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VIKOR uses the idea of overall utility maximization and individual regret minimization to afford a compromise result for multi-attribute decision-making problems with conflicting attributes. Many researchers have proposed corresponding improvements and expansions to make it more suitable for sorting optimization in their respective research fields. However, these improvements and extensions only rank the alternatives without classifying them. For this purpose, this text introduces the three-way sequential decisions method and combines it with the VIKOR method to design a three-way VIKOR method that can deal with both ranking and classification. By using the final negative ideal solution (NIS) and the final positive ideal solution (PIS) for all alternatives, the individual regret value and group utility value of each alternative were calculated. Different three-way VIKOR models were obtained by four different combinations of individual regret value and group utility value. In the ranking process, the characteristics of VIKOR method are introduced, and the subjective preference of decision makers is considered by using individual regret, group utility, and decision index values. In the classification process, the corresponding alternatives are divided into the corresponding decision domains by sequential three-way decisions, and the risk of direct acceptance or rejection is avoided by putting the uncertain alternatives into the boundary region to delay the decision. The alternative is divided into decision domains through sequential three-way decisions, sorted according to the collation rules in the same decision domain, and the final sorting results are obtained according to the collation rules in different decision domains. Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method are verified by a project investment example, and the results are compared and evaluated. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a significant correlation with the results of other methods, ad is effective and feasible, and is simpler and more effective in dealing with some problems. Errors caused by misclassification is reduced by sequential three-way decisions.

Let (R , m) be a Noetherian local ring, and I an R -ideal such that pd R R / I < ∞. If R / I satisfies a property P , it is natural to ask if R would also have the property P , we call this the generalized deformation problem. Our paper gives some properties that hold for the generalized deformation problems. There are two main parts in this paper. The first part is about F -singularities in the generalized deformation problems. Motivated by Aberbach's work, we show that if every maximal regular sequence on R / I is Frobenius closed, then every regular sequence on R is Frobenius closed. Moreover, under mild assumptions, Frobenius closed can be replaced by tightly closed. By these two results, we solve the generalized deformation problems for F -injectivity in the Cohen-Macaulay case and F -rationality under mild assumptions. Namely, if R is a Noetherian local ring of characteristic p , and I an R -ideal such that pd R R / I < ∞ , then if R is Cohen-Macaulay and R / I is F -injective, then R is F -injective. If R is excellent and R / I is F -rational, then R is F -rational. The second part is about some basic properties of rings in arbitrary characteristic. We prove that if R is a Noetherian local ring, I an R -ideal such that pd R R / I < ∞ , then if R / I is S k , R k + S k + 1 , normal, reduced or a domain, then so is R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) have gained much popularity in the evolutionary computation community for solving optimization problems. Characterized by the use of probabilistic models to represent the solutions and the interactions between the variables of the problem, EDAs can be applied to either discrete, continuous or mixed domain problems. Due to this robustness, these algorithms have been used to solve a diverse set of real-world and academic optimization problems. However, a straightforward application is only limited to a few cases, and for the general case, an efficient application requires intuition from the problem as well as notable understanding in probabilistic modeling. In this paper, we provide a roadmap for solving optimization problems via EDAs. It is not the aim of the paper to provide a thorough review of EDAs, but to present a guide for those practitioners interested in using the potential of EDAs when solving optimization problems. In order to present a roadmap which is as useful as possible, we address the key aspects involved in the design and application of EDAs, in a sequence of stages: (1) the choice of the codification, (2) the choice of the probability model, (3) strategies to incorporate knowledge about the problem to the model, and (4) balancing the diversification-intensification behavior of the EDA. At each stage, first, the contents are presented together with common practices and advice to follow. Then, an illustration is given with an example which shows different alternatives. In addition to the roadmap, the paper presents current open challenges when developing EDAs, and revises paths for future research advances in the context of EDAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Total physical activity was inversely associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). • Nonoccupational physical activity was inversely associated with the risk of CKD. • Both low-intensity and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity were inversely associated with the risk of CKD. • Physical activity could be a target for intervention in CKD, no matter what type or intensity. Information on the association between physical activity (PA) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. We aimed to explore the associations of total, domain-specific, and intensity-specific PA with CKD and its subtypes in China. The study included 475,376 adults from the China Kadoorie Biobank aged 30–79 years during 2004–2008 at baseline. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the information about PA, which was quantified as metabolic equivalent of task hours per day (MET-h/day) and categorized into 4 groups based on quartiles. Cox regression was used to analyze the association between PA and CKD risk. During a median follow-up of 12.1 years, 5415 incident CKD cases were documented, including 1159 incident diabetic kidney disease (DKD) cases and 362 incident hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) cases. Total PA was inversely associated with CKD risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)) of 0.83 (0.75–0.92) for incident CKD in the highest quartile of total PA as compared with participants in the lowest quartile. Similar results were observed for risk of DKD and HTN, and the corresponding HRs (95%CIs) were 0.75 (0.58–0.97) for DKD risk and 0.56 (0.37–0.85) for HTN risk. Increased nonoccupational PA, low-intensity PA, and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA were significantly associated with a decreased risk of CKD, with HRs (95%CIs) of 0.80 (0.73–0.88), 0.85 (0.77–0.94), and 0.85 (0.76–0.95) in the highest quartile, respectively. PA, including nonoccupational PA, low-intensity PA, and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA, was inversely associated with the risk of CKD, including DKD, HTN, and other CKD, and such associations were dose dependent. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the lowest eigenvalue in the gap of the essential spectrum of a Dirac operator with mass in terms of a Lebesgue norm of the potential. Such a bound is the counterpart for Dirac operators of the Keller estimates for the Schrödinger operator, which are equivalent to some Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev interpolation inequalities. Domain, self-adjointness, optimality and critical values of the norms are addressed, while the optimal potential is given by a Dirac equation with a Kerr nonlinearity. A new critical bound appears, which is the smallest value of the norm of the potential for which eigenvalues may reach the bottom of the gap in the essential spectrum. The Keller estimate is then extended to a Lieb-Thirring inequality for the eigenvalues in the gap. Most of our result are established in the Birman-Schwinger reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for solving a self-consistent boundary value problem for the linearized Usadel equation is proposed. The method makes it possible to find the sample-normalized distribution of the superconducting order parameter and the critical temperature as functions of the problem parameters and to solve relatively complex spatially inhomogeneous problems, e.g., superconducting heterostructures containing inhomogeneous magnetic layers. Within this approach, layered structures containing superconducting and domain-split ferromagnetic layers are considered. The theory is compared with experiment for the Fe 20 Å/V 340 Å/Fe 8 Å/Cr/Fe 8 Å system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AgNbO3 (AN) lead-free antiferroelectric material has attracted great attention in recent years. However, little focus has been directed toward a single crystal that can provide more basic information. In this study, we successfully grew high-quality AN single crystals, using a flux method, with dimensions of 5 × 5 × 3 mm3. A systematic investigation into the crystal structure, domain structure, and electrical properties of a [001]-oriented AN single crystal was conducted. X-ray diffraction and domain structure analysis revealed an orthorhombic phase structure at room temperature. Stripe-like 90° domains aligning parallel to the [110] direction with a thickness of approximately 10–20 μm were observed using a polarized light microscope. The temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity showed M1-M2, M2-M3, and M3-O phase transitions along with increasing temperature, but the phase transition temperatures were slightly higher than those of ceramic. The AN single crystal also exhibited double polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops, which enabled good recoverable energy-storage density and efficiency comparable to ceramic. Additionally, double P-E loops were kept stable at various temperatures and frequencies, demonstrating robust stability and confirming typical antiferroelectric characteristics. Our work provides valuable insights into understanding the fundamental antiferroelectric properties of AN-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large impact craters on Earth are associated with prominent magnetic anomalies, residing in magnetite of the shocked target rocks and impactites. Shock experiments on magnetite suggest that up to 90% of magnetic susceptibility is lost at pressures >5 GPa, but can be partially restored by post‐shock thermal annealing. The magnetic property changes are caused by shock induced grain size reduction and fragmentation, as well as domain wall‐pinning at crystal lattice defects. A recent study of granitoids from the peak‐ring of the Chicxulub crater found that annealing may occur naturally, but can also be overprinted by high‐temperature hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation in non‐oxidizing environments. In this study, we isolate the effect of defect annealing and hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation using the evolution of hysteresis, isothermal remanent magnetization components and first order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams at different high‐temperature steps. We used a laboratory‐shocked magnetite‐quartz ore, a non‐shocked naturally oxidized granite, and a naturally shocked and oxidized granite. Our findings suggest that annealing of shock‐induced lattice defects partially restores some pre‐shock magnetic behavior and causes an apparent average bulk‐sample domain state increase. Hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation creates new fine‐grained magnetite that strongly overprints the original signal, and decreases the average bulk‐sample domain state. Where annealing and hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation both occur, the new magnetite masks the annealing‐induced property restoration and apparent domain state modification in the shocked magnetite. As magnetite oxidation is a ubiquitous process in surface rocks, these findings are fundamental to understand hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation as a potential overprint mechanism, and could have broad implications for paleomagnetic interpretations. Plain Language Summary: Magnetite is the dominant magnetic mineral in the Earth's crust and is also found in shocked rocks of impact craters, where it can lose up to 90% of its induced magnetization due to fractures and defects in the crystal lattice. Previous experiments in shocked magnetite ore suggest that thermal treatment can recover some shock‐induced defects, and even restore some lost magnetic properties. Similar changes in magnetic properties have been observed in non‐shocked granites with magnetite and hematite after heating, because in non‐oxidizing environments hematite transforms back to very small magnetite grains at high temperatures. Shocked magnetite from the Chicxulub crater is also oxidized to hematite before the impact, and it is unclear if the heating‐induced change of magnetic properties is due to the recovery of shock defects, or hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation. We investigated magnetite from a laboratory‐shocked magnetite‐quartz ore, a non‐shocked naturally oxidized granite, and the granite from Chicxulub at different temperature steps with high‐resolution magnetic methods, and delineated the effects of physical and chemical alteration. We find that hematite‐to‐magnetite transformation overprints the original signal in a similar way to the annealing of shock‐induced features. This study is fundamental for discriminating shock and chemical alteration on the magnetic behavior of magnetite. Key Points: Shock‐induced lattice defects in magnetite alter magnetic behavior and apparent magnetic domain state; annealing partially restores themHematite in oxidized magnetite transforms back to magnetite with heating. Newly formed magnetite has a SD‐SP grain size rangeUsing high‐resolution FORC analysis, we distinguish between annealing and newly formed magnetite from transformation in heating experiments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study normal holomorphic mappings on complex spaces and complex manifolds. Applications are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have exposed the massive collection of personal data in the digital ecosystem through, for instance, websites, mobile apps, or smart devices. This fact goes unnoticed by most users, who are also unaware that the collectors are sharing their personal data with many different organizations around the globe. This paper assesses techniques available in the state of the art to identify the organizations receiving this personal data. Based on our findings, we propose Receiver Organization Identifier (ROI), a fully automated method that combines different techniques to achieve a 95.71% precision score in identifying an organization receiving personal data. We demonstrate our method in the wild by evaluating 10,000 Android apps and exposing the organizations that receive users' personal data. We further assess the transparency of these data-sharing practices by analyzing the apps' privacy policies. The results reveal a concerning lack of transparency in almost 78% of apps, suggesting the need for regulators to take action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, the author considers transnational collaborative platforms as alternative players in global security architecture by synthesizing the postmodern ideas of Giles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, the political acumen concept, and metamodern principles as a new philosophical framework. The author claims that such recombination reflects the multipolarity of modern geopolitics, with the simultaneous search for new forms of political cooperation in conditions of turbulence and strategic interdependence. She analyzes the cognitive dimensions and perspectives of metamodernism in the political dimension, emphasizing the security domain as one of the vectors of the metamodernist framework through cognitive and geopolitical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Bactrocera minax and Bactrocera dorsalis are phytophagous insects, and their larvae are latent feeders, which cause great damage and economic losses to agriculture production and trade. This study aimed to provide a scientific reference for researching and developing the feasible countermeasures against these two pests. Based on the distribution data of B. minax and B. dorsalis in China, obtained from the Chinese herbaria, investigation and literature. Four niche models (Garp, Bioclim, Domain, and Maxent) were used to analyze the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of both pests and to build prediction models of the potential distribution in Sichuan Basin. Combined with two statistical standards, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Kappa, the validity of prediction models were analyzed and compared. The results show that: the average AUC values of the four models are all above 0.90, and the average Kappa values are all above 0.75, indicating that the four models are suitable for predicting the potential distribution area of B. minax and B. dorsalis. The annual range of temperature, the mean temperature in the driest quarter, the mean temperature in the warmest quarter, the annual precipitation, and the precipitation in driest month are the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of B. minax, while the mean diurnal temperature range, the mean temperature in the driest quarter, the seasonal temperature variations and the precipitation in driest month affect the potential distribution of B. dorsalis. The suitable areas for B. minax are mainly concentrated in the eastern of Sichuan Basin, while the suitable areas for B. dorsalis are concentrated in the southeastern. Except for the Bioclim model, the highly-suitable area for both pests predicted by the other three models are all greater than 15.94 × 104 km2 and the moderately-suitable areas are greater than 13.57 × 104 km2. In conclusion, the suitable areas for both pests in Sichuan Basin are quite wide. Therefore, the relevant authorities should be given strengthened monitoring of both pests, especially in areas with high incursion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning has emerged as a climatic technology in contemporary and prospective cyber threat intel systems, with numerous jurisdictions seamlessly integrating it into their operations. However, the current state of machine learning in cyber defence is still in its early stages, foreshadowing a noticeable unexplored research territory and practical implementation. This paper marks the initial endeavour to offer a comprehensive understanding of machine learning within the entire spectrum of cybersecurity jurisdictions, catering to potential end users with enthusiasm in this field of study. This paper aims to serve as a source of inspiration for significant advancements in ML within the cyber defence zone, laying the groundwork for the broader adoption of ML mitigations to safeguard present and heuristic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at investigating the level of science teachers' understanding of the science passion in Jordan in the light of some variables (Experience and qualification), the population consisted of (460) science teachers' for the basic stages of government schools and the sample of the study consisted of (235) teachers' selected randomly; The study followed the quantitative descriptive approach and a test of 27-statement was applieds. The results concluded that the mean of science teachers' understanding of science passion was weak, and there are no statistically significant differences regarding teachers' teaching experience and qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The impact factor of calculating Hyperlinks is divided by several web pages for a particular website. This study finds out the Impact factor of the Selected Central Sanskrit University website. After the analysis, we found that the 61 highest page speed in mobile of Central Sanskrit University, the lowest page speed in mobile national Sanskrit University with 31, the desktop page speed we found Central Sanskrit University is the highest with 73 per cent speed calculated in the Desktop, Internal followed links national Sanskrit University with 2,80,882, 435624 Internal followed links of Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri national Sanskrit university, central Sanskrit university with 53,792 Internal followed links. External followed link NSU with 18,418, SLBSNSU with 4249, CSU with 22,771. The following link domains 132 with NSU, 350 with SLBSNUS, 2,167 with CSU, the total linking domains 251 with NSU, 474 with SLBSNSU, 2,845 with CSU, after the find Total Link of NSU with 41,69547, SLBSNSU with 441,025, and CSU with 82,310. Web Impact factor, NSU of IWIF with 0.3191, SLBSNSU Internal WIF 0.7549, CSU with 0.001665, the External WIF of NSU 0.020929, SLBSNSU with 0.0073, CSU with 0.0015, the Simple WIF NSU with 7.738121, SLBSNSU with 0.764341, CSU with 0.002532". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the domain and hosting algorithm for creating web-sites in the e-learning envi-ronment in the training of future computer science teachers. In the process of teaching the subject of pedagogical software it is important to inform the students about the integration of the servers along with horizontal and vertical directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the range of metaphors activated by the cooking term stew in English and its Spanish counterpart guisar. The data were drawn from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and Corpus del Español: Web and Dialects. The metaphors were identified by applying MIP (Pragglejaz Group, 2007) and incorporating semantic frames (Fillmore, 1982) to provide a detailed analysis of the mappings between the core frame elements involved, and the thematic roles performed by those elements. The results suggest that English and Spanish diverge considerably regarding the metaphors evoked by stew and guisar. The lemma stew activated a broader scope of metaphorical extensions than guisar. Just one shared metaphor was identified, which underscores the presence of distinct cognitive preferences within the respective languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have been aware of the existence of knotted proteins for over 30 years—but it is hard to predict what is the most complicated knot that can be formed in proteins. Here, we show new and the most complex knotted topologies recorded to date—double trefoil knots (31#31). We found five domain arrangements (architectures) that result in a doubly knotted structure in almost a thousand proteins. The double knot topology is found in knotted membrane proteins from the CaCA family, that function as ion transporters, in the group of carbonic anhydrases that catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide, and in the proteins from the SPOUT superfamily that gathers 31 knotted methyltransferases with the active site-forming knot. For each family, we predict the presence of a double knot using AlphaFold and RoseTTaFold structure prediction. In the case of the TrmD-Tm1570 protein, which is a member of SPOUT superfamily, we show that it folds in vitro and is biologically active. Our results show that this protein forms a homodimeric structure and retains the ability to modify tRNA, which is the function of the single-domain TrmD protein. However, how the protein folds and is degraded remains unknown.

Current conflicts, ongoing across the globe, have highlighted the need for a new form of warfare that reduces the number of casualties and the degree of destruction and, at the same time, mitigates the effects of hybrid means, ubiquitous in the doctrine of all actors. This new approach to warfare utilizes multidomain operations as a means of achieving success. Although multidomain operations have been conducted in the past, the concept that encompasses the process of these operations is novel, and there are still significant adjustments that need to be made to make it operational for all actors. This article aims to study the integration of multidomain operations into land operations by identifying the strengths and limitations of their development process, the conditions and principles of their integration at the land forces level, resulting from a comparative analysis of US and Russian Federation approaches, as well as from lessons learned from current conflicts.

Crop maps are highly desired information in modern agriculture as they enable possessors to manage their business in the most optimal way. Usually in remote sensing, crop mapping is performed using satellite images and within-season ground truth samples that are collected in extensive survey campaigns every year, neglecting information and knowledge that past seasons’ classification models provided. This paper assessed different temporal transferring approaches, including transfer learning, together with traditional crop mapping approach to provide an exhaustive comparison. Transferring approaches differed in portion of knowledge utilized from a historical model and that coming from a target season dataset. Three distinct algorithms, Random Forest, Convolutional Neural Network and Transformer, were employed and evaluated using highly dense time series of Sentinel-1 data. Source and target domain were respectively represented by two sets, 2017–2020 and 2021 season data, and 9 different crop types were classified. Results showcased that transferring a model has a great potential in crop mapping when little to no ground truth data is available for the target season. However, traditional approach catches up rather quickly and even surpasses transfer learning approach in terms of performance after a certain portion of target domain data is collected. Without target season ground truth data, model transferring can yield modest crop mapping performance of 78% for F1 score, between 84% and 86% F1 score with transfer learning employed in conjunction with limited target season ground truth (i.e. between 120 and 720 parcels), and 88% F1 score at best with traditional approach (ca. 720 parcels). Even though a good discriminatory is found between different crop types, there is still a room for improvement regarding the least represented classes in the dataset. The study significantly contributes to the area of agricultural monitoring and management by demonstrating the effectiveness of transfer learning while lessening the necessity for extensive and labor-intensive data collection, thereby fostering cost and time efficiency. Utilizing Sentinel-1 data, it provides a practical and efficient solution for agricultural analysis worldwide regardless of cloudiness.

The current research approaches the implementation of a real-time domains monitoring platform to determine their reputation, which involves data collection, machine learning analysis, and creating a realtime monitoring interface. Collaboration between various parties and continuous platform improvement are essential to meet evolving user needs and cybersecurity demands. This integrated approach strives to ensure a safer online environment by monitoring and enhancing the reputation of internet domains. The purpose of a domain name reputation system is to assess the trustworthiness of internet domain names. It relies on key components like whitelists, blacklists, registry data and domain rating tools for evaluation and security. Requirements for developing a domain name reputation system highlights the essential prerequisites for an effective domain name reputation system. A significant emphasis is placed on the identification and use of blacklists and whitelists to distinguish trusted from untrusted domains.

The paper focuses on the relationship of Czech and Moravian nobility to alcohol according to financial sources until the beginning of the Hussite Revolution. More attention is paid to the production of alcohol (mainly beer, less wine) on aristocratic domains. For the High Middle Ages, it seems that a noble estate was not even self-sufficient in the production of alcoholic beverages. The situation in the early modern period, where efficient farming generates surpluses for the market, and the nobles force their subjects to consume beer from the estate breweries, is still a long way off. This is partly confirmed by the sources showing the consumption of alcohol (beer, wine and occasionally mead).

This article, based on network science, aims to contribute to overcoming its geometric and technological phases. The novelty consists in considering links of networks as linked by superimposed networks, termed here multiple superimposed soft networks (MSSN), which is introduced as a research issue. Such links of links (termed here as passive links) concern, for instance, correspondences, incompatibilities, and temporal synchronizations between the occurrences of pairs of active links of effective networks, such as those based on electrical and telecommunication. A possible constitutive mechanism of such passive linkage consists of linkage representations for practices and histories of use expressed by their validating statistical reoccurrences. We consider the possible emergent nature of the passive linkage. The reason for introducing the design and usage of MSSN properties as a research issue involves making new approaches to profile and manage networks available. Correspondence between active linkage and MSSN properties should be a matter for an experiential, machine-learning approach. Research issues relate their possible usage on the active linkage such as for classification, comparations, detection of criticalities, diagnosis, performance evaluation, and regulatory as weak forces. Furthermore, the possible identification of standard corresponding configurations of passive and active linkage is finalized to avoid their establishment or, conversely, in facilitating their establishment and keeping their replication in different contexts (or partially and in combinations) and identifying related standardized approaches (also for classes of configurations having significant levels of equivalence). This research project has methodological generalizing aspects of trans-disciplinarity. We conclude by mentioning related research issues.

The KRAS mutation stands out as one of the most influential oncogenic mutations, which directly regulates the hallmark features of cancer and interacts with other cancer-causing driver mutations. However, there remains a lack of precise information on their cooccurrence with mutated variants of KRAS and any correlations between KRAS and other driver mutations. To enquire about this issue, we delved into cBioPortal, TCGA, UALCAN, and Uniport studies. We aimed to unravel the complexity of KRAS and its relationships with other driver mutations. We noticed that G12D and G12V are the prevalent mutated variants of KRAS and coexist with the TP53 mutation in PAAD and CRAD, while G12C and G12V coexist with LUAD. We also noticed similar observations in the case of PIK3CA and APC mutations in CRAD. At the transcript level, a positive correlation exists between KRAS and PIK3CA and between APC and KRAS in CRAD. The existence of the co-mutation of KRAS and other driver mutations could influence the signaling pathway in the neoplastic transformation. Moreover, it has immense prognostic and predictive implications, which could help in better therapeutic management to treat cancer.

The poly-reactivity of antibodies is defined as their binding to specific antigens as well as to related proteins and also to unrelated targets. Poly-reactivity can occur in individual molecules of natural serum antibodies, likely due to their conformation flexibility, and, for therapeutic antibodies, it plays a critical role in their clinical development. On the one hand, it can enhance their binding to target antigens and cognate receptors, but, on the other hand, it may lead to a loss of antibody function by binding to off-target proteins. Notably, poly-reactivity has been observed in antibodies subjected to treatments with dissociating, destabilizing or denaturing agents, in particular acidic pH, a common step in the therapeutic antibody production process involving the elution of Protein-A bound antibodies and viral clearance using low pH buffers. Additionally, poly-reactivity can emerge during the affinity maturation in the immune system, such as the germinal center. This review delves into the underlying potential causes of poly-reactivity, highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility, which can be further augmented by the acid denaturation of antibodies and the introduction of arginine mutations into the complementary regions of antibody-variable domains. The focus is placed on a particular antibody's acid conformation, meticulously characterized through circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and sedimentation velocity analyses. By gaining a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, we aim to shed light on the complexities of antibody poly-reactivity and its implications for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies in which the relationship of the self-organization, physicochemical properties, and bioeffects in dilute aqueous solutions of various biologically active substances sustained under natural and reduced levels of external physical fields (geomagnetic and low-frequency electromagnetic), as well as under exposure to ionizing radiation solutions studied by the complex of physicochemical methods, are considered. The established patterns can be used to create a scientific base related to the clarification of the mechanisms of the negative influence of hypomagnetic conditions on the functioning of living organisms necessary to ensure the normal operation of the ecosystem of spacecraft during flights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The information that the respondent does not provide is known as non-response. Small domains have a chance of not responding to units. Domain estimation becomes very interesting in such a circumstance. These little domains are typically quite hard to come by. The government does, however, intend to offer the facilities that are needed in these areas. As a result, the supportive variable may be beneficial and enhance the data on the intended domain. The supporting factor is really beneficial. We plot and the positively skewed nature of the variables can be used to support the small domains. Therefore, the type of supportive variables can influence the model that is selected. We examined calibration based power estimation. For two distance functions, minimum chi-square and Hellinger, a simulation analysis has been presented in terms of the absolute relative bias and simulated relative standard error. The result demonstrates for all intended domains, investigated calibration estimate in the presence of unit non-response is more efficient to ratio, exponential and generalized regression estimates. Additionally, it has been observed that the power based estimators using the Hellinger estimate are inferior to the power-based estimate with chi-square distance in both situations with and without two phase sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider representations of Coxeter groups over a path algebra, R, introduced by Dyer in the study of root systems over non-commutative rings. We answer a question posed by Dyer about the multiplicative properties of R, showing that it is "almost a domain." We also show that R cam be embedded in a matrix ring over a free product of extension fields of the rational numbers and rings of Laurent polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: High-dose therapy with melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplantation and lenalidomide maintenance has long been the standard of care for newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. However, it is unclear how lenalidomide dosage or experienced side effects govern patients' quality of life during long-term treatment. The LenaMain trial (NCT00891384) investigated lenalidomide maintenance at a high (25 mg) and a low dose (5 mg) and demonstrated that dosage had no impact on patients' quality of life. Instead, high baseline scores for global health were maintained throughout the trial without difference between treatment arms which supports the feasibility of continuous lenalidomide treatment with a dose tailored to patients' quality of life. Introduction: The LenaMain trial (NCT00891384) reported increased progression-free survival with 25 mg of lenalidomide maintenance compared to 5 mg. Here, we report the patient-reported outcomes. Materials and Methods: Scores obtained from the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 were analyzed for longitudinal changes from baseline within the groups as well as cross-sectional scores. Results: Compliance rates were high, with 95.7% at baseline and 70% during maintenance. At study entry, scores were high for functioning and low for symptoms. During maintenance, the median global health status/quality of life (GHS/QoL) was constant, without significant differences over time (median GHS/QoL: 68 at baseline and 58 for Len high and 68 for Len low at 2 years) and between treatment arms (mean change < 2). Similarly, most functional scale domains were constant. Notably, diarrhea increased consistently for both treatment arms (baseline: −1.905 (range: −5.78–1.97); end of year 2: 16.071 (range: 5.72–26.42); p < 0.05). The subgroup analysis showed that neither disease activity, duration of treatment, nor adverse events affected the health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) or utility. Conclusion: High baseline scores were maintained throughout the trial without significant differences between the Len dosages, which supports continuous treatment with a dose tailored to patients' HR-QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]