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espanolLas interacciones entre humanos y carnivoros suelen tornarse conflictivas, en especial debido a la depredacion de animales domesticos. Ciertas caracteristicas del territorio favorecen que se produzcan ataques de carnivoros, por lo que puede ser muy util elaborar modelos espaciales de los episodios de depredacion a la hora de preparar planes de manejo. En este trabajo determinamos la incidencia de la depredacion en la mortalidad de los animales domesticos a traves de entrevistas a pobladores locales. Ademas, determinamos las variables espaciales que explican la distribucion de los conflictos y construimos un modelo en dos escalas basado en el algoritmo de Maxent. Los resultados mostraron que el puma, Puma concolor (41,2 %) y los zorros Lycalopex gymnocercus y Cerdocyon thous (33,3 %) fueron las especies mas conflictivas. La depredacion represento solo el 5,6 % de las causas de mortalidad de los animales domesticos. Los modelos de distribucion mostraron que las variables mas probables para predecir los conflictos eran la distancia a carreteras, la densidad de ganado y la proporcion de superficie antropizada. Las zonas de alto riesgo representaron el 28 % del area de estudio y se distribuyeron en amplios parches alrededor de las zonas protegidas y en el sector oriental del area. EnglishInteractions between humans and carnivores tend to be conflictual, especially due to predation on domestic animals. As certain landscape characteristics predispose the occurrence of carnivore attacks, spatial modelling of predation events can be particularly useful when developing management plans. In this study we determined the incidence of preda-tion on the mortality of domestic animals by interviewing local inhabitants. In addition, we identified the spatial variables that explain the distribution of the conflicts and we created a two–scale model based on the Maxent algorithm. The results showed that Puma concolor (41.2 %) and the foxes Lycalopex gymnocercus and Cerdocyon thous (33.3 %) were the most conflictive species. Predation accounted for only 5.6 % of the causes of domestic animal mortality. The distribution models showed that the most probable variables for predicting conflicts were the distance from the roads, livestock density and the proportion of anthropized areas. High–risk areas represented 28 % of the study area and were distributed in broad patches around the protected areas and in the eastern sector of the area

Background The current study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feeds from various Provinces of China during 2018 to 2020. A total of 3,507 feed samples, including 2,090 feed ingredients and 1,417 complete feed samples, were collected from different areas of China for mycotoxins analysis. Results The individual contamination of AFB1, DON and ZEN were present in more than 81.9%, 96.4% and 96.9% of feed samples, respectively, with average concentration ranges of AFB1 between 1.2–27.4 μg/kg, DON between 458.0–1,925.4 μg/kg and ZEN between 48.1–326.8 μg/kg. Notably, 0.9%, 0.5% and 0.1% of feed ingredients, and 1.2–12.8%, 0.9–2.9% and 0–8.9% of complete feeds for pigs, poultry and ruminants with AFB1, ZEN and DON that exceeded China’s safety standards, respectively. Moreover, more than 81.5% of feed ingredients and 95.7% of complete feeds were co-contaminated with various combinations of these mycotoxins. Conclusion This study indicates that the feeds in China were universally contaminated with AFB1, DON and ZEN during the past 3 years. These findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in the domestic animal feed, and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.

La nature et la distribution des phénotypes quantitatifs représentent une connaissance de base pour l’application des méthodologies génétiques dans les plans de sélection des animaux domestiques. Afin d’illustrer l’action de facteurs non génétiques d’aridité sur la distribution phénotypique des performances individuelles de la croissance des chevreaux de la population locale élevés dans des conditions restrictives et irrégulières, 945 chevreaux issus de 285 chèvres et 19 boucs, nés durant la période 1998–2014, ont été étudiés par l’analyse des distributions des poids jusqu’à 150 jours d’âge. La dispersion des poids représentait une expression collective des génotypes des chevreaux dans les conditions de l’étude avec des variations dues à la fois aux effets génétiques et environnementaux. L’hypothèse de la normalité n’a été vérifiée qu’aux âges de 10 jours et 30 jours quand les chevreaux étaient surtout nourris sous la mère et n’étaient pas directement dépendants des ressources alimentaires du parcours aride. Durant une année défavorable, les performances enregistrées ont suivi une distribution particulière expliquée par le fait que les chevreaux performants ont été incapables d’extérioriser leur supériorité. Par conséquent, le milieu aride a réduit les performances de la population caprine locale. En outre, il a limité l’expression de quelques génotypes fortement productifs. Cette spécificité de l’action du milieu aride incite à un approfondissement indispensable pour ajuster les méthodes de sélection aux conditions des milieux restrictifs et des groupes génétiques adaptés.

Conservation breeding and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are invaluable tools to save wild animal species that are on the brink of extinction. Microfluidic devices recently developed for human or domestic animal reproductive medicine could significantly help to increase knowledge about fertility and contribute to the success of ART in wildlife. Some of these microfluidic tools could be applied to wild species, but dedicated efforts will be necessary to meet specific needs in animal conservation; for example, they need to be cost-effective, applicable to multiple species, and field-friendly. Microfluidics represents only one powerful technology in a complex toolbox and must be integrated with other approaches to be impactful in managing wildlife reproduction.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent populations and frequently involved in wildlife and domestic animal poisoning. These poisoning cases (especially for ARs) are a challenge for forensic toxicologists, and adequate post-mortem examination and toxicological analyses become essential for a proper diagnosis. Publications describing different analytical methods for AR analysis in biological samples are growing, and a clear compilation of the overall picture is needed to standardize methodologies in future research. This review aims to compile and compare the analytical procedures applied for AR determination in the literature. Using this information, a scoring system was developed for those techniques using liver and blood as matrices, and the techniques were ranked considering different criteria (i.e. sample amount required, recoveries, limits of quantification (LOQs), number of ARs analysed, points of the calibration curve and multi-class methods). This review shows an overview of the main methods used for AR analysis in forensic toxicology and will help to elucidate future directions to improve multi-residue techniques to detect the ARs involved in wildlife lethal poisoning.

Rabies is efficiently controlled through mass vaccination of dogs. In an area of South Africa where free vaccination campaigns were implemented following rabies re-emergence, the required 70% vaccination coverage was challenging to reach. Understanding the factors affecting the efficiency of mass vaccination is helpful in guiding long-term rabies control efforts. This study aimed to assess the communities' knowledge and perceptions of dogs, rabies and the related risk, and control behaviors in a rural rabies-endemic interface area. Combined with informal discussions and participative observations, we organized 18 focus group discussions with men, women, and children - stratified by dog ownership status - in three villages in the Mnisi community in the Mpumalanga Province in north-east South Africa. This community highly valued hunting dogs despite hunting of wildlife being illegal. Although people did not have a clear idea of how dogs acquire rabies, they were aware of the presence of the disease and its zoonotic nature. A dog bite was always associated with rabies risk but was also a source of conflict between dog owners and bite victims, hampering bite health care management. Dog vaccination was perceived as a means to prevent diseases from spreading to humans and other animals, not only to protect dogs from diseases but also to cure disease. Lack of awareness, misinterpretation of health promotion messages, and specific beliefs among adults seemed to hinder participation in rabies vaccination campaigns. Involving and educating staff from clinics and wildlife reserves during vaccination campaigns would tackle rumors, clarify dog bite and dog vaccination procedures, and improve the relationship among stakeholders. Further anthropological studies, focusing on people owning dogs for hunting, may provide a better understanding of rabies transmission patterns and risk factors in this community.

Many modern zoos strive to create connections between guests and animals through animal visitor interaction (AVI) programs. However, there has been relatively little research into the effect of AVI programs on the welfare of program animals. Previous research has revealed three factors that may affect AVI program animal welfare: species differences, handling and transport, and the provision of choice and control. We assessed the effects of an AVI program designed with these factors in mind on the behavior of a flock (N = 16) of zoo-housed domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). Behavioral data were collected on program days and on non-program (control) days, and we considered the time leading up to the program, the program itself, and the time immediately following the program. When comparing flock behavior on program days to control days, we found no differences in behavioral indicators of welfare during the time leading up to the program and during the program. Rates of aggression, however, were significantly greater after the program had concluded compared to the same time period on matched control days, but still occurred infrequently. Additionally, we recorded the spatial location of each animal while the program occurred and found that the chickens did not spend significantly more or less time in the feeding zone as visitor participation increased, although there were individual differences within the flock. We conclude that the relatively small behavioral changes seen were not indicative of a change in welfare and consider those results in the context of the program design.

Sorghum is one of the most widely cultivated crops, and is used in foods, domestic animal feedstuffs, alcohol production, and biofuels. Recently, many research groups have demonstrated that sorghum contains various components that are strongly associated with the prevention of major human chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and inflammation. However, to use sorghum more widely as a food for the potential prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases, more studies will be required to elucidate the biological mechanisms. In this review paper, we highlight multiple findings to propose a mechanistic link between sorghum consumption and reduced risk of chronic diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

It is now increasingly recognized that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is caused by the accumulation of overproduced or misfolded proteins in this organelle, contributes to the pathogenesis of a diverse range of human diseases. ER stress initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in an attempt to restore cellular protein homeostasis and promote cell survival. However, when ER stress is severe or protracted, and uncompensated, the UPR can fail, resulting in cell death, often by apoptosis. ER stress has received relatively little attention in the veterinary literature and the intent of this mini review is to describe the essential features of ER stress and UPR in determining the survival or demise of an affected cell and encourage further study of its role in the pathogenesis of diseases of domestic animal species. The role of ER stress, particularly when chronic and unrelieved, in the pathogenesis of a number of specific diseases is also discussed.

India is the largest milk producer in the world with 22 percent of the global share and engages around 6.3 crore rural households. The cost and availability of animal health services for small dairy holders in a country like India has always been a cause of concern. There is a growing apprehension about the presence of drug residues in milk and milk products as well emergence of drug resistant bacteria and its associated health risks due to indiscriminate use of these products. The cost of therapeutic medicines, antimicrobial resistance and the residues in milk, meat and other animal products have forced the animal health sector to look for alternate forms of therapy to overcome these deficiencies. The new alternatives should be affordable, farmer friendly and lead to minimal or no residues in milk and other products. Practice of Ethno-Veterinary Medicine (EVM) is an approach that fulfils the above criteria. However, animal health service providers have very limited knowledge about EVM which in India is largely based on Veterinary Ayurveda. EVM has been used throughout the world by traditional animal rearing communities. EVM has been used for most common ailments in almost all domestic animal species. While there are efforts to document these practices, such documents are not widely available. Only recently, scientific scrutiny of these treatments for efficacy, mode of action and active ingredients has been initiated. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) along with Sabarkantha District Cooperative Milk Producers Union, Sabarkantha, Gujarat and Trans-Disciplinary University, Bengaluru, evaluated the use of EVM initially for management of bovine mastitis and subsequently for management of other common ailments of dairy animals. It was observed that EVM was helpful in successfully managing mastitis (85%), diarrhoea (86%), fever (85%), indigestion (87%), anoestrus (77%), worm infestation (89%), wound healing (79%) and ecto-parasite infestation (87%) with high clinical cure rate. It was economical compared to conventional allopathic treatment. A reduction in residues of common antibiotics (quinolones, tetracycline, sulphonamide, s-lactam) in milk was observed in the area of operation. Drug resistant bacteria ( S. aureus including methicillin resistant S. aureus – MRSA; and E. coli including Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing – E. coli - ESBL), were isolated from the milk of bovines suffering from mastitis. EVM was able to cure even these animals. However, awareness about EVM is limited among animal health service providers and other stakeholders. EVM needs to be given adequate focus and mainstreamed. This would entail concerted efforts and initiatives in policy, research and development and infrastructure.

Çağımızda insanların evlilikleri süresince ev hayvanlarına sahip olması sıklıkla karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Ev hayvanıyla kurulan yakın manevî bağ nedeniyle boşanmanın ardından ev hayvanının hangi tarafta kalacağı uyuşmazlık konusu olabilir. Bu husustaki uyuşmazlığın sağlıklı bir şekilde çözümüne ev hayvanının yararı da dikkate alınarak ulaşılabilir. Kanun koyucunun günümüzde bu konuda hissedilebilecek gereksinimi öngörmediği ifade edilebilir. Zira ev hayvanlarının boşanma sonrasındaki hukukî durumuna ilişkin olarak mevzuat açık bir düzenleme içermemektedir. Bununla birlikte, ev hayvanının yararını göz ardı etmeyen birtakım çözümler üretmek şu anda da mümkündür. Ev hayvanının eşlerin birlikte mülkiyetinde bulunduğu hâllerde, mal rejiminin tasfiyesi çerçevesinde alım hakkının kullanılmasında gerek ev hayvanının yararı gerekse hakkını kullanmak isteyen eşin ev hayvanıyla olan bağı nazara alınır. Kanun boşluğu bulunduğu gerekçesiyle bu hakkın, ev hayvanının mülkiyetine münhasıran bir eşin sahip olduğu durumlara da uygulanması gerekir. Boşanmanın fer’î sonuçlarına veya mal rejiminin tasfiyesine yönelik anlaşmalarda da taraflar ev hayvanının durumunu düzenlemekte kural olarak serbesttir. Ayrıca, eşler arasında paylı mülkiyetle ev hayvanına sahip olunduğu ve paylı mülkiyet sona erdirilmediği takdirde tarafların hâkime yararlanma rejiminin belirlenmesi için başvurma olanağı da mevcuttur., It is a common phenomenon that spouses have domestic animals during their marriage. Due to the close spiritual bond established with the pet; at the end of the divorce, it can turn into a dispute on which side the pet will stay. On the other hand, a solution of such dispute in this regard can be achieved by taking into account the interests of pet. It can be stated that the legislator did not anticipate the need to be felt about this issue. The legislation does not contain any clear disposition regarding the legal status of pets after divorce. However, it is already possible to assert a number of solutions taking into account pet’s interest. In cases where pet is in the common ownership of the spouses, the right of purchase can be exerted by a spouse and within the scope of determining prevailing interest, the bond with the pet and the pet's interest are taken into consideration. Also, on the grounds that there is a gap in the law, this right should also be extended to the cases where the pet is owned exclusively by one of the spouses. As a rule, the parties are free to regulate the situation of the pet in terms of agreements for the results of the divorce or in agreements for the liquidation of the property regime. In addition, the parties have the opportunity to apply to the judge if the common ownership between spouses persists.

Domestic veterinary care is contemplated as one of the significant domains of the healthcare industry. Conspicuously, this research presents a Smart Home-based healthcare monitoring framework for domesticated animals in real-time. The research work employs the Internet of Things (IoT)-based data acquisition in the ambient environment of the home. Acquired IoT-data is pre-processed for feature extraction over the Fog-Cloud computing platform. Moreover, a temporal data granule is formulated using the Temporal Data mining technique, which is used to quantify healthcare vulnerability in terms of Scale of Health Adversity (SoHA) and Temporal Adversity Estimate (TAE). Based on this, a Multi-scaled Long Short Term Memory (M-LSTM) based vulnerability prediction is performed for preventive veterinary healthcare services. Moreover, a fog-assisted real-time alert generation module is presented in the proposed framework to notify the concerned veterinary doctor in the case of a medical emergency. To validate the proposed framework, the experimental simulations are performed over challenging dataset comprising of nearly 34,120 instances. Results show that the presented framework is able to register enhanced performance in comparison to several state-of-the-art decision-making techniques in terms of Temporal Effectiveness, Classification Efficiency, Prediction Efficacy, and System Stability.

Diazinon and phosalone are two pesticides widely used in agriculture and gardening. Because the residues of these pesticides in fruits, vegetable, and environment are dangerous for human and domestic animal health, their determination in different samples is of importance. In this work, ion mobility spectrometry in positive mode was used for determination of residues of diazinon and phosalone in pistachio. The calibration curves for these pesticides were obtained using standard solutions. The detection limits of diazinon and phosalone measured by ion mobility were 0.1 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. The pistachio samples were prepared from market and a garden near Qazvin (Iran). The measurements showed that there is no detectable phosalone in the samples, however, diazinon was detected in the pistachio of the garden. The diazinon residues in the opened- and closed-shell pistachios one day after spraying were 0.071 and 0.008 mg/kg, respectively. After 5 days, the diazinon residues reach 0.004 and 0.006 mg/kg, respectively.

In Japan, the imports of meat products have been increasing every year. Heat processing of meat is the current standard method for ensuring domestic animal health, particularly in case of meat products from areas where infectious diseases are known to have occurred in domestic animals. The Animal Quarantine Service needs to establish a method that detects the temperature at which the meat has been heat-processed (endpoint temperature) to ensure that the standard protocol is followed at the production location. Here, we developed a Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistics (viz. multivariate curve resolution (MCR))-based simple and rapid method for accurately estimating the end point temperature. We showed that the temperature-dependent secondary structure modification of proteins can serve as an accurate indicator of the temperature of heat processing. This methodology can be easily automated for effective utilization by someone who is not an expert in spectroscopy. We envisage a wider application of this method in food analysis, although the present research investigated the application of this method in chicken meat heat processing analysis.

Relevance. A possible scenario of state self-isolation during an emergency actualizes interest in the study of foreign trade turnover of food calories as a factor of national security. Methods. The article considers issues of caloric value of export and import of the Russian food market for period 1998-2017. Results. The study was based on some hypothesis that the calorie content of exported grain was higher than a import of low-calorie foods like vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. The testing this hypothesis showed a sixfold excess of food calorie content of export over import and h a seven-fold cheapness of exported calories over imported ones. It was revealed that exports was represented by plant calories (grain), and import was represented by animal calories (dairy products). It was proposed to freeze the export of plant calories into emergency period and redirecting to development of domestic animal calories.

Domestic cats ( Felis catus ) prey upon bats, but the impact of this predation on bats, and their populations, by domestic cats worldwide has been underestimated. In Brazil, there is no scientific record of this natural predation event. In this paper, I report firsthand observations of domestic cat natural predation on bats in Brazil. The observations took place in an urban area in northeast Brazil and revealed a female cat attacking Artibeus lituratus (Olfer, 1818) and Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) . It is also the first record of P. discolor in Alagoas state. Two out of five predation records consist of parts of bats (skull and wings) left by the cat. The other three are from entire bats rescued. As many species of bats live in urban environments, information on predation gives access to some threats wildlife living in the cities could be submitted, especially when the predator is a domestic animal.

In this study, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) infection was searched serologically and pathologically in cattle (178 Holstein), sheep (160 native), goats (66 ordinary goats, 98 Honamli goats, 16 Saanen goats) with an abortion history and in unborn cattle (8), sheep (24) and goat (5) fetus. Samples were collected between July 2009 and September 2010. As a result of studying specific antibodies to RVFV by using the c-ELISA method in blood serum samples collected from cattle, sheep and goats suffering abortion, seropositivity was identified in 7 cattle (7/178; 3.93%), 4 sheep (4/160;2.50%) and 18 goats (18/180;10.0%). 18 seropositive goats were distributed according to race as 13 ordinary goats (19.70%), 2 Honamli goats (2.04%) and 3 Saanen goats (18.75%). When liver, spleen and brain samples of the unborn fetus of cattle, sheep and goats were studied histopathologically, no pathological findings on RVFV disease were obtained. Consequently, in this study, where RVFV infection in cattle, sheep and goats raised in Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey was serologically revealed, it was concluded that RVFV did not take place in the aetiology of abortion cases in relevant species.

Turkey is the last important domestic animal to have been introduced to Europe. It reached the Carpathian Basin at a historically critical time when this area was divided between the Catholic Hunga ...

Objetiva-se discutir neste breve intróito retrospectivo de revisão de normatizações constitucionais pátrias a tutela do animal doméstico. Esta síntese reflexiva sobre a tutela do animal doméstico brasileiro no âmbito constitucional se apresenta quanto à forma de abordagem do assunto, como qualitativo, no que tange a modalidade investigativa como básico, do ponto de vista de seus objetivos, como descritivo, com relação aos procedimentos técnicos, qualifica-se como documental e bibliográfico. Conclui-se que os delineamentos, os limites, bem como os avanços na conquista da tutela animal e consequentemente do animal doméstico demonstram o quanto o reconhecimento de tal questão é socialmente construído. Além disso, a expansão, a solidificação e o desenvolvimento contínuo também da vida humana e da sociedade implicam necessariamente na preservação e na ampliação de acesso um direito fundamental nominalmente reconhecido pela Constituição Federal de 1988 como direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado no qual se insere evidentemente a fauna, ou seja, os animais domésticos, domesticados, silvestres e exóticos. Palavras-chave: Animal Doméstico. Tutela. Constituições Federais. Brasil. AbstractThe objective of this brief retrospective introjective review of constitutional norms is to discuss the protection of domestic animals. This reflexive synthesis about the protection of the Brazilian domestic animal in the constitutional scope presents itself as to the way of approaching the subject, as qualitative, in what refers to the research modality as basic, from the point of view of its objectives, as descriptive, with respect to the procedures technicians, qualifies as documentary and bibliographical. It is concluded that the delineations, the limits, as well as the advances in the conquest of the animal guardianship and consequently of the domestic animal demonstrate how much the recognition of such question is socially constructed. In addition, the expansion, solidification and continuous development of human life and society necessarily imply the preservation and expansion of access to a fundamental right nominally recognized by the Federal Constitution of 1988 as a right to an environmentally balanced environment in which the animal, domesticated, wild and exotic animals. Keywords: Domestic Animals. Guardianship. Federal Constitutions. Brasil.

The paper formulated and systematized the signs of severe bodily injury to animals, which are: danger to life and the risk of animal death, the threat of loss or the loss of any organ or the loss of its functions by an organ, a health disorder that caused a permanent violation of the habitual existence (life) of a pet, the loss of their ability to make economic or other use, or the persistent loss of the possibility of the independent existence of a wild (homeless) animal in the environment, the threat of rupture or abortion, irreparable disfigurement of the muzzle or other parts of the body. It has been shown that life-threatening injuries are those that, at the time of infliction or after a certain period of time after the injury, lead to the appearance and development of pathological processes that threaten the body and which, without the provision of veterinary care, in the usual course, end or may end in death. It was stated that preventing the death of an animal by providing veterinary care should not be taken into account when assessing the threat to the life of such injuries. A condition threatening the life of an animal that develops during the clinical course of injuries, regardless of the length of time that has passed since its infliction, must be in direct causal connection with it. The definitions of the terms «health disorder», «stand (permanent) loss of the possibility of realizing the habitual mode of existence (life) of a domestic animal, or persistent loss of the possibility of an independent existence of a wild (homeless) animal in the environment», «consequence of damage» are given in the work. It was proved that the developed system of signs of harm to health that was dangerous to the animal’s life couid positively affect the efficiency and effectiveness of forensic veterinary examination, the provision of a reasonable and objective conclusion in categorical form about the severity of harm to health that is dangerous to the animal’s life.

Between the Second Punic War and the Early Principate several sources of evidence indicate that the Roman economy experienced some measure of (limited) growth. The case for intensive growth is founded on two complementary approaches. The first has been to construct an “argument from convergence”, which observes that several archaeological data-sets, such as Mediterranean shipwrecks, deposits of domestic animal bones at Italian sites and samples of lead and copper pollution from Arctic ice cores and lake sediments, show an increase in chronological distribution during the Late Republic and Early Empire.1 If taken as proxies for the volume and intensity of exchange, consumption and production, respectively, then, as W. Scheidel has argued, “we may reasonably assume that [these data-sets] indicate at least the general direction of economic development”.2 A second approach has attempted to quantify the GDP of the Roman economy. Although highly conjectural, where such estimates are possible they provide an insight into the trajectory of economic development by giving a rough indication of the rate at which it was probable to have grown or contracted over a given period.3 P. Kay‘s “probabilistic quantification” of the GDP of Roman Italy for the 2nd and early 1st c. B.C.4 concludes that the economy experienced extensive and probably also intensive growth because the rate of inflation remained at a relatively low level.5 His estimate that prices rose by 95% between 150 and 50 B.C. (i.e., at a compound rate of 0.67% per annum) accords with the broadly similar conclusions reached by other scholars.6 Although Kay warns that “the estimates we have produced are assumptions, not facts”, the results are both plausible and credible from a comparative perspective.7

Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) is one of the renowned varieties of cattle which is indigenous and most potential type of domestic animal genetic resource in Bangladesh with distinct phenotypic characteristics. Reproductive management might be a process for multiplying this cattle variety. Therefore, the goals of this study were to characterize the follicular waves of RCC and to determine the Progesterone (P4), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) profile during three consecutive estrus cycle. Follicular wave emergence (Day 0) was identified using trans-vaginal ultrasound technique and follicular growth was then monitored from Day 0 to Day 23 during three consecutive estrus cycle and blood samples were collected. After measuring the growth and diameter of the follicles, hormonal assays of collected blood samples were performed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). We found that, both RCC cows and heifers showed two waves inter-ovulatory intervals. The length of inter-ovulatory intervals and the diameter of the ovulatory follicle of RCC cows and heifers were slightly different from each other. The identification of the dominant follicle was confirmed from the start of its deviation from other subordinate follicles till it reached to the maximum diameter and identified as dominant follicle which increases linearly for approximately six days (growing phase). This dominant follicle is remained approximately same size for five days (static phase), and then begins to regress (regressing phase) decreasing the antral diameter. The follicular waves are first detectable as 4 - 5 mm follicles approximately at day 0 and day 10 both for RCC cows and heifers which showed two waves inter-ovulatory intervals. The circulating varied concentrations of LH, FSH and P4 were determined using ELISA in case of both cows and heifers and the concentration curves followed the similar pattern of change during the estrus cycle. Hence, the knowledge about ovarian follicular waves will create a base line for reproductive management of RCC as well as to allow reproductive biotechnologies to improve and multiply this cattle variety.

Digital, La criptococosis es una micosis oportunista que afecta tanto a pacientes inmunosuprimidos, como inmunocompetentes; actualmente, el agente causal se encuentra clasificado dentro de dos especies Cryptococcusneoformans y Cryptococcus gattii, las cuales tienen una distribución mundial. La enfermedad se adquiere por la inhalación de propágulos fúngicos de tamaño microscópico, por exposición al medio ambiente, siendo una infección potencialmente fatal, afectando los pulmones y el sistema nervioso central. La Criptococosis corresponde a una micosis que se produce en todo el mundo, la cual, al presentarse en gatos funciona como centinela para una infección en humanos, siendo de alta importancia debido a que es potencialmente peligrosa en humanos, y es relevante por considerarse oportunista, debido a su asociación con pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). Actualmente en Bucaramanga no se realiza una búsqueda activa del agente, por ello, se realizará una prueba piloto en la ciudad de Bucaramanga con el fin de hacer un estudio que pueda conllevar a un estudio más grande y realizar una búsqueda activa del agente en la región. Para ello, se tomaron hisopados nasales de 50 gatos de diferentes albergues de la ciudad. Las muestras fueron almacenadas en un medio de transporte AMIES y posteriormente se cultivaron en agar Sabouraud suplementado con antibiótico para el aislamiento del agente, después se realizó la prueba bioquímica test de ureasa con el fin de identificar Cryptococcus spp. También se realizó una prueba inmunológica, la cual fue la identificación del antígeno criptococcoicopor medio del suero tomado de las muestras sanguíneas extraídas. Como resultados se encontraron dos muestras positivas por medio de la identificación del antígeno, Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic mycosis that affects both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients; currently, the causal agent is classified within two species Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, which have a worldwide distribution. The disease is acquired by the inhalation of fungal propagules of microscopic size, by exposure to the environment, being a potentially fatal infection, affecting the lungs and the central nervous system. Cryptococcosis corresponds to a mycosis that occursthroughout the world, which, when present in cats, functions as a sentinel for an infection in humans, being of high importance because it is potentially dangerous in humans, and is relevant because it is considered opportunistic, due to its association with patients infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Currently in Bucaramanga an active search for the agent is not carried out, therefore, a pilot test will be carried out in the city of Bucaramanga in order to carry out a study that may lead to a larger study and carry out an active search for the agent in the region. To do this, nasal swabs were taken from 50 cats from different shelters in the city. The samples were stored in an AMIES transport medium and subsequently cultured in Sabouraudagar supplemented with antibiotics to isolate the agent. Afterwards, the biochemical urease test was performed in order to identify Cryptococcus spp. An immunological test was also performed, which was the identification of the cryptococcal antigen by means of the serum taken from the extracted blood samples. As results, two positive samples were found by means of the identification of the antigen., Pregrado, Médico Veterinario, 1 ed., Introducción..................................................................................................................................171.Planteamiento del Problema...........................................................................................192.Pregunta de Investigación...............................................................................................223.Justificación....................................................................................................................234.Objetivos.........................................................................................................................264.1Objetivo General.............................................................................................................264.2Objetivos Específicos.....................................................................................................265.Estado del Arte...............................................................................................................276.Marco Referencial..........................................................................................................176.1Criptococosis..................................................................................................................176.2Cryptococcus spp............................................................................................................186.2.1Ciclo Vital.......................................................................................................................206.2.2Ciclo de Transmisión......................................................................................................226.2.3Vías de Trasmisión.........................................................................................................226.2.3.1Vía Aérea........................................................................................................................226.2.3.2Fómites.......................................................................................................................226.2.3.3Reservorios.....................................................................................................................226.2.4Patogenia.........................................................................................................................236.2.5Epidemiologia.................................................................................................................246.2.6Diagnostico.....................................................................................................................266.2.6.1Citología.......................................................................................................................27 .2.6.2Cultivo y Asilamiento.....................................................................................................286.2.6.3Examen Histopatológico.................................................................................................296.2.6.4Determinación del Antígeno Capsular............................................................................306.2.6.5Hallazgos de Laboratorio................................................................................................316.2.7Imagenología..................................................................................................................316.2.8Tratamiento.....................................................................................................................326.2.8.1Ketoconazol....................................................................................................................326.2.8.2Fluconazol.......................................................................................................................326.2.8.3Itraconazol......................................................................................................................336.2.8.4Anfotericina B................................................................................................................346.2.8.5Flucitosina.......................................................................................................................347.Materiales y Métodos.....................................................................................................357.1Materiales.......................................................................................................................357.1.1Insumos...........................................................................................................................357.2Métodos..........................................................................................................................367.2.1Área de Estudio...............................................................................................................367.2.2Criterios Para la Toma de Muestras................................................................................377.2.2.1Criterios de Inclusión......................................................................................................377.2.2.2Criterios de Exclusión.....................................................................................................377.2.3Toma y Procesamiento de Muestras...............................................................................387.2.3.1Muestra de Hisopado Nasal............................................................................................387.2.3.2Procesamiento de Muestras de Muestras de Hisopados.................................................38 87.2.4Identificación Cryptococcus sppen Muestras Veterinarias Mediante Pruebas Convencionales.............................................................................................................................397.2.4.1Toma de Muestra Sanguínea Felinos..............................................................................407.2.5Procesamiento Muestras Sanguíneas..............................................................................407.3Análisis Estadístico.........................................................................................................417.3.1Consideraciones Bioéticas..............................................................................................418.Resultados.......................................................................................................................268.1Resultadose Interpretación.............................................................................................268.1.1Caracterización Según el Método Diagnostico...............................................................268.1.1.1Cultivo.......................................................................................................................268.1.1.2Prueba Bioquímica de Ureasa.........................................................................................268.1.1.3Prueba Inmunológica......................................................................................................278.1.2Caracterización de las Lesiones Mucocutáneas Mediante Examen Físico Directo........289.Discusión........................................................................................................................2610.Conclusiones...................................................................................................................26Referencias Bibliográficas............................................................................................................27Apéndices......................................................................................................................................34

Koalas are facing many threats and have now been officially listed as endangered. Recently, concerns were raised in anecdotal reports of koalas being killed by livestock, especially cattle. We investigated the significance of cattle as a threat to koala survival via two koala–cattle interaction experiments, from both the koala and cattle perspectives. In the first experiment, we recorded the ranging behaviour of free-ranging, radio-collared koalas prior to, during and after cattle grazed within their usual home range. Koalas decreased their distance travelled and the size of their home range when they shared space with cattle, compared with the period before cattle started grazing within their home range. In the second experiment, we recorded the reactions of cattle towards koalas that they encountered on the ground, using motorised animal models: a model koala mounted on a remote-controlled vehicle and a model dog mounted on the same vehicle, and the vehicle alone. The koala model elicited aggression and fear in cattle, similar to the dog model, whereas their reaction to the vehicle was significantly less aggressive. No actual attacks by the cattle were observed. The results provide experimental evidence that negative koala–livestock interactions occur and indicate that cattle and koalas may see each other as a disturbance.

Background: Snakebite envenoming has a substantial health and socioeconomic effect in rural communities. However, there are insufficient epidemiological and animal data, which prevents accurate assessment on the effects of snakebite. We aimed to assess the health and socioeconomic effect of snakebite using a One Health perspective. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey-based study, we assessed the health and socioeconomic effects of snakebite data using a multicluster survey that was previously done as part of the SNAKE-BYTE project in the Terai region, Nepal. Health effect was measured in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Livelihood losses encompassed out-of-pocket health-care expenditures, losses of productivity due to days off work, and the losses due to mortality and treatment costs in domestic animals. Mortality losses in domestic animals were also estimated as animal loss equivalents, and overall human and animal health effect expressed using modified DALYs for zoonotic disease (zDALYs). Findings: We estimate an annual snakebite burden of 200 799 DALYs (95% CI 103 137–357 805), mostly due to mortality in children and women. Snakebite is estimated to lead to US$2·8 million in yearly livelihood losses associated with human and animal cases. Overall, we estimate a yearly human and animal health burden of 202 595 zDALYs (104 300–360 284). Interpretation: These findings present robust evidence on the extent of snakebite's health and socioeconomic effect and emphasise the need for a One Health perspective. The results also stress how improved data collection at the community level is crucial for improved assessments of its effect.