Search

The world of towns was a complex one in the late Middle Ages, as it housed people of very different backgrounds and interests. The bulk of the urban society consisted of townspeople, free people with predominantly commercial occupations, but also craftsmen, in addition to which we find representatives of other categories of late medieval - early modern society, from boyars to members of the clergy (including monastic) or slaves (robi). The larger the town, the more diverse its population. In this paper we turn our attention to a special category of townspeople from the towns of the Romanian Principalities, the craftsmen. There was no special official category of craftsmen in urban society. Often, they cannot even be differentiated from merchants, given that many of those who produced something and sold the results of their work in shops. However, we notice a concentration of craftsmen depending on the profession, with traces in the local toponymy. This is a feature of the big towns, Iai and Bucharest, together with the former princely residence towns of Suceava and Târgovite. In other important urban centers (Craiova, Ploieti, Galai, Focani, Bârlad, Roman, Botoani) such specializations are observed later, especially after 1700. The reunion of several craftsmen with the same trade is noticeable in Târgul Vechi (the oldest part of the town), while in the valleys of the nearby rivers we find the craftsmen with "impure" trades, butchers, soap makers or tanners. The rest of the towns show much less evidence of this aspect, and where it appears they are a specific found rather after 1800. This is explained by the gradual penetration of the elements of modernization of towns in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In addition to the new rules of urbanism that were introduced at this time, we are witnessing the first forms of industrial organization which, although still modest, have allowed the transition from collective organization and guild to individual business based on capital and factory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Millars: Espai i Història is the property of Millars: Espai i Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prosperous and decent to need of both primary and secondary necessaries life are absolutely needed by every family. So they endeavor to increase their abilities to obtain subsist prosperity by entrepreneurship, as handicraft businesses, palm broom, that made by people in Krajan Hamlet, Kanigoro Village, Pagelaran District, Malang Regency. But for reaching the independent business, they meet many obstacles, such as producted quality lower than factory production; low market opportunities, and business governance out of standardized. Constraints faced by palm broom craftsmen in Krajan Hamlet, Kanigoro Village, occur without guidance and attention from the government. So that we as academics/lecturers take the initiative to foster the broom fibers craftsmen through the Community Service Program in order to improve the quality of their products, penetrate the wider market, and home industry management with good governance. This Community Service method used completely ongoing coaching. Based on the results of that implementation, the product can compete with the factory product broom; an increase in the market, and an increase in the welfare of the craftsman family. By this, creating a good governance management of home industry, and making young adults interest to maintain the palm broom. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v5i2.4000

Among the impressive cuneiform documentation found on the site of Mari (Tell Ḥarīrī, Syria) are many texts called “from practice” (letters and accounting documents) that informs on manufacturing gods and their artefacts during the Amorite period (2004-1595 BC). The Royal Archives of Mari show, over a short period of time throughout the history of the Ancient Near East, the production of decorations intended to adorn divine statues. In the light of the archives, it appears that the making of the divine was a proper royal enterprise, which mobilized precious raw materials and skilled craftsmanship. These texts also show, in filigree, different religious manipulations and practices in palatial context. The study of these archives, emanating from a palace and not from a temple, makes also possible to think on the link between temporal power and spiritual power and to bring, in substance, some reflections on royal offerings, as well as on the economy and status of divine objects.

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Most tradesmen are trained through traditional apprenticeship system, hence ranked lowest in the labour market. Although, Nigerian artisans contribute significantly to skill acquisition and economic development, their poor training background seem to make them deficient to cope with current technological innovations and practices. For any teaching to be impactful, suitable training needs has to be standard; the survival strategies for entrepreneurship in a declining economy can be vested in training artisans, tradesmen and entrepreneurs who will man the small and medium enterprises for better economy. Objectives: Assess strategies for teaching artisans and craftsmen in Nsukka Industrial Market; evaluate skill transfer process of master craftsmen to their apprentices; and to identify approaches for improving technical and theoretical skills of artisans and craftsmen. Methodology: Descriptive survey design was used, questionnaire data from 544 registered tradesmen at the Nsukka Market was analysed using frequency and simple percentages. Results: Independent learning by apprentice and introduction to visual demonstrations met rejection. The study also found illiteracy as a wedge in embracing new technological practices and equipment thereby slowing down creativity and entrepreneurship in the sector. Conclusion: The training programme of artisans and craftsmen can be greatly enhanced through modern training in seminars, workshops, part-time & full-time and exposure through visits to other environments. Involvement of catalogues and manuals will eliminate waste of time and prevent apprentices learning by chance. Unique Contribution: The traditional approach of tradesmen towards skill impartation was found to be prevalent; therefore, only modern methodologies and strategies can usher in creativity and entrepreneurship in improving the apprenticeship system. Key Recommendation: Basic Education was recommended as benchmark to augment tradesmen’s educational background for better performances.

Globally, various sectors were adversely affected by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to determine the economic condition of bamboo craftsmen in Mandalagiri Village, Leuwisari District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. This is an in-depth research with data obtained by interviewing 35 bamboo craftsmen with various products and production scales. The results showed that craftsmen were not economically affected by the pandemic rather by the central government-stipulated regulation on social distancing, which led to their inability to transport their product from Tasikmalaya to Jakarta and other regions. However, since the government lifted the ban, their income has increased by an average of 2%. The result further showed that the main factor that keeps craftsmen from being negatively affected by the pandemic is the increasing online market demand supported by the availability of raw materials and the ability to adapt to various new model products. Other factors linked to the national market and products answer the demand of the modern market in the cities. Meanwhile, the main factors that positively affect the craftsmen's income are age and marital status.

A weak bargaining position in product marketing is a serious problem for farmers including those who diversify their livelihood patterns as souvenir craftsmen. Collector traders and retailers are dominant to set prices for souvenirs. Souvenir craftsmen surrender to accept any price level determination. As a consequence, souvenir craftsmen in the villages of Baturaden and Purbalingga Wetan have difficulties in earning profits from micro-souvenir businesses. The results of this study found that a solution to overcome the problem of the weak bargaining position of craftsmen in marketing souvenir products is through the use of a social-capital creation approach. The intensity of network functions of cooperation, mutual trust, values, and norms have different values in each bargaining position activity. Price domination by collectors and retailers is not only due to the dilemma of patron-client relationships. The qualities of souvenir products that are still not qualified turned out to be the cause of the weak bargaining position of craftsmen. The creation of social capital has a real function to strengthen the bargaining position of craftsmen in marketing souvenirs. The intensity of the function of social capital needs to be increased through the development of product quality, bargaining courage, and the ability to make price decisions in an agreement.

Bu çalışmada Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu’nun (KATAK) 1943-1946 yılları arasında, Kıbrıs Türk Toplumu için eğitim, ekonomi ve kültür alanlarında yürüttüğü faaliyetler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, KATAK’ın Kıbrıslı Türklerin aydın, çağdaş, kalkınmış ve millî bilince sahip bir toplum hâline getirilmesi sürecindeki rolünü göstermektir. İngiliz idaresi hoşgörüsü sonucu her alanda Türklerden daha gelişmiş hâle gelen Rumlar; enosis (Yunanistan’a ilhak) taleplerini daha yüksek sesle dile getirme olanağı bulmuşlardır. Kıbrıslı Türkler ise Yunanistan’a bağlanmayı, kendi gelecekleri ve güvenlikleri açısından tehdit olarak görmüşlerdir. Bir yandan da toplumsal haklarını geri alma kaygısına düşmüşlerdir. Bu sebeple gerek Rumların enosis taleplerine karşı mücadele etmek, gerekse hakları için İngilizler nezdinde çeşitli girişimlerde bulunmak amacıyla kendi örgütlerini kurmuşlardır. 1943 yılında ortaya çıkan KATAK da bu örgütlenme sürecinin bir parçası olmuştur. KATAK; Kıbrıs Türk Toplumunun ekonomik ve kültürel gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur.

Industri kecil mempunyai peluang yang sangat besar untuk berkembang, perkembangan ini sangat dihargai apabila dapat berlangsung atas prakarsa dan dengan kekuatan masyarakat itu sendiri, sehingga pemerintah tinggal membantu dengan fasilitas-fasilitas dan kemudahan-kemudahan serta perlindungan yang diperlukan. Adapun tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu: untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan modal, sumber daya manusia, pemasaran dan teknologi, strategi pengembangan pada industri kecil pengrajin karya batok di desa sokawera kecamatan somagede banyumas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan yang digunakan pendekatan analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threath).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis SWOT dalam Internal – Eksternal Matrik menunjukkan bahwa titik koordinat terletak pada daerah pertumbuhan V dengan faktor internal 2,969 dan faktor eksternal 2,849 yaitu mendukung strategi integrasi horizontal. Artinya strategi yang diterapkan lebih defensif, yaitu menghindari kehilangan penjualan dan kehilangan profit. Dengan cara mengintegrasikan proses produksi dalam satu tempat, peningkatan dalam promosi melalui media sosial. Saran yang dapat diajukan adalah pemerintah perlu memperhatikan terlebih dahulu sumber daya manusia dengan cara pelatihan dan pembinaan secara kontinu. Saran yang diajukan untuk pengrajin adalah meningkatkan kualitas kerajinan dengan mengadakan studi banding ke daerah penghasil kerajinan batok kelapa guna meningkatkan inovasi produk demi kemajuan usaha. Small industries have a great opportunity to be developed, so that the government can help them by giving facilities and conveniences and protection needed by them.The purposes of the present research aims to: find out the capital developmental strategies, human resources, marketing and technology, and the developmental strategies on small industries of karya batok.The method used in the present research was descriptive qualitative with SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis.The results of SWOT analysis in Internal-External Matrix show that the coordinate point was located in growth area V with the internal factor 2.969 and the external factor was 2.849 that was supported the horizontal integration strategies. It means that the strategies implemented were more defensive, that was avoiding the loss of selling and profit. By integrating the process of production in one place, it could expand the marketing area in increasing through social media.The suggestions of this research to the government to concern about the human resources by conducting continual training.The suggestion given to the craftsmen is they should improve the quality of their crafts by doing comparative study to the areas of batok crafts in order to improve the innovation of their products for the development of their businesses.

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a community of builders and stucco workers from the Valsesia Valley in northern Italy, arrived in Franche-Comté, an area which was under significant reconstruction. Appreciated by the sponsors, they were settled permanently and opened the path for the future generations. The article analyzes this migratory phenomenon, which is still observable in the early nineteenth century, contextualizes it and proposes an initial assessment, while taking into account various artistic, social and geographical aspects.

Copyright of Istorijski časopis is the property of Istorijski Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historical Thought / Historijska Misao is the property of Society of Historians of Tuzla Canton and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Annexation of the Punjab by the British in 1849 brought about major modifications to the local visual culture. Expecting Indian crafts to remain frozen in time (for several reasons), the colonial administrators and art critics disapproved the changes employed by the craftsmen in their wares to cater to the new ruling class. Among the corrective measures adopted by the government to revive the ‘dying’ Indian art and craft, art schools were set up and surveys were conducted to publish illustrated monographs on individual crafts bringing once strictly guarded trade secrets out in the public. By the late nineteenth century, the ‘native craftsmen’ or mistrīs themselves emerged as authors of illustrated craft manuals carrying instructions in all three important vernaculars, Gurmukhi, Urdu and Sanskrit mixed with some English terms and designs. The most interesting among these publications are a few woodcarver’s manuals that laboriously enumerate a wide range of geometric designs for both architecture and furniture. Each shape, its construction methods and titles are given in an interesting mix of the three vernaculars. These terms were also mentioned by John Lockwood Kipling, the first Principal of the Mayo School of Industrial Art (1876-1893) in his essay on wood carving but abandoned by the time Percy Brown (1897-1909) took over. Except for some, today most of these terms and construction methods are unknown even to the traditional craftsmen of the Punjab. This paper aims to trace the history of traditional geometrical patterns going as far back as Mughal times (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries), their references in manuals published by local craftsmen during the colonial rule and the role of British art educators on social memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The craftsmen guilds were an integral part of the municipal society in every free royal town and privileged landlord cities in the territory of present Slovakia as a part of the former Hungarian Kingdom during the Early Modern Period. The privileged town of Nitra was the property of local bishop and its burghers possessed a lot of privileges and rights. Most of them worked as artisans and therefore they associated themselves to the guilds for protection of their crafts. Craftsmen in Nitra made its production for the need of local inhabitants only. During the 16th and 17th centuries most of the artisans in Nitra got the rules of their guilds through the charts issued by bishop of Nitra as landlord. The bricklayers in Nitra and Nitra county established their guild on the 24 July 1724, when the Emperor and King Charles the Sixth (the Third) of Habsburg issued the royal privilege for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presentation made by the editor-director an the guest editors for issue 35. This article deals with the relations between craftwork, material culture and religious devotion in the Nuevo Reino de Granada; explains and defines the role that met the craftsmen at religious festivals and the elaboration of ephemeral art objects for civil parties. His dedication to his work as a “work of God” and the condition of cultural mediators allowed to perform different activities and build economic independence and commercial networks. Carpenters, tailors, silversmiths, blacksmiths, masons and barbers were indigenous shaping, since the second half of the seventeenth century, as a “middle class” with economic power and independence of the hegemonic social groups. The cofradía and the workshop would be the most effective way to build a subculture within the Hispanic world.

This paper looks into the role of craft guilds in the ethnic integration or segregation of labour in the migration fl ows that took place in Latin America during the Colonial period. It analyses the guilds of the capital cities of two viceroyalties, Mexico and Lima, and contrasts them to those in the nearby towns of Puebla de los Ángeles and Cusco. The empirical evidence comprises 1200 mastership charts, which allow us to know which corporate caste regulations came into force. It is also the purpose of this paper to relate the geographical origins of new artisan masters to the broader Latin America’s urbanization process and the ethnic composition of migration fl ows from countryside to the cities and towns.

The research focuses on the construction of the temple of San Pedro Apóstol in the south of Lago de Maracaibo, as a cultural fact, which responds to the affirmation of its role as a collective integrating entity at the end of the eighteenth century, as it was achieved to generate a "complex cultural encounter" between that agrarian community, in which Hispano-Creoles, hacendados, free workers, enslaved and also merchants participated, most of them Afro-descendants. The analysis identifies and reveals the project's underlying threads, the formal origins of the temple and the identification of its artificers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum is the property of Consolidated Medieval Studies Research Group Space, Power & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istorijski časopis is the property of Istorijski Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reveals the interest in foreign trademarks observed in Lithuanian society from the 1960s through the 1980s, when the demand for brand names spread after Western culture reached the Soviet Union. The consumption of Western cultural products, or imitations thereof, became one of the key symbolic expressions of freedom in Soviet society. In Lithuania, the most popular clothes were those bearing fake trademarks, even though Soviet authorities attempted to prevent the desire for and the wearing of these garments through the use of ideological tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transfer: Zeitschrift für Kommunikation & Markenmanagement is the property of Deutsche Werbewissenschaftliche Gesellschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The activity of farming does not only refer to how much the are of land or how many farmers produce the meal product from plants or animals raised. Farm business has been done from head water namely from pre production to down stream namely the process of post harvest. There are some farming business done by the people of Purbalingga, one of the potential business to develop human resources is Coconut farming is well as its waste business. The business of coconut in Purbalingga Wetan village is one of examples of the down stream farming activity. The products of the coconut shell are irus, ciri, mutu, soled, rice scoup (centong), and other handicraft. The social factors influencing the continuity of cococnut shell handicraft were: the ability of the farmers and crafstmen in providing the material, the networking, goverment’s and family’s supports, skill in heritance from previous generation, the ability to give confidence, and the farmer’s skill to recycle the waste of coconut shell to be handicraft. The economy factors affecting the continuity were: the price determination of the product, the craftsmen’s skill to gain the main revenue, marketing channel used either director indirect system, and the product demand of handicraft the always improving.

Review

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Musei Brukenthal is the property of Brukenthal National Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestión Joven is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Contabilidad y Administracion de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Long-term fieldwork and the methodology that goes with it have long set the golden standard for anthropological practice. Quick deadlines, relevance for economic growth, and bigger commercial market shares rarely equal solid anthropology. However, conditions like these are more often than not daily reality for many anthropologists working in the private and public sectors. Through an ethnographic case report this article emphasises the ability to scale up and down anthropological research methodologies and analytic tools used when performing "short- term anthropology." It will be argued that short project deadlines within days or weeks, specific objectives, and commercial settings do not exclude anthropological practices. On the contrary, such conditions and the requirements involved encourage methodological adjustments and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War also marked the lives of the Romanian inhabitants and the communities in which they lived that were part of the former­-county Mureș­-Turda. In the actions imposed by the war were involved 13,588 persons from the 206 localities reviewed. Between 1914 and 1918, from the localities of the county, 13,568 Romanian inhabitants were concentrated. Among those called to arms, 12,784 were employed in the active part, as soldiers on the frontline, and 784 in the sedentary part for auxiliary activities or mobilized on the spot. 13 other Romanian inhabitants were detained to be incarcerated or imprisoned in camp most likely because of their involvement in the national fight and 7 of them chose the path of refuge. During the war, among the Romanians mobilized, 1,315 died on the front, 219 died in detention, in exile, due to the diseases they caught or from the injuries and 866 went missing. At the end of the war, the number of survivors was 11,188. 9,624 of them returned home fully healthy, 794 ill or injured which afterwards would make a full recovery and 770 of them disabled. 1,024 medals were received. Those that were dead or had disappeared left behind 1,108 widows and 2,410 orphans. The communities of the county had their own contribution in sustaining the war. The donation and voluntary contributions made by the inhabitants of those communities reached a total value of 381,550 lei during the entire war. At the same time, they suffered damages that reached a total value of 41,089,500 lei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic trends in Croatia, and especially economic statistics have not yet been properly researched. There is no detailed information on that subject in the Land Government directorate. This is partly due to the fact that during the half-a-century of Croatian-Hungarian settlement, the economy fell under the jurisdiction of the Hungarian ministry in Budapest. Striving to prove that the non-agrarian economy was sufficient in Croatia even after the year 1872, when guild activities were banned, ban Khuen-Héderváry ordered the creation of an Address Book that would contain a list of craftsmen and traders in the area that was under the jurisdiction of the Zagreb Chamber of Trades and Crafts. The directory, which was titled Adresar obrtnog i poslovnog svieta u Hrvatskoj (Address Book of Craft and Business in Croatia), was printed in a very small number of copies and was probably not widely used. However, its content is extremely important since it provides the list of craftsmen and traders that operated in northwest Croatia in 1891. The list also includes craftsmen and traders operating in the countryside. Using the town of Križevci as an example, the list reveals that craft was more represented than trade and that trading was done mainly by Jews and foreigners, while the local population was mostly engaged in crafts. The data in this article has been provided separately for Križevci and for other places in the Križevci district, as it was in 1890, after the new administrative division of the country done by Khuen-Héderváry in 1886. Despite the fact that the list is lacking and that it contains plenty of poorly written names, its contents allow making conclusions on internal migrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Jambinese batik industry is predominantly managed by family business, the study aimed to explore the management model of family business, its constraints and the solutions in conducting professional management practices. The subjects of the research are four creative home industries in processing Jambinese batik into various fashion attributes, ranging from attire, 'lacak', wall decorations to other forms in the city of Jambi. Using a qualitative approach, the data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, documentation studies and triangulation. The result show that their management model is still traditional. In managing their business, they encounter with the problem of scarcity of craftsmen, raw materials and equipment that must be delivered from Java, market limitations and lack of awareness of batik home owners about the importance of financial recording and reporting. The solutions of their problem are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the research of historical evolutions continually has been asserted to the role of groups such as politicians, the military and clergymen; nevertheless, there were groups such as artists and craftsmen in the different periods like Timurids era that they played an important role in shaping of these evolutions. Growth and inclusion of art and craft and efficiency of artists and craftsmen in various areas led to the different status for this group than in other periods. On the one hand, the activity and attention to art and craft among various classes (those with the highest levels or slave origin) prevented from establishing of artists and craftsmen in definite social order. On the other hand, the presence and contribution of artists and craftsmen of different nationalities in artistic and industrial activities, their different social origins, their different levels of welfare and livelihood, different attitudes and moral beliefs, their scientific and technological capabilities, interaction with upper and lower classes of society and their reputations among people led to raising the status of this population in the community. The present study aimed to represent different aspects of individual and social life of Timurid artists and craftsmen. The result of this study is important in recognizing status of these groups and studying social history. In this regard, this article based on analytic – descriptive method and historical, social and artistic documents.