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This paper has purpose to reveal Learning method of Business Plan subject to increase entrepreneurial skill, intention and spirit of Maranatha Christian University students. The result showed 71.4% want to learn more about entrepreneurship, 52% want to be entrepreneur 42.9% want to be intrapreneur. From 63 students of Business plan class showed that 73% said presentation and discussion help them to increase their entrepreneurship skill. Meanwhile to increase their entrepreneurial intentions, learning methods entrepreneurial project and presentation of the project have the highest percentage. Be and investor, presentation and doing project are learning methods which have the highest degree for increase spirit of entrepreneurship.

Aquaponic food production requires a broad spectrum of knowledge in order to understand and manage the processes involved, and for commercial aquaponics to develop its full potential, it will require an appropriately trained workforce. Devised in collaboration as an Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership for Higher Education, Aqu@teach covers the basics of aquaponics with a focus on transferable and entrepreneurial skills. The aquaponics curriculum can either be taught using blended learning—combining digital media and the internet with classroom formats that require the physical co-presence of the teacher and students—or as an e-learning course. The supplementary entrepreneurial skills module was devised on the basis of two surveys: of aquaponics companies around the world, in order to get a broad overview of the skills that are important in the early years of a business; and of European higher education institutions that teach subjects where aquaponics could be incorporated as an optional module. The entrepreneurial skills curriculum introduces the main processes involved in developing a business idea into a start-up company. All of the Aqu@teach resources—the e-learning modules, textbooks, module guides for students, curriculum guides for teachers, best practice guide for teaching aquaponics, and toolbox of innovative didactic practices—are open access.

The purpose of this chapter is to identify entrepreneurial skill acquisition priorities of artisans and its dimensional orientation in cultural tourism destinations of India. The study adopted the exploratory sequential method, employed in-depth interview in qualitative stage, and structured questionnaire in the quantitative stage for primary data collection. Factor analysis was done for identifying dimensions of entrepreneurial skill acquisition priorities. Data gathered from three cultural tourism destinations of Andhra Pradesh, India. The results indicate that there are 17 indicators pertaining to entrepreneurial skill acquisition priorities, with three distinct dimensions consisting of (1) managerial skill, (2) initiating skill, and (3) destination-specific skill. This emphasizes that focus has to be given while imparting entrepreneurial training for artisan aspiring for grabbing cultural tourism opportunities. The study highlights the importance of framing broader strategies in skill development programs based on the destination-specific requirements of artisans for an inclusive growth, which may, in turn, meet the conservation and management needs of craft/artwork and also to expand economic opportunities in this informal sector.

Individuals who exhibit an optimistic mindset have good entrepreneurial skills in terms of team effectiveness. Optimism refers to the individual’s positive outlook on life that may influence their personality and behavior which involve life skills and competencies. In entrepreneurship, team effectiveness is an essential entrepreneurial skill that may affect the outcome of work productivity. This study aims to determine if optimism relates to skills and competencies. It specifically assesses whether the optimism level of an individual correlates with their level of team effectiveness skill. The study employed a quantitative research method, particularly descriptive-correlational. In order to assess the hypothesis that optimism level relates to the level of team effectiveness skill, an online survey questionnaire was disseminated to students of Lourdes College, Inc. located in Cagayan de Oro City. Participants were purposely sampled such that respondents were only taken from the Grade 12 Accountancy, Business, and Management students. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive, and inferential statistics utilizing the mean and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation, respectively. The results showed a positive relationship between the optimism and team effectiveness skill of the participants, and significant p values in favor of the alternative hypothesis. These findings suggest that individuals who have higher optimism are more entrepreneurially skilled in terms of team effectiveness. With this premise, the development of individual optimism should be taken into consideration when developing team effectiveness skill.

Without being aware of it, metaphorical concepts reveal their expressions word for word in our social life. It is the expression of thoughts using concrete and abstract concepts. The aim of this study is to reveal the mental perceptions of teacher candidates about entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship skills by using metaphors. The participants of the study are teacher candidates studying in ten different branches at the Faculty of Education in Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University in the 2019-2020 academic year. In the research, as a data collection tool, a form that includes the expression "Entrepreneurship education / entrepreneurship skill...... because......" was used to identify metaphors for entrepreneurship education. The data obtained from the data collection tool were analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. Content analysis and metaphor analysis were used in the analysis of the data. According to the findings obtained from the study, pre-service teachers produced a total of 100 metaphorsfor entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship skills.These metaphors are evaluated in three categories: 1-Theoretical framework ofentrepreneurship education, 2-Values ofentrepreneurship education, 3-Sub-skills of entrepreneurship education. These conceptual categories were examined according to the pre-service teachers' branches and the data obtained were evaluated under three main categories and under thirty-five titles. According to the results of the research, the perceptions of pre-service teachers about entrepreneurship education and gaining entrepreneurship skills are generally positive.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish the moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. Thus, this study seeks to establish whether financial literacy moderates the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in a developing economy like Uganda. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional research design was used in the study and data were collected from 169 SMEs located in Jinja and Iganga central markets. ModGraph (excel programme) was used to test for the moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies. Findings The findings reveal a positive and significant moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies. In addition, financial literacy and access to finance also have significant and positive effects on growth of SMEs in developing economies. Research limitations/implications The study collected data from only SMEs located in Uganda, and there is an opportunity to test this finding in other developing economies. Furthermore, the findings from the study are based on quantitative data collected through use of semi-structured questionnaires. Besides, the study was purely cross-sectional; hence, it ignores the characteristics of SMEs, which could be investigated using a longitudinal study design. Practical implications The study highlights the importance of financial literacy in promoting access to finance, which is necessary for the growth of SMEs in developing economies. Owners of SMEs could attend financial literacy programmes provided by entrepreneurial skill development organizations to enable them to acquire financial knowledge and skills to make wise and better financial decisions and choices. Originality/value The study contributes to existing international entrepreneurship literature by indicating the moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies. The study shows that for SMEs to access finance to grow there is a need for financial literacy that promotes effective and efficient use of loans/credits. SMEs in developing economies need financial literacy, which helps them make wise financial decisions and choices before accessing financial services like loans.

This research is aimed to study a model of entrepreneurial skill learning at non formal educational institutions preparing women to become independent entrepreneurs. This study was conducted in the form of research and development (R &D) model employing mixed method (survey, evaluation and experiment). Its samples which were selected purposively covered four Islamic Women Groups in Bogor district. The model developed deals with the area of non formal education and is designed by the following steps : (1) developing concepts, (2) identifying target groups, (3) carrying out a need analysis, (4) determining objectives, (5) developing plans, (6) developing a curriculum and materials, (7) implementing the learning process, and (8) administering an evaluation.The result of the research shows that : (1) the model of interpreneurial skill learning using teaching methode with guidance is better than the one without guidance, (2) the result of the model interpreneurial skill learning using teaching methode with guidance is higher compared with the one without guidance. The model of women empowerment through interpreneurial skill learning with guidance in development of payette handycraft is effective in nurturing the intrepreneurial attitude and motivation by generating need for achivement motivation as well as managerial skills through practice and simulation.

Due to globalization and advancement in technology competition is increasing day by day that’s why self- employment consciousness among college students is increasing at fast pace. Furthermore India is second most populous country and due to large population pressure it is need of hour to develop entrepreneurial skill among people in India so government launch startup India Plan to support young inspiring entrepreneur .This Paper aims to investigate the challenges and Opportunities in the way of startups in India. This paper is intent to explore the major difficulties faced by startups in India, and discuss the various opportunities of startups in India by using a literature-based analysis.

The role and effect of education,including training,on entrepreneurial activities has been a major topic of discussion in the last decade.Entrepreneurship is often defined as the opportunistic pursuit of economic wealth by limited resources. Governments all other the world undertake many programmes to boost entrepreneurial spirits amongst students - potential entrepreneurs.A dynamic economic development and several uncertainties had created numerous business opportunities for future entrepreneurs,including students at various levels of education,who noticed an opportunity to become committed entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study is to assess how grades obtained by students influence their entrepreneurial attitudes and secondly to assess students' entrepreneurial skills.

Every successful entrepreneurial effort starts with an idea and moves through some series of typical stages—from seed to (hopefully) exit. At each stage, founders must engage a galaxy of different actors, including partners, funders, technical staff, suppliers, and customers. How these negotiations are handled will determine whether a venture succeeds or fails. Indeed, many start-ups make it only through one or two stages before failing, and many more find their journey less predictable and eventually shut down. Throughout the entrepreneurial process, relationships must be forged and maintained in parallel to the founder internally developing their own entrepreneurial self. Negotiation is shown to be a vitally important entrepreneurial skill, one that is required for the many described interactions that most entrepreneurs must be able to handle from founding the company to the many milestones that are involved in raising money, hiring, procurement, licensing, servicing customers, selling, and deciding on strategy. Many entrepreneurial relationships are long-term and involve negotiating many agreements, contracts, and milestones.

The undergraduates’ entrepreneurship is the core part of higher education teaching reform. This research focuses on training undergraduates’ entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial ability, and entrepreneurial skill for helping they start a business during their school time and after graduation. In order to reform undergraduates’ entrepreneurship education, the characteristics and situation of a university should be considered in it. In addition, as a crucial way to training entrepreneurial ability, entrepreneurship courses could integrate into professional skill courses and quality courses.

This study was on development of entrepreneurial skills manual in aloe vera production for training farmers in Benue State. Specific objectives for the study were to: identify the objectives for aloe vera production, determine the content of aloe vera production manual for achieving the objectives for farmers, determine the training methods required by trainers in teaching aloe vera production to farmers, identify the facilities required for training farmers in aloe vera production, determine the evaluation techniques for assessing farmers’ achievement of objectives of aloe vera production in Benue state. Five research questions were raised and answered; five hypotheses were formulated and tested at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance. The design for the study was survey research design. The population for the study was 201 made up of 59 lecturers from University of Agriculture Makurdi and 142 extension agents in Benue State. The entire population was involved by means of census. An instrument titled: Aloe Vera Entrepreneurial Skills Production Questionnaire (AESPQ) developed by the researchers from literature reviewed and their experience. Mean was used to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that: that 9 objectives of aloe vera production are required for training farmers in Benue State, 65 cluster items formed the content of aloe vera production manual for achieving the objectives for farmers in Benue State, eight methods required for training farmers in aloe vera production, 17 facilities for training farmers in aloe vera production and 6 techniques for assessing farmers achievement of the objectives for aloe vera production manual in Benue State. It was therefore recommended that Agricultural Extension agents should regularly organize seminars and workshops for training of farmers and retraining of graduates to improve their technical efficiency using this manual, researchers should use the manual emanating from this study as a reference material for further research among others.

Entrepreneurs are assumed to be multiskilled, covering a number of skills and achieving in each skill a level as high as possible. Being such a jack-of-all-trades increases the probability of running an entrepreneurial venture successfully, but what happens to the jack-of-few-trades who lacks sufficient skills? This article investigates a possible compensation mechanism between balanced skills and cities and how this compensatory measure relates to performance. Specifically, we test and find support for the idea put forward by Helsley and Strange that high market thickness, such as that found in cities, can compensate for a lack of entrepreneurial skill balance. The results indicate that entrepreneurs with low skill balance benefit more from being located in cities than their counterparts with high skill balance. Innovative firms do not differ from other businesses in this respect.

Sale. When the need for change coincides with the timing of succession, uncertainty and disagreement about the future of the business and the future leadership of the business may make a sale appear the least painful of options. Return of Family/Founder. The return of the family or the founder to the top leadership post once they have passed the baton represents the view that only the family or the founder can take the business forward. Outsider. Without agreement and support from the key players, even the most capable outsider is likely to hit a wall in trying to implement change. Insider. An insider who has proven his/her entrepreneurial skill in building up complementary businesses has a better chance of transforming the firm upon succession if the organization has already moved in the direction of the desired change.

The study was carried out to determine the entrepreneurial skill needs required by secretarial education graduates of college of education for self sustainability in Enugu State. Four research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design that made use of 40 item structured questionnaire. The population for the study was 238 respondents. The questionnaire was face-validated by three experts. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the items and a coefficient of 0.75 was obtained. The questionnaire was administered on 238 respondents by the researchers with the help of three research assistants trained by the researchers. Two hundred and thirty-eight copies of the questionnaire were returned and considered valid. The analysis was done using mean for research questions and t-test statistic for the hypotheses. The findings revealed that the 40 entrepreneurial skill needs were required by the graduates for self sustainability. It therefore was recommended among others that secretarial education graduates should be encouraged to acquaint themselves with all the relevant entrepreneurial skills that will enable them to be self sustained in the society.

The art of entrepreneurship is considered critical to the growth and development, given its profound impact on the wealth creation and employment generation. Entrepreneurs in China and India are characterized by unique differences in their motivations for starting a business, whether it has to do with money, social impact, or the role their families play in their decision. The central feature of China‘s transition from a centrally planned economy is the development of the non-state sector led by an emerging class of the entrepreneurs. On the other hand it is claimed that entrepreneurship has been embedded in the Indian genius and is a part of its tradition. India has been called an entrepreneurial society having incredible entrepreneurial skill. However, numerous impediments mar the prospect of reaping the desired benefits from entrepreneurship for both the countries. This paper makes an effort to revisit the efforts and measures taken by both the countries using decadal Doing Business‘ report of World Bank and how far these actions have made a discernible dent in the inhibitors to entrepreneurship.

This paper investigated the need for the development of entrepreneurial skills for Benue State University students. The population consisted of all 1,500 final year students in Benue State University. A sample of 100 students was selected using simple random sampling. A 12-item self-constructed and content validated questionnaire by research experts titled, the Need for the Development of Entrepreneurial Skills in Benue State University Students (NDECBSUS) was used to collect the data. The questionnaire items were rated using a 4-point modified rating scale of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree, assigned the following scores of 4,3,2 and 1, respectively. The questionnaire was administered by the researcher with the help of two research assistants through the primary source. Simple percentages and chi-square were used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses, respectively. The findings revealed that in business management, business management skills, personal skills, and technical skills need to be developed in students for them to become effective and efficient entrepreneurs and concluded that the acquisition of these skills will reduce the challenge of unemployment. The study recommended that funds should be made available by all education stakeholders for such programmes to remain functional., {"references":["Ememe, O.N (2010) Entrepreneur education in the Universities in Eastern Nigerja: Implications for higher education administration. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt.","Sababu, M.B. (2004). Strategic management: The analytical approach, Nairobi: The Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.","Onyene V.E. (2000). Interpersonal skills for effective personnel administration, Lagos: Al- Tracy, B. (2006) Entrepreneurial success, Lagos: Al-Marks.","Tracy, B. (2006). Entrepreneurial success, Kaduna: Clarion Call.","World Bank (2013). Global economic prospects: technology diffusion in the developing world. Washington DC; The international bank for reconstruction/the world bank.","Ohuabunwa, M.S. (2014, November 18). Let us ignite an entrepreneurship revolution in Nigeria.Business Day, p.48.","World Bank (2012) Annual Statistics report","Uzoka, N.E. and Adetoro, J.A. (2008). Capacity building through higher education: A panacea for youth employment in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 3rd regional conference on higher education for youth employment, opportunities, capabilities and second chances at international Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Ibadan, 18-21st August.","Webb L.D., McCarthy M.M. and Thomas S.D. (1986) Financing in elementary and secondary education, Columbus: Merill.\n[10]\tAkalazu, E.C. (2007). The marketing implication of the changing image of Nigeria in the international market scene the enterprise. International Journal of Development 9(2), 24-39\n[11]\tOkenwa, C.P. (2005). Entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. A Practical approach, Onitsha: Adson Educational.\n[12]\tUche C.M., Nwabueze, A.J. and Ememe, O.N. (2008). Developing entrepreneurial skills among university students: A tool for attending MDGS in Nigeria Being a paper presented at the 7th Annual conference of Association for the Advancement of Vocational Education in Nigeria, 12-15th November."]}

A business plan competition is conducted to test whether survey instruments or panel judges are able to identify the fastest growing firms. Participants submitted six- to eight-page business plans and defended them before a three- or four-judge panel. Applicants are surveyed shortly after they applied and one and two years after the competition. Follow-up surveys are used to construct measures of enterprise growth and baseline surveys and panel scores to construct measures of enterprise growth potential. A survey measure of ability correlates strongly with future growth, but the panel scores add to predictive power even after controlling for ability and other survey variables. The survey questions have more power to explain the variance in growth. Participants presenting before the panel were given a chance to win customized management training. Fourteen months after the training, there is no positive effect of the training on growth of the business.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to undertake a qualitative case-based analysis of the factors affecting the capability of primary sector rural entrepreneurs to manage regulation. The authors suggest a conceptual framework to aid understanding of their skill and capability when managing regulation.Design/methodology/approach– Using a multiple case study approach the entrepreneurial skill of rural entrepreneurs is examined in light of three sets of factors: institutional regulatory, social capital and economic market.Findings– The case analysis indicates diversity in the skill of rural entrepreneurs to manage regulation across sub-sectors including dairy and stock farming, fruit growers and vegetable/horticultural producers. The conceptual framework indicates that there are three areas that influence entrepreneurial skill: relationships with national cooperatives, relationships with the institutional regulatory environment and relationships with the economic market environment. This provides the authors with a conceptual framework to aid understanding of the interplay of factors affecting entrepreneurial skill and capability to manage regulation.Originality/value– This study contributes to the emerging stream of literature highlighting the importance of industry sector context for understanding the complex and differing regulatory effects on entrepreneurs’ skill and hence capability to manage. Case comparisons allow the authors to explain and understand why entrepreneurs that operate similar businesses within the same sector respond differently to regulation.

Educators must distinguish what is the correct balance of knowledge between ‘expert’ and ‘local’ that graduates irrespective of discipline require. The ‘expert’ dimension comprises explicit, theory-based, academic, professional, or scientifically-based knowledge particular to a discipline or profession whereas the ‘local’ dimension comprises forms of knowledge and ways of doing which are practice-based, deriving from experience and problem solving in a specific context. These ‘softer’ skills enhance graduate employability and professional identity and an ability to apply their knowledge in a relevant discipline or profession. How best to encapsulate these skills into non-business disciplines is a challenge for educators and we propose in this chapter that modules focussing on entrepreneurial learning provide a useful conduit to develop the relevant ‘local’ knowledge in a context driven manner. The research provides insights to aid Business Schools wishing to develop similar collaborative modules. It heightens the awareness of the central role of the Business School as a nexus in the provision of relevant expert and local knowledge which enhances the personal and professional capability of the graduate.

A developing theme throughout this book is the continued usage of broad and ill-defined key terms by development practitioners. These terms are used to seduce, mask reality and appeal not only to potential partners but to local populations. The notion of youth is central to this theme; youth is a broad, vague definition of a person who, one presumes, has not achieved adulthood. This would potentially suffice; however, it would be wrong to accept such terms as universal without considering the cultural and socio-economic conditions of the specific population being examined. Ethnographic evidence in this book considers youth in Monrovia as a social category judged by social worth, the ability to acquire financial independence and displaying the tangible riches of adulthood. Youth is a social status in Liberia and one that relies heavily upon adult acceptance and recognition, entrepreneurial skill, acquisition of a home and family and the ability to sustain such wealth, power and stature.

This study aimed to develop a complete practical comprehensive module to improve students’ entrepreneurial skills, particularly to their managerial aspects. Research and development approach with design based research (Elly and Levy, 2010) was employed as the technique of this present study. For data collection and analysis throughdesign-based approach, several procedures were conducted, which involved problem identification, objectives framing, product design and development, product examination and test, result evaluation, and result communicating. The result of this research showed that the integrated entrepreneurship module was ultimately able to improve the students’ capability (80%) in both explaining and applying the concept of managerial aspects and entrepreneurial skills. As the result, this research finally produced an integrated module containing 3 chapters and 12 topics. Chapter 1 described on how to initiate entrepreneurial passion and consisted of 5 complete topics. Chapter 2 described on how to manage and run a business and it contained 6 topics. Chapter 3 described on how to implement a business plan and it consisted of 1 topic only. With this module, 80 % students were found successful understanding the given materials and implementing the management aspects in their entrepreneurial practice. Thus, the null hypothesis proposing that students’ entrepreneurial skills would be significantly improved was considered supported.

Professional student organizations offer members a wide range of learning opportunities for applied marketing experiences. Little research exists in the marketing education literature on the role student organizations play in preparing their members for life beyond school. Understanding what students seek as members of such organizations and how satisfied they are with their experiences is not only important for continued chapter development but also useful for faculty not directly involved with such organizations but impacted by their activities. A model, developed and tested through a large-scale study of American Marketing Association collegiate members, suggests four experiential dimensions affect member satisfaction and professional development—strategic and tactical activities, interpersonal and networking skills, entrepreneurial and venture experience, and applied learning through contacts with professionals. Recommendations for improving American Marketing Association chapters are presented.

Almost all firms in developing countries have fewer than 10 workers, with the modal firm consisting of just the owner. Are there potential high-growth entrepreneurs with the ability to grow their firms beyond this size? And, if so, can public policy help alleviate the constraints that prevent these entrepreneurs from doing so? A large-scale national business plan competition in Nigeria is used to help provide evidence on these two questions. The competition was launched with much fanfare, and attracted almost 24,000 entrants. Random assignment was used to select some of the winners from a pool of semi-finalists, with US$36 million in randomly allocated grant funding providing each winner with an average of almost US$50,000. Surveys tracking applicants over three years show that winning the business plan competition leads to greater firm entry, higher survival of existing businesses, higher profits and sales, and higher employment, including increases of over 20 percentage points in the likelihood of a firm having 10 or more workers. These effects appear to occur largely through the grants enabling firms to purchase more capital and hire more labor.

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs acadèmic 2014-2015 Este trabajo parte de una revisión general de la iniciativa laboral de los jóvenes universitarios una vez acaban sus estudios y de su futura orientación a emprender, con el fin de tener más conocimientos sobre estos y la proposición de un modelo sociocognitivo basado en el modelo de iniciativa de Ajzen (1987). Para contrastar el modelo teórico, se describen los resultados de un estudio empírico llevado a cabo con una muestra de 136 estudiantes pertenecientes a distintos grados de la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón. Los datos obtenidos fueron tratados estadísticamente a través de análisis factorial, correlaciones y análisis de la varianza. Los resultados obtenidos en el trabajo nos indican que la intención de los jóvenes estudiantes de emprender está sujeta a cinco factores; norma subjetiva, actitud, habilidades, factibilidad percibida y control percibido. Estos factores aún correlacionando con la intención no explicarían del todo la intención de los jóvenes, habiendo otros factores no identificados que guardan relación. This paper begins with a general review of labor initiative university students once finish their studies and their future orientation to undertake, in order to have more knowledge about these and proposal of the social-cognitive model based on the model Ajzen (1987) initiative. To check the theoretical model, we conducted an empirical study with a sample of 136 students from different degrees of the University Jaume I of Castellón. The data obtained were statistically treaties a through factor analysis, correlations and analysis of variance. The results obtained in the study indicate that the intention of the young students undertaking is subject to five factors; subjective norm, attitude, skills, perceived feasibility and perceived control. These factors correlating with the intention still not entirely explain the intent of the youth, having other unidentified factors related.

This paper uses an original database of 469 politically connected firms under the Mubarak regime in Egypt to explore the economic effects of close state-business relations. Previous research has shown that political connections are lucrative. The paper addresses several questions raised by this research. Do connected firms receive favorable regulatory treatment? They do: connected firms are more likely to benefit from trade protection, energy subsidies, access to land, and regulatory enforcement. Does regulatory capture account for the high value of connected firms? In the sample, regulatory capture as revealed by energy subsidies and trade protection account for the higher profits of politically connected firms. Do politically connected firms hurt aggregate growth? The paper identifies the growth effects of the entry of politically connected firms by comparing detailed 4-digit sectors where they entered, between 1996 and 2006, and sectors that remained unconnected. The entry of connected firms into new, modern, and previously unconnected sectors slows aggregate employment growth and skews the distribution of employment toward less productive, smaller firms.

The objective of this study was to examine the moderating effect of self-motivation on the relationship between entrepreneurial skill acquisition and self-employment practice among graduates from Malaysian public universities. It is a known fact that youth enterprises could generate employment opportunites and lead to economic growth of a country; however, researches have reported that most of entrepreneurship graduates from Malaysian universities do not go into entrepreneurship practice five years after graduation. To test this relationship, a conceptual model was developed based on Ajzen (1991) theory. The study recommended that Malaysian government and community leaders should draft appropriate strategies (for example counseling in school), that will encourage and engender greater participation of the youths in self-employment practice. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4p150

In the contemporary, highly turbulent, fiercely competitive and volatile business world, both the internal and external operating environments of organizations are undergoing alterations that force them to adapt continuously to new conditions. It seems that nowadays the only constant factor in an organization’s reality is the existence of ceaseless changes and the consequent imperative for them to respond effectively to these changes. It becomes increasingly important for organizations to adapt quickly to alterations and learn how to be innovative in order to remain competitive. Their sustainability and long-term well-being lie in their critical ability to innovate continuously with the aim of meeting the changeable demands of their unstable operating environment. Therefore, organizations have entered a new era in which the notion of serial entrepreneurship becomes more crucial than ever. Contrary to a typical entrepreneur who comes up once with an idea, launches a new business and focuses on its day-to-day functioning, a serial entrepreneur continuously grasps market opportunities, generates new ideas and starts new businesses by utilizing his or her enriched knowledge base and accumulated experience. Fully aware of market volatility, serial entrepreneurs dominate the dynamics of their industries by effectively leveraging organizational and network capabilities to achieve increased venture performance (Plehn-Dujowich, 2010). Anokhin et al. (2010)

The study was carried out to investigate the attitude of youth towards entrepreneurship programs. It was aimed at identifying the capacity factors of potential youth entrepreneurs and the critical external factors influencing their attitude towards entrepreneurship programs. It was also aimed at determining the level of influence of these factors and identifying the perceived enhancing factors and inhibitions on the youth entrepreneurial skill development. The data of the study was collected from two hundred and ten respondents who were in their final year in the tertiary institutions in southwestern Nigeria. The respondents were selected using the stratified random sampling method. Entrepreneurship program attitude was measured using the Likert scale, while the independent variables were measured by nominal and interval scaling techniques. Data were collected through pre-tested questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was used to describe and highlight the variables, while inferential statistical to...