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La régulation de l’Internet constitue depuis toujours un défi pour le droit :le « réseau des réseaux » a été conçu dans un esprit de connectivité universelle, avec la volonté que chaque utilisateur intéressé puisse y relier son ordinateur et accéder aux informations disponibles en ligne, sans que celles-ci soient altérées en fonction du lieu de connexion et donc sans tenir compte d’éventuelles règles nationales, régionales ou internationales. S’il s’inscrit ainsi en porte-à-faux avec les principes fondamentaux du droit national et international, fondés sur la souveraineté des États et sur des frontières géographiques bien établies, l’Internet n’est pas pour autant un espace anarchique. Il constitue plutôt un terrain propice à l’émergence de nouveaux régulateurs et à l’expérimentation de nouvelles formes de normativité. L’espace virtuel global repose en effet sur une architecture physique et informatique qui peut être modelée et sollicitée à des fins de régulation des flux d’informations en ligne. Dans cette optique, notre thèse se penche sur le Domain Name System (DNS), le système de nommage et d’adressage de l’Internet qui assure les correspondances entre les noms de domaine intelligibles pour les humains et les adresses IP numériques utilisées par les ordinateurs pour communiquer entre eux. La structure hiérarchique de cet annuaire global en fait une cible de choix pour ceux qui aspirent à un contrôle centralisé du réseau et des informations qu’il véhicule. Le DNS est administré depuis 1998 par une organisation globale atypique, l’Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), constituée sous la forme d’une société privée de droit californien, investie de ses compétences en vertu de contrats avec le gouvernement des États-Unis et caractérisée par un modèle de gouvernance multipartite mobilisant des représentants du secteur privé, de la société civile et des gouvernements. Par une étude pragmatique des actes juridiques produits par l’ICANN en vue d’attribuer de nouvelles extensions de noms de domaine génériques – à côté du fameux .com et en parallèle des extensions nationales telles le .be – nous démontrons que l’organisation ne se cantonne pas à une mission essentiellement technique mais se profile, à son corps défendant, comme un régulateur global des contenus en ligne. Nous mettons en évidence, d’une part, que les normes globales édictées par l’ICANN pour justifier le rejet des candidatures indésirables ne visaient pas seulement les termes proposés comme nouvelles extensions mais aussi les conditions d’exploitation envisagées par les candidats, afin d’assurer ex ante la licéité et la qualité des informations présentées dans les futurs domaines. Nous montrons, d’autre part, que l’ICANN a été amenée, sous la pression des gouvernements, à investir ses sous-contractants, les registres et registraires de noms de domaine, d’obligations d’intérêt public relatives au contenu des sites web auxquels leurs noms de domaine donnent accès, en vue de lutter contre les activités abusives et de protéger les consommateurs. Nous démontrons que l’ICANN a ainsi renforcé, sous sa supervision, le rôle des intermédiaires du DNS en tant que points de contrôle du contenu posté en ligne et pointons les dérives potentielles de cette évolution, qui n’est accompagnée d’aucun garde-fou pour préserver la liberté d’expression en ligne., Doctorat en Sciences juridiques, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to deliver a whole range of new services to all parts of our society, and improve the way we work and live. The challenges within the Internet of Things are often related to interoperability, device resource constraints, a device to device connection and security. One of the essential elements of identification for each Internet of Things devices is the naming system and addresses. With this naming system, Internet of Things devices can be able to be discoverable by users. In this paper, we propose the IoT resource auto-registration and accessing indoor services based on Domain Name System (DNS) in the Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) environment. We have used the Internet of Things Platform and DNS server for IoT Resource auto-registration and discovery in the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). An existing system called Domain Name Auto-Registration in Internet Protocol version 6 can be used for Internet of Things devices for auto-registration and resource discovery. However, this system is not acceptable in the existing internet networks, because the highest percentage of the networks on the Internet are configured in Internet Protocol version 4. Through the proposed auto-registration system, clients can be able to discover the resources and access the services in the OCF network. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is utilized for the IoT device auto-registration and accessing the services in the OCF network.

Before the emergence of internet governance bodies like the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), early network designers learned how to govern the internet in their work building the Domain Name System (DNS). Using original archival research, this article follows conversations among network designers in their daily struggle to keep the Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) and early internet in working order. Drawing from social constructivism and path dependence theory, this history helps to conceive “internet governance” beyond its institutional focus, considering how the work of ordering the internet necessarily exceeds the parameters of governance authorities.

CDNs improve network performance and offer fast and reliable applications and services by distributing content to cache servers located close to users. The Web's growth has transformed communications and business services such that speed, accuracy, and availability of network-delivered content has become absolutely critical - both on their own terms and in terms of measuring Web performance. Proxy servers partially address the need for rapid content delivery by providing multiple clients with a shared cache location. In this context, if a requested object exists in a cache (and the cached version has not expired), clients get a cached copy, which typically reduces delivery time. CDNs act as trusted overlay networks that offer high-performance delivery of common Web objects, static data, and rich multimedia content by distributing content load among servers that are close to the clients. CDN benefits include reduced origin server load, reduced latency for end users, and increased throughput. CDNs can also improve Web scalability and disperse flash-crowd events. Here we offer an overview of the CDN architecture and popular CDN service providers.

Due to its general usage in modern buildings, WiFi has been studied as a promising good low-cost solution to build localization services, but many other approaches are possible. Both industry and academy are putting considerable efforts in studying affordable and accurate alternatives, and no de facto standard exists yet. While technological diversity can be good in terms of flexibility, allowing distinct solutions to be used in distinct contexts according to accuracy needs or cost constraints, it is also a big obstacle to the goal of building a global positioning system. So one important requirement that has yet to be addressed is this diversity, allowing for multiple localization systems to be easily plugged into a standard and global localization service. In this paper, a solution to build a global localization service able to integrate various heterogeneous localization systems is presented and discussed. A prototype implementation built on top of DNS is proposed. The DNS subtree structure, as well as the Resource Records able to store the localization information, are presented and justified. The results obtained from prototype testing have proven that DNS is a valid and good candidate to support a global Localization Service., This work has been supported by FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia in the scope of the project: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0319/2014.

New generic top-level domain names (gTLDs) are the highest level of domain names in the domain name system (DNS); their number has been restricted to twenty-two for several years, and ICANN has implemented restrictions on the ways in which they are operated. The new gTLD programme, proposed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in early 2013, enables businesses and organisations to apply for their own customised top-level domain names, thereby greatly expanding their current number. ICANN’s move is the most recent controversial one in a subfield of DNS management and internet governance, already rife with political and economic controversies. What are the implications of this 'turn' to new gTLDs? This article attempts to outline them, and addresses the impact of the new gTLDs programme on Europe’s action-taking in the internet governance realm. The article also considers the likely impact of the new programme on ICANN’s governance and weight vis-à-vis other important internet governance actors.

Hastily Formed Networks (HFNs) are typically deployed in resource constrained environments. Clients operating within HFNs have inadvertently utilized excessive bandwidth without user interaction. Our research focuses on managing bandwidth usage in resource constrained networks through the use of DNS Tampering, a method of content filtering. We evaluate two operating systems, Windows XP and Windows 7, and analyze how it may be possible to limit operating system updates utilizing DNS Tampering. We then explore how it may be possible to implement this technique utilizing equipment available for an HFN. Through our efforts, we develop and set forth specific methodologies that can provide the opportunity to limit bandwidth usage for specific applications in resource constrained networks. http://archive.org/details/bandwidthmanagem109456866 Lieutenant, United States Navy

The domain name system (DNS) is a crucial component of the Internet. At this time, the DNS is facing major changes such as the introduction of DNSSEC and Internationalized Domain Name extensions (IDNs), the adoption of IPv6 and the upcoming extension of new generic top-level domains. These changes can significantly impact the behavior of the DNS. This paper presents a global DNS reference model for predicting DNS traffic behavior under specific conditions. The quantitative reference model is intended to be used for analyzing "what-if" scenarios—for example, how would DNS query rates at the recursive and authoritative name servers increase if DNSSEC validation errors were to cause more ServFail responses to be sent to DNS clients? The DNS reference model takes into account all relevant components present in the DNS architecture. Real-world data from recursive resolvers is analyzed statistically in order to characterize the system variables that describe query behavior at each of the independent system components. In addition, experimental results that characterize DNS client behavior and data from the literature are used to model the behavior of authoritative name servers. The reference model is validated by comparing the model predictions with the behavior observed in real-world operations. The validation results demonstrate the accuracy of the model predictions. A what-if scenario dealing with the effect of ServFail responses on DNS traffic flow is also presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model.

The domain name system (DNS) is a crucial component of the Internet. At this time, the DNS is facing major changes such as the introduction of DNSSEC and Internationalized Domain Name extensions (IDNs), the adoption of IPv6 and the upcoming extension of new generic top-level domains. These changes can significantly impact the behavior of the DNS. This paper presents a global DNS reference model for predicting DNS traffic behavior under specific conditions. The quantitative reference model is intended to be used for analyzing "what-if" scenarios—for example, how would DNS query rates at the recursive and authoritative name servers increase if DNSSEC validation errors were to cause more ServFail responses to be sent to DNS clients? The DNS reference model takes into account all relevant components present in the DNS architecture. Real-world data from recursive resolvers is analyzed statistically in order to characterize the system variables that describe query behavior at each of the independent system components. In addition, experimental results that characterize DNS client behavior and data from the literature are used to model the behavior of authoritative name servers. The reference model is validated by comparing the model predictions with the behavior observed in real-world operations. The validation results demonstrate the accuracy of the model predictions. A what-if scenario dealing with the effect of ServFail responses on DNS traffic flow is also presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model.

ENUM is a technology based on a procedure that assigns a sequence of traditional telephone numbers to Internet domain names. It specifies a rule that makes it possible to relate a domain to a telephone number without any risk of ambiguity. This domain can then be used to identify various communication services like fax, mobile phone numbers, voice-mail systems, e-mail addresses, IP telephone addresses, web pages, GPS coordinates, call diverts or unified messaging. In our paper we deal with three main problem areas in connection with the business model of the ENUM service and with the introduction of new services, i.e. the questions of tariffs, legal regulations and financial return. For the ENUM procedure to spread out in use specific services have to be implemented that can exploit the advantages of the ENUM and efficient methods have to be elaborated to base existing services on ENUM. We will outline the two new services invented by our group and that we have implemented in our project.