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The problem of increasing regional competitiveness becomes relevant under the influence of globalization, reducing the resource base, demographic processes, etc. At the same time, there are new opportunities for advanced development of the regional economy, which lie in the plane of science and innovation.The purpose of this study is to determine the range of scientific and innovative factors that are decisive for the development of the regional economy of Transcarpathia.The conducted theoretical analysis allows us to state that innovation and scientific activity are important factors of regional economic growth, but the constructed statistical model leads to the statement: their influence is not equivalent. Thus, the eighth factor, which reflects the level of internal scientific costs, certainly has a positive impact. This result confirms the thesis that the sum of endogenous factors, including investment, are decisive for the development of the territorial economy.The effect of the factor of the number of innovatively active enterprises suggest that extensive factors do not ensure the achievement of strategic objectives of the regional economy. Their negative impact confirms the need to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of each innovative business, rather than increasing their number. In addition, the reason for the negative coefficient of this factor is the lack of support from the regional authorities of specific enterprises.The number of employees involved in R&D also cannot determine the positive scaling of regional production: it is a strategic factor that can be implemented in the future.Similarly, the factor of the number of scientists with doctoral degrees received a negative coefficient, proving that the number in the region does not turn into qualitative content

The world community has a well-founded concern about anthropogenic pollution and the danger to human health it poses. An important role in increasing the incidence of ecologically polluted areas belongs to the exposure to anthropogenic toxins, certain socio-economic conditions, lifestyle, the presence of bad habits and the nature of human nutrition, and, in particular, the interaction of these risk factors. The effect of various endogenous factors in modern socio-ecological conditions on the human body is diagnostically manifested in the form of functional shifts in the parameters of oral fluid, which are mainly adaptive-compensatory in nature. The microelement composition of biological fluids reflects the total amount of toxic substances received from the environment, which is why it is an indicator of the impact anthropogenic pollution and can be a test object in the ecological and analytical monitoring of micronutrients. The level of macro- and micronutrients and the immunoglobulin status of the altered picture reflects the state of the oral cavity local immunity, internal organs and the human environment, because the indicator, reflecting the physical status, can use the signaling system in pathological homeostasis. The most common cause of decreased body resistance is adverse long-term exogenous factors that have a pronounced effect on both the immune system and the local immunity of the oral cavity, and the trace element composition of mixed saliva can be regarded as parameters of local resistance of the oral cavity.

Background: High mortality and disability of patients with critical and supercritical burns, long-term treatment, unsatisfactory aesthetic and functional results lead to the search for ways to provide assistance aimed at counteracting the formation of a mass of necrotic tissue, which is crucial for life or death of the victim. Material and methods: The experimental study was performed on 60 sexually mature Wistar rats, which were on a regular diet and weighed 150-160 g. The experimental animals were divided into the main and control groups and were used to simulate burns with boiling water of IIb degree. Results: The traumatic effect of hyperthermic exogenous and endogenous damage factors of the animals in the main group were immediately neutralized by a gauze napkin soaked in water at a temperature of 18-20 ° C immediately after the simulation of burns, the duration of which became the criterion for dividing them into subgroups. In animals of subgroup 1 the time of application of a wet wipe to the burn area was 1 min., in the 2nd subgroup it was 5 min., 3rd subgroup – 10 min., 4th subgroup – 15 min., 5th subgroup – 20 min. The application napkin was changed when it was heated to 34 °C. Such applications were not performed to the animals of the control group. Conclusions: The conclusion was made on the necessity of prompt neutralization of traumatic action of hyperthermic exogenous and endogenous damage factors as the main elements of burn wound depth. For a broader understanding of action mechanisms of the suggested technology of self-help and mutual first aid as well as the nature of the impact of neutralization directly on the tissues, it is advisable to supplement the research with morphological methods

U ovom radu izvršena je kriminološka analiza pojave recidivizma, a na samom početku rada definiran je pojam recidivizma i recidivista u širem i užem smislu. Objašnjena je metodologija koja se bazira na normativnoj i deskriptivnoj analizi kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih podataka, a rad sadržava i osvrt na polustrukturirani intervju s ekspertom Centra za dijagnostiku gospodinom Ivicom Luketićem. Cilj ovog rada je osvijestiti postojanje tamne brojke kriminala koja predstavlja svojevrsnu znanstvenu prepreku analizi recidivizma. Izvršena je fenomenološka analiza kretanja, dinamike i strukture recidivizma na temelju podataka Izvješća o stanju i radu kaznionica, zatvora i odgojnih zavoda za 2020. godinu i podatak Državnog zavoda za statistiku, a obuhvaćene su i zakonodavne izmjene koje su bitne pri tumačenju kretanja recidivizma. Etiološka analiza obuhvaća pregled rizičnih čimbenika, endogenih i egzogenih te je izložena polemika o utjecaju zatvorskih kazni na stope recidivizma. Rad se bavi i pitanjem prevencije, važnosti rehabilitacije, prevencijskim programima u Republici Hrvatskoj te nedostacima koji se u njima pojavljuju. Otvara se i pitanje poboljšanja prevencijskih programa, involvacije preventivnih čimbenika u postojeći sustav i eventualne svrhovitosti alternativnih oblika prevencije koji postoje u drugim europskim državama., In this thesis, a criminological analysis of the occurrence of recidivism was performed. At the very beginning of the paper, the concept of recidivism and recidivism in the broad and narrow sense was defined. The methodology is explained, which is based on a normative and descriptive analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The thesis also contains a review of a semi-structured interview with the expert of the Diagnostic Center, Mr. Ivica Luketić. The goal of this thesis is to raise awareness of the existence of the dark crime figure, which represents a scientific obstacle to the analysis of recidivism. A phenomenological analysis of the movement, dynamics and structure of recidivism was carried out based on the data from the Report on the State and Work of Penitentiaries, Prisons and Correctional Institutions for 2020 and data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Legislative changes that are important when interpreting the trend of recidivism were also included. The etiological analysis includes an overview of risk factors, both endogenous and exogenous, and the controversy about the impact of prison sentences on recidivism rates is presented. The thesis also deals with the issue of prevention, the importance of rehabilitation, prevention programs in the Republic of Croatia and the shortcomings that appear in them. The issue of improving prevention programs, the involvement of preventive factors in the existing system, and the possible expediency of alternative forms of prevention that exist in other European countries is examined as well.

Human health and its optimal functional state depend on the efficiency of the body’s regulatory systems that respond to changes in a complex of exogenous and endogenous factors, ensuring timely adaptation to changing living conditions. However, natural factors, which largely determined the direction of evolution of the human body, are increasingly receding into the background, giving way to anthropogenic factors, including working conditions. That is why the aim of the scientific article was to study the state of the cardio-respiratory system in workers who are involved in various production processes, depending on their body constitution. The study of central and cerebral hemodynamics was conducted on men aged 21-35 years (90 people in total), which were divided into 3 groups, 30 persons in each: involved in industrial production, agricultural workers and residents of relatively environmentally friendly areas of Volyn region. At the first stage of the study, absolute anthropometric indicators (age, height, weight, chest circumference) were measured and the integrated indicator (Pignet index) was calculated. The next stage of the study involved functional diagnostics of the cardiovascular system of the subjects using functional ECG techniques, Kubicek rheography and rheoencephalography. Registration and analysis of relevant indicators was carried out using a set of hardware and software survey methods “Askold” (Kyiv, 1997). Statistical analysis of intergroup differences was performed using Student’s t-test and Man-Whitney U-test, the level of relationship between the individual parameters was assessed by the Pearson method. It is proved that the anthropometric indicators of persons exposed to chronic exposure to harmful production factors do not differ in the group of persons involved in industrial production and in agriculture. It is shown that in subjects who are exposed to negative factors of the production environment for a long time (both during the production of agricultural products and in an industrial enterprise) there are compensatory changes in central hemodynamics (stroke volume and myocardial capacity) compared with the control group persons from ecologically clean areas of Volyn region. Employees of the industrial enterprise showed signs of deterioration of the amplitude-time characteristics of cerebral blood flow in both hemispheres, as evidenced by indicators of rapid filling time, rheographic coefficient and average blood flow velocity. These parameters differ from similar parameters of agricultural workers and residents of relatively environmentally friendly regions. Thus, the identified features of the indicators in the groups of subjects exposed to chronic exposure to negative factors of the production environment, indicate the functional nature of the identified changes that are compensatory in nature.

Calcium is responsible for the effectiveness of various processes, and its supply in the diet is necessary for the normal function of the human body. Apart from being an important component of the skeleton, calcium also helps maintain the structure of cell organelles and regulates intracellular and extracellular fluid homeostasis. This review presents the nutritional and health factors that affect the bioavailability of calcium. Physiological conditions and factors such as pregnancy, infancy, menopause, old age, hormones, growth factors associated with calcium metabolism, diseases limiting its absorption, and intestinal microbiota are distinguished among endogenous factors. Although the calcium supply in the body is genetically conditioned and specific to each person, its qualitative and quantitative composition can be modified by external factors. The exogenous factors include dietary modifications with particular nutrients and pharmacological treatment. Adequate calcium levels increase bone protection and prevent osteoporosis, a disease involving low mineral bone mass.

PurposeThis study examines key adaptations that occurred in the Zimbabwean Results-Based Financing (RBF) programme between 2010 and 2017, locating the endogenous and exogenous factors that required adaptive response and the processes from which changes were made.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a desk review and thematic analysis of 64 policy and academic literatures supplemented with 28 multi-stakeholder interviews.FindingsThe programme experienced substantive adaption between 2010 and 2017, demonstrating a significant level of responsiveness towards increasing efficiency as well as to respond to unforeseen factors that undermined RBF mechanisms. The programme was adaptive due to its phased design, which allowed revision competencies and responsive adaptation, which provide useful insights for other low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) settings where graduated scale-up might better meet contextualised needs. However, exogenous factors were often not systematically examined or reported in RBF evaluations, demonstrating that adaptation could have been better anticipated, planned, reported and communicated, especially if RBF is to be a more effective health system reform tool.Originality/valueRBF is an increasingly popular health system reform tool in LMICs. However, there are questions about how exogenous factors affect RBF performance and acknowledgement that unforeseen endogenous programme design and implementation factors also greatly affect the performance of RBF. As a result, a better understanding of how RBF operates and adapts to programme level (endogenous) and exogenous (external) factors in LMICs is necessary.

A literature review in the article presents an analysis of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on quality of preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. The review shows significance of external and internal factors influencing blood samples at preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. Among the exogenous factors considered: phlebotomy, test tubes for samples, transportation and storage. A number of factors exist at this phase that significantly affect test results. We examined these aspects of phlebotomy process: staff training, disinfectant contamination, needle diameter, needle material contamination. The review considers possible contamination with tube components and the importance of choosing the right anticoagulants and excipients. Transportation and storage of biological samples can be a source of errors at the preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. We analyzed the problem of determining the stability of analytes during storage and aspects of transportation samples by modern means. Among the endogenous factors considered: hemolysis, lipemia, icterricity, cell metabolism.. Hemolysis is one of the most frequent consequences of errors at the preanalytical phase. We analyzed importance of choosing a method for identifying hemolized tubes and the heterogeneity of bias results on different analytical systems. The review shows contribution of various classes of lipoproteins to turbidity of sample, possible preanalytical errors and impact on analytical tests. We examined possible effects of high bilirubin concentrations on analyte measurements. In the review, we also examined metabolism of some cells and its effect on samples.

Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis, tissue regeneration and host defense. Based on these settings, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and its derivatives are therapeutically used to promote wound healing in several scenarios. This review summarizes the biological mechanisms underlying the most traditional as well as innovative applications of PRP in wound healing. These mechanisms involve the combined action of platelet-derived growth factors and cytokines, together with the role of plasma-derived fibrillar, antioxidant and homeostatic factors. In addition, regenerative treatments with PRP consist of personalized and non-standardized methods. Thus, the quality of PRP varies depending on endogenous factors (e.g., age; gender; concomitant medication; disease-associated systemic factors; nutrition) and exogenous factors (anticoagulants and cellular composition). This review also analyses whether these factors affect the biological mechanisms of PRP in wound healing applications.

Peripartum replacement of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor is not usually required in type 1 von Willebrand disease, as the levels of endogenous factors tend to increase to within the normal range as a physiological change of pregnancy. However, there is wide heterogeneity of genotypes and phenotypes associated with type 1 von Willebrand disease. Here, we describe the anesthetic management of a parturient with type 1C von Willebrand disease, a subtype characterized by decreased plasma von Willebrand factor survival.

The theoretical bases of determining the influence of banking sector on the innovative development of economy are systematized and improved. The current theoretical provisions characterizing the processes for organization of relations between banks and enterprises of real sector of economy and arising from financing of innovative development of the country are determined. Different approaches of scientists to assess the relationship between banking sector and economic growth are described. The generalization of the current approaches in the scientific literature for the definition of «interaction of the banking and real sectors» allowed us to say that they are limited to the composition of participants and the priority in the initiation of interaction; the scale of interaction (interaction on micro-, meso- and macroeconomic levels based on the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors) and the forms of interaction (syndicated lending, integration, partnership).It is proved that financial interaction between the subjects of the innovation process is determined by exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous factors are a set of factors of macro- and microeconomic environments, which form the position of the external environment of the national banking sector and create the potential for opportunities to finance innovation. The group of endogenous factors consists of transformational and transactional factors that shape the internal environment of banks, determine the availability of their financial potential and the possibility of using it to finance the needs of innovative economic development. The study proved the possibility of obtaining a positive or negative synergistic effect from bank financing of innovative development, depending on the impact of mentioned factors on the results of lending relations and the possibility of forming the required financial resources for banks’ lending to innovative projects and programs, taking into account threats and innovation risks. The possibility of the impact of innovative loans of banking sector on the development of economy at the macro- and microeconomic levels is assessed. It is indicated that understanding the results of the processes of interaction between banks and borrowers under the influence of various factors will contribute to the formation of an effective lending risk management system to obtain a positive effect from bank lending to the needs of innovative economic development. Keywords: innovative development of economy, the bank, the borrower, the financial interaction, factors of influence the potential, synergistic effect, innovative risks. JEL Classіfіcatіon G21,G24, O16, O31 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 20.

BACKGROUND: Many factors can influence the occurrence of dermatitis; this factor is divided into two, namely exogenous and endogenous factors. Fishermen are jobs that are susceptible to disease in dermatitis, especially contact dermatitis in the small island. AIM: This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the incidence of contact dermatitis in fishermen on the Spermonde islands. METHODS: This study was an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional design study. This research was conducted on Lae-Lae, Barrang Lompo, and Lumu-Lumu Island in 2019. Samples in this study were 110 fishermen obtained using Accidental sampling techniques. Data collection is using research instruments. RESULTS: Data analysis performed was univariate and bivariate analysis with a Chi-square test. Based on the results of the study, the research variables related to factors affecting contact dermatitis in fishermen in the Spermonde Islands were a history of skin diseases (p = 0.000), use of PPE (p = 0.000), personal hygiene (p = 0.000), and working period (p = 0.003) while unrelated factors are age (p = 0.373). CONCLUSION: Fishermen should pay more attention to four factors, namely the history of skin diseases, the use of PPE, hygiene, and work period, to avoid contact dermatitis.

Healthcare expenditure on pharmaceuticals, especially innovative oncology drugs, is escalating. Current knowledge on this topic is largely limited to studies conducted upon reimbursement of new drugs. We investigated how endogenous factors (e.g., changed reimbursement criteria, such as an expanded indication) and exogenous factors (e.g., competing drugs) affect the level and trends of innovative oncology drug utilization in the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) system, both upon reimbursement and afterward. This retrospective longitudinal study analyzed monthly data (January 2009 to December 2014) from the NHI Research Database on the consumption (prescribing volume) of 15 innovative oncology drugs reimbursed by the NHI between 2007 and 2013. Effects of endogenous and exogenous factors on drug utilization were evaluated using interrupted time series analyses. In segmented regression analyses, changed drug prescribing volume after the indication expanded (endogenous factor) was statistically significant; however, drug volume did not change significantly after prescription restrictions changed. First‐competitors and non‐first‐competitors (exogenous factors) were significantly associated with drug prescription levels or utilization rates. Taking sorafenib as an example, the post‐reimbursement drug prescribing volume did not change significantly after its therapy line changed (endogenous factor), whereas the reimbursement of first‐competitors (exogenous factor) was significantly associated with a lower level or usage rate of sorafenib. Utilization of innovative oncology drugs in Taiwan changed dramatically after NHI reimbursement, driven largely by expanded indications and new competitors. Drug utilization evaluations should investigate both endogenous and exogenous factors.

Ageing is a natural phenomenon which is a fold, ridge and crease in the skin that occurs due to loss of body mass, poor hydration, disintegration of dermis and epidermis junction. The Skin ageing process involves many changes that occur due to the combination of both endogenous factors (gene mutation, cellular metabolism, and hormonal factor) and exogenous factors (U.V, pollutants, chemical, and toxins). In 1950, the number of older people were found to be almost 205 million across the globe. But this number almost got 4 times by the year 2012 and the number of older persons increased to a massive amount of 810 million. The ageing of the skin occurs due to various mechanisms like glycation, free radical, cell cycle, and cellular and molecular mechanism of skin ageing. In this review article, we have discussed the treatment, worldwide newer therapies and marketed formulation that are currently available for the reduction of skin ageing. The most promising and revolutionizing field of nanotechnology is mostly applied in the field of dermatology, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology also plays a vital role in increasing the efficacy of the product.

Nowadays, many consumers prefer foods with a high content of nutraceuticals that contribute to the prevention or healing of chronic diseases. Therefore, in recent years, more and more researchers have studied the bioefficiency, safety, and toxicity of nutraceutical-enriched foods. The key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the following processes: the release of nutraceuticals from food matrices or nanocarriers in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. These processes are endogenous factors that greatly influence the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. In addition to endogenous factors, the bioavailability of nutraceuticals is also affected by exogenous factors, such as: physicochemical properties of nutraceuticals, food matrix, food processing and storage, and so forth. Both the endogenous and exogenous factors are comprehensively analyzed in this review. Thus, the physicochemical and enzymatic processes involved in food digestion are described, highlighting the role of each stage of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, stomach, and intestine) in nutraceuticals bioaccessibility. The structure and functions of the mucus and epithelial layers, the mechanisms involved in the active and passive transport of nutraceuticals through the cell membrane, and phase I and phase II metabolism reactions are also discussed. Finally, this review focuses on several types of bioactive-loaded nanocarriers such as lipid-based, surfactant-based, and biopolymeric nanocarriers that improve the bioavailability of nutraceuticals.

An extensive body of literature documents large and persistent within-industry heterogeneity of firm performance. While some authors explain such evidence in terms of input misallocation, we provide an alternative analytical framework that integrates insights from resource-based and institutional approaches. We interpret firms’ behaviour as the result of the interaction among exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous factors, both supply and demand related, define the opportunity set that is available to firms. Endogenous factors reflect instead firm-specific interpretations of such set, which, combined with the available resources and capabilities, determine a firm’s strategic responses, which can be markedly heterogeneous. Whenever the diversity of firm conducts is associated with relatively small profit differentials, firm heterogeneity can persist. Evidence based on the evolution of labour productivity and profit dispersion in the Italian manufacturing sector between the 1990s and early 2000s provides support for our interpretative framework.

Dispersal-induced pattern formation is important from both fundamental and application points of view. Spatial pattern in an ecological system can strongly depend on exogenous factors like arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of the habitat (topography) and distribution of resources. It is also influenced by endogenous factors (intrinsic biological forces) such as the ecological interactions of individuals. Here, we consider a discrete space–time host–parasitoid metapopulation model in the presence of both self-diffusion (due to endogenous factors) and cross-diffusion (due to exogenous factors). Dynamics of a metapopulation system consists of a dispersal stage and a reaction stage. In the dispersal stage, populations from an individual site can disperse to the nearest neighboring sites via dispersal and may cause variation in the host and parasitoid biomass of the node. In the reaction stage, hosts and parasitoids interact in each site and their local interaction is governed by the modified Nicholson–Bailey-type interaction. The conditions for the existence of pattern-forming instabilities (like Turing, Hopf and Hopf–Turing) in the reaction–diffusion discrete metapopulation model have been determined analytically, and the patterns have been visualized numerically. A wide range of complex spatiotemporal patterns (like periodic, quasi-periodic, chaotic) is observed with respect to the variation of diffusion coefficients and other local interacting parameters of the model.

Hematological studies of fishes are useful in the diagnosis of many diseases as well as investigation of the extent of damage to the blood. These parameters act as efficient and insightful index to examine health status, physiological and pathological changes occurring in various fishes, i.e., metabolic perturbations in fish body thereby acting as non-specific biomarkers in the field of environmental toxicology, deficiencies and chronic stress in natural as well as aquaculture systems and checking water quality. The assessments of these blood parameters help the biologists to understand the fish homeostasis and biomonitoring of severe and chronic patho-physiological changes inferable to nutrition, water quality, or disease so as to establish the normal reference values of different species and determine systematic relationships among them. Lot of work on various aspects of hematological parameters and their relation with ecological factors has been reported on several fish species from different parts of the world. Each study attributes one or other factors responsible for variation in hematological parameters among different fish species. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to compile the information about the hematological studies of various fish species reported from different parts of the world, and through this study, a general overview has been generated about the major factors responsible for the variation in hematological parameters of fish. The review provides an insight to the characteristics of hematological values showing that fluctuating internal environment of the fish, along with other intrinsic (age, body size, the cycle of sexual maturity, health condition, nutritional state, species) and extrinsic factors (temperature, stress, season, dissolved oxygen, water quality, lotic or lentic environment, stocking density, photoperiod, sampling conditions, laboratory techniques), are the reasons of huge variability of hematological parameters in fishes.

Background: Increased micronuclei (MNi) frequencies in human lymphocytes are an indicator of chromosome instability and could be influenced by different exogenous and endogenous factors. The increa...

Kulbitska Violetta, Nebesna Zoia, Trach Rosolovska Svitlana. Adrenal glands: morphofunctional reorganization based on the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(1):354-364. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.01.037 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.01.037 https://zenodo.org/record/4618510 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.12.2019. Revised: 25.12.2019. Accepted: 31.01.2020. ADRENAL GLANDS: MORPHOFUNCTIONAL REORGANIZATION BASED ON THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS FACTORS Violetta Kulbitska, Zoia Nebesna, Svitlana Trach Rosolovska I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine Department of Histology and Embryology Violetta Kulbitska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-1630; kulbitska@tdmu.edu.ua; corresponding author Zoia Nebesna: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6869-0859; nebesna_zm@tdmu.edu.ua Svitlana Trach Rosolovska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-2200; trachros@tdmu.edu.ua Abstract The adrenal glands are the subject of many researches in biology and medicine. They have unique histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma and structure of the bloodstream. They also perform a number of important functions necessary for the normal vital activity of the body under stress. A large number of scientific papers are devoted to the study of changes in the structural organization of this organ at the micro- and submicroscopic levels under the influence of various external and internal factors. Morphofunctional changes in the gland after experimental thermal burns of the skin remain poorly understood, which requires further experimental studies in this area. The purpose of this study was to review the scientific literature on the effects of factors of different origins on the morphofunctional structure of the adrenal glands. The article analyzes scientific publications devoted to the study of the effects on the adrenal morphology of stress factors, heavy metals, drugs and toxic substances, alcohol, smoking, starvation, hypergravity, physical exercises, hypothermia, poisoning, dehydration, drugs, diabetes, and viral infections. It was found that the factors we mentioned cause the reorganization of the structural components of the adrenal glands, violations of their histoarchitectonics, in particular microcirculatory bed, at the micro- and submicroscopic level. In most cases, there were phenomena of pericellular and perivascular edema, focal hemorrhage, connective tissue growth, thickening of the connective tissue capsule of the organ with signs of edema, vacuolation and edema of the cytoplasm, and the appearance of pyknotic nuclei. In the long term that followed after the experiment, the stabilization of morphofunctional elements of the gland and the microcirculatory bed was recorded, but complete restoration of the structural integrity of the organ did not occur. Key words: adrenal glands; morphological and functional changes; exogenous and endogenous factors.

The CYP3A subfamily, which includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in humans, plays important roles in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Gene and protein expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 show large inter-individual differences, which are caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. Inter-individual differences can cause negative outcomes, such as adverse drug events and disease development. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations in CYP3A expression caused by endo- and exogenous factors, as well as the variation in the metabolism and kinetics of endo- and exogenous substrates. In this review, we summarize the factors regulating CYP3A expression, such as bile acids, hormones, microRNA, inflammatory cytokines, drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary factors. In addition, variations in CYP3A expression under pathological conditions, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and liver diseases, are described as examples of the physiological effects of endogenous factors. We also summarize endogenous and exogenous substrates metabolized by CYP3A isoforms, such as cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, arachidonic acid, vitamin D, and drugs. The relationship between the changes in the kinetics of these substrates and the toxicological effects in our bodies are discussed. The usefulness of these substrates and metabolites as endogenous biomarkers for CYP3A activity is also discussed. Notably, we focused on discrimination between CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 to understand inter-individual differences in CYP3A expression and function.

Mainstay haemophilia treatment, namely intravenous factor replacement, poses several clinical challenges including frequent injections due to the short half-life of recombinant factors, intravenous administration (which is particularly challenging in those with difficult venous access), and the risk of inhibitor development. These impact negatively upon quality of life and treatment compliance, highlighting the need for improved therapies. Several novel pharmacological therapies developed for haemophilia aim to rebalance the clotting cascade and potentially circumvent the aforementioned challenges. These therapies utilise a range of different mechanisms, namely: the extension of the circulating half-life of standard recombinant factors; the mimicking of factor VIII cofactor activity; rebalancing of coagulation through targeting of natural anticoagulants such as antithrombin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor; and inducing the production of endogenous factors with gene therapy. These therapies carry the potential of revolutionising haemophilia treatment by alleviating the current challenges presented by mainstay factor replacement. This review will provide an overview of the key trial findings related to novel therapies based on the mechanisms described above.

This study looked into the possible reasons of crises in Nigeria's financial sector from 1960 to 2014. The scope of the study encompassed two distinct phases of the country's financial crises. Both the country's policy and economic environments might have played a significant role in the magnitude of the crises experienced during the various periods. The empirical model was defined by an analytical approach embedded in allied studies. Preliminary analyzes were conducted on the data used to rule out the possibility of spurious statistical results. Both endogenous and exogenous components were estimated using a regression model. The majority of endogenous factors had extremely consistent signals and importance. The impact of most exogenous causes and closely related domestic activity found parallels in the country's business cycles. Greater caution in policy design and a lower propensity to borrow externally could help to mitigate the negative effects on the system's growth determinants.

This study sought to establish the influence of endogenous factors on entrepreneurial success among youths. The study adopted a quantitative correlational research approach. The population of the study comprised of 420 youth entrepreneurs in Masvingo Urban. A sample of 201 respondents was drawn from the population using a random sampling technique. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The study found that the level of education, management skills, previous entrepreneurial experience, cultural background and the personal characteristics, attributes, skills, and attitudes of the youth entrepreneurs influenced their entrepreneurial success. The level of education, entrepreneurial training and the requisite technical skills also helped the youth entrepreneurs to grow their businesses. The cultural background was found to have an influence on the youth entrepreneurial success. The study recommended that availability of funds, coupled with training and enhancement of entrepreneurial skills by government agencies has the potential to improve the entrepreneurial activities.

The resolution of inflammation (or inflammation-resolution) is an active and highly coordinated process. Inflammation-resolution is governed by several endogenous factors, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are one such class of molecules that have robust biological function. Non-resolving inflammation is associated with a variety of human diseases, including atherosclerosis. Moreover, non-resolving inflammation is a hallmark of ageing, an inevitable process associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Uncovering mechanisms as to why inflammation-resolution is impaired in ageing and in disease and identifying useful biomarkers for non-resolving inflammation are unmet needs. Recent work has pointed to a critical role for balanced ratios of SPMs and pro-inflammatory lipids (i.e. leucotrienes and/or specific prostaglandins) as a key determinant of timely inflammation resolution. This review will focus on the accumulating findings that support the role of non-resolving inflammation and imbalanced pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory mediators in atherosclerosis. We aim to provide insight as to why these imbalances occur, the importance of ageing in disease progression, and how haematopoietic function impacts inflammation-resolution and atherosclerosis. We highlight open questions regarding therapeutic strategies and mechanisms of disease to provide a framework for future studies that aim to tackle this important human disease.

Replicability has become an increasing focus within the scientific communities with the ongoing “replication crisis”. One area that appears to struggle with unreliable results is resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Therefore, the current study aimed to improve the knowledge of endogenous factors that contribute to inter-individual variability. Arterial blood pressure, body mass, hematocrit, and glycated hemoglobin were investigated as potential sources of between-subject variability in rs-fMRI, in healthy individuals. Whether changes in resting state-networks (rs-networks) could be attributed to variability in the BOLD-signal, changes in neuronal activity, or both, was of special interest. Within-subject parameters were estimated utilizing Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) as it allows to make inferences on the estimated hemodynamic (BOLD-signal dynamics) and neuronal parameters (effective connectivity) separately. The results of the analyses imply that blood pressure and body mass can cause between-subject and between-group variability in the BOLD-signal and that all the included factors can affect the underlying connectivity. Given the results of the current and previous studies, rs-fMRI results appear to be susceptible to a range of factors, which is likely to contribute to the low degree of replicability of these studies. Interestingly, the highest degree of variability seems to appear within the much-studied Default Mode Network and its connections to other networks.

Stroke occurrence is not randomly distributed over time but has circadian rhythmicity with the highest frequency of onset in the morning hours. This specific temporal pattern is valid for all subtypes of cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. It also correlates with the circadian variation of some exogenous factors such as orthostatic changes, physical activity, sleep-awake cycle, as well as with endogenous factors including dipping patterns of blood pressure, or morning prothrombotic and hypofibrinolytic states with underlying cyclic changes in the autonomous system and humoral activity. Since the internal clock is responsible for these circadian biological changes, its disruption may increase the risk of stroke occurrence and influence neuronal susceptibility to injury and neurorehabilitation. This review aims to summarize the literature data on the circadian variation of cerebrovascular events according to physiological, cellular, and molecular circadian changes, to survey the available information on the chronotherapy and chronoprophylaxis of stroke and its risk factors, as well as to discuss the less reviewed impact of the circadian rhythm in stroke onset on patient outcome and functional status after stroke.

Alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are chronic non-communicable diseases with an extremely high prevalence among the world's population. Currently, there is a tendency to a rapid increase in their number with frequent disability of patients and a high need for liver transplantation. Violations of the main metabolic processes in the liver under the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors are the starting point in the development of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver pathology. This review discusses the main recommendations for non-drug and drug management of patients with liver diseases of non-viral etiology with a detailed description of the main hepatoprotectors with an emphasis on the universal properties of silymarin.

The economies of developing countries, including Ukraine, are characterized by high volatility of macroeconomic indicators, which leads to high economic potential with low resistance to crisis shocks, both internal and external. Factors of structural changes in the national economy have not only endogenous and exogenous manifestations, but also multiplicative and accelerating effects. Moreover, these effects can be both positive and negative for the economy as a whole or for its individual components, especially in the environment of intense cyclical fluctuations. The purpose of the research. Identification and systematization of endogenous and exogenous factors influencing the intensity and nature of structural changes in the national economy. Methods. The study uses the systems approach that involves the use of methods of analysis, synthesis, classification, systematization, which allows to clarify and distinguish the structure and nature of exogenous and endogenous factors of transformation of the national economy, the formation of innovation-based development model and its impact on structural transformation in Ukraine. Results. Models of the analysis of factors’ impact upon the structure of national economy, associated with multiplicative and accelerating effects, are investigated. The matrix of factors of the structural transformations in the national economy is identified and systematized that will allow to perform the complex analysis of influence of these factors. Practical meaning. Macroeconomic effects that occur as a result of influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on socio-economic development of the national economy are justified. Prospects for further research. Formation of development institutions, civil society, innovation infrastructure will not only intensify innovation processes, but also optimize the impact of economic and non-economic factors upon building of an effective model of sustainable development of the national economy, where the innovation-oriented structural policy should be the major regulatory tool.

Summary Subject and purpose of work: The article presents a quantitative change of endogenous factors affecting the development of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship in 2004-2017. Materials and methods: The research uses a comparative analysis based on the data of the Central Statistical Office included in the Local Data Bank and the Statistical Yearbooks of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. Results: The results of the research show that in 2004-2017 the economic state of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship have significantly improved due to, the expansion of the transportation infrastructure and significant resources of well-educated human capital of the society. Conclusions: To a large extent, the pace of development of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship is impacted by the capital of Poland located there. Other factors favouring the dynamic development of the voivodeship are high density of roads and railway, along with well-educated human capital.

In most mammalian species, adult neurogenesis appears to occur only in the olfactory bulb and hippocampal dentate gyrus, where neural stem/progenitor cells exist to create new neurons. The discovery of multi-potential neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult brain has precipitated a novel therapeutic strategy for harnessing these endogenous cells to aid in recovery from neurodegenerative disorders. During neurodegeneration, a plethora of endogenous factors, including cytokines, chemokines, neurotransmitters, blood-derived factors, and reactive oxygen species, are released by the activation of resident microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrating peripheral macrophages. It is interesting that these endogenous factors affect the proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of newly generated cells involved in the incorporation of newly generated neurons into the brain's circuitry. The unique profile of these endogenous factors can vary the degree of neuroregeneration after neurodegeneration. We show that adult neurogenesis-activating signals are regulated by endogenous factors produced during neurodegeneration.

Conceptualizing and analyzing collective policy learning processes is a major ongoing theoretical and empirical challenge. A key gap concerns the role of exogenous factors, which remains under-theorized in the policy learning literature. In this paper, we aim to advance the understanding of the role that exogenous factors play in collective learning processes. We propose a typology of exogenous factors (i.e. material, socioeconomic, institutional, discursive), and subsequently apply this in a comparative study of flood risk policymaking in two municipalities in the Netherlands. We find that exogenous factors are indeed essential for understanding collective learning in these cases, as the combined influence with endogenous factors can steer similar learning processes towards different learning products. We conclude our contribution by identifying two opportunities for further developing the collective learning framework, namely regarding the distinction of varying learning products, and the dynamics of exogenous factors over time.

Asthma triggers are exogenous or endogenous factors that could worsen asthma acutely to cause an exacerbation, or perpetuate chronic symptoms and airflow limitation. Because it is well known that recent asthma exacerbations and poor symptom control are strong predictors of future disease activity, it is not surprising that the number of (allergic or nonallergic) asthma triggers in the environment correlates with the disease-related quality of life. There is a need to identify and avoid specific triggers as the centerpiece of disease management, especially in those with heightened sensitivity to certain factors.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la relación que guarda la gastronomía tradicional de Santa María Texcalac, Tlaxcala con su soberanía alimentaria (SA) e indagar las causas por las que esta gastronomía ha sido olvidada total o parcialmente y cómo afecta a su soberanía alimentaria. La metodología empleada para este trabajo es eminentemente cualitativa, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad tanto a personajes clave de la localidad como a las unidades de estudio seleccionadas, definidas éstas, como mujeres mayores de 65 años originarias de la localidad. Para su realización se aplicó la técnica bola de nieve. Los resultados obtenidos nos presenta una lista de los principales guisos de distinta índole que han sido olvidados total o parcialmente y nos muestran claramente que el rescate de esta gastronomía no es posible por diversos factores tanto endógenos como exógenos, principalmente el cambio de actividad económica de la localidad, el cambio de uso de suelo, la desaparición de cultivos, plantas, frutas, animales e insectos entre otros, que formaban parte de su gastronomía, así como utensilios y modos de preparación, la falta de interés de la propia población, la influencia de las ciudades próximas a la localidad, todo ello pone en riesgo también el recate de una verdadera soberanía alimentaria., The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the traditional gastronomy of Santa María Texcalac, Tlaxcala, and its food sovereignty (FS) and to investigate the reasons why this gastronomy has been totally or partially forgotten and how it affects its food sovereignty. The methodology used for this work is eminently qualitative, in-depth interviews were conducted both with key characters of the locality and the selected study units, defined as women over 65 years of age from the locality. The snowball technique was used for the interviews. The results obtained present us with a list of the main stews of different kinds that have been totally or partially forgotten and clearly show us that the rescue of this gastronomy is not possible due to several endogenous and exogenous factors, mainly the change in economic activity in the locality, the change of land use, the disappearance of crops, plants, fruits, animals and insects, among others, that were part of its gastronomy, as well as utensils and ways of preparation, the lack of interest of the population itself, the influence of the cities near the locality, all this also puts at risk the rescue of true food sovereignty., O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a gastronomia tradicional de Santa María Texcalac, Tlaxcala, e sua soberania alimentar (FS), e investigar as razões pelas quais esta gastronomia foi total ou parcialmente esquecida e como ela afeta a soberania alimentar. A metodologia utilizada para este trabalho é eminentemente qualitativa; foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com figuras-chave da localidade, bem como com as unidades de estudo selecionadas, definidas como mulheres com mais de 65 anos de idade da localidade. A técnica da bola de neve foi utilizada para as entrevistas. Os resultados obtidos nos apresentam uma lista dos principais guisados de diferentes tipos que foram total ou parcialmente esquecidos e nos mostram claramente que o resgate desta gastronomia não é possível devido a vários fatores endógenos e exógenos, principalmente a mudança da atividade econômica na localidade, a mudança do uso da terra, o desaparecimento de cultivos, plantas, frutas, animais e insetos, entre outros, que faziam parte de sua gastronomia, assim como utensílios e formas de preparação, o desinteresse da própria população, a influência das cidades próximas à localidade, tudo isso também coloca em risco a recuperação de uma verdadeira soberania alimentar.