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There is a famous saying: Money changes companies and companies change money. Nowadays there are more and more opinions about the future of money and central banks. Is money issuance still a function of central banks? Regulation or deregulation? Society without physical money? These are just some of the questions we hear from both the general public and the financial banking world. This paper is a small study of money issuance and its necessity from a central bank perspective. The study on the US case is based on data published by the Federal Reserve and brings the US dollar issuance into focus. Based on volume and tightness analysis, the results show that there is still a need for physical currency in the US, especially small denomination. Although credit cards have replaced many cash transactions in recent years, the dollar is a sought-after physical currency outside the US.

The article highlights the theoretical and practical foundations of management of international reserves of both Ukraine and Poland. The article characterizes the system of elements of management of international reserves of the National Bank of Ukraine, which include: goals and principles of management; organizational structure of management; risks of operations with international reserves; risk assessment. The stages of management of international reserves of the National Bank of Poland are allocated and characterized, the relevant structures are defined. It is noted that in the process of managing foreign exchange reserves in Poland, decisions are made and implemented directly by the central bank of the country, without the participation of external asset managing institutions. The investment process is based on guidelines approved by the Board of the National Bank of Poland, including a set of norms, regulations and procedures, in particular on the decision-making process, permissible asset classes, as well as rules for financial risk management, including the establishment of credit limits and criteria for selecting a contractor. The structure of international reserves of both the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Bank of Poland is analyzed in terms of currencies. The value of gold and the share of gold in the international reserves of the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Bank of Poland are evaluated in dynamics. On the basis of the carried out study, conclusions were drawn and concrete proposals were formulated for improving the process of managing international reserves, taking into account international experience, namely: to optimize the structure of international reserves by diversifying it and expanding the list of reserve currencies; to increase the share of monetary gold as a reliable asset; to expand the direction of investing international reserves, in particular, to consider the possibility of investing in securities of countries that demonstrate sustainable development of their economies.

In this article, we examine the history of the development of money and the importance and expansion of economic transactions, as well as two of the many currencies used in the European Union, the official currency of the EU, the euro, and the money of Hungary, the Hungarian forint. Money as an essential condition for material well-being. Money is the driving force of mankind. Money ensnares, keeps in motion, operates our world. Wherever we look, whatever we want to do, directly or indirectly, we will come into contact with money. The development of money, the market and banks is a series of events taking place in parallel.

The current study was performed to obtain insight into the retention of combat lifesaving (CLS) skills after initial training and to compare a more individualized-style training with a more classroom-style training. We measured performance at 0 month, 2 months, and 6 months after initial training in 40 CLSers (17 individualized, 23 classroom). Each test consisted of two 20-minute scenarios with a medical mannequin to simulate combat injuries. An instructor scored the actions, which were divided into critical and non-critical by medical experts. We also measured the speed of performing the protocol and perceived mental effort and anxiety. There were no differences between the groups in critical actions. The full sample made on average almost six critical errors per scenario at 6 months. However, on non-critical actions, the individualized group scored better at 0 month. The individualized group also performed the protocol faster at each test. The classroom group reported an increase in mental effort and anxiety at subsequent tests, while the individualized group did not. Based on the high number of critical errors at 6 months, and on the drop-off in performance at 2 months, we advise that extra refresher training is organized within 2 months after initial training to improve retention further down the line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the feasibility of West African economic and monetary union - in particular the planned use of the eco currency – in light of the legal structure and challenges of the European monetary union. The paper begins by briefly expounding on the concept of money and defining it in the broader context of law and of monetary union. Thereafter, the effective harmonization of laws and the relevance of sequential monetary integration are identified as the first legal factors affecting the eco currency. Next, the ongoing difficulty of economic convergence in the ECOWAS is investigated with a comparison to some shortcomings of European Union convergence and an assessment of convergence criteria. Central bank independence and effective criminal and judicial cooperation are reviewed as additional factors which may play a major role in the success of a West African single currency. The analysis concludes that the advent of monetary union in the ECOWAS region presently lacks feasibility when considering the issues identified but can be redeemed, among other things, by enhanced political will and implementation of monetary union law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] To analyse the existing trends in the turnover of electronic money, and their relationship with the conventional cash turnover on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), in particular, in the legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). [Methodology/Approach/Design] Deduction, content analysis, comparative analysis, and other general and special research methods were used. [Findings] As a result, the existing problems in the functioning of the type of money considered in this study were analysed. The study includes recommended measures to introduce amendments to legislation aimed at removing barriers to the functioning and circulation of electronic money, which will benefit the economic system of the given state. [Practical Implications] The information presented in this article can be useful material for representatives of public authorities in the implementation of reforms to modernise the economic system, for a wide range of readers interested in the development of digital technologies and their impact on the commercial activities of subjects of the economic life of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although grateful that Berge, Edelman, Guillaume, and Rossi have engaged my essay, 'The Question of Provenance and the Economics of Deuteronomy', their critique, which speaks against my conclusions, fails to account for essential archaeological, ethnographic, and linguistic data illuminating the economic profile of the Book of Deuteronomy. The most significant lacuna is their failure to address the economic realities of the Persian period. That data, and more, is summarized here. The present essay moves past literary and historiographic presuppositions regarding the provenance of Urdeuteronomium in order to engage the economic and numismatic realia that is recoverable from Israel's world and offer an important avenue forward in deuteronomic researcḥ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crypto assets are a diverse group of digital assets with different origins and uses that have become a widely accepted part of the global financial system. As the use of crypto assets has grown, IRS guidance related to their tax classification has not changed. Although the complexity of crypto assets increases the difficulty of regulation and taxation, the SEC and CFTC have asserted their authority and obtained rulings that challenge the current IRS guidance. In this paper, we examine the complexities of, and regulatory environment for, crypto assets to provide guidance on their tax classification. Then, we discuss possible tax classifications for crypto assets and the implications of those classifications. Our analysis of the complexity of crypto assets and their regulatory environment suggests that one tax classification for crypto assets is not sufficient. Allowing for different tax classifications provides more equitable tax treatment for users of crypto assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International currency relations are considered through the prism of international economic relations. It is emphasized that the latter arise between subjects from different countries, between tax residents of different tax jurisdictions regarding the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods, provision and receipt of services, capital circulation. It is argued that international economic relations are manifested at different levels of the economy (micro-, meta-, macro-levels). Where the macro level is the level of state and interstate international processes; metalevel these are international ties of industry and regional importance; micro level is the level of connections between firms of different countries. International economic contacts, international economic interaction, international economic cooperation, international economic integration are considered in detail. It is proved that the existence of international economic relations gave impetus to the formation of international economic and international currency (monetary) law. So, in the context of international economic law, international currency law and the corresponding legal relations arose as early as the 19th century, and they received the greatest development in the second half of the 20th century. In the XIX-XX centuries currency and financial systems are actively developing both domestically and internationally. It also gave impetus to the formation and development of economic and financial science. The stages of the evolutionary development of the world monetary and financial system are considered. The main principles of the organization of currency relations in different periods are analyzed. Alternative options to the existing currency system proposed by various authors are critically considered. It is proven that the formation and development of international trade relations, the world economy, and the world currency system contributed to the formation of a certain system of legal norms regulating relations in the currency sphere. At the same time, such norms are considered within the framework of different legislation, studied in different academic disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BRIC came to light in a 2009 report by Goldman Sachs, one of the oldest investment banks in the world, founded in 1869 in the United States, looking at opportunities for economic development and growth in Brazil, Russia, India and China, as an acronym of the first letters of those countries. In 2010 South Africa joins them and BRICS is obtained. This union, group or bloc represents over 40% of the world's population and over 25% of the world economy. For about a month, BRICS has embarked on a new course of development, accepting as new members Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, Egypt, Argentina and Ethiopia, thus forming a solid and powerful economic grouping that may soon oppose G- 7, and has a serious request to regroup the world economy. Goldman Sachs predicts that by 2032, the total growth of the BRICS economy will exceed the growth of the world's richest countries from the G-7, and according to Russian estimates, the BRICS contribution to the total world economic growth already exceeds 50% and is the largest consumer market with a population of about 2.8 billion. The BRICS group has set out to use local currencies in global trade to reduce its dependence on the US dollar, thus supporting its individual economies. In particular, the Chinese yuan and the Indian rupee were accepted for crossborder transactions, reducing dependence on the US dollar. It also calls into question the security of the dollar, which with further expansion of BRICS will lead to serious losses for the US currency, as well as a decrease in its influence on a global scale, which already seriously worries the US and threatens its economic and global dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. The modern Russian-Ukrainian war, which began back in 2014 with the occupation of Crimea and parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as well as its subsequent continuation and deployment of a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine by the Russian army, which led to serious destruction of the cities and villages of our country, set a number of serious issues not only in the context of the functioning of the country's economy, but also in the context of its post-war recovery. The issue of economic recovery of Ukraine is now being actively considered and studied both by our state and by partner countries. Reforming the monetary system of Ukraine in this context takes on special importance. The subject of research is the monetary system of Ukraine in historical dynamics. The purpose of this study is to determine possible prospects for reforming the modern monetary system of Ukraine in the post-war period. Also determination of prospects for integration of the monetary system of Ukraine into the monetary system of the EU. The methodological basis of the research is historical, analytical, comparative and statistical methods. Research results. In the article, an attempt is made to consider the issue of the perspective of the reform of the monetary system of Ukraine in the post-war period and to determine the orientations of its development in the future. Field of application. The results of the article can be used by universities, public and political organizations, students, graduate students, teachers; state administration bodies. Conclusions. As a result of the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, a number of serious problems arose in the field of finance. In particular, this concerns the monetary system of Ukraine. First of all, we are talking about stabilization of the national currency and control of inflationary processes. In the post-war period, the question of bringing the money and commodity mass into line, as well as the exchange rate of the national currency, the hryvnia, with other currencies of the world, will arise acutely.

В данной статье рассмотрена проблема восприятия нового вида электронных денег – криптовалют, а также неправильная трактовка цифровых финансовых активов, изучаются основные проблемы и возможность использования нового вида финансового актива. Цель работы заключается в изучении основных проблем и способов использования криптовалюты в национальной экономике. Рассмотрены виды криптовалют, отличительные особенности и структура популярных криптовалют. Рассмотрена проблема восприятия нового вида электронных денег, изучаются основные проблемы и возможность использования нового вида финансового актива. Подробно описаны способы использования криптовалют. Сопоставлены централизованные и децентрализованные формы электронных цифровых активов. Представлен опыт компаний, которые начали внедрять в свои бизнес-процессы блокчейн и криптовалюты, а также активный переход к цифровым финансовым активам. Цель: изучить основные проблемы и способы использования криптовалюты в национальной экономике и сформулировать рекомендации по их перспективному применению. Метод исследования: метод анализа и синтеза, метод обобщения, табличный метод. Результаты: в работе описано современное состояние использование криптовалют и иных крипотинструментов в мировой и российской экономике и дан обзор основных проблем, с которыми связано их применение. Описаны причины возникновения этих проблем. Область применения результатов: полученные результаты могут быть использованы для дальнейшего теоретического обоснования природы криптовалют как инновационного экономического инструмента. Кроме того, они могут быть полезны для государств, бизнеса и частных лиц с точки зрения выбора оптимальной модели использования криптовалют в хозяйственной деятельности.

Since Manolis Chatzidakis's pivotal publications on post-Byzantine Cretan icon painting in the 1970s, research in the field is, by now, very well established. In turn, these studies have demonstrated the contribution of Venetian Crete's artistic production to European culture. Despite Giorgio Vasari's condemnations of the 'Greek style', Byzantine icons remained popular in Renaissance Europe among Western patrons. Research on Venetian Crete has greatly benefitted from the survival of its archives, presently housed in Venice (Archivio di Stato di Venezia), an incredibly rich and invaluable source of information. One of the best-known published and referenced documents from these archives, supporting the wider popularity and dissemination of Cretan icons, is a contract offered to three Cretan painters dated 4 July 1499 concerning the production and delivery of 700 icons of the Virgin in just 42 days, by 15 August 1499, the day of the feast of the Dormition of the Virgin. This paper revisits the information the famous contract provides with the aim to scrutinise it further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigated how Bitcoin users' and enthusiasts' legal consciousness symbolically penetrates this social field in Brazil by structuring and shaping individuals' decisions to buy, use and invest in the technology. Thirty-nine Bitcoin users and enthusiasts were interviewed. The thirty-nine transcripts were coded and analyzed using grounded theory. In the end, three distinct interpretative schemas were obtained through which the interviewees' legal consciousness is expressed and affects, as a result, their individual decisions. The interpretative schemas were named 1) law as a utility tool; 2) law as a security provider; and 3) law as a political tool. From the findings, one comes to the conclusion that even in social fields where the law is actively contested and rejected, it still represents a structuring component of social relations with relevant behavioral shaping power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze technology as the instrument that facilitates and drives the development of collaborative strategies. The focus is the promotion of mutual support initiatives originating from the population, in the central highlands of Ecuador (the Andes). The Design/Methodology is quantitative, with descriptive and inferential scope with nonprobabilistic sampling, made up of direct observation, interviews and surveys applied to 215 people. Inferential statistics are applied by classification of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) type in R-Studio. The results obtained reveal that, on average, users exchanged 14 products, although the reliable range includes between 10 to 18 products, a result that is evidenced by the standard deviation. Technology is socially shaped; therefore, the use of technological platforms stimulates collaborative exchange that allows the population to survive, seen as a practice that is resumed to minimize and compensate for the inefficiency of the state. Three aspects to highlight: a) barter resurfaces when capitalist exchange breaks down and technology favors this type of exchange; b) the state is replaced by community and family leadership and the social subject is redefined beyond a "citizen"; and c) the denial of the classic capitalist system, by managing to transfer value without transferring currency, supported by technology. Originality/Value through the absence of studies that connect topics such as technology-barter is well covered in this article, it is an addition for those interested in socialeconomic sciences and who want to find novel topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Daena: International Journal of Good Conscience is the property of Spenta University Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lecturas de Economia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For any country, value of its currency is considered as one of the major indicators of its economy. In the current global economic scenario where presence of several events plays vital roles in changing the value of any nation’s currency, many governments, corporate houses are concerned about the volatility of the value of their currency. The Currency depreciates when the worth of a country’s currency drops significantly compared to other currency. There are various impact of currency depreciation ranging from micro level such as inflation, Low performance of Industry/Sector, to macro level such as negative growth rate of GDP, economic instability, Even impacting Global economy by disrupting interrupting international trade. The approach involves gathering insights from previously published research papers and articles as well as from watching recorded interviews from professionals in the field of the topic. Also, data from the government websites are being used to get comprehensive answer. As all the data have been taken from secondary sources so there is no requirement for conducting survey. The main agenda of this research paper is to study different factors that causes the volatility of the currency and analyze the impact of the currency depreciation on the economy and different variables that contribute in currency losing its value. The paper provides brief insight on depreciation of currency and its causes. The research also explains different factors (monetary and non-monetary) such as inflation, interest rates, government policies and how those variables affect the value of the currency. Also, with the causes this paper sheds light on the consequences (monetary and non-monetary) such as rise in cost of imported good, Negative balance of trade, Impact in balance of payment, reduced foreign investment, reduced tourism and how various sector of economy acts simultaneously with decrease in value of the currency. Also, with changing landscape of the economy, the policymakers and investors must be alert and be prompt with their decision making in order to make their companies and country stay afloat. The paper helps various investors and policymakers with insights and recommendation on how policy makers and investors should manage the risk and opportunities that comes with the depreciating currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Quds Open University for Administrative & Economic Research is the property of Al-Quds Open University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monetary history is a history of inflation. The Statute of the ECB, as a copy of the Bundesbank Act, can be viewed as an attempt to establish the euro as apolitical money. Experience with the short history of the euro shows the limits of this attempt. Fundamentally, the state remains the final authority in monetary matters. The article begins with a very brief outline of monetary history and the efforts undertaken to achieve a stable currency. The second chapter analyses the Statute of the ECB as an attempt to shield monetary policy from political influence. This is followed by a review of the experience gained in the short history of the euro. The last chapter draws conclusions about the possibilities of apolitical money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Soiuz” in Russian means “union” — a key word in the formal name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Once the world’s largest state, the Soviet Union comprised 15 republics and more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The country celebrated its diversity while at the same time emphasizing the unity of all Soviet peoples. Throughout the 1922–1991 history of the USSR a highlydeveloped system of symbolic representations was used to portray the strength of the union. For example, the state emblem visually bound the Soviet republics to the state through a heraldic ribbon using all the titular languages of the republics. Likewise, the national anthem celebrated the “unbreakable union of free republics”. The Soviet symbol set also included unique, but visually unifying, symbols to represent the 15 union republics—their flags, emblems, and anthems. There were also flags for the autonomous republics within these union republics, based upon the republic flags. In addition to the symbolic portrayal of the cohesiveness of the Soviet Union, there were two other types of “unions” that were vital to Soviet symbolism — the unity of workers and peasants, as well as the brotherhood of all the world’s communists. Both concepts were central to the symbolism of the Soviet flag and the state emblem, and to other uses of symbols within the country. This paper will examine the many ways in which the concepts of union and unity were symbolically portrayed in Soviet society including the use of flags, emblems, imagery, and slogans. It will demonstrate the importance of the concept of “soiuz” in the Soviet Union. Finally, it will show how unity symbols were central to Soviet messaging both domestically and internationally.

The article contains the results of the analysis of the investment behaviour of Ukrainian households in the crisis caused by external armed aggression. The financial potential of Ukrainian households in the pre-war period was assessed, and it was concluded that the expenses of most of the population were directed to the consumer rather than investment purposes. It was found that the investment potential of households was directed, first, to the purchase of currency, real estate, and deposits, as well as to risky crypto-currency assets, the active use of which Ukraine is one of the world leaders, instead of public investments in securities and other financial instruments remain extremely limited. The choice of the population of Ukraine in favour of investments in currency, real estate, deposits, and government bonds is currently quite rational since investments in private instruments of the local capital market (both directly and through pension funds and mutual investment institutions) do not provide high profitability and are associated with significant risks. It was revealed that in the conditions of martial law, the investment priorities of the population were most affected by the need to protect savings from depreciation, finance the country’s defence needs, and the corresponding rate of growth of the state debt, as well as high risks of real estate investments and strict restrictions of the National Bank of Ukraine on capital movement. It has been established that at a relatively high level of inflation, Ukrainian citizens do not receive a deposit offer from banks that is adequate to maintain the solvency of their savings. A situation in the banking system that is dangerous for financial stability has been identified, which is associated with the formation of a liquidity “canopy” due to the balances on the current accounts of the population. Emphasis is placed on the need to urgently increase the reserve requirements for demand deposits and current deposits to stimulate the growth of the value of hryvnia assets and change the banks’ liquidity surplus structure. Prospective directions and tools for the placement of household savings are justified, considering the needs of the post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy and the prospects for European integration.

The paper analyzes the issue of the Vladivostok branch of the State Bank of checks with a face value of 1000 rubles in January 1920, which became an attempt to replenish the stocks of banknotes to overcome the financial crisis that arose as a result of the Civil War and military intervention in the Russian Far East. The purpose of the work is to analyze known and, introducing into scientific circulation, identified historical sources that clarify and reveal certain issues when making a decision and organizing the issuance of checks by the Vladivostok branch of the State Bank. The theoretical basis of the study is a systematic approach and a comparative historical method. The author comes to the conclusion about the failure of issuance measures at the issuance stage, due to the intervention of counterfeiters. The failure of the checks increased the influence of foreign exchange in the region. The publication is addressed to researchers of financial policy during the Civil War and intervention in Russia.