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Background: Nursing practice is centered on caring and nurses' behaviour has an impact on the quality of patient care and it is predictive of patient satisfaction,however, many nurses, in reality, do not exhibit caring behavior when providing nursing care to clients. This study was aimed to assess the level and predictors of nurse caring behaviors among nurses serving in inpatient departments in public hospitals in Harari Region of Ethiopia from March 10 to April 10, 2021. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 nurses providing inpatient service in public hospitals in the Harari region of eastern Ethiopia. All permanent nurses working in major inpatient services of two public hospitals, namely Jugal General Hospital (JGH) and Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH) were included. The English version of the CNPI-Nurse scale was used to determine the level of caring behavior. The association was reported using the crude and adjusted odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval. The statistical significance of the association was declared at p-value < 0.05. Result: The caring behavior was classified as high and low based on the median score. According to this study only 51.67% (95% CI:45.97, 57.35%) of nurses had good caring behavior. The odds of having good caring behavior were 2.22 (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI: 1.20, 4.10) times higher among nurses working in good working environment compared to those who work in bad working environment. Nurses who were satisfied with their job had 2.79 (AOR: 2.79, 95%CI: 1.54, 5.08) times higher odds of good caring behavior than those who were not satisfied with their job. Similarly, nurses who had a lower workload had a 3.01 (AOR: 3.01, 95%CI: 1.70, 5.33) times higher probability of having good caring behavior from nurses compared to nurses who reported having a high workload. Conclusion: The level of nurses caring behavior is not satisfactory and it is influenced by working environment characteristics, job satisfaction and workload. Therefore it necessary to creat conducive working environment, provide adequate time and resources inorder to improve the level of nurses caring behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimsThis study aims to investigate 5 types of work environment influencing nurses' caring behavior, namely (i) participation in hospital affairs, (ii) foundations for quality of care, (iii) manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses, (iv) staffing and resource adequacy, and (v) nurse-physician relations.DesignThis research is a cross-sectional study using the survey method.MethodsData were collected from 3,532 nurses working in public hospitals and health clinics within Sabah, Malaysia in 2015. The hypothesized model was evaluated using partial least squares method.ResultsThe findings reveal that all forms of work environment have a positive effect on nurses' caring behavior except for staffing and resource adequacy which shows a negative effect on caring behavior.ConclusionOverall, this study has added to theoretical contributions in the academic and research fields as well as in practical implications in the field of nursing practice by addressing the influence of work environments on caring behavior.Implications for Nursing ManagementThe present research has provided convergent evidence on the role of the working environment in influencing the behavior of nurses working in hospitals and health clinics in Sabah, Malaysia.

Abstract Background Nursing care behavior and nurse’s perception of effective care behavior is an act, conduct, and mannerism enacted by professional nurses that convey concern, safety, and attention to the patient. Behavior associated with caring has a paramount role in linking nursing interaction to the client in experiences but, the concept is ambiguous and elusive toward different scholars to reach on common understanding. Only a few studies have been done on the caring behavior and associated factors globally, and no study was done in this study area. Therefore; the purpose of this study was to assess caring behavior and its associated factors among nurses working in Jimma University specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on a sample of 224 nurses working in Jimma university specialized hospital from March 20–April 20, 2019. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including frequency table, mean, standard deviation and percentage were employed. Bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used with regression coefficient (β), coefficient of the determinant (R2), CI 95% and p

Caring is considered a vital aspect of nursing. This study explored Jordanian nursing students' perceptions of their clinical instructors' caring behaviors. A cross-sectional approach was taken. Data were collected from 212 nursing students using the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring instrument developed by Wade and Kasper. Nursing students were found to have generally positive responses toward their clinical instructors, perceiving them as caring rather than uncaring. Clinical instructors' caring behaviors had a positive impact on nursing students' caring behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caring behavior is influenced by psychological factors, including the characteristics of personality. However, psychological test results for nurses' recruitment are not optimal for nursing resource development. This study aimed to determine the relationship between personality characteristics and nurses' caring behavior in hospitals. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted involving 153 nurses of a private hospital in Jakarta selected by convenience sampling technique. Data were also collected from the Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI-24) and Myers-Briggs Type Indicators (MBTI) test results. Statistical analysis using the one-way ANOVA to identify differences in nurses' CBI scores based on MBTI personality. Results: The results study indicate that most of the nurses were traditionalists (75.16%), and the average CBI score (85.43±5.94) was equivalent to 85%, which means that nurses' caring behavior was good. There were differences in the scores of caring behavior among personality characteristics; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p = .320; α= .05). Furthermore, the post-hoc test analysis showed that the conceptualizer nurses had the highest caring behavior score, while the experiencers had the lowest. Conclusions: Personality characteristics, as measured by MBTI, are not related to the caring behavior of nurses. One possible reason for this result is that the MBTI does not specifically measure caring personality. Psychological tests on personality characteristics are used in career development and nurse placement. This study recommends that human resource management in healthcare use more specific tools to measure caring personality and psychological tests in healthcare staff recruitment for better-humanized healthcare services.

Background & Aim: Anxiety related to the COVID-19 is prevalent amongst the nursing workforce potentially affecting nurses’ well-being and their organizational commitment. The nurse manager’s caring behavior has been recognized as a crucial indicator of nurses' resilience with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 anxiety on frontline nurses’ organizational commitment and their perception of nurse managers' caring behavior. Methods & Materials: This study utilized an explanatory research design; hence, a convenient sample consisted of 60 registered nurses working at three selected medical intensive care units located in one of the Cairo University Teaching hospitals, Egypt was selected. Data were collected using the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, Nursing Staff Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, and Nurse Managers' Caring Behavior Questionnaire. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for the data analysis where the descriptive statistics, Simple Linear, and Stepwise multiple regression analysis were applied. Results: The highest-rated anxiety problem of COVID-19 was appetite loss (x ̅=3.03, SD = ±0.88). Human respect as one of the perceived nurse managers caring behaviors emerged as a strong predictor (Partial R2 = 0.104, p= .017) in increasing the frontline nurses’ organizational commitment, while COVID-19 anxiety has a significant decreasing effect (Partial R2 = 0.435, p

Introduction: Critical patients have different needs compared to patients in other general inpatient wards, so they need extra treatments from a nurse. Nurse caring behavior gived through an approach in which nurses work by improving their concern to patients. However, it is influenced by caring efficacy in which a nurse is confident to express his or her caring to patients. The aims of this study were to identify the correlation between caring efficacy with nurse caring behavior in taking care of critical patients at dr. Dradjat Prawiranegara Serang Hospital in Banten Province Methods: This is a quantitative study with employed a correlation study. The sample size comprised 66 Nurses of ER, ICU and HCU with total sampling technique. The instruments used are CES (Caring Efficacy Scale) to measure caring efficacy and CBA (Caring Behavior Assessment) to measure nurse caring behavior. Descriptive analysis using mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency distribution. Meanwhile, inferential analysis used Pearson's Correlation. Results: The univariate analysis results showed the mean ± DS score of caring behavior is 87.6 ± 10.12. Meanwhile, the mean ± DS score of caring efficacy is 86.23 ± 8.74. Further, inferential analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.000) and moderate correlations (r = 0.448) between caring efficacy and nurse caring behavior. Conclusion: Higher of nurse's caring efficacy were followed by higher of nurse's caring behavior in taking care of critical patients. Findings can be used by academic as a prospective nurse and health professionals, to implement a concept of caring efficacy to improve caring behavior. Further research can be a focus on the nursing interventions based on nurses caring behavior to strengthen and increase in taking care of critical patients.

Background: Caring is the major focus of nursing practice, and their behavior has an impact on the quality of patient care, and it is very important that they are satisfied while working. The strong relationship between job satisfaction and nurses caring behavior is well established, and therefore the managers can be encouraged to provide better conditions for nurses’ satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and the caring behavior of nurses in the Military Hospital. Design and Methods: A survey with a self-assessment questionnaire was carried out from August to December 2019. Participants were 121 nurses working in a military hospital Malang, Indonesia. The data was collected using the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI-24). The data were analyzed using rank Spearman and multiple linear regression. Results: Job satisfaction had a positive correlation with the caring behavior of nurses (p=0.003; r=0.266). Furthermore, there were four job satisfaction dimensions namely supervision, contingent rewards, co-workers, nature of work and communication dimensions were positively correlated with nurses’ caring behavior (p0.05). Conclusions: Caring behavior of nurses is influenced by job satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary to provide supervision, contingent rewards, empowerment, collaboration program for the nurses to reconstruct the nursing working environment to be healthier and increase the caring behavior of nurses.

Introduction: Newly graduated nurses are expected to be highly skilled and competent in incorporating professional caring to provide high-quality care. Therefore, nursing students who are unaware of the caring importance and lack of caring competence would be facing a great challenge with the complexity of the healthcare population. This study aims to explore the current status of nursing students' caring competency so that it could serve as a learning paradigm for nurse educators to constantly assimilate the caring input in nursing education. Methods: This study employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional survey and was conducted in a public nursing college in Penang, Malaysia. Approximately, a hundred and thirty-seven nursing students with different years of study were recruited by stratified sampling approach. Results: Results indicate a satisfactory level of caring competency (M = 3.33, SD = 0.28) with the highest mean score in Year 3 students. Significant differences in caring competency and all caring domains across training years were observed (p < 0.001) and the caring competency level significantly correlates with the training years (p <0.001) Conclusion: This study revealed that the current caring knowledge integrated into the curriculum structure has imparted the caring input towards the future nursing workforce. However, there were significant differences in caring competency scores observed across the training years that signal the limitation and need for strategies to improve nursing educational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caring is the major focus of nursing practice, and their behavior has an impact on the quality of patient care, and it is very important that they are satisfied while working. The strong relationship between job satisfaction and nurses caring behavior is well established, and therefore the managers can be encouraged to provide better conditions for nurses’ satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and the caring behavior of nurses in the Military Hospital. Design and Methods: A survey with a self-assessment questionnaire was carried out from August to December 2019. Participants were 121 nurses working in a military hospital Malang, Indonesia. The data was collected using the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI- 24). The data were analyzed using rank Spearman and multiple linear regression. Results: Job satisfaction had a positive correlation with the caring behavior of nurses (p=0.003; r=0.266). Furthermore, there were four job satisfaction dimensions namely supervision, contingent rewards, co-workers, nature of work and communication dimensions were positively correlated with nurses’ caring behavior (p<0.05) while salary, promotion, benefits, operating procedure dimensions are not related to nurse’s caring behavior (p>0.05). Conclusions: Caring behavior of nurses is influenced by job satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary to provide supervision, contingent rewards, empowerment, collaboration program for the nurses to reconstruct the nursing working environment to be healthier and increase the caring behavior of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the relationship between nursing students' perceptions of clinical instructor caring and their professional behaviors. Method: This study used a descriptive and cross‐sectional design. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation and Linear regression analyses. Results: The professional behaviors of nursing students were found to increase their desire to become a nurse in the future with "instills confidence through caring" and "supportive learning climate" subscales but to decrease their desire to be an academician in the future. Conclusion: As students' perceptions of clinical instructor caring increased, their status of applying professional behaviors was found to increase, as well. Practical Implication: Descriptive characteristics and clinical instructor caring are related to high professional behaviors in nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship of caring behaviors with moral sensitivity, emotional intelligence and descriptive characteristics in intensive care nurses. Method: Descriptive study. The sample of this study consisted of 156 nurses. The data were collected using introductory information form, caring behaviors inventory, moral sensitivity questionnaire, and emotional intelligence scale. The factors affecting caring behavior were determined using stepwise multiple linear regression. Finding: It was determined that high education level, working in shifts, as well as appraisal of emotion subscale of emotional intelligence scale and also autonomy, expressing benevolence, and following praxis subscales of moral sensitivity questionnaire were high predictors for caring behaviors. Practice Implications: Descriptive characteristics, moral sensitivity, and emotional intelligence are related to high caring behavior in intensive care nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurses who are providing nursing care to patients in the hospital are nurses who have a caring attitude. Nurses' caring behavior will allow the establishment of a harmonious interpersonal relationship between nurse-patient and meet patient needs, which can provide satisfaction to patients. The presurvey results in the working area of the in-patient public health center in Ketapang of North Lampung Regency show that the average number of hospitalized patients during the last three months has decreased. The research objective was to determine the correlation between caring nurse behavior and patient satisfaction at the in-patient public health center's working area in Ketapang of North Lampung Regency 2020. This type of research is quantitative, with a crosssectional approach. This research population was all patients who received services at the working area of the in-patient public health center in Ketapang of North Lampung Regency totaling 3382 patients. The sample was 98 people using the accidental sampling technique. Data collection used a questionnaire. The data analysis used was chi-square. The results showed most of the caring behavior in the good category was 52 respondents (53.1%); most of them were satisfied with 56 respondents (57.1%). There is a correlation between caring nurse behavior and patient satisfaction at the in-patient public health center's working area in Ketapang of North Lampung Regency 2020 (p-value 0.018). Suggestions to the working area of in-patient public health center in Ketapang of North Lampung Regency improve caring behavior, from every aspect, especially the part that the patient considers terrible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The caring behavior of hospice nurses toward patients positively impacts their professional careers and significantly improves the quality of hospice services. A positive and supportive work environment may protect nurses against negative emotions that may affect the humanistic care they provide, and their job satisfaction. This study aimed to explore the impact of the nursing work environment on caring behavior. We also investigated the chain mediating effect of psychological capital and empathy on this relationship among Chinese hospice nurses., Methods: The Practice Environment Scale (PES), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), the Empathy Ability Scale for Hospice Nurses, and the Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) were used to survey 393 Chinese hospice nurses. SPSS 27.0 and Mplus 8.0 were used for statistical processing to analyze the mediating effects., Results: The nursing work environment positively predicted caring behavior. Furthermore, it was found that psychological capital and empathy jointly mediate the relationship between the nursing work environment and caring behavior., Conclusion: This study reveals how the nursing work environment affects the caring behavior of hospice nurses. Hospital managers need to provide hospice nurses with a favorable working environment from the perspective of positive psychology, continuously monitor their psychological state, improve their caring behavior, and provide references for developing intervention plans to promote the caring behavior of hospice nurses in the future., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Li, Chen, Meng, Wang, Zhang, Wu, Yang and Zhao.)

Background: Caring is the essence of nursing that is believed vital in improving the health and well-being of patients and in facilitating health promotion. Nursing education has a fundamental role in shaping a positive student’s caring behavior. Objective: This study identified the caring behavior of the final-year nursing students after completing a critical care nursing course unit by implementing assorted teaching-learning strategies. Methods: This study was a descriptive research using a comparative design. Samples were recruited from a group of 152 final-year students using a random sampling technique (n=76). Data were collected using a valid and reliable Indonesian caring instrument consisting of 32 items based on Watson’s ten carative factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by calculating mean scores of students’ caring behavior. A paired t test was performed to evaluate the difference between caring behavior before and after completion of the course unit involving a diverse teaching learning strategies, such as face-to-face lectures in the class, quizzes and practicums, facilitated small group case-based discussions, and expert reviews. Results: Results showed that more than half of the students had negative caring behavior before (59.22%) and after (54.55%) participating in learning process. There was also a barely statistical unsignificance in the change of caring behavior following the course unit that involved various learning strategies (p value = 0.276). Further analyses of the 10 carative factors revealed that there was a significant change in transpersonal teaching-learning, provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, sociocultural, and spiritual environment, and spiritual environment and existential-phenomenological spiritual forces (improved, p value

Health professionals' behavior play a vital role in the care patient for it has been assumed that effective behavior promotes a caring relationship leading to an outcome that is therapeutic to both. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the caring behavior demonstrated by the health professionals based on the perspectives of allied health students and its propositions to clinical practice though patients' point of view. Sequential Explanatory Strategy of the mixed method research design was employed where survey and conduct of key informant interview were the strategies employed in the collection of data. Weighted means were used to represent how caring behavior was demonstrated by the health professionals. Independent T-test was utilized to validate the difference of caring behavior demonstrated while thematic data analysis for the data collected during interviews. It was found that caring behaviors of health professionals were demonstrated the same and has no difference. Indeed, caring behavior of academicians is an essential element in developing a learner's personality as future health professional. It is a must to uphold and disseminate the critical aspects of the caring behavior among learners in developing them as future health professional practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical instructors are the key mediators in helping students conquer clinical experiences by preparing them for clinical workplaces. The caring behavior of instructors plays an important role in the instructor‐student relationship. Objective: This study aimed to (a) assess the perception of nursing students of clinical instructors' caring behavior and (b) explore the correlation between their perception of instructors' caring behavior and their self‐efficacy. Design: A quantitative descriptive correlation design was adopted. Setting: The sample was collected from the faculty of nursing at a major governmental university for females in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants: A sample of nursing students (N = 200) was recruited. Methods: The data were collected using the inventory for nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring (NSPIC) and general self‐efficacy (GSE) scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics, such as Pearson r correlation and regression analysis, were used. Results: The total mean of NSPIC was moderate to high (mean = 3.06, SD = 1.04). The level of GSE among students was high (mean = 3.45, SD = 0.849). NSPIC is significantly correlated with its GSE (r =.282). In addition, GSE turned out to be a major indicator of caring behavior, with P =.021 and R2 = 0.642. Conclusion: Caring relationships between clinical instructors and nursing students enable students to grow as caring professionals. Therefore, nursing programs must have highly qualified clinical instructors to teach and train students and be a good role model in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing care behavior and nurse's perception of effective care behavior is an act, conduct, and mannerism enacted by professional nurses that convey concern, safety, and attention to the patient. Behavior associated with caring has a paramount role in linking nursing interaction to the client in experiences but, the concept is ambiguous and elusive toward different scholars to reach on common understanding. Only a few studies have been done on the caring behavior and associated factors globally, and no study was done in this study area. Therefore; the purpose of this study was to assess caring behavior and its associated factors among nurses working in Jimma University specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on a sample of 224 nurses working in Jimma university specialized hospital from March 20–April 20, 2019. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including frequency table, mean, standard deviation and percentage were employed. Bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used with regression coefficient (β), coefficient of the determinant (R2), CI 95% and p < 0.05 were used for statistical significance. Results: The overall proportion of nurses caring behavior was 80.3% which was mostly measured in terms of professional –technical (82.9%) and psychosocial (81.3%) dimension. Job satisfaction as personal satisfaction (beta = 1.12, p = 0.00), professional satisfaction, (beta = 1.07, p = 0.00), joint participation in caring process (beta = 0.58, p = 0.00,) satisfaction with nurse management (beta = 0.85, p = 00) were significantly associated with caring behavior. Conclusion: The proportion of nurses who had a high perception of caring behavior was found to be lower. Thus, all predictors have their own effect on enhancing job satisfaction, improving and creating conducive management and working environment to increase caring behavior. Further comparative studies involving multidisciplinary and patient point of view were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC‐Tr) Scale. Design and Methods: Methodological study. The sample of this study consisted of 344 nursing students. Findings: Its four‐factor structure was confirmed with explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results. The results of CFA showed that the scale's fit index supported the EFA. The scale's Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient had high reliability. Practice Implications: NSPIC‐Tr is a valid and reliable scale for the assessment of Turkish nursing students' perceptions of instructor caring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between moral sensitivity, empathy, and caring behaviors and to explore the mediating effect of empathy on moral sensitivity and caring behaviors of nursing interns., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to September 2022 in which 261 nursing interns from two Grade 3A Hospitals in Xi'an participated. The questionnaires used in the survey include the General Information Questionnaire (GIQ), the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version translated into Chinese (MSQ R-CV), the Chinese version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale (JSE), and the Chinese version of the Caring Behavior Inventory (C-CBI). The obtained data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the mediating effect of empathy was tested through structural equations., Results: The overall mean of moral sensitivity of nursing interns in two Grade 3A Hospitals in Xi'an is 40.84 ± 8.73, the overall mean of empathy is 100.51 ± 21.56, and the overall mean of caring behavior is (113.81 ± 21.05). Statistical analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between moral sensitivity and caring behavior of nursing interns ( r  = 0.376, p  < 0.01), between their empathy and moral sensitivity ( r  = 0.336, p  < 0.01), and between their empathy and caring behavior ( r  = 0.394, p  < 0.01). The empathy of nursing interns has a mediated effect on the relationship between moral sensitivity and caring behavior. The mediated effect value was 0.14, accounting for 31.82% of the total effect., Conclusion: The moral sensitivity of nursing interns can have a direct impact on predicting the caring behavior and indirect influences their caring behaviors mediated by empathy, with the latter effect being mediated by empathy. Therefore, nursing educators and hospital administrators should adopt targeted interventions to improve the moral sensitivity and empathy of nursing interns, which can further prove to be beneficial in improving their caring behaviors, leading to enhanced quality of nursing care and reduced nurse-patient conflicts and finally to a stabilized nursing team., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Chen, Wang, Zong and Yao.)

Background: Caring for a critical ill patient are challenges for nurses. The nurse is required to deliver comprehensive nursing care including mental, psychological and physical. Caring behavior of nurse is influenced by several factors both internal and external. Objectives: This study aimed was to examine the relationship between nursing supervision, spirituality, caring efficacy, emotional quotation, work stress and working periods with caring behavior while deliver care for a critical patient. Methods: Cross-sectional design was used with the number of participants were 66 nurses. Data were collected in July 2018 in three wards: emergency room, HCU, and ICU in dr. DradjatPrawiranegara Hospital, Banten. Instruments used were the Spiritual Orientation Inventory questionnaires, Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale, Caring Behavior Assessment, and Caring Efficacy Scale which were modified and tested for validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear regressions. Results: The results showed that there were significant relationships between nursing supervision (r = 0.511; p <0.01), spirituality (r = 0.448; p <0.01), caring efficacy (r = 0.433; p <0.01) and emotional intelligence (r = 0.419; p <0.01) with nurse caring behavior in care critical patients (p <0.001). There was no significant relationship between Work Period and work stress with caring behavior (p> 0.05). Final statistical analysis by using multiple regression showed that nursing supervision (Beta = 0.434; p <0.01), spirituality (Beta = 0.312; p <0.01) and caring efficacy (Beta = 0.297; p <0.01) were recognized as predictors of nurse's caring behavior in care critical patient ward. Conclusion: The Increasing of nursing supervision as an external effort and developing activities are expected to improve spirituality and caring efficacy of nurse is needed to improve nurse's caring behavior in caring for a critical patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing is the study of the human science of persons and human health-illness and their experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care transactions. Humanistic caring has long as been studied in nursing since it was introduced by Watson in the history of the nursing. This study aimed to determine the caring behaviors of Indonesian nurses (CBIN) at hospitals in Indonesia. A CBINT was developed in order to provide Indonesian Nurses a tool specifically tailored to measure their CB. Using a fourth-phase approach, the researcher first gathered qualitative data by interview. (Phase 1); and used the qualitative data to construct the caring behavior instrument (Phase 2); the caring behavior tool which was subsequently administered to a sample population was conducted then (Phase 3); the developed tool was administered to 500 nurses (Phase 4). Considering the two phases: the qualitative data were collected and analyzed informed by using thematic analysis. For the quantitative data; 1) Frequency and percentage were utilized for the analysis of the participants profile; 2) Total score was used to analyze the extent of Caring Behaviors of Indonesian Nurses; 3) T-test and ANOVA was utilized to determine the significant difference in the extent of caring behaviors when grouped according to the participants profile variable. The participants of this study were selected registered nurses from five seasoned hospitals in Indonesia specifically in North Sumatra, South Sulawesi, Central Java, West Kalimantan (Borneo) and East Nusa Tenggara. All the hospitals were composed of nurses who have nursing licenses and have experienced working in the hospital for three (3) years. The researcher interviewed 25 nurses from the different hospitals to get the qualitative data. There were 500 nurses who responded the Caring Behavior of Indonesian Nurses Tool (CBINT). Inclusion criteria to determine the participants included: male or female Indonesian nurses, diploma or BSN graduates; nurses from the 5 islands of Indonesia; at least with one year or more experience as nurse; nurses working in private/government hospitals; nurses working in the 5 areas in Medical, Surgical, Gynecology & Obstetrics, and Pediatrics department. This study was conducted in April-July 2018. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria that was determined by the amount of sample 500 people. Based on the T-test and ANOVA There is no significant difference in the extent to which the caring behaviors are manifested when grouped according to profile variables. The CBIN is high but need some enhancement to be able to enhance their nursing practice. The CBIN is affected by their personal communication issue, the patients issue of treatment and financial. The nursing practice can be improved through the CB enhancement program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Theoretically, caring relationship between faculty – student generates a caring moment. However, there is a scarcity of empirical evidence about how caring interactions with faculty can enhance students’ caring outcomes. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the levels of students’ and instructors’ caring behavior and to explore the correlations between instructors’ and students’ caring behavior. Methods: A descriptive, non – experimental design has been used in this study. Data collection was based on interviews using two standardized questionnaires; the Nursing Students’ Perception of Instructor Caring (NSPIC) and the Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI). Respondents were consisting of nursing students from identified schools and colleges of nursing in different countries. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21.0. Results: The sample was consisted of 368 nursing students (91% female, 9% male) from seven countries (26% Philippines, 31.5% Greece, 1% Kenya, 0.5 Oman, 35.5% India, 5% Nigeria, 0.5% Saudi Arabia). Forty two percent of students are in the second year of studies, 13% in the third year and 45% in the fourth year. The mean score of NSPIC was 4.02±0.30 and the mean of CBI was4.56±0.13. The mean for each factor of NSPIC was 4.39±0.13 for the factor “instills confidence through caring”, 3.92±0.212 for “supportive learning climate”, 4.06±0.06 for “appreciation of life’s meaning”, 3.66±0.11 for “control versus flexibility” and 4.01±0.48 for “respectful sharing”. The mean for each factor of CBI was 4.63±0.11 for the factor “assurance”, 4.58±0.06 for “knowledge and skills”, 4.55±0.18 for “respectful” and 4.47±0.14 for “connectedness”. Correlation analysis showed statistically significance between relevant variables. Conclusions: Instructors’ caring behavior affects nursing students’ caring behavior. Through positive faculty modeling and role modeling, nursing students can be professionally trained to develop the competence of caring.

Introduction: Student-centered methods can improve nursing clinical education. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of teaching nurse-patient communication through role-play method on nursing students’ caring behaviors. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out in Hamedan University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Four experimental groups (n=32) and four control groups (n=32) were randomly selected from 15 training groups. The experimental group received patient-nurse communication skills by means of role-play method. Demographic information questionnaire, communication skills checklist and Wolf’s caring behaviors questionnaires were completed before and after the training course. Data were analyzed by means of independent t-test, paired t-test and ANCOVA at 95% confidence level. Results: At the beginning of the study, mean scores of caring behaviors and communication skills were 83.47±23.56 (total=220) and 3.87±1.86 (total=31) respectively in the control group and 77.87±29.34 and 4.78±2.37in the experimental group and were not significantly different (p>0.05). After the intervention, however, the mean scores of caring behaviors (172.28±15.14) and communication skills (26.22±2.86) in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P

Introduction:Caring as a multidimensional concept in nursing can be realized through teaching main values. Thus, this study was performed to assess the impact of caring behavior educational program on nursing students with the aim of developing their potentials to become a healthcare professional staff. Methods: This quasi-experimental (educational-interventional) study was performed in the winter semester of academic year 2014 in Abadan School of Medical Sciences. Nursing students of 6th and 8th semester were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=29, each group). The educational program designed on the basis of Watson’s theory was implemented for the experimental group during their internship in medical-surgical nursing while the control group received routine instructions. The students’ perception level was assessed by CDI-35 tool before and after the intervention for both groups. Data were analyzed using chi-square, independent T-test, and paired T-test. Results:No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding demographic variables. A significant difference was found between the groups in the pre-test in terms of improper care (p=0.0001). In the post-test, the mean score increase in each of the five dimensions of caring behavior was significant in the experimental group (p= 0.0001) while in the control group, there was a significant increase only in the technical-professional dimension (p=0.001). Conclusion:Given the importance of nursing care in every health system, and the fact that the goal of nursing clinical education programs is to train nurses who may promote the art and science of nursing, designing programs to strengthen and empower nurses is inevitable and the results of this study might be helpful in this regard.

Highlights • The posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL) conveys suckling information to the forebrain. • Tuberoinfundibular peptide 39 (TIP39) is induced in the PIL of lactating mother rats. • TIP39-containing terminals innervate oxytocin neurons and galanin neurons in the preoptic area. • The PIL may correspond to the lateral subparafascicular area activated by sexual activity. • PIL neurons are activated by social stimuli and may be involved in social cue evoked oxytocin release. Abstract Critically important components of the maternal neural circuit in the preoptic area robustly activated by suckling were recently identified. In turn, suckling also contributes to hormonal adaptations to motherhood, which includes oxytocin release and consequent milk ejection. Other reproductive or social stimuli can also trigger the release of oxytocin centrally, influencing parental or social behaviors. However, the neuronal pathways that transfer suckling and other somatosensory stimuli to the preoptic area and oxytocin neurons have been poorly characterized. Recently, a relay center of suckling was determined and characterized in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL). Its neurons containing tuberoinfundibular peptide 39 project to both the preoptic area and oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus. The present review argues that the PIL is a major relay nucleus conveying somatosensory information supporting maternal behavior and oxytocin release in mothers, and may be involved more generally in social cue evoked oxytocin release, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe intrapersonal characteristics (professional values, personality, empathy, and job involvement), work performance as perceived by nurses, and caring behaviors as perceived by patients, and to examine the relationships among these variables. A cross‐sectional design was employed. A sample was recruited of 218 nurses and 116 patients in four private hospitals and four public hospitals. Data were collected using self‐report measures. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, hierarchical linear modelling, correlations, and structural equation modeling. Nurses perceived their work performance to be of high quality. Among the intrapersonal characteristics, nurses had high scores for professional values, and moderately high scores for personality, empathy and job involvement. Patients perceived nurses' caring behaviors as moderately high. Professional values of nurses were the only selected intrapersonal characteristic with a statistically significant positive relationship, of practical importance, with work performance as perceived by nurses and with caring behaviors as perceived by patients at ward level. Managers can enhance nurses' work performance and caring behaviors through provision of in‐service training that focuses on development of professional values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caring as a term in nursing, represents all factors used by nurses to provide health services to patients. The aim of this study was to compare the differences of caring behaviors as perceived by nurses, patients and nursing students and to explore the relationship between sociodemographic variables and the perception of caring. This was a descriptive comparative research study. Data were collected from August to September 2015 in Indonesia by using Caring Behavior Inventory-42 composed of five domains: respect, assurance, connectedness, knowledge and skills, and attentiveness. A total of 158 respondents were sought for three study groups and each group had 53 respondents. Results indicated that nurses, patients and nursing students have the same perception regarding caring behaviors. Patients' age was positively correlated with respect (r = 0.282, p < 0.05) and connectedness (r = 0.307, p < 0.05) domains. Male students had a higher mean score than female students in assurance (t = 2.230, p < 0.05), knowledge and skills (t = 3.885, p < 0.001), and attentiveness (t = 3.267, p < 0.01), Students with 8-week clinical experiences scored higher in the caring behavior domain of connectedness (t = 3.504, p < 0.05) than students with 4-week experiences. This study can be used as an additional resource to enhance knowledge about caring behavior and for application in the fields of nursing practice and nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this study was to identify perceptions of caring behaviors in student nurses from four countries. Methods This study employed a descriptive, comparative survey design. Four hundred sixty-seven students were recruited from four countries ( Nigeria, India, Greece, and the Philippines) to participate in the study during the months of September 2013 to January 2014. Data were collected using the Caring Behavior Inventory. Findings The highest ranked subscale was 'assurance of human presence' (4.827 ± 0.927), while 'positive connectedness' (4.610 ± 0.949) was the lowest ranked subscale. There were no statistically significant correlations between the Caring Behavior Inventory scale and gender ( F = 0.215, p = .643), educational level ( F = 0.396, p = .529), and family structure of students ( F = 0.680, p = .410), except for age ( F = 9.380, p = .002, η2 = 0.141) and the country of origin ( F = 5.772, p = .001, η2 = 0.036). Conclusion Students from four countries possess positive caring behaviors, specifically on physically based caring interventions, while there is a need to emphasize expressive caring behaviors during nursing education and training. Implication for Nursing Practice Caring interventions should be carried out in order to help students build or enhance their caring behaviors that can be adapted to clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promoting respect and dignity is a key component of providing quality care during facility-based childbirth and is becoming a critical indicator of maternal health care. Providing quality care requires essential skills and attitudes from healthcare providers, as their role is central to optimizing interventions in maternity settings. Methods: In 13 facilities in Kenya we conducted a mixed methods, pre-post study design to assess health providers' perspectives of a multi-component intervention (the Heshima project), which aimed to mitigate aspects of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth. Providers working in maternity units at study facilities were interviewed using a two-part quantitative questionnaire: an interviewer-guided section on knowledge and practice, and a self-administered section focusing on intrinsic value systems and perceptions. Eleven distinct composite scores were created on client rights and care, provider emotional wellbeing, and work environments. Bivariate analyses compared pre- and post-scores. Qualitative in-depth interviews focused on underlying factors that affected provider attitudes and behaviors including the complexities of service delivery, and perceptions of the Heshima interventions. Results: Composite scales were developed on provider knowledge of client rights (Chronbach a = 0.70), client-centered care (a = 0.80), and HIV care (a = 0.81); providers' emotional health (a = 0.76) and working relationships (a = 0.88); and provider perceptions of management (a = 0.93), job fairness (a = 0.68), supervision (a = 0.84), promotion (a = 0.83), health systems (a = 0.85), and work environment (a = 0.85). Comparison of baseline and endline individual item scores and composite scores showed that provider knowledge of client rights and practice of a rights-based approach, treatment of clients living with HIV, and client-centered care during labor, delivery, and postnatal periods improved (p < 0.001). Changes in emotional health, perceptions of management, job fairness, supervision, and promotion seen in composite scores did not directly align with changes in item-specific responses. Qualitative data reveal health system challenges limit the translation of providers' positive attitudes and behaviors into implementation of a rights-based approach to maternity care. Conclusion: Behavior change interventions, central to promoting respectful care, are feasible to implement, as seen in the Heshima experience, but require sustained interaction with health systems where providers practice. Provider emotional health has the potential to drive (mis)treatment and affect women's care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nursing care encompasses physical, emotional, mental and social needs, in order to improve a patient’s health and wellbeing. Caring is the central core and the essence of nursing. The important issue of care is access to proper care and increasing patients’ satisfaction. Job performance of nurses is affected by many factors including organizational commitment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between organizational commitment and nurses caring behavior. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 322 nurses from selected Hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were randomly selected and enrolled in the study in 2015. The self-reported data by nurses were collected through demographic characteristics questionnaire, Meyer & Allen organizational commitment model and Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI). Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software version 20, using t-test and ANOVA. Findings: The majority of nurses (63%) were female. The mean score and standard deviation of organizational commitment and caring behavior of nurses were 74.12±9.61 and 203.1±22.46, respectively. The results showed a significantly positive correlation between organizational commitment and caring behavior (p=0.001). Conclusion: In this study the caring behavior of nurses with higher organizational commitment were significantly better than the others. Managers and nurse leaders should pay more attention to improve organizational commitment of nurses, in order to improve nurses’ performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: 1) To describe nurses’ caring behavior for terminally ill pediatric patients 2) To identify the relationships between nurses’ caring behavior for terminally ill pediatric patients and personal factors of nurses. Material and Methods: 70 pediatric nurses were selected by purposive sampling from pediatric general units and intensive care unit at Songklanagarind Hospital. Nurses had experiences in caring for terminally ill pediatric patients at least 6 months. The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts: personal data and nurses’ caring behavior for terminally ill pediatrics by rating scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.95. Results: Nurses’ caring behavior for terminally ill pediatric patients was at high-level (X=2.37, S.D.=0.35). The highest dimension was physical care behavior (X=2.55, S.D.=0.32) then spiritual dimension (X=2.28, S.D.=0.52), and psychosocial dimension was the lowest score (X=2.25, S.D.=0.37). There was no significant correlation between nurses’ caring behavior for terminally ill pediatrics with personal factors of nurses. Conclusion: The study could be used as baseline information to enhance the pediatric nurses understanding related to caring behavior for terminally ill pediatric patients. Also, the result could be used as a guideline for taking holistic care for the terminally ill pediatric patients.

Background: Nowadays, caring for patients at the end of life becomes an indicator of the quality of care in a hospital. Nurses are the key people to provide care for dying patients, therefore caring behaviors of nurses could affect the quality of care. To attain and maintain the quality of care at the end of life, factors that contribute to nurses’ caring behaviors for dying patients needs to be addressed.Purpose: The purpose of this article is to review factors relating to nurses’ caring behaviors for dying patients from existing literature.Method: Relevant literature from electronic databases, including CINAHL, PubMed, Science direct, OVID, Proquest, and The Cochrane Library during the year 1990-2010, was examined, synthesized, and categorized systematically.Result: The results showed that factors related to a nurse’s caring behavior for a dying patient can be classified into three groups. These include; Nurse’s personal factors, Technological influencing factors and Environmental factors.Conclusion: The three factors related to nurses’ caring behaviors for dying patients in the current review could serve as a valuable database to implement in nursing practice, education and research, in order to achieve quality of end-of-life care.Key words: caring behavior, relating factor, dying patient

Neural network methods have facilitated the unifi - cation of several unfortunate splits in psychology, including nature versus nurture. We review the contributions of this methodology and then discuss tentative network theories of caring behavior, of uncaring behavior, and of how the frontal lobes are involved in the choices between them. The implications of our theory are optimistic about the prospects of society to encourage the human potential for caring.

The study examined the differences in nursing student empathy, caring behavior and competence between the experimental and control groups before and after educational intervention and to predict the factors affecting their core competencies. Educating nursing students in empathy and caring behaviors before entering clinical practice is challenging. We used a two-group pretest and post-test quasi-experimental design. First-year nursing students from medical schools in Taiwan participated in our study. Data were collected between March and May 2022. The learning method used with the intervention group was role-playing with videos and guided reflection. The control group was exposed to traditional curriculum. Empathy, caring behavior and competence were measured using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy- Healthcare Providers, the Caring Behaviors Scale and the Nursing Student Competence Scale. A total of 72 participants (40 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group) were included in the final statistical analysis. The response rate was 92%. Statistically significant differences in nursing student empathy, caring behavior and competence were observed between the experimental and control groups (p <.05). The η2 effect levels were 0.083, 0.223 and 0.270. Higher caring behavior scores were significantly associated with higher nursing student competence scores (β = 0.81, 95% CI:0.66–0.97). Education based on video role-play and guided reflection improved empathy, caring behavior and nursing competence in first-year nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Caring is the core and essence of the nursing profession. Nurse educators, are in a key position to role model for perspective nurses the role of caring while including caring as a vital component in a nursing curriculum. Objectives This paper is a report on students' perceptions of instructors' caring behavior in four countries: India, Greece, Nigeria, and the Philippines. Methods This study utilized a quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative approach. A total of 450 nursing students participated with an almost equal nursing student frequency distribution. The main instrument used in this study was the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC). The study was conducted during the months of September 2013 to January 2014. Descriptive statistics, correlations analysis, linear regression model and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data collected. Findings The highest rated subscale in the NSPIC was “instills confidence through caring” (M = 4.268, SD = 0.964), while the lowest ranked subscale was for the subscale “Control versus flexibility” (M = 3.609, SD = 1.076). No significant correlations were found between the NSPIC scale and gender (F = 0.060, p = 0.807), age (F = 3.220, p = 0.073), educational level (F = 0.100, p = 0.752) and family status of students (F = 1.417, p = 0.235), except the country of origin (F = 3.703, p = 0.012, η 2 = 0.024). Conclusion With this study as an initial investigation into ascertaining nursing instructors caring focused on a cross-country approach, nurse educators can utilize this information to better portray their role as a nurse educator when being perceived by their nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mind wandering, or the tendency for attention to drift to task-irrelevant thoughts, has been associated with worse intra- and inter-personal functioning. Utilizing daily experience sampling with 51 adults during 9-weeks of a compassion meditation program, we examined effects on mind wandering (to neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant topics) and caring behaviors for oneself and others. Results indicated that compassion meditation decreased mind wandering to neutral topics and increased caring behaviors towards oneself. When collapsing across topics, mind wandering did not serve as an intermediary between the frequency of compassion meditation practice and caring behaviors, though mind wandering to pleasant and unpleasant topics was linked to both variables. A path analysis revealed that greater frequency of compassion meditation practice was related to reductions in mind wandering to unpleasant topics and increases in mind wandering to pleasant topics, both of which were related to increases in caring behaviors for oneself and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to study the impact of individual factors such as emotional intelligence (EI) and spiritual intelligence (SI) on the caring behavior of nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using questionnaire was conducted by sampling 550 nurses working in seven major public hospitals in Malaysia. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The main findings are: (1) critical existential thinking and transcendental awareness dimensions of SI have significant impacts on assurance of human presence dimension of caring behavior: (2) personal meaning production and conscious state expansion dimensions of SI have significant impacts on perception of emotion and managing own emotions dimensions of El; and (3) managing own emotions dimension of EI has significant impacts on respectful deference to other and assurance of human presence dimensions of caring behavior of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]