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[ES] La crisis sanitaria causada por el COVID-19 ha generado grandes impactos negativos en la economía nacional, sobre todo, en materia de empleo. El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido el análisis de la evolución que han sufrido las regulaciones de los Expedientes de Regulación de Empleo (ERE) y los Expedientes de Regulación Temporal de Empleo (ERTE) como mecanismos de flexibilización laboral a cuenta del COVID-19 y, la valoración de dichas medidas como soluciones a esta coyuntura.

[ES] El presente trabajo realiza un análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial sobre la responsabilidad del trabajador por los daños y perjuicios causados al empresario. En él se plantea el marco jurídico en el que se encuadra esta institución, para después estudiar las tres tesis que propone la doctrina sobre la cuestión y la posición que han adoptado los tribunales respecto a estas. Tras conocer la posición de la doctrina y los criterios que aplica la jurisprudencia para determinar la existencia o no de este tipo de responsabilidad, así como cuestiones procesales de especial relevancia, el trabajo finaliza con las principales conclusiones a las que he llegado en la elaboración del mismo., [EU] Lan honek azterketa doktrinal eta jurisprudentziala egiten du, langileak enpresaburuari eragindako kalte-galerengatik duen erantzukizunari buruz. Bertan, erakunde horren esparru juridikoa planteatzen da, eta, ondoren, doktrinak gaiari buruz proposatzen dituen hiru tesiak eta auzitegiek gai horiei buruz hartu duten jarrera aztertzen da. Doktrinaren jarrera eta jurisprudentziak erantzukizun mota hori dagoen ala ez zehazteko aplikatzen dituen irizpideak ezagutu ondoren, baita garrantzi bereziko prozesu-gaiak ere, lan hau egiterakoan atera ditudan ondorio nagusiekin amaitzen da.

This work establishes the relationship between bioclimatology and agronomy. Bioclimatic indices are obtained for several areas under olive cultivation and correlated with olive yields. Due to the effect of climate change on cultivation and the high economic losses it produces, we propose a sustainable development model for the territorial classification of crops based on bioclimatic knowledge. Bioclimatic diagrams are prepared to provide information on water stress in crops so that irrigation can be carried out at the most effective time, a measure that has been shown to lead to water and energy savings for growers. In addition to this development model, we propose the application of non-aggressive cultivation techniques such as the use of living plant cover to ensure the protection of the soil and avoid losses due to climate irregularities. Studies conducted up to the present on applied bioclimatology have yielded promising results in the fields of farming and forestry. The maps and bioclimatic indices of Professor Rivas-Martínez, Ic, Io and It/Itc, are essential for bioclimatic classification. The agricultural development model with a bioclimatic basis ensures economic savings for growers and minimizes the environmental impact of cultivation. In the case of olive cultivation we detected that in 2005 all the cultivated areas that were not in their thermoclimatic optimum were damaged by frost. The widespread cultivation of olive groves in the Mediterranean basin, and mainly in the south of Spain, is reason enough to establish a relationship between its production and its bioclimatic environment. The ombroclimatic study in certain localities under olive cultivation shows that areas with Io <2.5 are unproductive (Jodar, Tabernas), and that their low Io value needs to be supplemented with irrigation water. This means extracting water from aquifers for agricultural use, when the current climate irregularities do not allow the excessive use of subsoil water. For the time

Although there are numerous studies on the floristic composition of the Andean and Caribbean grasslands, there are limited information from a phytosociological point of view. This work therefore aims to highlight the differences in this important vegetation type in these two biodiversity hotspots to gain a better understanding of their floristic and vegetational richness. The floristic composition of Andean grasslands (Ecuador) and the island of Hispaniola is also studied. The reason for this comparative analysis of Andean and Caribbean territories is their tropical character and their bioclimatic similarities. The comparative analysis of Peruvian Andean and Colombian grasslands is based on floristic knowledge from the literature, our inventories on the island of Hispaniola, and the works of Peguero. We applied the phytosociological methodology of Braun-Blanquet and the code of phytosociological nomenclature. We performed a statistical analysis to verify the differences between both community types using the statistical packages PAST© and CAP3. The comparative analysis of Andean and Caribbean grasslands shows a clear floristic and biogeographical differentiation and reveals that the only ecological character they share is their high-mountain attribute. In the Caribbean these communities are found only on the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) in the Central biogeographic sector, Central subprovince, Hispaniola province. These grasslands are exclusive to Hispaniola and have a high rate of endemics. We propose the following new syntaxa: the association Hyperico constanzae-Danthonietum domingensis, the alliance Hieracio domingensis-Deschampsion domingensis, the order Danthonietalia domingensis, and the class Deschampsio-Danthonietea domingensis. We found high biodiversity values for Andean and Caribbean areas. This is due to the intense anthropic activity on the island of Hispaniola, which has led to a high percentage of naturalized plants.

The relict communities of Prunus lusitanica are globally threatened, mainly by climatic and anthropic factors. Solid knowledge about floristic composition and serial dynamics provides a valuable basis for the implementation of management and conservation measures. This article focuses on peculiar communities that occur in hydric-compensated areas of the Iberian Peninsula and south of France, a submediterranean ecotonal area. A hierarchical cluster analysis allowed to identify two new syntaxa. For the first time an association of Prunus lusitanica, Lonicero periclymeni-Prunetum lusitanicae ass. nova, is reported for France, representing the mature stage of a minoriseries of vegetation, attributed to Lonicerion periclymeni. The discovery of populations of P. lusitanica in valleys embedded in the Municipality of Mação (Portugal), represent the new association Smilaco asperae-Prunetum lusitanicae ass. nova, enriched by thermophilous taxa. This relict association occurs in the South Beira District and corresponds to the southern limit of the natural distribution area in mainland Portugal, integrated in the suballiance Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris. Additional notes on the occurrence of P. lusitanica in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula are provided.

The ombroxeric index (OXI), a drought-indicative bioclimatic index based on the Rivas-MartínezWorldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (WBCS), was used in this work to establish theombroxericity trends in a defined study area: the province of Leon (Spain). On the basis oflarge time-scale climatological gridded databases (MOPREDAS and MOTEDAS), with datafrom 1951 to 2010 at monthly, seasonal an annual study level, a Mann-Kendall test-basedtrend analysis was carried out and a geostatistical interpolation procedure, EmpiricalBayesian Kriging (EBK), was applied. Statistically significant increases were revealed in themonths of March and June, as well as in the summer period. These increments are greaterin the southernmost areas and could be related with changes in some teleconnectionpatterns. With this up-to-date approach, besides being aware of the direct bioclimate-altering consequences of the climate change, the prediction of the implications in thevegetation is made possible, due to the typological-predictive character of the model ofclimate-vegetation reciprocity provided by the WBCS.

[PO] As comunidades de azereiro são relíquias paleotropicais que vivem desde o sudoeste de França, centro e norte da Península Ibérica, até ao norte de Marrocos, porém, encontram-se em estado de conservação desfavorável, face às ameaças a que estão sujeitas. De modo a contribuir para alterar este cenário, apresentam-se nesta Tese cinco artigos científicos publicados em revistas internacionais que resultam das investigações realizadas durante este estudo. De forma a melhorar o conhecimento sobre as comunidades de azereiro, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica e visitaram-se alguns locais de ocorrência de modo a perceber a sua ecologia. Este conhecimento base permitiu melhorar os esforços na prospeção de novas áreas de azereiro. Em cada núcleo de azereiros contabilizou-se o número de indivíduos separados por dois grupos de alturas e posteriormente realizaram-se inventários fitossociológicos, de acordo com os fundamentos e metodologias da Escola de Zürich-Montpellier. Em todos os locais visitados, as principais ameaças ao estado de conservação dos azereirais foram registadas. Como principais resultados deste estudo destaque-se a identificação de cinco novas associações fitossociológicas, nomeadamente dois novos azereirais, dois novos salgueirais e uma nova comunidade de herbáceas vivazes. Tendo em conta os dados históricos identificou-se uma redução do número de azereiros no centro de Portugal. Relativamente às ameaças, tendo em conta a redução do risco de incêndio apresentaram-se métodos de controlo mais favoráveis à conservação, nomeadamente através do corte seletivo do coberto arbustivo, onde se identificaram os diferentes tipos de matos a conservar e a controlar. Estima-se também, com base em oito variáveis climáticas, a área potencial de ocorrência do azereiro no centro de Portugal e identificam-se os fatores mais determinantes para a sua área de distribuição., Por último, apresentam-se duas fórmulas para calcular o poder invasivo de espécies vegetais invasoras com base em dados espaciotemporais, melhorando o apoio á decisão dos gestores territoriais; Contributions to the management and conservation of Portuguese-laurel of Prunus lusitanica L. in Europe and North Africa ABSTRACT: The Portuguese-laurel communities are paleotropical relics that live from southwestern France, central and northern Iberian Peninsula, to northern Morocco, however, they are in an unfavorable state of conservation, given the threats to which they are subject. In order to contribute to changing this scenario, this Thesis presents five scientific articles published in international journals that result from the investigations carried out during this study. In order to improve knowledge about the Portuguese-laurel communities, a literature review was carried out and some places of occurrence were visited in order to understand their ecology. This basic knowledge made it possible to improve the efforts in prospecting new areas of the bird cherry tree. In each nucleus of oak trees, the number of individuals separated by two height groups was counted and later phytosociological inventories were carried out, in accordance with methodologies of the Zürich-Montpellier School. In all the places visited, the main threats to the conservation status of the Portuguese-laurel were registered. The main results of this study include the identification of five new phytosociological associations. Taking into account the historical data, a reduction in the number of ocher trees in central Portugal was identified. With regard to threats, taking into account the reduction in the risk of fire, control methods were presented that were more favorable to conservation, namely through selective cutting of the shrub cover, where the different types of scrub to be conserved and controlled were identified. It is also estimated, based on eight climatic variables, the potential a

The microscopic morphology of the leaves of six varieties of Vitis vinifera taken in the León Denomination of Origin is studied: the varieties Albarín Blanco, Malvasía, Mencía, Prieto Picudo, Tempranillo and Verdejo Blanco. The morphology is studied in two leaf fragments (basal and distal) related to the midvein, and parameters such as the thickness of the mesophyll and the stomatal density are measured. There are no works on the microscopic characteristics of the Prieto Picudo variety. All the varieties have the structural characteristics typical of V. vinifera varieties used for commercial purposes. The leaf blades are dorsiventral and hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata. There are two types of trichomes in the abaxial epidermis: some prostrate with a woolly appearance and others upright on which the previous trichomes rest. There are no significant differences between the values for the basal and distal samples of the leaf blade. The Prieto Picudo variety has the thinnest leaf blade and with the lowest stomatal density. It is assumed that the thicker the spongy parennchyma – which implies more intercellular spaces – and the higher the stomatal density, the greater the vulnerability of these varieties to infection by Plasmopara viticola. There are no scientific studies on this subject in the DO León, and very few with the Prieto Picudo variety. One of these studies reports the Prieto Picudo variety as being highly susceptible to the fungus, in which case the starting hypothesis could be rejected and the opposite hypothesis proposed: the thinner the spongy parenchyma and the lower the stomatal density (which are the peculiarities of the Prieto Picudo variety), the greater the vulnerability to P. viticola. However, there are inconsistencies in the works on mildew in the bibliography, possibly because not all the possible variables involved on vulnerability to the fungus are considered.

This work aims to review the natural communities of Pinus halepensis in Spain. The methodology consisted of subjecting 400 phytosociological relevés to georeferencing and statistical, biogeographical, and bioclimatic treatment. We analyse the communities of Pinus halepensis on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Five syntaxa with association rank are described in several works and included in the alliances Rhamno-Quercion and Oleo-Ceratonion. Ephedro-Pinetum halepensis was initially proposed as a community by Torres et al. and subsequently raised to the rank of association by Rivas-Martínez et al. In this work, we have separated the plant communities dominated by Pinus halepensis, which was previously included in other syntaxa, and as a result, we propose four new associations and a new alliance for the Iberian Peninsula: ass. Bupleuro rigidi-Pinetum halepensis; ass. Ephedro nebrodensis-Pinetum halepensis; ass. Rhamno angustifoliae-Pinetum halepènsis; ass. Rhamno laderoi-Pinetum halepensis; all. Rhamno lycioidis-Pinion halepensis. In view of the fact that some of the communities have been published as edaphoxerophilous and climatophilous, we suggest separating the climatophilous from the edaphoxerophilous character in the diagnosis of the communities, and have therefore recently proposed the ombroedaphoxeric index Ioex (Ioex = Pp − e/Tp × CR), which considers positive precipitation Pp, positive temperature Tp, residual evapotranspiration (e), and water retention capacity CR (0.25, 0.50, 0.75). In conclusion, we propose the associations mentioned above, which will allow the implementation of a reforestation treatment in accordance with the natural environment

The aim of this research is to enlarge knowledge of space-time evolution of precipitation in California over the last decade on a monthly, seasonal and annual time-scale. This study also analyses the relationship between precipitation and teleconnection patterns with most influence on Californian climate. The homogeneity of the data from the selected stations was verified and finally 165 meteorological stations were used with an obser- vation period that ranged from 1980 to 2019. In order to evaluate trends and statistical significance, both the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and modified Sen’s slope method were used. Correlation analysis using the partial non-parametric Spearman Test (95% confidence level) was performed to find out relationships between precipitation and nine teleconnection patterns in the State of California. Spatial analysis was achieved using Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK). Finally, this research, as a novelty, shows regionalisation of California State as a function of significance in the correlation of precipitation with teleconnection patterns. To achieve this, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster analysis (HCA) was performed. Results show a positive precipitation trend in winter and negative precipitation trend in late summer and autumn. The teleconnection patterns more correlated with precipitation are El Ni ̃no along Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Four areas were discerned outlining the Mojave Climate Region (Area 4) by having ENSO as the teleconnection pattern that best account precipitation.

[ES]A raíz de la crisis del Covid-19 han surgido multitud de interrogantes en el plano laboral a los que se tiene que dar respuesta, concretamente en torno a la incidencia de la vacunación en los centros de empleo, derechos del trabajador y obligación del empresario de vigilancia de la salud. Es por eso que vamos a analizar el alcance del derecho a la intimidad de los trabajadores, si existe cobertura legal para autorizar la vacunación obligatoria entre la población y en los centros de empleo y las medidas de prevención de riesgos laborales para hacer frente al Covid-19 con las que cuenta nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, además de un breve análisis de la jurisprudencia existente sobre la materia.

We present the first standardized list of the vascular flora of the Cantabrian Mountains, a transitional zone between the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean biogeographic regions in northwestern Spain. The study area comprises 15000 km2 divided in UTM grid cells of 10 km x 10 km, for which we revised occurrence data reported in the Spanish Plant Information System (Anthos) and the online database of Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation (SIVIM). We used a semi-automatic procedure to standardize taxonomic concepts into a single list of names, which was further updated by expert-based revision with the support of national and regional literature. In the current version, the checklist of the Cantabrian Mountains contains 2338 native species and subspecies, from which 56 are endemic to the study area. The nomenclature of the checklist follows Euro+Med in 97% of taxa, including annotations when other criteria has been used and for taxa with uncertain status. We also provide a list of 492 non-native taxa that were erroneously reported in the study area, a list of local apomictic taxa, a phylogenetic tree linked to The Plant List, a standardized calculation of Ellenberg Ecological Indicator Values for 80% of the flora, and information about life forms, IUCN threat categories and legal protection status. Our review demonstrates how the Cantabrian mountains represent a key floristic region in southern Europe and a relevant phytogeographical hub in south-western Europe. The checklist and all related information are freely accessible in a digital repository for further uses in basic and applied research

[ES] La estimación de la función de densidad es uno de los principales problemas de la estadística, en particular, de la estadística no paramétrica. En este contexto, el estimador tipo núcleo de la densidad, introducido por Parzen y Rosenblatt, es un estimador continuo que permite aproximar de manera satisfactoria la densidad de una variable aleatoria con soporte real. En este trabajo, generalizaremos el estimador tipo núcleo lineal (variables con soporte real) al contexto circular (variables con soporte en el círculo unidad). La continuidad de este estimador fue un gran avance desde la introducción del histograma en cuanto a estimadores no paramétricos de la densidad, sin embargo, su comportamiento es muy sensible a la selección del parámetro ventana o de suavizado: revisaremos los métodos de selección de dicho parámetro más utilizados, tanto en el caso lineal como en el circular, lo cual será determinante para obtener una buena estimación de la función de densidad. A continuación, realizaremos un estudio de simulación para comparar el funcionamiento de dichos selectores en ambos contextos, cuyo objetivo será buscar aquel que minimice el error cometido con respecto a la densidad teórica de modo local (para un punto fijo) y global. Para finalizar, se ilustra la aplicación práctica de las técnicas presentadas mediante dos conjuntos de datos reales, uno para cada contexto (lineal y circular), realizando una comparativa con los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de simulación previo, [EN] The estimation of the density function is one of the main problems in statistics, in particular in non-parametric statistics. In this context, the kernel estimator of density, introduced by Parzen and Rosenblatt, is a continuous estimator that allows a satisfactory approximation of the density of a random variable with real support. In this work, we will generalize the linear kernel estimator (variables with real support) to the circular context (variables with support in the unit circle). The continuity of this estimator was a great advance since the introduction of the histogram in terms of non-parametric density estimators, however, its behavior is very sensitive to the selection of the window or smoothing parameter: we will review the most used selection methods for this parameter, both in the linear and circular cases, which will be decisive in obtaining a good estimate of the density function. Next, we will carry out a simulation study to compare the operation of these selectors in both contexts, the objective of which will be to find the one that minimizes the error made with respect of the theoretical density locally (for a fixed point) and globally. Finally, the practical application of the techniques presented is illustrated by means of two sets of real data, one for each context (linear and circular), making a comparison with the results obtained in the previous simulation study.