have the best state. In management qualification, the difference between Farhangian University’s graduates and former Teacher Education Centers’ graduates is not significant but this difference is significant when other universities’ graduates are considered. Attitude qualification difference is not significant between the groups. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the professional competence of teachers is significantly different. The cognitive competence of Farhangian University graduates is higher than other graduates. Graduates of teacher training centers also have higher cognitive competencies compared to graduates of other universities. In terms of managerial competence, the graduates of Farhangian University have not shown a significant difference with the graduates of teacher training centers, but they are in a better position compared to the group of graduates of other universities. In this case, the difference between former teacher training graduates and other universities is not significant. In attitudinal competence, the difference between groups of teachers is not significant, meaning that these three categories have equally developed attitudinal competence in their graduates.

Introduction: Research has shown that inner life is a source of inspiration that positively influences spiritual leadership that positively predicts a sense of self-healing. In this regard, actualization sense in athletes can be associated with changes spiritual leadership that in turn can produce results in performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual leadership and actualization sense in athletes. Methods: The statistical population was composed of 84 heads of campuses of the University of Cultural Studies, experts consisting of the Director General of Physical Education and the assistants and experts of the General Directorate and as well as specialists and educational elites at the Farhangian University. The initial list of the status quo after the finalization of the Strategic Council meetings was sent to the statistical sample in a questionnaire. In order to formulate strategies, internal and external factors evaluation matrix, swat matrices and appropriate statistical tests such as descriptive statistics, binomial test, Friedman test and quantitative strategic planning matrix were used. Results: The results showed that the Educational Administration of Farhangian University has a strategic position in an offensive position. Conclusion: According to the results and findings of the research, it can be admitted that the Department of Educational Development of the University of Cultural Sciences, based on aggressive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop strategic leadership components by referring to the views and definitions provided by experts and examining their compatibility with the characteristics required by senior managers of the University of Farhangian. In order to achieve the above objectives, the mixed research method has been used. Qualitative stage is used to extract and compile the components using qualitative content analysis method and in the quantitative stage, a survey method has been used. Findings of the research show that, from an individual's point of view, strategic leadership has features such as managerial wisdom, learning, flexibility, absorption capacity, adjustment capacity, and creative stress. Organizationally, the strategic leader, with the characteristics of the linkage of activities with the organization's strategy, is identical to the future, global management, productivity and continuous improvement, motivation and persuasion, change management, continuous monitoring, close relationship between the leader and the follower. In an environmental field, a strategic leader should consider his own plans by observing the organization's surroundings, strategic thinking, explaining the right path, foresight, prediction, competitive advantage, customer orientation, and market development. Also, the results of the research showed that apart from the competitive advantage, all other features of strategic leadership were essential for senior managers of the University of Cultural Exchanges.

The internship has been considered as a crucial program in preparing pre-service teachers to implement the scientific-practical activities knowledge they have gained. This study aimed at describing the implementation as well as the function of the internship program based on pre-service teachers' of Farhangian University-Shahid Beheshti branch of Tehran viewpoint. The statistical population of this study was the student teachers of Shahid Beheshti Higher Education Center entering the year 2015 in which the 119 people of them were selected as the sample. As many as 31 questions about six main criteria (the assessment of Farhangian University, internship course lecturers, schools where the interns went for internship, teachers who guided interns in schools, self-assessment of internships and the assessment of education department) were designed and verified by internship professors and then a five-choice questionnaire was designed based on Likert Scale. The data obtained then analyzed using single sample t-test. The results obtained from the questionnaire proved that the university, internship lecturers and guidance teachers did not succeed in fulfilling their tasks. Thus, good coordination among university, Department of Education, and schools should be established.

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Research is an important skill for every student. The purpose of the present paper was to identify and classify the problems of research methodology course from the perspective of university students; campus Kosar Yasooj.The research statistical population includes all of the students in the campus Kosar who have completed the course successfully. Using purposive sampling method was selected 40 of the total population (21 girls and 19 boys). The research method was the Delphi research method which is a type of qualitative assessment. The research Instrument includes a researcher designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (frequency and frequency percent). The findings show that the problems of research methodology courses can be divided into three sections, educational, attitudinal and structural divide. Based on the results obtained and the urgent need for student teachers to gain practical skills in scientific research, it seems time has been dedicated to this subject during the work week.

Introduction : Due to various factors, college education is a stressful period and the students may experience educational burnout for differhdemanding high level of endeavor for learning or lack of supportive mechanisms for effective coping with the problems. Aim: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental health and academic burnout of students at the Farhangian University. Method: The present study was descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population of this study was all sudent teachers of Kurdistan Farhangian University in the academic year of 1393-1394. Totally, 121 person of them were selected based on Morgan and Krejcy table using simple random sampling method. The insruments were the scale of mental health questionnaire (GHQ28) to learn and academic burnout inventory. The data were analyzed by SPSS/24 and Pearson correlation coefcient and regression analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between mental health andv academic burnout. Mental health significantly predicts academic burnout and also provides a good predictor of academic burnout. Conclusion: According to the given results, it can be concluded that some fields in the college education can cause educational burnout and therefore have negative impact on mental health of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was an attempt to evaluate the undergraduate TEFL program at Farhangian University. The university specializes in educating prospective teachers and the program is important since it is expected to equip the student teachers with the knowledge and skills necessary for qualified teachers. Hence, in this study, measures were taken to investigate the merits and demerits of the implemented TEFL program and explore the domains in which the program needs to be improved. The study assessed the program from the perspectives of 220 student teachers, 32 teacher educators, and 12 heads of departments and experts including the university deans, deputies, and research and teaching staff, through using three instruments, i.e. questionnaires, interviews, and observations in a mixed methods design .The findings indicated that the TEFL program did not address some educational and administrative needs as the participants believed that they were not enriched with the necessary skills, the practice of the learned theories, problem solving, critical thinking, flexibility, and innovation. Furthermore, this study demonstrated several theory- practice gaps in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The level of mobility and general health has decreased among students in virtual classes during COVID-19 pandemic. The present cross-sectional study aims to investigate the mental and physical conditions related to inactivity among the students of Farhangian University during the virtual classes., Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. 475 students (214 females and 261 males) were selected as the statistical sample of the study based on Morgan's Table from Farhangian University, Iran. The statistical population includes students studying at Farhangian University of Mazandaran province that using Convenience Sampling the sample size based on Morgan's Table, 475 students consisting of 214 females and 261 males were randomly selected as the statistical sample of the study. The research instruments of this study include International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Saehan Caliper (SH5020), Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale, Beck Depression Questionnaire, and Nordic Skeletal and Muscular Disorders Questionnaire. For data analysis, independent sample t -test was employed to compare two groups. All analyses were conducted using spss24 software., Results: With respect to students' skeletal-muscular disorders, findings proved that both genders suffered physical conditions during virtual classes. The research findings showed that the average weekly activity level among women is 634 Met/min with a standard deviation of ±281, and the average weekly activity level among men is 472 Met/min with a standard deviation of ±231. Fat percentage by gender, men's average fat percentage is 47.21% (S. D ± 4.74) and women's average fat percentage is 31.55% (S. D ± 4.37). Also, the self-esteem scores of male and female students were obtained 29.72 and 29.43, respectively, and the difference between the two was considered significant ( p < 0.05). On the other hand, 67% (No. 25) of female students and 32% (No. 12) of male students suffered from high depression. Also, based on students' skeletal-muscular disorders, findings of our study showed that both genders suffered physical conditions during virtual classes., Conclusion: This study suggests increasing the level of physical activity to reduce body fat mass, increase mental health and reduce skeletal disorders, which can be properly accomplished through university planning and prioritizing the health of male and female students., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Homayounnia Firouzjah, Pourazar and Kakvandi.)

Performance assessment is exceedingly considered a key concept in teacher education programs worldwide. Accordingly, in Iran, a national assessment system was proposed by Farhangian University to assess the professional competencies of its ELT graduates. The concerns regarding the validity and authenticity of traditional measures of teachers' competencies have motivated us to devise a localized performance assessment scheme. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a performance assessment scheme to be used as a benchmark for assessing the professional competencies of ELT graduates of this university. To this end, three assessment tasks and rating scales were developed, piloted, and administered. Next, Haertel's participatory approach was employed to set passing standards for the assessment tasks as well as the whole assessment scheme. Analysis of the data revealed inter-rater and intra-rater reliability coefficients of 0.85 and 0.89. The validity of the assessment scheme was also confirmed by experts' judgments made, to a large extent, on the correspondence between the target domain and test domain skills. Based on the results, the proposed assessment scheme is rendered more efficient and reliable in comparison to traditional tests with regard to the following dimensions: a) higher degrees of reliability and validity of the assessment scheme aimed at the improvement of licensure and program development; b) stronger evidence for inter-/intra-rater reliability and consistency of scoring; and c) an optimized and systematic procedure for setting passing standards based on the consensus of experts' judgments. It is believed that further development of the proposed assessment scheme unlocks its potential to be used as a large-scale teacher assessment model for Farhangian University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Suitable models for measuring efficiency of hierarchical structures are presented. • The efficiencies of Farhangian University's campuses are investigated. • Comparison of new models and standard DEA for Farhangian University is presented. • Application of the results enables managers to identify inefficient campuses. The main objective of this research is to measure the relative efficiency of the campuses of Farhangian University, which trains schoolteachers in Iran. As with many organizations, Farhangian University's campuses have hierarchical structures and need to provide appropriate models for evaluating their performance. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is now widely used for evaluating the performance and efficiency of many systems. The present research aims at introducing suitable models for calculating the efficiency of hierarchical structures using DEA and applying these models for comparing the efficiencies of Farhangian University's campuses. The results reveal that some campuses have high efficiency, while others do not have satisfactory performance, suggesting that these campuses do not optimally utilize their inputs and outputs. The results of the proposed models can be of great assistance for managers to identify inefficient departments, develop strategies to improve their performance and enhance the overall efficiency of the campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]