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The European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) Madrid Charter on volunteering in hospice and palliative care (HPC) was launched in 2017 to advocate for the support, recognition, promotion and development of volunteering in HPC. However, charters are rarely evaluated, and impact often assumed a priori. To evaluate whether such declarations influence change, we must understand their reach and use. We aimed to assess the awareness, reach and impact of the EAPC Madrid Charter on HPC Volunteering in Europe and evaluate its potential as an advocacy tool in HPC. An online survey questionnaire including open and closed questions, was sent to a convenience sample of all 55 EAPC member organizations, other regional and national European HPC and HPC volunteering organizations. Forty-six responses were received from 11 countries. The Charter mainly spread through word of mouth (72%). Sixty-four per cent of respondents had heard of the Charter; of these 80% had signed it but only 30% had used it. Directors used the Charter in policy documents (70%). Volunteer coordinators had used it in various ways (57%). Most general coordinators (83%) found no use for the Charter. Feedback from participants indicated a lack of practical applications. The Charter was considered useful for policy negotiation but lacking practical applications to support HPC volunteering in the short term. Charters may be tools for long-term change, rather than immediate change in practice. A multipronged approach may be required where Charters are complemented by practical instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public security is closely linked to the concept of public authority. Law is understood as one of the important instruments for ensuring public security and in its modern form it is not conceivable or functional without addressing the issues of formal publication. The legal order as a whole is subject to a number of pressures that ultimately reduce the necessary degree of stability of the law. The belief in the almost unlimited possibilities of legal regulation is at odds with the real possibilities of legislative action. The volume of legislation regulating the activities of public authorities and the public security segment is steadily growing and is becoming difficult to be understood and grasped by the stakeholders. The paper concludes by outlining the problematic cases encountered by public authorities in the Czech Republic. The recent state of crisis legislation in the legal and security environment of the Czech Republic is also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a list of sixty-nine forged charters containing English produced following the Norman Conquest of 1066. The list can be considered a supplement to The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1066-1220 (Da Rold et al. 2010) - a project conducted jointly at the University of Leeds and University of Leicester collecting all known texts containing English, in order to provide an insight and allow research into "transitional", post-Conquest English. The paper outlines the significance of charters in the Medieval world, and discusses some key issues and misconceptions related to studying this period in the history of the English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turning to the history of the everyday life of an individual or society allows us to preserve historical memory, to identify the mechanisms that ensure the historical continuity and integrity of society at the present stage. An important role in the organization of the management of the regional educational space belonged to civil servant (the trustee, district inspectors, administrative corps of educational institutions), allocated from among the employees of the Ministry of the National Education. Based on historiographical and historical sources, using the methodological provisions of the theory of everyday life, the principles of objectivity, historicism and consistency, the article shows the role of the profession in the structure of the daily life of civil servant of the West Siberian Educational District. It is established that the professional activity was influenced by the scope of official duties established by departmental regulatory documentation, spatial and territorial features of the entrusted management sector, the socio-political situation that corrects professional duties, the established way of life and provides the opportunity to choose within the entrusted professional space. The social status and income level of a civil servant depended on the scope of control and its significance for the activities of the entire system. It was a compensation for the time and effort spent. The proposed approach to the analysis of the role of the professional factor in the daily life of civil servant of the West Siberian Educational District can be applied to other socio-professional groups in different territorial and temporal spaces.

The law of the sea is central to the modern international system and has a significant impact on the global economy. Its study is undoubtedly necessary for the education of highly qualified lawyers in the field of international law due to the fact that the safety of sea transport corridors plays a significant role in the development of international trade relations. Freedom of navigation practice in the post-industrial economy depends on the quality of the institutions of public maritime law and the efficiency of the execution of maritime contracts. Authors of the textbook made efforts to master the provisions of public maritime law in their relationship with the practices of merchant shipping, which is certainly interesting and useful due to the importance of maritime trade for achieving the sustainable development goals.

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dermatological hair loss (alopecia) is a devastating condition and not 'just' cosmetic. Wigs are recommended as a treatment by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); however, wig provision is not equal in England. At Alopecia UK, we understand what is best practice for wig provision and aim for this to be adopted. We have been working with NHS England and NHS improvement to develop a best practice wigs charter, with input from key stakeholders to improve and eliminate variations in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the development of regulatory legal acts of hunting and hunting legislation of the Far Eastern Republic. The basic provisions and statutes issued by the Ministries of Agriculture and National Economy are considered: “Regulations on the production of hunting”, “Brief temporary charter for the organization of commercial hunting and fish artels and societies” and “Draft temporary charter for the organization of folk hunting and fishing societies of correct hunting”. Historical-genetic, historical-comparative, concrete-historical and formal-legal methods of scientific cognition are applied. With their help, the problems of determining the fishing and non-commercial areas, the use of permitted and prohibited hunting methods, the duration of the fishing season and the reasons for the introduction of certain restrictions are analyzed. Further, the author examines the development of the pre-revolutionary practice of sampling a state ticket allowing the right to hunt, regulation of the activities of cooperative communities of hunters and an experimental system of punishment, which provided not only administrative but also criminal liability for violation of hunting rules and poaching. A significant part of the innovations was perceived by the citizens of the republic as an encroachment on personal rights, since, by tradition, all commercial resources in Siberia and the East were mined without any serious restrictions and control from the state until 1917. The previous state of affairs during the period under review remained exclusively for those groups of the population that were entirely dependent on hunting and fishing products. All other social categories of the Far Eastern Republic were required to comply with the new rules, register and pay tax for the right to use the state-fishing regalia. The effectiveness of the measures introduced left much to be desired, since the control bodies did not have a real opportunity to effectively suppress violations of the fishing legislation.

The article deals with the history of doctrinal formation of the content of the charter of voluntary association of Late Imperial Russia, as well as the role of the charter in regulating the phenomenon of social self-organization. This problem is practically don't studied in the scientific literature. It is based on the involvement of a broad corpus of published sources (constituent documents of public organizations, materials of clerical work of public institutions, etc.) and archives (documents of the RGIA). The legal policy of the Russian government aimed at establishing uniformity in the content of constituent documents of voluntary societies and the principles of their relationship with the state according to the creation, re-registration, termination of societies is analyzed. This national framework is assessed from the standpoint of the content of corporate regulation in Late Imperial Russia, the degree of intervention of the state in this process. Russian and European sources for the formation of corporate legislation on voluntary associations are considered. The analysis of constituent documents of various groups of organizations in prerevolutionary Russia takes a significant place. They are studied according to the content, structure, general and special features, field of activity. The authors investigate how independent creativity of the founders was expressed when drawing up the charters of organizations that do not fully comply with typical constituent documents, find out its meaning and boundaries. The authors come to the conclusion that the charters gave Russian associations substantial autonomy in the inner life (defining goals and objectives, methods of capital formation, requirements for categories of members, etc.), but rather strictly prescribed the “external” context of their functioning, coupled with the interaction with state authorities.

Allāh Almighty sent His Noble Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, as a herald, a warner, and a mercy to the worlds, and He peace be upon him, bore that heavy trust, extending it to all people, without any fatigue, boredom, defeat, or retreat. He was, by the grace of Allāh Almighty, prepared in unique moral character that suited to the universal nature of His message. In this humble work we intend to reflect on how this great man behaved in diverse situations and with different kinds of people. The Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, had pacts and treaties with people of different nationalities and creed. Before going to that, we need to have a quick and comprehensive look at the people and map of the region; in addition to the contextualizing their political, social, and religious circumstances in which He was sent. In this way, we can appropriately determine what He contributed it in its correct historical and social framework. Finally, we will see the value and significance of major accomplishments in making covenants with the neighboring and surrounding nations and tribes.

BackgroundClinically significant dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family proteins occurs in HIV-infected individuals, but the details including whether the deficiencies in IGFs contribute to CNS dysfunction are unknown.MethodsWe measured the levels of IGF1, IGF2, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, and IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) in matching plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 107 HIV+ individuals from CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) and analyzed their associations with demographic and disease characteristics, as well as levels of several soluble inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IP-10, MCP-1, and progranulin). We also determined whether IGF1 or IGF2 deficiency is associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and whether the levels of soluble IGF2R (an IGF scavenging receptor, which we also have found to be a cofactor for HIV infection in vitro) correlate with HIV viral load (VL).ResultsThere was a positive correlation between the levels of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and those of inflammatory mediators: between plasma IGFBP1 and IL-17 (β coefficient 0.28, P = 0.009), plasma IGFBP2 and IL-6 (β coefficient 0.209, P = 0.021), CSF IGFBP1 and TNFα (β coefficient 0.394, P < 0.001), and CSF IGFBP2 and TNF-α (β coefficient 0.14, P < 0.001). As IGFBPs limit IGF availability, these results suggest that inflammation is a significant factor that modulates IGF protein expression/availability in the setting of HIV infection. However, there was no significant association between HAND and the reduced levels of plasma IGF1, IGF2, or CSF IGF1, suggesting a limited power of our study. Interestingly, plasma IGF1 was significantly reduced in subjects on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared to protease inhibitor-based therapy (174.1 ± 59.8 vs. 202.8 ± 47.3 ng/ml, P = 0.008), suggesting a scenario in which ART regimen-related toxicity can contribute to HAND. Plasma IGF2R levels were positively correlated with plasma VL (β coefficient 0.37, P = 0.021) and inversely correlated with current CD4+ T cell counts (β coefficient -0.04, P = 0.021), supporting our previous findings in vitro.ConclusionsTogether, these results strongly implicate (1) an inverse relationship between inflammation and IGF growth factor availability and the contribution of IGF deficiencies to HAND and (2) the role of IGF2R in HIV infection and as a surrogate biomarker for HIV VL.

We seek to build a framework with which researchers can track the trends in charter school specialization and parents can better understand their options. This report examines the entire charter school population operating in the 2018–19 school year and calculates the rate of specialization among charter schools based on key terms found on their websites and marketing materials. For the purposes of this paper, we defined a "focus" as a deliberate form of specialization. We categorized charter schools' foci into three categories. Schools with a "curricular focus," utilize a specialized core curriculum beyond the standard history, science, ELA, and math. Schools with a "pedagogical focus," utilize a specialized method of teaching. Lastly, schools with a "student body focus," serve a nonstandard student body. Within these three categories of foci, we identified nine unique curricular foci, eleven pedagogical foci, and five student body foci. Because many schools have multiple foci across the three categories, we considered the complete combination of a school's specialized foci to be their "model." We found a total of 68 specialized models. In total, roughly two thirds of all charter schools use a specialized model of some sort. The top specialized models were single-focus models: "Personalized Learning" (389), "High Expectations" (370), "STEM" (368), "Classical" (257), and "Art" (223). We provide a comprehensive list of all school models, their definitions, and other relevant information in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the contribution of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Cultural Tourism (ICTC) to tourism management throughout the history of the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage (1972) and traces the evolution of international standard-setting texts on tourism brought forward by ICOMOS. It presents the draft International Charter for Cultural Heritage Tourism - Reinforcing cultural heritage protection and community resilience through responsible and sustainable tourism management (2021). Its new principles are formulated to address challenges of our time, instigate change, improve practice, guide future cultural tourism development and support adaptive and responsive visitor management supporting a more resilient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was established that the statute of 1884 transformed universities from free institutions into "semi-free" ones. After the adoption of the reactionary statute, the teacher's authority drops sharply, young people no longer perceive them as their mentors, do not trust their word, and rarely attend classes. The organizational autonomy of Kharkiv University is characterized: the competence of the council is narrowed; the main management function in the university was carried out by the board; the inspection is vested with judicial and administrative power over students; the election of higher officials of the educational institution was abolished and restored only in 1905; the rector had no right to resolve issues related to university life without prior agreement with the trustee; the teachers were chosen by the ministry, while the scientific achievements of the candidate for the position were often taken into account, and his obedience to the authorities. The academic autonomy of Kharkiv University is analyzed: teachers had no influence on the management of the university in accordance with the new charter; there was a need to restore the former authority of professors at the expense of a wider organization of practical classes, the establishment of scientific and literary circles, and the arrangement of student dormitories. In connection with this, the professors had to work in a difficult atmosphere, which did not contribute to the rise of their spirit and energy, but even under such conditions, the teachers tried to conscientiously fulfill their duty and be scientifically productive. It became possible to obtain a scientific degree without defending a dissertation (Honoris causa). The organizational autonomy of Kyiv University is highlighted: in the process of selecting candidates for the positions of rectors, deans, and professors, the ministry was guided by the so-called "benevolence" of applicants, which is why many progressive scientists ended up outside higher educational institutions. "Temporary Rules on the Management of Higher Educational Institutions of the Ministry of National Education" (1905), the draft of the new charter returned a certain independence to universities: the university council had the right to elect the rector, adjuncts, professors, faculty meetings - deans and secretaries; the management of the inspection passed to the powers of the rector, the duties of the inspector were performed by the vice-rector, who was appointed from among the professors. The academic autonomy of Kyiv University is represented: the educational process was controlled by the trustee and the Minister of Education; the schedule of classes had to be approved by the ministry; the educational activity of the professorial board was subject to careful inspection. The Ministry, noting the negative impact of the statute on the development of science and the educational process, was forced to turn to educators with a request to express proposals for improving the requirements that universities should be guided by in their activities. As a result, a number of notes-answers of professors, in particular of Kyiv University, were published, in the content of which the strengthening of the autonomy of higher educational institutions is justified in order to improve the quality of the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the Slavic toponym layer of the Bakonybél Survey, an early source in Hungarian historical linguistics. Of the 75 toponymic remnants of the charter, there is a chance for Slavic origin in 11 cases. The etymological explanation of the names, however, cannot be provided with the same degree of certainty, only half of them have solid explanations. The revaluation of the etymology of three hydronyms (Gerence, Toplóca, Marcal) and six settlement names (Pereszteg, Paloznak, Porva, Noszlop, Vindornya, Szelcs) was carried out in consideration of the principles of the toponym reconstruction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a case study investigating the nominal and adjectival morphology in the English text of bounds to S 179, a post-Conquest forgery. The aim of the study is to determine what linguistic means of authentication were applied by an eleventhcentury forger who devised a text which was supposed to look 200 years old at the time of its production, as well as to search for modern features which give the forgery away, at the same time allowing an insight into early Middle English. The study represents research into "transitional", post-Conquest English (Faulkner 2012) and the status of English under the Norman rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguodidactica is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to make our cities more sustainable, the paper describes a research aimed at defining a new urban tool in the context of Agenda 2030. It is the 'Sustainability Charter', a tool that already exists at the international level, but here is analyses at the local level as a result of decision-making process which refers to a set of interactions between academia (the university), industry and local community. One of the priority of the Sustainability Charter is to analyse all the sustainable services that an administration has to implement in order to help citizens to have virtuous lifestyles. The authors developed a methodological approach to better define, implement and asses these sustainable actions related to different urban topics (mobility, waste m paper proposes to adopt different indicators to measure the sustainability of each action using a specific chart defined as sustainability map. The method proposed by the authors ai ms to be easily adaptable and scalable to different local administrations. To give a concrete example of the results that can be obtained from its application, the paper proposes the experience of the Sustainability Charter of Sestri Levante, a medium-sized municipality in Italy in the Ligurian Riviera. Thanks to this experience, the Municipality of Sestri Levante can improve its mobility-related sustainability services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the legal framework in the field of fundamental rights in the European Union. The main focus will be to depict the position of the fundamental rights in the peculiar legal system of the EU and do so by listing the relevant legal acts and following the evolution of the EU. It will include the Treaties, the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the European Union and secondary legislation. This paper will also analyse the role of the Charter and its prominence on the protection of fundamental rights in the EU. Also, the paper will look at the potential implications that may arise in the future of the EU or in relation with the Member States of the Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allāh Almighty sent His Noble Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, as a herald, a warner, and a mercy to the worlds, and He peace be upon him, bore that heavy trust, extending it to all people, without any fatigue, boredom, defeat, or retreat. He was, by the grace of Allāh Almighty, prepared in unique moral character that suited to the universal nature of His message. In this humble work we intend to reflect on how this great man behaved in diverse situations and with different kinds of people. The Prophet, may God's prayers and peace be upon him, had pacts and treaties with people of different nationalities and creed. Before going to that, we need to have a quick and comprehensive look at the people and map of the region; in addition to the contextualizing their political, social, and religious circumstances in which He was sent. In this way, we can appropriately determine what He contributed it in its correct historical and social framework. Finally, we will see the value and significance of major accomplishments in making covenants with the neighboring and surrounding nations and tribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Charter of Lifelong Rights in Childhood Recordkeeping in Out-of-Home Care, centred on the critical, lifelong and diverse information and recordkeeping needs of Australian and Indigenous Australian children and adults who are experiencing, or have experienced Out-of-Home Care. The Charter is underpinned by the findings of two community-centred research projects, the Australian Research Council-funded Rights in Records by Design, 2017–2020 (applying a Rights by Design approach and co-design methodologies to rights-based recordkeeping systems in Out-of-Home Care), and the Indigenous Archiving and Cultural Safety: Examining the role of decolonisation and self-determination in libraries and archives doctoral project, 2018–2020 (focusing on Indigenous self-determination and cultural safety in the context of archives and libraries). It also draws on foundational research on the recordkeeping rights of Indigenous Australians undertaken in the Australian Research Council-funded Trust and Technology project, 2006–2010. The principles and values underpinning the Charter relate to child wellbeing and safety, self-determination, linked to archival autonomy and agency, and Indigenous Sovereignty and cultural safety. The development of the Charter is core to a National Framework for Recordkeeping for Childhood Out-of-Home Care, a major outcome of the 2017 National Summit on Setting the Record Straight for the Rights of the Child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The article compares the charters of Russian universities and brings to light the principles of universities’ operation throughout their history from the 19th to the 21st century. The article describes the model of university autonomy in Russia and its influence on the development of the academia, including contemporary universities’ ambitions in terms of global rankings. Methods and Materials. The conceptual framework is based on the methods of documentary studies applied to analyze universities’ charters and the procedures of their development and use, including the preparation of the draft version, editing and further adjustments as well as the origin and characteristics of the document, that is, whether they resulted from ‘bottom-up’ or ‘top-down’ initiatives. The documentary analysis reveals not only the functions of charters but also the degree of universities’ autonomy as defined by these documents. Analysis. In terms of their history and functions, three types of university charters can be identified: general (unified), standard and individual. In the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, individual charters were mostly based on standard provisions or charters, that is, they were ‘top-down’ initiatives. General and standard charters were devised by the related governmental agencies and, therefore, corresponded to the goals pursued by the government at that stage. Individual university charters resulting from ‘bottom-up’ initiatives were created in the transition periods of 1918–1922 and the 1990s, which were characterized by massive socioeconomic change and search for new models of higher education institutions. Results. In the history of Russian higher education, there are several periods when universities had limited autonomy: early and mid-19th century (liberal reforms); 1920s (organizational and methodological experiments); 1960s (revival of limited autonomy of universities); 1990s (self-government and academic freedoms). Liberal cycles are directly reflected in the university charters, but the analysis of the procedural aspects of their development and functioning allows to conclude that autonomy should be considered as a temporary deviation from the basic model of a state university.

On 15 June 2006, Bill 33: Act to amend the Act respecting health services and social services and other legislative provisions, was tabled at the Québec Legislature. It served as the government's response to the Supreme Court of Canada's 2005 ruling in Chaoulli vs. Québec (Attorney General), which had ruled that Québec's ban on duplicative health insurance was not consistent with the Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Bill 33 implemented centralized waiting lists, specialized private medical centres and introduced duplicative private health insurance. The stated objectives were to reduce wait times and abide by the SCC ruling. However, the scope of the reform was strictly limited to three services: hip and knee replacement, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation. It also placed regulations on the ability of physicians to practice in the private sector, suggesting that the government sought to achieve these reforms while attempting to maintain the integrity of the public system and change as little as possible. Minimal evaluations of Bill 33 have been conducted by the government, with no further evaluations planned. However, analysis of the current Québec health care landscape indicates that despite the stated aspirations of Bill 33, it has not made a substantial impact on reducing wait times. At the same time, it has not contributed to the growth of a private insurance market in Québec, as many of its detractors feared. The implications of the Chaoulli decision and Québec's response provide key lessons for government and stakeholders in responding to legal challenges on health equity and parallel health system.

A common two-exon deletion distinguishes the gene encoding the free hemoglobin capturing protein—haptoglobin (HP)–into two alleles: HP1 and HP2. To evaluate the impact of this copy number variant (CNV) on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in people living with HIV, we imputed this variant in 432 European-descent (EUR) and 491 African-descent (AFR) participants from the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research Study using an optimized imputation pipeline and evaluated its associations with NCI. At baseline, in AFR, the HP2 allele decreased the odds of NCI (defined by a global deficit score, GDS, ⩾0.5; Odds Ratio, OR = 0.584, p = 0.022). However, in EUR, HP2 increased the odds (OR = 2.081, p = 0.040) of NCI suggesting a detrimental effect. These effects were extended to longitudinal analyses using repeated measurements where the protective effect of the HP2 allele in AFR became marginally significant (p = 0.054) and in EUR the detrimental effect increased in significance (p = 0.037). In EUR, the HP2 allele slightly reduced the risk of NCI over time (OR = 0.028 per allele per year, p = 0.024). Further analyses of cognitive domain-specific impairment revealed that the HP-NCI effect was based on changes in learning, speed of information processing, and verbal domains over time differing by ancestry groups. Overall, these findings suggest that these functional HP CNV alleles influence the likelihood of NCI and contribute to changes in neurocognitive function over time in people living with HIV.

This article catalogues experiences of the general aviation sector as it progressively encountered the challenges of COVID-19 in the early part of 2020. The article focuses primarily on the Australian marketplace as a contribution to the body of knowledge in an under-researched industry sector. The article draws on literature pertaining to prior pandemic experience to enquire about the level of precursory preparedness in the sector, and then utilises data from 12 semi-structured interviews with experienced industry participants locally and internationally. The key findings suggest that there has been a lack of applied learning by policy makers in the past, and that generic support on offer now does not address the long term resilience of the sector nor does it address a pathway for future sudden moments of dislocation. Policies which purport to support aviation should be crafted in a way that engages all levels of industry rather than be airline centric. • This article catalogues experiences of the general aviation (GA) sector in Australia amid the COVID-19 crisis. • Interviews were conducted with experienced GA industry participants locally and internationally. • There has been a lack of applied learning by policy makers in the past. • Generic support on offer does not address the long term resilience of the sector. • Policies that purport to support aviation should be crafted to engage all levels of industry rather than be airline centric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the essence of the Article 8 right to the protection of personal data has garnered much attention over the past few years. Yet, there remains a notable lack of clarity in relation to the concept in current law and jurisprudence. There is a lack of clarity, for example, in relation to the current scope and function of the concept of essence in the legal scheme of Article 8, as well as in relation to whether the concept of essence has a distinct role in this scheme at all. This article endeavours to address this uncertainty. In this regard, the article: i) offers a novel methodology for the identification of a cogent, functionally distinct, description of the concept of essence as it is currently used in relation to Article 8; and ii) proposes, and defends, such a description: the concept of essence as a normative pivot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the construction and annotation of the Late Latin Charter Treebank, a set of three dependency treebanks (llct1, llct2 and llct3) which together contain 1,261 Early Medieval Latin documentary texts (i.e., original charters) written in Italy between ad 714 and 1000 (about 594,000 tokens). The paper focusses on matters which a linguistically or philologically inclined user of llct needs to know: the criteria on which the charters were selected, the special characteristics of the annotation types utilised, and the geographical and chronological distribution of the data. In addition to normal queries on forms, lemmas, morphology and syntax, complex philological research settings are enabled by the textual annotation layer of llct, which indicates abbreviated and damaged words, as well as the formulaic and non-formulaic passages of each charter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When in 2005 the ECtHR ruled on the case of Bosphorus Airways Tourism and Commerce Anonymous v. Ireland, no one even assumed that the Bosphorus will become a major guiding principle in the process of protection of the fundamental rights in the ECtHR and in the CJEU. Just a decade later, the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR, in its decision on the case Avotiņš v. Latvia, gave for the first time a detailed assessment for the Bosphorus principle as a rule for regulating the relations between the EU law and the ECHR, i.e. between the Luxemburg and the Strasbourg Courts, in the presence of a negative Opinion 2/13 adopted by the CJEU, which rejected the draft ECHR accession treaty. This decision also contains the ECtHR's first views on the EU law and the principle of mutual trust, a principle which has been particularly respected by the CJEU in recent years. Many believed that the ECtHR will modify the Bosphorus principle following the negative opinion of the CJEU. Although this did not happen, analysts warn that the main victims of this opinion will be the citizens whose rights will be violated by the EU acts. The responsibility for this situation will not fall on the Court in Luxembourg, but on the Court in Strasbourg, which will have to do everything it can when protect the rights of the citizens from the negative effects of this opinion. In the ECtHR decision concerning the case of Avotiņš v. Latvia, we can clearly see that the Bosphorus principle is not dead. It is still alive and very dynamic. In the opinion of the Strasbourg Court, any action taken by a State must comply with the legal obligations of the State, and it will be deemed justified only if it seeks to protect the fundamental rights, such as the guarantees offered, as well as with regard to the mechanisms for controlling their protection, in a way that can be considered equivalent to that of the Convention. This equivalence does not have to be final and could be considered in the context of the protection of fundamental rights. If this equivalent protection is provided by the states, then the assumption would be that the state does not deny the requirements contained in the Convention when implementing the legal obligations arising from its membership in the EU or in the Council of Europe. Except for the Bosphorus, this paper also analyses other important principles relevant to the procedure for the protection of fundamental rights. The goal of this paper is to determine the necessity of adequate application of the legal principles in the procedure for the protection of fundamental rights, at both the national and the European levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This research aims to reveal the peculiarities of standardisation and organisational principles behind the functioning of Orthodox brotherhoods on the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine from the 1850s to the 1900s. Methods. Methodologically, the authors of the work rely on the principles of novelty, objectivity, and historicism and employ general scientific methods (internal criticism of the sources, analysis, synthesis, generalisation). Results. The study revealed that during the second half of the 19th century, the activity of Orthodox brotherhoods on the territories controlled by the Russian Empire was regulated by the law "Basic Rules for the Establishment of the Orthodox Church Brotherhoods," which regulated the prioritised tasks, membership and main vectors of their work. At the beginning of the 20th century, some changes occurred in the social- -political life of the Russian Empire, which also affected the position of the Orthodox brotherhoods of Right-Bank Ukraine. Conclusion. The church authorities devoted considerable efforts to revitalising and restoring the activity of the Orthodox brotherhoods at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to find new solutions to the situation, they discussed the further functioning of the fraternities at the congresses in which participated the representatives of the Orthodox brotherhoods of the western provinces of the Russian Empire. Thus, the church management controlled brotherhoods and channelled them into the required course of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Supreme Court's decision in R v Ruzic constitutionalized moral involuntariness as a principle of fundamental justice under s. 7 of the Charter. Although the Court used this principle to strike down the imminence and presence requirements in the statutory duress defence, it left open the possibility that the lengthy list of excluded offences might also violate the moral involuntariness principle. The author maintains that various doctrinal and philosophical reasons support interpreting the moral involuntariness principle in a manner that allows duress to be pleaded for the offence of murder. Although it is possible that exclusion of murder could be justified under s. 1 of the Charter, such a finding would inevitably result in a separate challenge to the mandatory minimum punishment provisions for violating the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment found in s. 12 of the Charter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the first Catholic parishes in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija is related to the development of mining, mainly in the settlements of German miners Saxons and the colony of traders from the coastal parts of the Serbian medieval state (Cattaro, Dubrovnik, etc.). The significance and influence of these trading colonies has experienced its climax at the time of the Serbian despots, while the question of the spiritual and administrative authority over these parishes reflects the pretensions of certain Catholic ecclesiastical centers to protect the interests and rights in the exercise of their obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of formation of multi-field cooperation of Yamal is investigated. On the basis of the first introduced into scientific circulation archival materials of the State institution “State archive of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug” the organizational and legal issues of creation of the Northern cooperation, separate industrial artels working in the system of the Yamal-Nenets multi-field Union of cooperatives are considered. The author attempts to comprehend the history of cooperation, the role of leaders and their participation in its activities. The characteristic features of the Northern and multi-field cooperation of Yamal, in particular, in contrast to its other types, were the late creation and registration in an independent Union, the frequent change of managerial personnel, weak material and technical support and loose labour discipline, geographical and transport distance, severe climatic conditions of the North of Western Siberia. Archival data allowed to trace the history of the formation and development of commercial cooperation, its transformation and problems that had to be faced during the 1930s-1950s. Evidence is given that during the period of activity of multi-field cooperation of Yamal one had to experience financial and logistical difficulties. The article fills a gap in the history of the origin, formation and development of cooperation in the North of Western Siberia.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(2), 663-667 | European Forum Highlight of 8 July 2019 | (Abstract) In Confederación Sindical de Comisiones Obreras (CCOO) v. Deutsche Bank SAE (Court of Justice, judgment of 14 May 2019, case C-55/18, CCOO), the Court of Justice held that Member States must introduce a system which requires employers to keep a record of actual daily working time in order to ensure the effectiveness of the rights provided for in the Working Time Directive 2003/88 and Art. 31, para. 2, of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. On the face of it, the Court's judgment in this case gives a straightforward answer to a straightforward question. Yet, the case also leaves a number of questions unanswered in relation to effective enforcement, the economics of the decision, and the implications for employers' control over workers' working time.

Purpose: to characterize the organizational and managerial bases for the activity of the Kharkiv Regional Sumo Federation. Material & Methods: the study analyzed the Charter of the Kharkiv Regional Sumo Federation, training programs on sumo, to assess the activities of the Federation a survey was conducted among residents of the Kharkiv region, 230 people took part in it from 17 to 55 years, the sample type is random, the sample calculation was carried out according to the standard methodology, the SWOT analysis was used to assess the environment of the federation, 15 specialists from the sphere of physical culture and sports took part in it. Results: revealed that the public organization "Kharkiv Regional Sumo Federation" was registered in 2009 with the aim of promoting the development of sumo, acting on the basis of the Charter. In the Kharkiv region, 94 athletes are engaged in sumo, while 48.7% of the surveyed residents of the Kharkiv region consider sumo as an unpopular sport in our country, 76% of respondents are not interested in this sport at all, and only 4.3% are interested, while a low level of awareness has been revealed population of sumo in the region. 80% of respondents consider it necessary to develop sumo in the Kharkiv region. Conclusions: the results obtained complement and expand modern scientific data on the development of non-Olympic sports, sumo development, methods of teaching sumo. The study determined the state of development of sumo in the Kharkiv region, the structure, activities of the public organization of physical culture and sports direction "Kharkiv Regional Sumo Federation" in accordance with the Charter. Surveys of ordinary citizens showed that, in the opinion of most of them, the Federation should intensify marketing activities, increase the number of broadcasts of competitions on television, create official websites of federations and clubs on the Internet. Estimates of experts confirm the opinion of citizens, the greatest opportunities for the further development of the federation are opened by the popularization of sumo among the population and the expansion of the range of the federation itself, the improvement of quality and advertising of its services, as well as legislative changes. According to ordinary citizens and according to experts, the state should have the least impact on the development of sumo in our country and on the activities of the Federation.

The article analyzes the experience of leading countries in implementing the service policy of the state (Great Britain, France, Germany, Malaysia, etc.) in order to identify effective practices for reforming state policy in the context of its service orientation. The Charter of the Citizen (UK) was adopted in 1991 and was a 10-year improvement program of the public services quality. The main principles of the Charter (standards; openness; choice; politeness and courtesy; providing services properly; efficiency and low cost) were observed. Moreover, the «Charter on the delivery of public services» (France, 1992) is researched. It presented basic principles of work regulation of French civil service on the basis of equality, impartiality and continuity, as well as new principles of activities, as a reaction to changes in expectations and demands of the population, the emergence of consumers’ new needs and requests, the need for transparency and accountability, simplicity and accessibility. It is proved that the Services Consumer Charter for Public Services in Belgium (1993) is an example of a comprehensive program that seeks to improve the relationship between state bodies and institutions on the one hand and the population - customers and consumers (clients) of services - on the other one. Analysis of mantioned above and other charters helps to detect the main tasks of the public service systems reforms, in particular: increasing the efficiency of public services and reducing the cost for their delivery; deliivery of services to citizens of the proper quality; reduced deadlines for preparing responses to requests of citizens; conducting external audits to provide creation of a system aimed at continuous improvement; emphasis on achieving results, but their planning; better definition of work processes; improving the quality of informing citizens about public services delivery; openness and transparency of authorities activities; liberalization of licensing institutions; implementation of the «e-government». A characteristic feature of reforming the system of public services delivery in the countries taken under consideration is detected. This is a duration of this process. The explanation of the long terms of the reforms in the sphere increasing the efficiency of the public sector lies in the complexity and scope of the set goals and objectives, and also in a large number of parties involved in the reform process. The further research of the problematic can be dealt with analysis of the state, quality, and special features of the domestic reforms dedicated to the state service policy implementation.

The present study examines current social representations associated with the origins of the Great War, a major event that has profoundly affected Europe. A survey conducted in 20 European countries (N = 1906 students in social sciences) shows a high consensus: The outbreak of the war is attributed to the warring nations’ leaders while the responsibility of the populations is minimized. Building on the concept of social representation of history (Liu & Hilton, 2005), we suggest that the social representations of the Great War fulfill social psychological functions in contemporary Europe. We suggest that WWI may function as a charter for European integration. Their content also suggests a desire to distinguish a positively valued ingroup ("the people") from powerful elites, construed as an outgroup.