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Unemployment is a global phenomenon that is affecting many individuals and families negatively, in particular, their functioning, well-being, and coping mechanisms. Unemployment is thus regarded as a risk factor that places many families in adverse situations. While literature extensively describes family resilience in the face of diverse adversities, little research documents family resilience in the face of unemployment, especially in South Africa. It is within this context that we set out to explore the adversity of unemployment from a resilience perspective with the intention to unmask the embedded protective processes in affected families. This was approached through the loose application of Walsh's family resilience perspective as a theoretical lens. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants who were regarded as breadwinners or key family providers. Each participant engaged in two interviews that were four months apart to allow for reflection and member checking. Data were analysed through a hybrid process that incorporated both the inductive and the deductive logic of thematic analysis. Participants described several key protective processes, which aligned with what Walsh proposed. The practice of communicating, the ability to connect, and the use of spirituality were identified as particularly useful. Overall, the findings imply that despite the experienced adverse conditions of unemployment, South African families demonstrate thriving potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol use disorder is a medical condition marked by a diminished capacity to halt or manage alcohol consumption, even in the face of detrimental social, professional, or health outcomes. It encompasses various terms such as alcohol abuse, dependence, addiction, and colloquially, alcoholism. Research has consistently highlighted the significant toll that alcoholism can take on the spouses of individuals struggling with alcohol addiction. Living with a spouse who struggles with alcoholism can be incredibly challenging and emotionally taxing. It can have significant impacts on one's mental and physical health, as well as on the dynamics of the relationship and family life. The typologies of wives of alcoholics categorize the various coping and behavioral patterns these individuals may adopt in response to their spouse's alcoholism, including enabling the behavior, adopting a victim mindset, compensating by being overly competent (the hero), displaying oppositional behavior (the rebel), or withdrawing emotionally and socially to protect themselves. The dynamics of alcoholism in a marriage can erode trust, communication, and intimacy, often leading to a breakdown of the relationship if left unaddressed. Seeking professional help, such as therapy or support groups, can be crucial for both spouses to navigate the challenges of alcoholism and work towards healing and recovery, either individually or as a couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the impact of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and physical states of sports students from Romania and also to compare the differences according to gender and the type of sport. Initially, in order to collect demographic data and health reports, a cross-sectional survey was developed to evaluate the emotional needs of sports students during the pandemic. After the second wave, the coping strategies used by the participants to fight negative emotions were assessed using the CERQ questionnaire. The results indicate that depression symptoms are the most reported psychological issues among the participants and that there are differences according to gender concerning the cognitive schemas they use in order to reduce the symptoms. Also, it was found that there are differences, corresponding to the type of sport, in choosing adaptive coping mechanisms. Ultimately, it was confirmed that higher levels of hopelessness among sports students are associated with increased vulnerability to substance use, with the correlation between those two indicators being strong. Delving deeper into this relationship can help identify critical points for intervention to prevent substance abuse. At the same time, the dichotomic analysis of the results found as moderators—the gender and the type of sport in decreasing the severity of depression could be an important aspect of the next counseling interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study seeks to comprehend the perception and experience of loneliness among young adults aged 18 to 25, employing the UCLA Scale of Loneliness Version 3 for screening and conducting semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding. Participants' experiences unveil a nuanced understanding of loneliness, emphasizing the quality of social connections. Loneliness is intricately depicted as an emotional state characterized by emptiness, sadness, and mental struggles, with discernible impacts on physical well-being. Causes encompass the absence of strong bonds, past negative experiences, and situational factors. Coping mechanisms range from engaging in hobbies and digital interactions to sharing emotions and intentional avoidance. Implications underscore the need for targeted interventions recognizing diverse coping strategies, and fostering genuine relationships to alleviate loneliness. Future research should strive for broader samples and cultural diversity to enhance global insights into young adult loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on all countries and induced excessive stress and anxiety among many who are dealing with this invisible danger. Stress and anxiety originate from a threat, and chronic exposure to stressors results in feeling overwhelmed. When the coping strategies are not effective in a certain situation, the person might demonstrate conditioned reactions like fight, flight, or freeze. Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a resiliency-based approach that focuses on these conditioned responses of the nervous system to support the innate regulatory capacity of the body through interoceptive awareness and bodily sensations. This study aims to increase resiliency factors through a SE-based group counselling process. Two groups, an intervention and control group, each consisting of nine individuals, attended a group process for eight weeks. In addition to these groups, a waitlist control group was formed consisting of 31 people. In addition to pre-and-post individual interviews, The COPE-Revised and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were administered to both experiment groups and the waitlist control group. An ANCOVA analysis found that the group process was statistically significant for both reducing stress and developing coping strategies. Furthermore, as a result of the qualitative content analysis of the interviews, five themes emerged: hope, universality, cohesiveness, insight, and interpersonal output (new behaviour). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research highlights challenges involved in ensuring professional authentication faced by social workers working in cultural minorities. The findings contribute to the knowledge corpus that discusses authentication. They describe and explain possible consequences of linguistic difficulties arising in Arab minority social workers’ work in Israel. These workers acquired their profession in a foreign language (Hebrew) but work with their native minority population whose mother tongue is Arabic. A phenomenological study elicited data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 19 Arab welfare bureau social workers. The workers encounter three language difficulties when working with their service users: They are accused of identifying with the hegemon because they adopt its language; they are viewed as foreign because they have difficulty conveying professional messages accurately; and are seen as alien because the Hebrew terminology they use is anchored in a secularist-individualist culture. The research also identified three coping mechanisms: Ignoring the language barriers; being aware but passive, and adopting three active strategies: self-improvement, getting help from the immediate professional milieu and harnessing external resources. The findings reinforce the requirement of ethical codes for language competence in three fields: lifelong learning, policy design (laws, procedures and guidelines) and implementation (interventions, mentoring and supervision). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the multifaceted challenges faced by music core groups in Cebu Province, analyzing social, economic, and technological barriers. Its primary goal was to propose an innovative management framework for ensuring sustainable growth in the music industry. Utilizing qualitative multiple-case study, this study delved into the complex landscape shaped by challenges for music creators, artists, and organizations. It involved a comprehensive management framework encompassing planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The study identified themes including navigating professional dynamics, social equity and empowerment dynamics, obstacles in creative pursuits, financial sustainability, economic instability, challenges in technology utilization, and industry adaptation. Various coping mechanisms such as faith, self-care, and community involvement were observed. While the study provided valuable insights, the limited representation of diverse industry positions highlights the need for further research to fully grasp the complexities and challenges of the music industry. The Amplify Cebu Music Management Framework, incorporating TechHarmony Integration, aimed to seamlessly integrate technology into the industry. Tailored interventions addressed leadership development, promotion strategies, artist well-being, creative hubs, education, and government support. The study's insights transcend the local context, offering globally applicable frameworks for fostering inclusive and effective industry development, thereby enhancing social equity and empowerment dynamics. This research presents a comprehensive roadmap for overcoming barriers and enhancing resilience, contributing to a vibrant and sustainable music industry in Cebu while aligning local scenes with global audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the occupational stress and coping mechanisms among senior uniformed personnel in the Philippine National Police. This study employed the use of descriptive correlational research design utilizing survey methodology. Research locale was limited to Laguna. The respondents were the 100 senior uniformed personnel in the locale of the study and were selected using random sampling technique. The research instrument in this study was a survey questionnaire adopted from Juczyński & Ogińska-Bulik (2022). Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, rank order and Pearson-r. The study found that those who used adaptive coping strategies had lower levels of stress than those who used maladaptive strategies. The results also showed that those who used adaptive strategies had better mental health outcomes. Individuals who employed adaptive coping strategies experienced lower levels of stress compared to those who used maladaptive strategies. This highlights the importance of cultivating effective coping mechanisms to mitigate stress. The study indicates that the choice of coping strategies has a notable impact on mental health outcomes. Those who employed adaptive strategies reported better mental health, suggesting that the way individuals cope with stressors can have lasting effects on their overall psychological well-being. The findings support the promotion of adaptive coping mechanisms to enhance stress resilience. This could involve educational programs, workshops, or interventions aimed at equipping individuals with effective strategies to cope with stressors in healthier ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative researchers delve into the lives of their study's participants and embark on profound explorations to attain in-depth information and rich contextual data. For those who research trauma and victimization, they share a close, empathetic relationship with their study participants who communicate intimate, non-abstract information regarding traumatic events. These researchers give voice to and archive the traumas of everyday life as experienced by victimized and traumatized individuals. However, qualitative researchers are at risk of vicarious trauma as a result of listening to the narratives of survivors of trauma and violent crime. In Trinidad and Tobago, this is an under-researched topic. As a result, twelve qualitative Social Sciences researchers at Institutes of Higher Education (IHE) in Trinidad and Tobago were interviewed to elicit their lived experiences of being immersed in qualitative research, the existence of vicarious trauma, and coping strategies employed. The study adopted a phenomenological approach, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicated the presence of vicarious trauma among the study's participants as well as a host of coping mechanisms employed to manage its effects, which raises policy implications for IHE which employs qualitative researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study aimed to delve into the nuanced experiences, challenges, coping mechanisms, and the acceptance journey of parents raising children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research involved conducting indepth interviews with parents referred by the Maharlika Charity Foundation. The findings illuminated diverse levels of comprehension regarding cerebral palsy among the participants, with acceptance of the condition seen to evolve gradually over time. Financial constraints emerged as a significant hurdle for parents, compounded by societal stigma and misconceptions surrounding the condition. Despite these obstacles, parents demonstrated remarkable resilience, actively engaging in caregiving and seeking support from their social networks. Family support played a pivotal role in ameliorating both the emotional and financial burdens associated with raising a child with cerebral palsy, emphasizing the importance of a robust support system. The journey towards acceptance of the child's condition emerged as a critical milestone in the parental experience, fostering a sense of adaptation and strength. Through their narratives, parents showcased a spectrum of coping strategies, ranging from practical caregiving approaches to seeking solace in religious faith. The study underscores the necessity of tailored support systems to assist families in navigating the multifaceted challenges inherent in raising a child with cerebral palsy. Ultimately, it sheds light on the resilience and resourcefulness of parents in facing the complexities of caring for a child with special needs within their familial and societal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the interplay between religious cognition within Islamic beliefs and the psychological experience of grief, focusing on Ms. H.B., a 72-year-old mother who faced the heartrending loss of her three children to heart disease. It explores the role of Islamic tenets—tawakkul (reliance on God), Qadr (divine decree), and Yaqin (certainty)—in shaping her coping strategies amidst such profound losses. The case of Ms. H.B. was particularly chosen for its rich narrative that encapsulates both the depth of personal tragedy and the strength of religiously informed resilience, offering invaluable insights into the mechanisms of spiritual coping. This study emphasizes how Ms. H.B.’s reliance on her faith facilitated a unique pathway to acceptance and trust, challenging traditional concepts of psychological resilience. It prompts a re-evaluation of the cross-cultural applicability of these religious principles and their integration into mental health practices, highlighting the supportive role of faith-based communities in providing solace and strength during times of extreme adversity. Ms. H.B.’s poignant narrative underlines the intricate connection between religious faith and psychological fortitude, advocating for an integrated perspective that respects the synergistic relationship between spiritual and mental health. Conducted within an Islamic context, this research contributes to ongoing discussions on intersecting themes across disciplines within the domains of psychology, theology, and sociology, shedding light on the complex dynamics of faith, acceptance, and endurance in the face of life’s most challenging circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study is to obtain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of novice school heads in their dual roles of both teaching and leading schools in the hinterlands in Langilan District, Davao del Norte Division, who were chosen and qualified in the inclusion criteria set to become participants for the in-depth interview. I utilized thematic analysis to examine the transcribed data from the participants' responses. This involved categorizing and coding the data to identify key themes. On the lived experiences of novice school heads in their dual roles of both teaching and leading the hinterland schools, these essential themes emerged, namely: struggling from limited human, financial and other resources, multitasking as leader and teacher, learning from own experience and trainings, struggling from risky travel to the school, and leaving classes for administrative tasks. Regarding their coping mechanisms, after a careful analysis of the transcript of the participants' responses, the following themes emerged: building support system, crafting a needs-based school improvement plan (SIP), communicating with parents, and delegating workload. Finally, on their insights the following essential themes surfaced: allocation of opportunities for professional development, allocation for additional teacher item and support staff, procurement of school facilities and equipment, designation of school in charge without teaching load and be resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of depression in medical students was greater than in the general population. Knowing of predictive factors for depression among medical students is useful. The objectives of this study included the assessment of personality traits as well as the association between the personality traits and the presence of symptoms of depression, and suicidal ideation among medical students covering several regions of Thailand. Methods: From April to July 2023, a cross-section study was conducted. The participants included first to sixth-year medical students studying at three Faculties of Medicine in Thailand; Prince of Songkla University; Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University; and Chiang Mai University. Using the online process, the questionnaires were composed of three sections; demographic data; the International Personality Item Pool-NEO (IPIP-NEO), Thai version; and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Thai version. Demographics, personality traits, depression, and suicidal ideation were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results were presented as frequency, mean, and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR). The association between independent variables and the presence of depression was identified using binary logistic regression analysis, and the association with suicidal ideation was identified using ordinal logistic regression analysis. Results: The 868 medical students participated in this study. Most of them were female (63.5%), Buddhist (82.0%), and first-year medical students (31.8%). The mean age (SD) was 20.8 (2.2) years, and the mean cumulative Grade Point Average (SD) was 3.5 (0.4). They reported the median (IQR) score of PHQ-9 as 6.0 (3.0–9.0), 238 participants (27.4%) presented with depression, and 138 (15.9%) participants reported suicidal ideation. According to the IPIP-NEO, participants with depression or suicidal ideation had higher Neuroticism scores and lower Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness scores compared to those without such issues. An increase in the Neuroticism score was linked to higher odds of depression, while an increase in the Conscientiousness score was associated with lower odds of depression. Suicidal ideation significantly increased with higher Neuroticism scores and the presence of a psychiatric illness. Conclusions: More than a quarter of Thai medical students reported depression. A higher Neuroticism and lower Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness scores related to depression. Therefore, medical schools may benefit from knowing medical students' personality traits, to identify coping mechanisms and predict those at a higher risk of developing depression in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of adolescents with disabilities, utilizing an ecological approach. The investigation aims to comprehend the experiences of these individuals in family, society, education, and individual dimensions throughout the pandemic. This study carried out with a qualitative research method, used the Ecological Approach and phenomenological design and focused on mentally disabled, physically disabled and deaf adolescents in Turkey. This research has an “exploratory” feature regarding the method used and the findings obtained. Twenty face-to-face interviews were conducted, employing semi-structured questionnaires and Maxqda (2020) software for data analysis. The results revealed four themes and nine categories, elucidating the challenges faced by adolescents with disabilities during the pandemic. These encompassed Individual Factors, Familial Factors, Educational Factors and Social Factors. The study underscored that the COVID-19 process significantly impacted adolescents with disabilities in bio-psycho-social terms. Furthermore, coping mechanisms varied based on ecological factors and motivation levels. The findings provide valuable insights for future research, addressing a literature gap and emphasizing the need for tailored support systems to mitigate the challenges faced by adolescents with disabilities during and post the COVID-19 era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study's objective is to evaluate the emotional experiences, coping mechanisms, and support resources for Canadian vascular surgeons and trainees following an adverse patient event or near miss. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey study of all Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery (CSVS) members from October to November 2021. We collected data on participant experiences with adverse events, their emotional responses, the coping mechanisms used, and their perceptions on available support resources. Results: The survey was sent to 233 CSVS members yielding 66 responses. The majority (77%) of respondents had experiences with adverse event causing serious patient harm. The most common negative experience following an adverse event included feelings of negativity towards oneself, general distress, and anxiety about potential for future errors. The most common coping mechanism was seeking advice from a mentor or close colleague. Peers (82%) and senior colleagues (59%) were the most preferred sources of support. Most of the respondents would reach out to a mentor if they had 1, but 30% reported no mentor or close colleague for support. Conclusion: Adverse patient events and near misses have serious negative impact on the lives of Canadian vascular surgeons and trainees. Peers and senior colleagues are the most desired source for support, but this is not universally available. Organized efforts are needed to bring awareness in our vascular surgery community on the ubiquitous nature and detrimental effects of adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing number of working mothers, dual career couples, and working single parents raises concerns about the impact of work stress on family lifestyles and their ability to balance work and family obligations. The aim of this study is to examine the role of social workers in promoting work-life balance among working mothers at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The cross-sectional survey design involving the mixed-methods approach was adopted for the study. A total of 604 questionnaires were distributed to the participants; of those, 99.3% (n = 596) were correctly completed and returned, 0.7% were not, and eight were selected at random for IDI. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while frequency and percentages were used to present the data. According to the study, 83.6% of working mothers experience work-related stress. The results also showed that working mothers' stress levels depend on their level of education, the size of their family, and their income, as well as on their desire to publish in order to advance in their careers. The study concludes that, in order to reduce the stress experiences of working mothers, attention should be paid to their understanding of the stressors confronting them, while also recommending the establishment of an occupational social work office anchored by professional social workers, whose duties will be to offer professional advice on appropriate coping mechanisms to adopt while ensuring the welfare of university students and staff, particularly mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate nursing students' psychological distress and their response to stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 370 South African nursing students (female= 75%; mean age= 21.9 years, SD = 3.9 years). Students completed the following scales: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue, Kessler Psychological Distress, and Response to Stressful Experiences. Findings from the descriptive statistics and inferential statistical analyses indicated that students meeting the criteria for being well were likely to have higher resilience scores. Protective factors such as self-efficacy, active coping, and spirituality suggest higher resilience during COVID-19-related stressful events. Physiological factors such as self-reported medical conditions and lack of sleep were associated with poorer mental well-being. These findings provide a profile of nursing students' coping and adaptation to a community-spread pandemic. From these findings, nursing schools could manage students' well-being by providing needed resources in their current and future work health support programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dental anxiety is widespread among both children and adults. To diagnose dental anxiety, standardized anxiety questionnaires are recommended. Based on the suggestive nature of the questionnaires, the study aimed to find out whether asking respondents about personal coping strategies before dental treatment influences their anxiety. Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial included a total of 158 patients of a university dental clinic on emergency service. The intervention group (n = 82) received the Coping with Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) and the control group (n = 76) the Hierarchical Anxiety Questionnaire (HAF). State anxiety scores were assessed by using the State– Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before and after the completion of each questionnaire. Results: Anxiety decreased in the intervention group (CAQ) (p  < 0.001) and increased in the control group (HAF) (p  < 0.001). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, a diagnostic tool of a standardized questionnaire for the assessment to assess personal coping strategies decreased state anxiety in comparison to a questionnaire assessing anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aimed to investigate the challenges and coping mechanisms employed by Emergency Room (ER) nurses in three medical centers--Region II Trauma and Medical Center, PLT Medical Center, and Salubris Medical Center--during emerging infectious diseases. The study sought to contribute to the development of Coping Mechanisms Guidelines for Emergency Room Nurses and Nurse Administrators. The research questions addressed the extent of coping mechanisms in terms of problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, less useful coping, humor, and substance use. Additionally, the study examined potential differences in coping based on demographic variables such as gender, age, rank/position, and educational attainment. The conclusions revealed that ER nurses predominantly exhibit positive coping mechanisms, actively engaging in problem-focused coping, humor utilization, and avoiding substance use. However, areas for improvement include seeking professional emotional support and participation in debriefing sessions. The analysis of profile variables highlighted the importance of a collective and gender-neutral approach to crisis management. Recommendations include creating tailored programs for ER nurses, focusing on stress management, resilience, and mental health support, considering the diverse coping mechanisms based on individual profiles, and involving nurses in decision-making processes to enhance workplace conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research is to find out the origins of academic stress and the coping strategies employed by university going students. This research seeks to the find out the sources and causes of academic stress and explore the coping mechanisms adopted by students. This study utilizes a qualitative methodology. Thirty university students have undergone in-depth interviews (IDI). The data has undergone thematic analysis. Research findings uncover the various sources and underlying causes of academic stress among university students such as test anxiety, overloads of assignment, standards established by peers, lack of library resources, health issues during class tests and term final exams, virtual group discussions and works, unexpected course difficulty, clashes of deadline, difficulty regarding research proposal, lack of clarity in feedback. The study identifies and analyze coping strategies such as planning and prioritizing, study breaks, mindfulness and deep breathing, setting realistic goals healthy lifestyle choices, utilizing university resources use of time management apps and hobbies. The results are anticipated to provide valuable knowledge to both the academic community and student support services, assisting in the creation of focused interventions to tackle academic stressors and improve students' overall well-being. The primary objective is to establish a nurturing educational setting that promotes resilience and provides students with efficient techniques to effectively handle the difficulties encountered in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to amplify the voices of working mothers and provide insights for achieving a balance between work and parenting particularly improving the academic learning of their children. This exploratory study employs a Multiple Case Study Analysis with 30 in-depth interviews of working mothers of school going children (aged 6-12 years). The study focuses on the banking sector of Pakistan, where heavy workloads and long hours exacerbate the challenge of keeping a balance between work and family demands. The study found that the basic elements (drainage of energy, lack of involvement, shortage of time, and emotional burden) needed to be mitigated for enabling working mothers to contribute to better academic learning of their children. It is recommended that four coping mechanisms need to be adopted by working mothers for mitigation of each of the four basic elements. The coping mechanisms include energy-centric, involvement-centric, time-centric, and emotion-centric mechanisms. Through adoption of these mechanisms, it is expected that working mothers will be able to create the much-needed alignment between being exceptional parents and professionally ambitious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates late bloomers—individuals who achieve academic success after initial struggles—in terms of setbacks, coping mechanisms, and support systems. Late bloomers commonly face challenges in subjects like mathematics and English due to conceptual gaps and insufficient foundational skills. Personalized tutoring and targeted educational strategies are crucial interventions for addressing these hurdles and fostering academic growth. Coping mechanisms focus on intrinsic motivation and resilience, including setting clear goals, cultivating supportive peer networks, and drawing inspiration from personal passions like animal enthusiasm, promoting perseverance in overcoming academic obstacles. Support systems from teachers and peers are essential in late bloomers' journeys, providing not only academic guidance but also crucial emotional support that influences their overall well-being. Enhancing teacher training and advocating for inclusive classroom practices are recommended to strengthen these support systems. Methodologically, this study synthesizes qualitative interviews and literature reviews to highlight effective strategies for empowering late bloomers to succeed academically and personally, emphasizing the importance of tailored support and fostering a positive learning environment.

Background: Caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenging and stressful task, especially in countries with limited resources. Additional research is necessary, considering the increasing prevalence of children with ASD, to gain increased knowledge of the complex difficulties faced by caregivers of ASD children and to offer insights into the coping strategies and support networks that parents utilise. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences and coping mechanisms of caregivers of children with ASD in Dr Kenneth Kaunda district, North West province, South Africa. Method: Qualitative explorative, contextual and descriptive design with purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were analysed following the six steps of reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Two themes were identified: Caregivers’ experiences in raising a child with autism, and caregivers’ coping in raising a child with autism. Conclusion: The research established caregivers’ experiences and coping mechanisms in raising a child with ASD and the effects on different aspects of their lives including emotional, social and financial aspects, which contribute negatively to their holistic well-being. These impediments warrant the establishment of emotional support groups, empowerment of caregivers and awareness-raising through campaigns to educate the family and the community on the diverse challenges. Contribution: The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted challenges faced by caregivers of children with ASD and provide insights into the support systems and coping mechanisms employed by these caregivers within the socio-ecological context.

Girum Yihun Matebie,1,2 Anagaw Derseh Mebratie,1 Tamiru Demeke,1,2 Bezawit Afework,3 Eva J Kantelhardt,2 Adamu Addissie1,2 1School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Global Health Working Group, Medical Faculty Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wittenberg, Germany; 3Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Girum Yihun Matebie, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, P.o Box 9086, Tel +251910474367, Fax +251115157701, Email girum.yihun@aau.edu.etBackground: Out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures for cancer care expose households to unanticipated economic consequences. When the available health services are mainly dependent on OOP expenditure, the household faces catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). This study aimed to estimate the incidence and intensity of CHE in hospitalized cancer patients and identify coping strategies and associated factors.Method and Material: Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 305 cancer inpatients in Addis Ababa between November 2021 and February 2022. All patients with cancer who were hospitalized during the data collection period were included in the study. The incidence of CHE was estimated at the 40% threshold of households’ non-food expenditure and the intensity of CHE was captured based on the amount by which household expenditure exceeded the threshold and mean positive overshoot, the mean level by which CHE exceeds the threshold used. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between CHE levels and the independent variables.Results: The incidence of CHE at the 40% threshold of households’ non-food expenditure was 77.7%, while the O and MPO were 36.2% and 46.6%, respectively. CHE for cancer care was significantly associated with patient residence, increased number of chemotherapy cycles, increased duration of hospital admission, lack of insurance enrolment, and lower-income quintiles. Saving and selling assets were identified as the primary coping mechanisms.Conclusion: The incidence and intensity of CHE among inpatients with cancer were high and which could lead to impoverishment of households. Improved quality and coverage of health insurance and decentralizing cancer care to regions standards similar to Addis Ababa will save households from incurring CHE.Keywords: catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure, coping mechanisms, cancer, Ethiopia

Armed conflict is a complicated topic with multidimensional impact on population health. This study aimed to assess of the health consequences of the northern Ethiopian conflict, 2022. We used a mixed method study design with a retrospective cross-sectional study supplemented by a qualitative study conducted from May to June 2022. We interviewed 1806 individuals from 423 households and conducted 100 in-depth interviews and focused group discussion. We identified 224 people who self-reported cases of illness (124/1000 people) with only 48 (21%) people who fell ill visited a health institution. We also detected 27 cases of deaths (15/1000 people) during the conflict. The collapse of the health system, evacuation of health personnel, and shortage of medical supplies, and instability with a lack of transportation were consequences of the conflict. The northern Ethiopian conflict has greatly affected the community's health through the breakdown of the health system and health-supporting structures. Key Messages: The conflict in Northern Ethiopia has had a substantial impact on the communities health, both directly through conflict-related causalities and indirectly through the disintegration of the health system and health-supporting structures, which has severely hampered the supply and utilization of health services. The main coping strategies of patients and health providers for the breakdown of the health system included the use of traditional medications and home remedies, obtaining medications from non-conflict-affected areas, and providing home-to-home service by health providers and using available supplies. The study recommended immediate rehabilitating interventions for affected individuals and damaged health infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria has taken a huge toll on the welfare of older adults, especially the 'left behind'. Studies in Nigeria have discussed the issues of the COVID-19 pandemic but failed to consider the coping mechanisms adopted by older adults 'left behind' by their emigrant children during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study identifies the coping mechanisms developed by left-behind older parents during the COVID-19 pandemic in southeast Nigeria. The study also highlights the challenges experienced by these individuals. Qualitative data was collected from 58 older parents who were 60 years or older, and with international migrant children using in-depth interview and focus group discussion guides. Thematic analysis was then used to analyze the generated data. According to the study's results, left-behind older parents adopted several strategies such as Information Communication Technology devices and new media, faith-based activities, and electronic games, to adapt to their experiences of emotional stress, physical health challenges, and financial challenges. To achieve the United Nations agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the 2063 African Union Agenda, there is a need to strengthen systems, including family and the community that support Nigerian older adults. Also, the implementation of an ageing policy becomes imperative to ensure the protection of Nigerian older adults, especially the 'left behind', and to buffer further challenges during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the potential facilitators of vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG; i.e., secondary traumatic stress symptoms--STS, resilience, coping strategies), the interspecialty differences in VPTG among medical (i.e., physicians and nurses) and nonmedical health care workers (HCWs; i.e., psychologists and social workers) across two consecutive lockdowns (T1 and T2), and the mediating role of the coping strategies in the STS-VPTG relationship. A sample of 1,076 HCWs (752 medical and 324 nonmedical) completed a web-based survey during two lockdowns. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory was used to measure VPTG, whereas the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory were used to assess potential VPTG indicators. At T2, after controlling for gender and age, all participants reported significantly lower STS scores. Regarding PTGI scores, after controlling for gender and age, an interaction effect was observed between time point and specialty: At T1, the nonmedical HCWs reported higher PTGI scores compared to the medical HCWs, whereas at T2 the medical HCWs reported higher PTGI scores compared to the nonmedical HCWs. VPTG was positively predicted by time point (higher scores in T2), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale intrusive symptoms, and the coping strategies of active coping, instrumental support, positive reframing, religion, and denial, and negatively predicted by gender, education, and substance use. These coping strategies fully mediated the relationship between intrusion and VPTG. Policies should enhance resources for HCWs at risk of STS and promote VPTG as an important contribution to their ability to deliver highquality care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Work stress is a double-edged sword to creativity. Some analysts call stress a creativity killer while others describe it as a creativity driver. Journalists face a myriad of daily work stresses that forces them to establish a coping mechanism that could evolve over time. The Covid-19 pandemic is a new problem in itself and has also brought new challenges to the daily work stresses of journalists. This phenomenological study, anchored on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, had explored the changes in 13 Filipino journalists' work stresses and coping mechanisms and how these developments affected their creative processes during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study yielded six themes that described the changes in journalists' work stressors and their coping mechanisms, as well as the reasons behind their attempt to remain creative despite the stressful nature of the profession. The study also puts forward a definition of daily work stress in journalism and establishes an inventory of identified work stresses under the "new normal." Study findings will help newsrooms adopt and implement necessary measures that would ease their employees' negative stressors, while improving the work environment to induce creativity through positive stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Several studies in the specialized literature have reported that events such as the death of a loved one, job loss, divorce, illness, or retirement lead to an increase in the level of stress felt, and subsequently stress affects the person on several levels of life, such as: personal, relational, social, academic and at the same time sanogenic. The present paper explored the relationship between critical life events and psycho-emotional health among youths and the manner in which this relationship is mediated by the level of life satisfaction. Methods: The data was extracted using a sample of participants (between 20 and 40  years old) from several cities in Romania, who experienced one or more critical life events during the last year. Data organization and hypothesis testing were performed using IBM SPSS 23 and jamovi programs. For this purpose we used the simple regression analysis, Pearson correlation and mediation analysis. The scales used to conduct the research were: RS14, SRRS, ERQ, CERQ, DASS-21 and SWLS. Results: The final sample of the study totaled 190 female and male Romanian participants aged between 20 and 40 (M = 24.45, SD = 5.27) who had experienced critical events during the last year, leading to psychoemotional destabilization and a significantly lower level of life satisfaction. The prevalence of critical life events among these participants varied from one to five events (55.26%) and up to more than 16 critical events in the past year (2.63%). The presence of these events led to increased levels of stress, anxiety, or depression among participants. Furthermore, it appears that the presence of a high number of critical life events led to a decreased life satisfaction among participants, along with a greater tendency toward catastrophizing. Conclusion: Critical life events are increasingly frequent events in everyday life, and youth seems to be the period with the most changes. The research findings add to current findings about the practical implications that critical life events have on psycho-emotional health among youths. Therefore it appears to be a close relationship between critical life events, psycho-emotional health, and emotional regulation. At the same time, it seems that coping mechanisms have a central role in the level of life satisfaction among youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old home living has become prevalent in Pakistan, but it differs significantly from living at home. This narrative inquiry uses in-depth interviews to explore the psychological impact on women residing in old age homes. Using an interpretivist paradigm, five women aged 60-75 from two Lahore old age homes were interviewed. The recurrent themes were "Health-related concerns," "Adverse life events," "Challenges," and "Coping mechanisms." The women, facing financial insecurity and emotional instability, had chosen to live in these homes. Many experienced troubled marriages, neglect from children, and family rejection, leading to depression, anxiety, and medical issues like high blood pressure and diabetes. Their coping mechanisms varied, with some leading to negative outcomes like denial and self-blaming. Isolation and abandonment resulted in hopelessness, bitterness, and negativity. This research highlights the need for mental health awareness and support for female residents in Pakistani old age homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative headaches (POHs) following retrosigmoid microsurgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS) can significantly impact patients' perceived health benefits (PHBs). In this cross-sectional observational study, 101 VS patients were investigated. For the assessment of pain, the Rostock Headache Compendium (RoKoKo) and the German pain processing questionnaire (FESV) were used. The perceived health benefits (PHBs) were assessed by the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) and Big Five personality traits were measured using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-G). We showed that 55% of the participants experienced POHs, leading to a marked reduction in overall PHBs compared to those without POHs. The correlation analysis revealed an association between decreased PHBs and elevated levels of pain-related helplessness, depression, anxiety, and anger. Positive correlations were identified between PHBs and action-planning competence, cognitive restructuring, and the experience of competence. Low emotional stability and openness yielded associations with pain-related psychological impairment. Hearing loss and facial paresis did not exert a significant impact on PHBs. The study highlights the influence of pain-related coping strategies on PHBs in long-term POH patients. Thus, coping mechanisms and personality traits should be assessed even before surgery for post-surgery pain prevention. The limitations of this study include a relatively small sample size, potential biases introduced by the overrepresentation of female patients, and the use of an online survey methodology. In conclusion, this research highlights that the interplay between headaches, PHBs, and psychological factors is also relevant in VS patients undergoing microsurgery. Short-term psychological interventions should therefore be taken into account to improve post-surgery adaptive coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on four interviews with parents committed to climate protection, it is shown how they deal with the existential threat posed by the climate crisis and how it affects their relationships with their children. It becomes apparent that these parents are profoundly unsettled by the climate crisis, because they are aware of their own responsibility for their children and future generations. The interviewees describe how much of a burden it is for them to deal with the ominous forecasts for the future without being able to simply ignore them – as many others do. They feel guilt toward their children about how they have lived their lives so far, wasting resources. Although they often feel helpless and powerless, they are also actively involved in the climate movement for the sake of their children, which gives them some hope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its nature, art psychotherapy can offer adopted children the capacity and opportunity to face problems that might occur at a young age. This paper examines what adoption means to children and how it impacts their mental, social, and emotional well-being. It goes on to provide an insight into how art psychotherapy can address emotional conflict, foster coping mechanisms, reduce anxiety, improve problems solving skills, and integrate traumatic experiences in ways that are not feasible through verbal therapy. A series of guidelines and activities are proposed in order to stimulate the creative therapeutic process. The conclusion is that art psychotherapy, together with the safety of a stable home and caring family, can allow adopted children to face past problems and live a more balanced life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The devastating effects and extent of abiotic stress on cereal production continue to increase globally, affecting food security in several countries, including Tunisia. Heat waves and the scarcity of rainfall strongly affect durum wheat yields. The present study aims to screen for tolerance to combined water and heat stresses in durum wheat at the juvenile stage. Three combined treatments were tested, namely: T0 (100% field capacity (FC) at 24 °C), T1 (50% FC at 30 °C), and T2 (25% FC at 35 °C). The screening was carried out based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical criteria. The results showed that the combined stress significantly affected all the measured parameters. The relative water content (RWC) decreased by 37.6% under T1 compared to T0. Quantum yield (F v/m) and photosynthetic efficiency (F v/0) decreased under severe combined stress (T2) by 37.15% and 37.22%, respectively. Under T2 stress, LT increased by 63.7%. A significant increase in osmoprotective solutes was also observed, including proline, which increased by 154.6% under T2. Correlation analyses of the combination of water and heat stress confirm that the traits RWC, chlorophyll b content, F v/m, proline content, F v/0 and leaf temperature can be used as reliable screening criteria for the two stresses combined. The principal component analysis highlighted that Aouija tolerates the two levels of stresses studied, while the genotypes Karim and Hmira are the most sensitive. The results show that the tolerance of durum wheat to combined water and heat stress involves several adaptation mechanisms proportional to the stress intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diversity in spirituality, religion, and cultural norms among women leads to varying attitudes, grieving processes, and coping mechanisms after a pregnancy loss. Despite this, there is a limited understanding of grief, coping mechanisms, and mental health outcomes following pregnancy loss among Muslim women. Objectives: This study aims to examine the impact of religion, spirituality, and faith communities on the psychological health of Muslim women during pregnancy loss. Method: We systematically searched six databases with the key concepts, ‘pregnancy loss’ and ‘Muslim women,’ in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO, and Academic Search. The search strategy was developed in line with the PCOT framework: Population – Muslim Women with ''pregnancy loss,'' ''miscarriage,'' ''stillbirth, Context - ''religion,'' faith, ''spirituality,'' ''faith communities,'' Outcome – “religious practices,” perception, coping mechanism, ''psychological health.''Studies were screened, their quality appraised, and narratively sized in line with the review aim. The review protocol was registered at Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/52QTA. Result: Findings from the reviewed articles addressed the following themes: (a) Overwhelming Grief and Loss, (b) social isolation and stigmatization, (c) impact on mental health, and (d) trust in divine destiny. Islamic beliefs were strongly featured in how Muslim women processed pregnancy loss. Concepts such as tawakkul and yaqeen (trusting and certainty) were used to interpret pregnancy loss, with many women acknowledging that their Islamic faith eased the sorrow of pregnancy loss, facilitated acceptance, and strengthened their Islamic belief system. Conclusion: This review revealed that there is limited information on Muslim women's experience of pregnancy loss. Professionals helping Muslim women dealing with the grief of pregnancy loss need to be aware that spirituality and faith communities play a major role in shaping their coping mechanisms. Future studies on the development of culturally congruent bereavement care models and supportive interventions for Muslim women facing pregnancy loss.

Background: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and other gender diverse groupings symbolised by + (LGBTI+) individuals experience adverse mental health problems, and several factors have been documented to facilitate such problems. However, in Botswana, the factors facilitating LGBTI+ individuals to experience mental health challenges have not been explored with previous studies only highlighting the poor mental health outcomes they experience. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore and describe factors that could cause mental health challenges in LGBTI+ individuals in Gaborone, Botswana. Method: A qualitative, descriptive, phenomenological design was employed to examine the research question. In data collection, 15 unstructured in-depth telephonic interviews were conducted until data saturation. Data were analysed with a co-coder using the data analysis method by Colaizzi. Results: Three themes emerged following data analysis and were reasons for experiencing mental health challenges, experiences of challenges in accessing healthcare services and the social challenges of everyday life. Conclusion: The findings indicate that a variety of factors influence the mental health problems in some LGBTI+ individuals. Contribution: The knowledge of the factors that cause LGBTI+ individuals’ mental health challenges can inform mental healthcare to be rendered. The findings can apprise nursing curriculum development and policy regarding the needs of LGBTI+ individuals.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pandemic that has affected families and left many children orphaned worldwide. After the death of their parents, HIV/AIDS orphans are often taken care of by caregivers who are faced with overwhelming challenges that affect their capabilities to perform caring tasks. It has been reported that caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans use different coping mechanisms to deal with the challenges faced during caring. Coping mechanisms play an integral role in maintaining individuals’ physical and mental well-being, particularly those caring for orphans. This study explored coping mechanisms used by caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans. Methods: A qualitative design was adopted, and individual semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 13 caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans in North West province. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Rigor was maintained throughout the study. Results: Three main themes were identified with eight subthemes. The first theme includes support from significant others, and subthemes are family support, neighbour support, and life partner support. The second main theme emerged from this study was religious practices and two subthemes namely singing gospel songs and using prayer to cope. The third main theme identified includes the use of social support services, and subthemes were government support, support from local schools, and stokvels and social clubs. Conclusion: The identified coping mechanisms in this study improved caregiving skills of caregivers to better care for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS.

This study examines the different coping mechanisms adopted by microenterprises to mitigate the effect of the pandemic in Baybay City, Leyte. Using a structured survey questionnaire, a total of 138 microentrepreneurs from 12 villages or barangays in Baybay, City were interviewed. The data revealed that most of these microentrepreneurs were engaged in small retail businesses. During the pandemic, they experienced a significant reduction in their sales and incurred higher transportation costs. Most of these businesses do not have another source of income. Unfortunately, others have temporarily closed their business. Results show that most micro-entrepreneurs in Baybay have one to two coping strategies in response to disruption brought by the pandemic. Some of these strategies include selling new products such as face masks and using their other sources of income to buy necessities for their home and business. The descriptive analysis showed that female-owned microenterprises have explored more coping mechanisms than male-owned microenterprises. The regression results show that having a secondary source of income influences the capacity of microentrepreneurs to explore more coping strategies as compared to others with only one source of income. In addition, a large proportion of microentrepreneurs did not attend business-related training. Hence, it is recommended that microentrepreneurs may consider attending trainings, including risk management workshops. Microentrepreneurs also need more access to financial support and subsidies to cope with the disruption. Results of the study highlighted the importance of livelihood diversification to help manage the risk of losing a business during the pandemic. The results from this research may be used as a baseline information to provide insights for the government in crafting policies concerning managing risk during the pandemic.

Background: The role of Adolescent in implementing the Covid-19 vaccine is still lacking due to their maladaptive coping mechanisms, as indicated by unstable emotions. Maladaptive coping mechanisms hinder the optimal functioning of adolescent in vaccine implementation. Therefore, improvements in coping mechanisms are needed to enhance the optimal functioning of teenagers in this regard. This shows that the role of teenagers in implementing the Covid-19 vaccine is still low. Purpose: The aim of this research is to examine, using Callista Roy's theory, the relationship between coping strategies and the role of adolescents in implementing the Covid-19 vaccine. Methods: This study's design employed a cross-sectional analytical survey method with a population of 132 and a sample of 127 families utilizing proportionate stratified random. A questionnaire on coping strategies, social roles, and psychological discomfort was employed in this study, and the Spearman Rank test was used to analyze the results. Results: Based on the Spearman's Rank results, there is a relationship between coping strategies, adolescent role function, and psychological pressure in the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccine because the p-value is smaller than 0.05. Conclusion: Coping strategies, adolescent role functions, and psychological pressure have a significant relationship with the implementation of the covid vaccine in adolescents. As a result, it is recommended to maximize the role of adolescents, one of which is by empowering adolescent Vaccine Ambassadors who can serve as a platform for the aspirations of adolescents in the implementation and socialization of vaccines while also supporting it as a government program.

Abstract Background Conflict is a complicated topic with a multidimensional consequences for community health. Its effects have a broad pattern, starting from direct war-related morbidity and mortality caused by bullets and bombs to indirect consequences due to the interruption of the delivery of preventive and curative health services. This study aimed to explore the health consequences of the northern Ethiopian conflict in the North Wollo zone, northeast Ethiopia, in 2022. Methods This descriptive qualitative study was conducted from May to June 2022 on six conflict-affected Woredas in the north Wollo zone. A total of 100 purposively selected participants, which included patients, pregnant women, elders, community and religious leaders, and health professionals, were interviewed using IDI and FGD. The data was entered, coded, and analyzed using Open Code version 4.03. Thematic analysis approach employed to conduct the interpretation. Data was presented using descriptive statistics in the form of texts and tables. Results The findings indicate that the conflict has caused a profound consequence on population health. It has resulted in a wide range of direct and indirect consequences, ranging from war-related casualties, famine, and disruptions of supply chains and forced displacement to instances of violence and rape associated with insecurity. The conflict also caused a breakdown in the health system by causing distraction of health infrastructure, fleeing of health workers and shortage of medication, together with insecurity and lack of transportation, which greatly affected the provision and utilization of health services. Additionally, the conflict has resulted in long-term consequences, such as the destruction of health facilities, interruption of immunization services, posttraumatic stress disorders, and lifelong disabilities. The coping strategies utilized were using available traditional medicines and home remedies, obtaining medications from conflict-unaffected areas, and implementing home-to-home healthcare services using available supplies. Conclusion The Northern Ethiopian conflict has an impact on community health both directly and indirectly through conflict-related causalities and the breakdown of the health system and health-supporting structures. Therefore, this study recommends immediate rehabilitation interventions for damaged health infrastructure and affected individuals.