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Objective: To investigate the correlation between anthropometric indexes [cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation products (LAP), waist triglyceride index (WTI), and body mass index (BMI)] and acute pancreatitis (AP) in a Chinese adult population. Methodology: The present investigation consisted of a prospective group including 117,326 subjects who were enrolled in the Kailuan investigation. The individuals were categorized into quartiles based on their baseline levels of CMI, LAP, and WIT. BMI was categorized into three distinctive groups: normal weight group (BMI < 24 kg/m2), overweight group (BMI 24–28 kg /m2), and obesity group (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2). The data were subjected to analysis in order to investigate the correlation between these anthropometric indexes and the incidence of AP. Cox regression models were employed to assess the relative risk of AP while accounting for known risk factors through appropriate adjustments. Outcomes: Over the course of a median follow-up duration of 12.59 ± 0.98 years, we documented 401 incident AP cases. Incidence density and cumulative incidence rates of AP increased with the increase of CMI, LAP, and WTI. After multivariate adjustment, the fourth quartile of CMI, LAP, and WTI exhibited the greatest risk of AP [CMI: hazard ratio (HR) 1.93, 95% confidential interval (CI) (1.45–2.57); LAP: HR 2.00, 95% CI(1.49–2.68); WTI: HR 2.13,95% CI (1.59–2.83)]. In comparison to the normal weight group, the obesity group (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) had an elevated risk of AP (HR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.21–2.05). Furthermore, the incremental effect of BMI combined with CMI on the prognostic value of AP was greater than that of BMI alone (the C statistics demonstrated a result of 0.607 versus 0.546; the integrated discrimination improvement revealed a result of 0.321%; net reclassification improvement was 1.975%). Conclusion: We found that CMI, LAP, and WTI were positively and independently connected to the risk of AP. Additionally, CMI demonstrates a superior prognostic capacity than other indexes in anticipating AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a simple index to measure blood lipid, which is closely related to diabetes and stroke. Metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) individuals have higher risks of morbidity and mortality of diabetes and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Correctly identifying individuals with MONW phenotype is essential for the prevention and control of metabolism-related diseases. However, there are few studies on the predictive value of CMI for MONW phenotype. Objective To investigate the association between CMI and MONW phenotype, and to evaluate the predictive value of CMI for MONW phenotype. Methods The multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select permanent residents aged ≥18 years as subjects from Nanjing. The investigation time was from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018. The basic data of subjects were collected and multivariate robust Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the RR value with 95%CI of CMI for MONW phenotype. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of CMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) , triglyceride/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) for MONW phenotype. DeLong test was used to compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the above-mentioned five indicators, and to further explore the value of CMI in predicting MONW phenotype in different gender and age groups. Results A total of 30 408 people were included, including 13 213 males and 17 195 females, 23 691 cases of MHNW and 6 717 cases of MONW. There was statistically significant difference in age, education, occupation, current smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, duration of static behavior, high red meat intake, disease history, medication history, height, waist circumference (WC) , body mass index (BMI) , total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) , systolic blood pressure (SBP) , diastolic blood pressure (DBP) , fasting blood glucose (FPG) , TG/HDL-C, waist-height ratio (WHtR) and CMI (P

Background: Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases include a large group of pathologies and constitute one of the most serious chronic health problems facing the 21st century, with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy diets influence the development of these pathologies. The Mediterranean diet can be an important part in the treatment of these diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a program that aims to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the improvement of different cardiometabolic risk parameters. Methods: A prospective intervention study was carried out on 7034 Spanish workers. Prior to the intervention, 22 cardiometabolic risk scales were evaluated. Participants in this study were informed both orally and in writing of the characteristics and benefits of the Mediterranean diet and were given the website of the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of Spain, which provides advice on nutrition. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was reinforced by sending a monthly SMS to their mobile phones. After six months of follow-up, the 22 risk scales were re-evaluated to assess changes. Means and standard deviations were calculated using Student’s t test to analyse quantitative variables. Prevalence was calculated using the Chi-square test when the variables were qualitative. Results: All the cardiometabolic risk scales studied decreased after implementing a program to improve and enhance adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The number of losses in the sample was very low, standing at 4.31%. Conclusions: The Mediterranean diet is effective in reducing all cardiovascular risk scales evaluated. The mean values and prevalence of high values of the different cardiometabolic risk scales analysed led to lower values after the implementation of the program to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet. We observed a significant positive difference in metabolic age in both sexes. We have obtained a significant improvement in the insulin resistance index, especially in the SPISE-IR index, data that we have not found in previous publications. Easy access to the Internet and new information and communication technologies facilitate adherence to a diet and can reduce the number of losses.

Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is recently considered to have certain significance in the screening of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and renal dysfunction. Therefore, this study intends to explore the relationship between CMI and the risk of albuminuria. This is a cross-sectional study involving 2732 elderly people (age ≥ 60). The research data are from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018. Calculate CMI index: Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/L)/ High density lipid-cholesterol (HDL C) (mmol/L) × WHtR. The CMI level in microalbuminuria group was significantly higher than that in normal albuminuria group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), whether in the general population or in diabetes and hypertensive population respectively. The proportion of abnormal microalbuminuria increased gradually with the increase of CMI tertile interval (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that CMI was positively correlated with urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr), and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). With the occurrence of albuminuria as the dependent variable, weighted logistic regression analysis showed that CMI was an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria. Weighted smooth curve fitting showed that CMI index was linearly related to the risk of microalbuminuria. Subgroup analysis and interaction test showed that they participated in this positive correlation. Obviously, CMI is independently associated with microalbuminuria, suggesting that CMI, a simple indicator, can be used for risk assessment of microalbuminuria, especially in diabetes patients. • The CMI level in microalbuminuria group was significantly higher than that in normal albuminuria group. • CMI index was linearly related to the risk of microalbuminuria. • CMI is independently associated with microalbuminuria, suggesting that CMI, a simple indicator, can be used for risk assessment of microalbuminuria, especially in diabetes patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To explore the association between cardiometabolic index and hyperuricemia risk in people over 45 years of age in China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Methods Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 and 2015 were included in this prospective cohort study. The 2011 data were used as the baseline and the outcomes of hyperuricemia were followed up in 2015. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the association between cardiometabolic index and the risk of hyperuricemia. ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of cardiometabolic index for the risk of hyperuricemia. Results Among 3 002 subjects, after adjusting for relevant confounders, the risk of hyperuricemia in the highest cardiometabolic index group was 3. 12 times (P<0. 001) that in the lowest cardiometabolic index group in males, and HR was 3. 120, 95%CI was 1. 606 ~6. 062; in females was 2. 128 times (P<0. 05) that in the lowest cardiometabolic index group, respectively, and HR was 2. 128, 95%CI was 1. 060 ~4. 272; the risk of hyperuricemia increased with the increase of cardiometabolic index. ROC curve analysis showed that the curve of cardiometabolic index for predicting the risk of hyperuricemia was 0. 618 (95% CI: 0. 580 ~0. 656), the best cutoff value was 0. 433, the sensitivity was 46. 97%, and the specificity was 72. 94%. Conclusions The cardiometabolic index is positively correlated with the risk of hyperuricemia. Maintaining a low cardiometabolic index is beneficial to prevent hyperuricemia. It is suggested that cardiometabolic index may be an identification factor of hyperuricemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Previous studies focused on the relationships between Serum Uric Acid (SUA) and lipids have found an association mainly with triglycerides. Furthermore, previous studies on adiposity indices have been focused on the evaluation of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI). The present study was aimed at providing within the same population a systematic evaluation of lipids and adiposity indices with SUA, employing both the classic cutoff for hyperuricemia and the newly one identified by the Uric Acid Right for Heart Health (URRAH) study. We analyzed data collected in 1892 subjects of the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study with available SUA, lipid profile and variables necessary to calculate VAI, Cardio‐Metabolic Index (CMI) and Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP). At linear regression model (corrected for confounders) SUA correlated with all the lipids values (with the strongest β for triglycerides) and adiposity indices. When the two different cutoffs were compared, the URRAH one was significantly related to atherogenic lipids profile (OR 1.207 for LDL and 1.33 for non‐HDL, P

Recent evidence shows that simple and inexpensive anthropometric measurements can be used to identify, at an early stage, women with obesity at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of five different indexes of adiposity and/or body composition in identifying MetS in a group of 876 women (mean age ± SD: 52.1 ± 13.8 years; body mass index (BMI): 43.6 ± 6.1 kg m−2). The following indexes were determined for each subject: waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body mass fat index (BMFI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and cardiometabolic index (CMI). Overall, the presence of MetS was detected in 544 patients (62%). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationships between body composition indexes and metabolic characteristics of the women. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the best predictor for each adiposity index among metabolic risk factors. The ROC analysis showed VAI (AUC = 0.84) and CMI (AUC = 0.86) showed the best performance in predicting MetS. Differences were found between the ROC area of CMI and VAI with all other indexes (p < 0.05). The optimal cutoff point for early diagnosis of MetS was >0.92 for WHR, >0.76 for WtHR, >30.1 kg m−1 for BMFI, >1.94 for VAI, and >0.84 for CMI. In addition, VAI and CMI were the most sensitive and specific indexes compared with other indexes. In conclusion, VAI and CMI represent the most useful and reliable indexes to be used for detecting MetS in women suffering from obesity in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aims/Introduction The cardiometabolic index (CMI) has been proposed as a novel indicator of cardiometabolic status. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CMI and its longitudinal transitions on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle‐aged and older Chinese. Materials and Methods We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018). CMI was calculated as the product of the waist circumference to height ratio and the triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. At baseline in 2011, the subjects were classified into low‐ and high‐CMI groups, and then divided into four transition patterns during follow‐up, i.e. maintained‐low, low‐to‐high, high‐to‐low, and maintained‐high CMI. The hazard ratios (HRs) of different transition patterns for type 2 diabetes mellitus were calculated using multivariable Cox frailty models. Results During 2011–2018, 7,347 participants were included. Participants with a high‐CMI at baseline had a significantly higher risk of new‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus than those with a low‐CMI (HR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.55–2.05). For subjects with a low‐CMI at baseline, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus increased by 75% if their CMI status changed to high during follow‐up (HRlow‐to‐high = 1.75, 95% CI:1.35–2.28). Meanwhile, for subjects with a maintained‐high CMI, no significant risk reduction for type 2 diabetes mellitus was found when their CMI changed to low status (HRhigh‐to‐low = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.58–1.01). Conclusions Baseline CMI levels and longitudinal CMI transition patterns were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early anti‐lipid measures should be taken to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle‐aged and older Chinese.

Obesity has emerged as a risk factor for the Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent research propose novel obesity indices like Lipid accumulation product (LAP), Visceral adiposity index (VAI), Cardiometabolic index (CMI) to be associated with CKD risk. We aimed to evaluate the association between novel obesity indices and CKD risk indicators such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin excretion. Anthropometry measures, plasma lipids, eGFR estimation from serum creatinine and urine albumin creatinine ratio (urine ACR) were performed in 60 apparently healthy adults visiting the health checkup clinic. The subjects were divided based on Body mass index (BMI) as non-obese (n=22) and obese (n=38) groups. Their eGFR and urine ACR were compared using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test. Spearman correlation test determined the association of obesity and lipid indices with eGFR, urine ACR. Anthropometric measures - BMI, WC (waist circumference), lipid indices - TC/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc ratios, and obesity indices - LAP, CMI were significantly higher in the obese group (p [J Med Allied Sci. 2022; 12(2):58-64]

Background: The cardiometabolic index (CMI) has been proposed as a novel indicator of cardiometabolic status. However, evidence on the relationship between CMI and diabetes mellitus (DM) risk was limited. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between CMI and DM risk among a large cohort of Japanese adults. Methods: This retrospective cohort study recruited 15453 Japanese adults without diabetes at baseline who underwent physical examinations at the Murakami Memorial Hospital between 2004 and 2015. Cox proportionalhazards regression was applied to evaluate the independent relationship between CMI and diabetes. Our study performed a generalized smooth curve fitting (penalized spline technique) and an additive model (GAM) to determine the non-linear relationship between CMI and DM risk. In addition, a set of sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were employed to evaluate the relationship between CMI and incident DM. Results: After adjusting for confounding covariates, CMI was positively related to the DM risk in Japanese adults (HR: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.43-1.90, P<0.0001). A series of sensitivity analyses were also employed in this study to guarantee the reliability of the findings. In addition, our study discovered a non-linear association between CMI and diabetes risk. CMI's inflection point was 1.01. A strong positive association between CMI and diabetes incidence was also discovered to the left of the inflection point (HR: 2.96, 95%CI: 1.96-4.46, P<<0.0001). However, their association was not significant when CMI was higher than 1.01 (HR: 1.27, 95%CI: 0.98-1.64, P=0.0702). Interaction analysis showed that gender, BMI, habit of exercise, and smoking status interacted with CMI. Conclusion: Increased CMI level at baseline is associated with incident DM. The association between CMI and incident DM is also non-linear. A high CMI level is associated with an increased risk for DM when CMI is below 1.01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies focused on the relationships between Serum Uric Acid (SUA) and lipids have found an association mainly with triglycerides. Furthermore, previous studies on adiposity indices have been focused on the evaluation of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI). The present study was aimed at providing within the same population a systematic evaluation of lipids and adiposity indices with SUA, employing both the classic cutoff for hyperuricemia and the newly one identified by the Uric Acid Right for Heart Health (URRAH) study. We analyzed data collected in 1892 subjects of the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study with available SUA, lipid profile and variables necessary to calculate VAI, Cardio‐Metabolic Index (CMI) and Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP). At linear regression model (corrected for confounders) SUA correlated with all the lipids values (with the strongest β for triglycerides) and adiposity indices. When the two different cutoffs were compared, the URRAH one was significantly related to atherogenic lipids profile (OR 1.207 for LDL and 1.33 for non‐HDL, P < 0.001) while this was not the case for the classic one. Regarding adiposity indices the classic cutoff displays highest OR as compared to the URRAH one. In conclusions, newly reported URRAH cutoff for hyperuricemia better relate to atherogenic lipoprotein (LDL and non‐HDL) when compared to the classic one. The opposite has been found for adiposity indexes where the classic cut‐off seems to present highest performance. Among adiposity indexes, LAP present the highest OR for the relationship with hyperuricemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Emerging evidence suggests that cardiometabolic index (CMI) is closely related to diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease, which implies that CMI has the value as an indicator of metabolic diseases. However, data on the relationships between CMI and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risks have not been reported. This study is designed to examine the association between CMI and NAFLD in the general population. Methods The current study included 14,251 subjects whose CMI was the product of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and waist-to-height ratio. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between baseline information and CMI, logistic regression was used to study the relationship between CMI and NAFLD, and subgroup analysis was used to explore potential high-risk groups. Results After adjusted for potential confounding factors, higher CMI was independently associated with NAFLD, in which every additional standard deviation (SD) of CMI increased the risk of NAFLD by 28% (OR 1.28 per SD increase, 95% CI 1.19–1.37, P for trend

Abstract Background Lipid accumulation product (LAP) and cardiometabolic index (CMI) are two novel obesity-related indexes associated with enhancing metabolic disease (MD) risk. Current evidences suggest that the differences in sex hormones and regional fat distribution in both sexes are directly correlated with MD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk. Hence, NAFLD incidences reflect sex differences. Herein, we examined the accuracy of LAP and CMI in diagnosing NAFLD in both sexes. Methods Overall, 14,407 subjects, who underwent health check-up in the northeastern China, were enrolled in this study, and their corresponding LAP and CMI were calculated. Abdominal ultrasonography was employed for NAFLD diagnosis. Multivariate analyses were analyzed potential correlations between LAP and/or CMI and NAFLD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses was executed for the exploration of the diagnostic accuracies. Areas under the curves (AUCs) with 95%CIs were calculated. Results NAFLD prevalence increased with elevated quartiles of LAP and CMI in both sexes. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, LAP and CM expressed as continuous variables or quartiles, significantly correlated with NAFLD. The ORs for the top versus bottom quartile of LAP and CMI for NAFLD were 13.183 (95%CI = 8.512–20.417) and 8.662 (95%CI = 6.371–11.778) in women and 7.544 (95%CI = 5.748–9.902) and 5.400 (95%CI = 4.297–6.786) in men. LAP and CMI exhibited larger AUCs, compared to other obesity-related indexes in terms of discriminating NAFLD. The AUCs of LAP and CMI were 0.860 (95%CI = 0.852–0.867) and 0.833 (95%CI = 0.825–0.842) in women and 0.816 (95%CI = 0.806–0.825) and 0.779 (95%CI = 0.769–0.789) in men. Conclusions LAP and CMI are convenient indexes for the screening and quantification of NAFLD within a Chinese adult population. Their associations with NAFLD are substantially greater in women than men.

Objective To investigate the relationship between visceral fat related index and the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods A total of 308 patients hospitalized with AP at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from September 2014 to October 2021 were included. They were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) (n=186), moderate severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) (n=60) and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) (n=62) for comparison in age, hospitalization cost and days, scoring systems and body mass indexes. Comparison of normally distributed continuous data with homogeneity of variance between groups was made by one-way analysis of variance, and intergroup and intragroup pairwise comparison of data with heterogeneity of variance was made by the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) for each index were constructed and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the performance of each index. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent risk factors of MSAP and SAP. Results There were significant differences among the three groups in terms of hospitalization costs and durations, TG, HDL-C, NLR, WBC, Alb, Cr, BUN, scoring systems, CMI, LAP, WTI and CVAI. Further pairwise comparisons revealed that CMI, LAP, WTI and CVAI were significantly higher in the MAP group than in MSAP and SAP groups. We also found correlation between CMI and the severity of AP (r=0.352, P < 0.001). By comparing the AUCs, CMI was found to be the most accurate in predicting the occurrence of MSAP and SAP. Univariable logistic regression analysis showed that CMI, LAP, WTI, CVAI and WC were the risk factors of MSAP and SAP. After adjusting for confounding factors, CMI and CVAI were identified as the independent risk factors of MSAP and SAP. The risk of MSAP and SAP with CMI ≥ 0.801 was 3.740 times that with CMI < 0.801 (95%CI: 1.983~7.056, P < 0.001). Conclusions Visceral fat is related to the severity of AP. Among the four visceral fat related indexes (CMI, LAP, WTI and CVAI), cardiometabolic index is the most valuable in predicting the severity of AP and they are positively correlated. CMI, an independent risk factor for MSAP and SAP, can be used to predict and assess the severity of AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze association of the cardiometabolic index (CMI) with risk of metabolism - associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), Methods This study recruited 480 individuals from Inpatient Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi an Medical College from January 2018 to December 2020 and divided into MAFLD (n = 202 ) and non - MAFLD groups (n = 278 ) for comparison of the CMI and related biochemical and FibroScan parameters. The independent samples t - test was performed for comparison of normally distributed continuous data, while the Mann - Whitney U test was performed for comparison of non - normally distributed continuous data and the chi - square test was used for comparison of categorical data between these two groups of individuals. These individuals were then divided into Ql - Q4 subgroups based on their CMI and then subjected to the Kruskal - Wallis H test to compare the distribution of the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) between these two groups of patients. Finally, a Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate MAFLD risk at different CMI scores (Ql - Q4). Results Compared with the non - MAFLD individuals, the MAFLD group had significantly higher levels of CMI, CAP, LSM, body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low - density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ - glutamyl transferase, serum uric acid, and fasting blood glucose, but significantly lower high - density lipoprotein cholesterol level (all P <0, 01). Moreover, there was significant difference in the CAP among different CMI quartile levels in these individuals (x² = 15. 220, P = 0. 002). The multivariate logistic regression analytic data revealed that the CMI in the Q4 was an independent predictor for MAFLD risk vs. the CMI in the Ql quantile ones (95% confidence interval, 1. 415 - 8. 764, 0 R = 3. 521 ; P < 0. 01 ) after adjustment for related risk factors. Conclusion A higher CMI score (Q4) was associated with a MAFLD risk and a gradual increase in the CMI score was with the increased number of MAFLD patients and fibrosis risk, indicating that a routine health check - up and measurement of CMI could help to identify and control MAFLD early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a well promising indicator for predicting obesity-related diseases, but its predictive value for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CMI and MAFLD and to evaluate the predictive value of CMI for MAFLD. Methods: A total of 943 subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. CMI was calculated by multiplying the ratio of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to systematically evaluate the relationship between CMI and MAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of CMI for MAFLD and to determine the optimal cutoff value. The diagnostic performance of high CMI for MAFLDwas validated in 131 subjects with magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis. Results: Subjects with higher CMI exhibited a significantly increased risk of MAFLD. The odds ratio for a 1-standard-deviation increase in CMI was 3.180 (2.102-4.809) after adjusting for various confounding factors. Further subgroup analysis showed that there were significant additive interactions between CMI and MAFLD risk in gender, age, and BMI (P for interaction < 0.05), and the area under the ROC curve(AUC) of CMI for predictingMAFLDwere significantly higher in female, young, and nonobese subgroups than that in male, middle-aged and elderly, and obese subgroups (all P < 0.05). Moreover, among nonobese subjects, the AUC of CMI was significantly higher than that of waist circumference, BMI, TG/HDL-C, and TG (all P < 0.05). The best cutoff values of CMI to diagnose MAFLD in males and females were 0.6085 and 0.4319, respectively, and the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of high CMI for diagnosing MAFLD in the validation set were 85.5%, 87.5%, and 80%, respectively. Conclusions: CMI was strongly and positively associated with the risk of MAFLD and can be a reference predictor for MAFLD. High CMI had excellent diagnosticperformance for MALFD, which can enable important clinical value for early identification and screening of MAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Cardiometabolic Index (CMI) is a novel marker of visceral obesity and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed to explore the association between CMI and kidney stones among US adults., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults with complete records of CMI and kidney stones information from the 2011 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance the baseline characteristics of the study population. The independent relationship between CMI and kidney stones was evaluated using IPTW-adjusted multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analysis., Results: A total of 9,177 participants, with an average CMI of 0.72 (0.99), were included in this study. The IPTW-adjusted logistic regression revealed that CMI was an independent risk factor for kidney stones. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for kidney stones were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.24 - 1.56, P < 0.001) for the second CMI tertile and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.17 - 1.47, P < 0.001) for the third CMI tertile, compared with the first CMI tertile. A linear relationship between CMI levels and kidney stone risk was observed in the RCS analysis. Subgroup analysis showed that the association between CMI levels and kidney stone risk remained stable across groups., Conclusions: A positive association between CMI level and the risk of kidney stones was observed among US adults in our study. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate our findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Wang, Tang, Liu, Pan and Zhong.)

Background: The cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel metabolic biomarker, but research on its association with osteporosis (OP) is limited. The objective of this research was to clarify the relationship between CMI and OP in the older adult population of the United States., Methods: This study conducted a cross-sectional analysis using NHANES data 2007-2018 with exclusion of 2011-2012 and 2015-2016 cycles. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between CMI and OP prevalence. Restricted cubic spline curve (RCS) and threshold saturation analyses were performed to explore the nonlinear association between CMI and OP prevalence. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and additional analyses were conducted to ensure the robustness and reliability of the findings., Results: The study included 4,191 participants, revealing that those with OP had significantly lower CMI levels. Logistic regression revealed a strong inverse correlation between Log CMI and OP (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59-0.88), which persisted after adjusting for covariates. RCS analysis revealed a nonlinear inverse relationship with the critical threshold at CMI = 0.93. Below this threshold, each unit increase in CMI was associated with a 37% reduction in OP prevalence, but changes above this threshold were not significant. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings., Conclusion: Elevated CMI exhibited a robust inverse correlation with the prevalence of OP in the older adult U.S. population. Maintaining a moderate CMI significantly diminishes the risk of developing OP., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Li, Li, Dong and Lin.)

Background: The risk of congestive heart failure (CHF) is significantly affected by obesity. However, data on the association between visceral obesity and the risk of CHF remain limited. We explored the relationship between CHF and cardiometabolic index (CMI)., Methods: Drawing from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 2011-2018, we enrolled 9,008 participants in a cross-sectional study. We calculated the CMI as triglyceride (TG)/high density lipid-cholesterol (HDL-C) × weight-to-height ratio (WHtR), and CMI-age as CMI × age. Then, we analyzed CMI and CMI-age as categorical and continuous variables to assess its correlation with CHF. To assess the relationships of CMI and CMI-age with CHF, we used multiple logistic regression models and performed subgroup analysis. To examine the predictive ability of CMI and CMI-age on patients with CHF, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves., Results: The overall prevalence of CHF was 3.31%. The results revealed significant differences in demographic data, comorbidities, lifestyle variables, standing height, BMI, WC, WHtR, TG, and HDL-C among the four groups classified by CMI quartile and CMI-age quartile. When indicators were analyzed as continuous variables, CMI and CMI-age showed positive correlations with CHF in both the crude and adjusted models (all P  < 0.05). When indicators were analyzed as categorical variables, it was found that in all four models, the ORs of group Q4 was significantly different compared to Q1 (all P  < 0.05), suggesting the risk of CHF is significantly increased with higher CMI, and CMI-age. The associations of CMI and CMI-age with CHF were similar in all stratified populations ( P for interaction > 0.05). The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of CMI and CMI-age in predicting CHF were 0.610 (95% CI, 0.578-0.642) and 0.697 (95% CI, 0.668-0.725) separately, suggesting that CMI-age was significantly better than the CMI in predicting CHF ( P  < 0.001)., Conclusions: Both CMI and CMI-age were independently correlated with the risk for CHF. These results suggested that the CMI-age, which provides new insights into the prevention and management of CHF. CMI-age could serve as effective tools to identify CHF during primary care examinations and in medically resource-limited areas., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Luo and Cai.)

Background: Infertility is a fertility disorder caused by various factors, with lipid metabolism playing a crucial role in its development. The cardiometabolic index (CMI), which combines blood lipids (TG/HDL-C) and obesity-related parameters (WHtR), is a new quantitative indicator. This study used NHANES data to investigate the relationship between CMI and the incidence of infertility., Methods: We utilized data from women who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2015 to March 2020 to calculate the CMI index. Subsequently, we used multivariate logistic regression, smooth curve fitting, and subgroup analysis to investigate the relationship between the CMI index and infertility., Results: The logistic regression model revealed a significant positive correlation between the CMI index and infertility, even after adjusting for all confounding variables (OR=3.23, 95%CI: 1.55-6.73, p=0.0017). This association remained consistent across all subgroups (p>0.05 for all interactions). Smooth curve fitting demonstrated a positive nonlinear relationship between CMI and infertility. However, the CMI index had limited diagnostic power for infertility (AUC=0.60, 95%CI: 0.56-0.65). However, the CMI-BMI index combined with BMI had good predictive performance (AUC=0.722, 95%CI: 0.676-0.767)., Conclusion: The CMI index shows a positive correlation with infertility, but its diagnostic value is restricted. The combination with BMI has good diagnostic value. Further investigation is required to determine the effectiveness of the CMI index as an early indicator of infertility., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Cheng, He and Jin.)

Yu-Qiang Zuo,1 Zhi-Hong Gao,1 Yu-Ling Yin,1 Xu Yang,1 Ping-Yong Feng2 1Department of Health Physical Examination Center, The 2nd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Imaging Center, The 2nd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ping-Yong Feng Email xjfpy@163.comBackground and Purpose: The association between the cardiometabolic index (CMI) and hyperuricemia was investigated to provide theoretical support for the management of hyperuricemia in an asymptomatic population with normal body mass index (BMI).Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 374 asymptomatic adults with normal BMI. Traditional anthropometric indices and CMI were calculated. Anthropometric indices were divided into four quartiles and multivariate logistic analysis was used to analyze the association between these indices and hyperuricemia. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the power of the indices to predict hyperuricemia values. The DeLong test was used to compare the AUC of different anthropometric indices.Results: After adjusting for confounding variables, the CMI exhibited a stronger association with hyperuricemia than other anthropometric indices. The odds ratio (OR) for hyperuricemia in the highest quartile of the CMI was 16.674 (confidence interval [CI]=4.424– 62.846). The AUC of the CMI was 0.777 (95% CI=0.719– 0.835, p< 0.001), which was higher than the values for other anthropometric indices. The differences in AUC between the CMI and other indices were statistically significant; the optimal cutoff value of the CMI was 0.655, with sensitivity of 57.1% and specificity of 84.2%.Conclusion: The CMI, which combines waist circumference, height and blood lipid parameters, was more strongly associated with hyperuricemia than other anthropometric indices in asymptomatic population with normal BMI. The CMI may serve as a potential monitoring indicator for hyperuricemia management in asymptomatic populations with normal BMI.Keywords: cardiometabolic index, hyperuricemia, visceral adiposity index, lipid accumulation product

Aims/Introduction: The cardiometabolic index (CMI) has been proposed as a novel indicator of cardiometabolic status. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CMI and its longitudinal transitions on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle‐aged and older Chinese. Materials and Methods: We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018). CMI was calculated as the product of the waist circumference to height ratio and the triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. At baseline in 2011, the subjects were classified into low‐ and high‐CMI groups, and then divided into four transition patterns during follow‐up, i.e. maintained‐low, low‐to‐high, high‐to‐low, and maintained‐high CMI. The hazard ratios (HRs) of different transition patterns for type 2 diabetes mellitus were calculated using multivariable Cox frailty models. Results: During 2011–2018, 7,347 participants were included. Participants with a high‐CMI at baseline had a significantly higher risk of new‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus than those with a low‐CMI (HR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.55–2.05). For subjects with a low‐CMI at baseline, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus increased by 75% if their CMI status changed to high during follow‐up (HRlow‐to‐high = 1.75, 95% CI:1.35–2.28). Meanwhile, for subjects with a maintained‐high CMI, no significant risk reduction for type 2 diabetes mellitus was found when their CMI changed to low status (HRhigh‐to‐low = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.58–1.01). Conclusions: Baseline CMI levels and longitudinal CMI transition patterns were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early anti‐lipid measures should be taken to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle‐aged and older Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has emerged as a risk factor for the Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent research proposes novel obesity indices like Lipid accumulation product (LAP), Visceral adiposity index (VAI), Cardiometabolic index (CMI) to be associated with CKD risk. We aimed to evaluate the association between novel obesity indices and CKD risk indicators such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin excretion. Anthropometry measures, plasma lipids, eGFR estimation from serum creatinine and urine albumin creatinine ratio (urine ACR) were performed in 60 apparently healthy adults visiting the health checkup clinic. The subjects were divided based on Body mass index (BMI) as non-obese (n=22) and obese (n=38) groups. Their eGFR and urine ACR were compared using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test. Spearman correlation test determined the association of obesity and lipid indices with eGFR, urine ACR. Anthropometric measures - BMI, WC (waist circumference), lipid indices - TC/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc ratios, and obesity indices - LAP, CMI were significantly higher in the obese group (p<0.05), while their HDLc levels remained low (p<0.05). eGFR and urine ACR were not significantly different between the study groups. Urine ACR of the study population had significant correlation only with BMI (r=-0.337, p=0.038), Waist-hip ratio (r=-0.386, p=0.017), LAP (r=-0.357, p=0.028); whereas eGFR had no remarkable correlations with any of the obesity indices. There were no significant adverse changes in CKD risk markers of obese subjects. Our findings disprove the association of novel obesity indices with CKD risk markers in obese South Indians, thereby invalidating the utility of these novel obesity indices to predict early CKD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Relationships of polycythemia (PC) with cardiometabolic risk were investigated. • PC was associated with obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. • Subjects with PC showed about a two-fold higher risk of metabolic syndrome. • The associations between PC and cardiometabolic risk were independent of smoking. • PC is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the general population. Polycythemia increases blood viscosity and causes thrombogenesis in cardiovascular disease. However, relationships between polycythemia and cardiometabolic risk factors in a general population remain to be determined. Subjects were middle-aged Japanese men (n = 11261) receiving annual health checkup examinations. Relationships of polycythemia, defined as hemoglobin concentrations of 16.5 g/dl or higher, with cardiometabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, were investigated. Both in univariable analysis and multivariable analysis with adjustment for age, histories of smoking, alcohol drinking and regular exercise, and medication therapy for hypertension, dyslipidemia or diabetes, waist-to-height ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, cardiometabolic index (CMI) and hemoglobin A 1c were significantly higher and HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in the polycythemic group than in the non-polycythemic group. The above associations between polycythemia and cardiovascular risk factors were also found in the sub-analysis for nonsmokers (n = 4937). The odds ratios (ORs) of the polycythemic vs. non-polycythemic groups for high CMI and metabolic syndrome (MS) were significantly high when compared with the reference level in the multivariable analysis (OR with 95% confidence interval: high CMI, 2.18 [1.91 ∼ 2.50]; MS, 2.39 [2.02 ∼ 2.85]). Polycythemia showed smoking-independent associations with cardiometabolic risk factors including visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Thus, polycythemia is a potential discriminator of cardiovascular risk in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases . Body adiposity index (BAI), lipid accumalation pruduct (LAP), cardiometabolic index (CMI) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) are non-traditional parameters used to evaluate visceral obesity. There are not enough studies on the relationship between non-traditional adiposity markers and hyperuricemia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between hyperuricemia and non-traditional adiposity markers in pre-menopausal women. Material and Method: 86 premenopausal women were included in the study. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference measurements were made, Body mass index (kg / m²) was calculated. Blood pressure was measured from both arms after 10 minutes of rest. Blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting. Rusults: 43 women (%50) had hyperuricemia. In the group with hyperuricemia, traditional and non-traditional (BAI, LAP, VAI, CMI) adiposity markers were increased. A positive correlation was found between serum uric acid (UA) levels and adiposity markers. WC, LAP and CMI were found to be independent adiposity markers of serum UA. Conclusion: In our study, we determined that WC, LAP and CMI were independent adiposity markers for serum uric acid value.

Sudip Datta Banik,1 Elda Pacheco-Pantoja,2 Roberto Lugo,3 Lizzette Gómez-de-Regil,3 Rodolfo Chim Aké,3 Rosa María Méndez González,1 Ana Ligia Gutiérrez Solis3 1Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav-IPN), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; 2School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; 3Regional High Speciality Hospital of the Yucatan Peninsula (HRAEPY), Merida, Yucatan, MexicoCorrespondence: Ana Ligia Gutiérrez Solis Email ganaligia@gmail.comBackground: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is related to genetic background, dietary habits, and lifestyle. Anthropometric indices and lipid parameters have been shown to be simple and useful tools in clinical practice for predicting MetS. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential magnitudes of anthropometric characteristics (waist circumference and body mass index [BMI]) and lipid parameters, namely, lipid accumulation product (LAP), cardiometabolic index (CMI), and Castelli Risk Index (CRI-I), to estimate MetS, usingappropriate cut-off values, among adults from a public hospital in Yucatan, Mexico.Methods: A cross-sectional study among 250 adults (77 men, 173 women) was carried out in the Regional High Speciality Hospital of the Yucatan Peninsula (HRAEPY) in Merida, Yucatan. MetS was diagnosed using standard criteria (central obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), and derived parameters (LAP, CMI, and CRI-I) were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis-based receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to predict MetS.Results: Of the 250 participants, 48% had MetS. High prevalences of overweight (35.2%) and obesity (48.8%) were found in the sample. The CMI and LAP were found to be the best parameters in the prediction of MetS in men and women. The optimal cut-off values of the parameters were higher in men and decreased with advancing age.Conclusion: The CMI and LAP were shown to be the most effective indicators to diagnose MetS among adults from Yucatan, Mexico.Keywords: BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile, lipid accumulation product, cardiometabolic index, Castelli Risk Index, cut-off values

Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) and cardiometabolic index (CMI) are two novel obesity-related indexes associated with enhancing metabolic disease (MD) risk. Current evidences suggest that the differences in sex hormones and regional fat distribution in both sexes are directly correlated with MD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk. Hence, NAFLD incidences reflect sex differences. Herein, we examined the accuracy of LAP and CMI in diagnosing NAFLD in both sexes. Methods: Overall, 14,407 subjects, who underwent health check-up in the northeastern China, were enrolled in this study, and their corresponding LAP and CMI were calculated. Abdominal ultrasonography was employed for NAFLD diagnosis. Multivariate analyses were analyzed potential correlations between LAP and/or CMI and NAFLD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses was executed for the exploration of the diagnostic accuracies. Areas under the curves (AUCs) with 95%CIs were calculated. Results: NAFLD prevalence increased with elevated quartiles of LAP and CMI in both sexes. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, LAP and CM expressed as continuous variables or quartiles, significantly correlated with NAFLD. The ORs for the top versus bottom quartile of LAP and CMI for NAFLD were 13.183 (95%CI = 8.512–20.417) and 8.662 (95%CI = 6.371–11.778) in women and 7.544 (95%CI = 5.748–9.902) and 5.400 (95%CI = 4.297–6.786) in men. LAP and CMI exhibited larger AUCs, compared to other obesity-related indexes in terms of discriminating NAFLD. The AUCs of LAP and CMI were 0.860 (95%CI = 0.852–0.867) and 0.833 (95%CI = 0.825–0.842) in women and 0.816 (95%CI = 0.806–0.825) and 0.779 (95%CI = 0.769–0.789) in men. Conclusions: LAP and CMI are convenient indexes for the screening and quantification of NAFLD within a Chinese adult population. Their associations with NAFLD are substantially greater in women than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that cardiometabolic index (CMI) is closely related to diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease, which implies that CMI has the value as an indicator of metabolic diseases. However, data on the relationships between CMI and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risks have not been reported. This study is designed to examine the association between CMI and NAFLD in the general population.Methods: The current study included 14,251 subjects whose CMI was the product of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and waist-to-height ratio. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between baseline information and CMI, logistic regression was used to study the relationship between CMI and NAFLD, and subgroup analysis was used to explore potential high-risk groups.Results: After adjusted for potential confounding factors, higher CMI was independently associated with NAFLD, in which every additional standard deviation (SD) of CMI increased the risk of NAFLD by 28% (OR 1.28 per SD increase, 95% CI 1.19-1.37, P for trend < 0.0001). There were also significant differences in CMI-related NAFLD risk among different ages and genders, in which the CMI-related NAFLD risk in young people was significantly higher than that in other age groups (OR = 2.63 per SD increase for young people, OR = 1.38 per SD increase for young and middle-aged people, OR = 1.18 per SD increase for middle-aged and elderly people; OR = 1.14 per SD increase for elderly people, P for interaction = 0.0010), and the CMI-related NAFLD risk in women was significantly higher than that in men (OR = 1.58 per SD increase for women, OR = 1.26 per SD increase for men, P for interaction = 0.0045).Conclusions: Current studies have found that after excluding potential confounding factors, higher CMI in the general population is independently associated with NAFLD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the traditional and novel obesity-related indices in the determination of metabolic syndrome in adults and to determine which marker is the better predictor. Materials and Methods: A total of 419 adults between the ages of 18-65 were included in this study. Body weight, height, waist, hip and waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured; fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were analyzed. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The values of 23 obesity-related indices were calculated. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 58.7% (male 41.2%; female 67.7%). The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has the largest area under the curve (AUC) in both men (AUC = 0.894, cutoff = 3.9) and women (AUC = 0.901, cutoff = 3.9). In men, lipid accumulation product (LAP) had the second highest determination for MetS (AUC = 0.880, cut-off = 51.1), followed by TyG-waist/hip (AUC = 0.876, cut-off = 3.7). Cardiometabolic index (CMI) (AUC = 0.872, cut-off value = 1.3) and visceral adiposity index VAI (AUC = 0.868, cut-off value = 4.1) had the second and third largest AUCs, respectively, in women. Conclusion: TyG index is the best predictor of MetS. Waist circumference could be an alternative index in large epidemiology survey due to its convenient and cost efective characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between cardiometabolic index and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 555 patients who were diagnosed as T2DM in department of endocrinology and metabolism of Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University from February 2012 to July 2020 were selected, the clinical data were collected. Patients were divided into low CMI (L-CMI) group (n=185), medium CMI (M-CMI) group (n=185) and high CMI (H-CMI) group (n=185) according to the different CMI values, the subjects were divided into normal albuminuria group (n=294), microalbuminuria group (n=209) and macroalbuminuria group (n=52) according to the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio UACR, then the relationship between CMI and abnormal albuminuria in T2DM patients was analyzed, the predictive value of CMI for abnormal albuminuria in T2DM patients was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), CMI, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), fasting C-peptide (FC-P), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), urea nitrogen (BUN), serum uric acid (SUA), creatinine (SCR), glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) in different UACR groups were statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The incidence of abnormal albuminuria in L-CMI, M-CMI and H-CMI groups were 21.08%, 42.70% and 77.30% respectively, and the incidence of abnormal albuminuria showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.05). The results of Spearman rank correlation analysis show that, UACR was positively correlated with FINS, BUN, CMI, Scr, SUA, SBP, DBP, BMI, TG, TC, HbA1c, FPG, FC-P and HOMA-IR (P<0.05), and it was negatively correlated with eGFR and HDL-C (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, CMI had the strongest effect on UACR (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that, age, SBP, CMITC, LDL-C and HbA1c were independent risk factors for abnormal albuminuria in T2DM patients (P<0.05). The area under the curve of CMI predicting the occurrence of abnormal albuminuria was 0.801, the sensitivity and specificity were 68.60% and 76.90% respectively. Conclusions: The risk of abnormal albuminuria in patients with T2DM is closely related to CMI, suggesting that CMI may be a clinical predictor of diabetic nephropathy (DKD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies show that metabolic syndrome is a factor for developing renal cell cancer (RCC) and tumour aggressiveness. In our study, we evaluated the association between renal cell cancer and cardiometabolic index (CMI) which meets the main components of the metabolic syndrome. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 310 consecutive patients with RCC who underwent radical nephrectomy at our institution. We evaluated the tumour size, histologic subtype, Fuhrman nuclear grade. CMI was calculated as the product of waist circumference (WC) to waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-c). CMI were statistically higher in patients with tumour size ≥ 7 cm than those < 7 cm (p

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is related to genetic background, dietary habits, and lifestyle. Anthropometric indices and lipid parameters have been shown to be simple and useful tools in clinical practice for predicting MetS. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential magnitudes of anthropometric characteristics (waist circumference and body mass index [BMI]) and lipid parameters, namely, lipid accumulation product (LAP), cardiometabolic index (CMI), and Castelli Risk Index (CRI-I), to estimate MetS, usingappropriate cut-off values, among adults from a public hospital in Yucatan, Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 250 adults (77 men, 173 women) was carried out in the Regional High Speciality Hospital of the Yucatan Peninsula (HRAEPY) in Merida, Yucatan. MetS was diagnosed using standard criteria (central obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), and derived parameters (LAP, CMI, and CRI-I) were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis-based receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to predict MetS. Results: Of the 250 participants, 48% had MetS. High prevalences of overweight (35.2%) and obesity (48.8%) were found in the sample. The CMI and LAP were found to be the best parameters in the prediction of MetS in men and women. The optimal cut-off values of the parameters were higher in men and decreased with advancing age. Conclusion: The CMI and LAP were shown to be the most effective indicators to diagnose MetS among adults from Yucatan, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA) is widely recommended for preventing and combating obesity, but the most effective PA pattern for treating obesity remains unclear. Cardiometabolic index (CMI), derived from waist height ratio and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio, is a novel indicator for evaluating obesity. However, the relationship between different PA patterns and CMI remains unelucidated., Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between different PA patterns and CMI in U.S. adults., Methods: Participants with complete information in CMI, PA patterns, and other covariates in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database (2007-2016) were included in this study. Multivariate linear regression models were utilized to explore the relationship between PA patterns and CMI. Moreover, stratified analyses, interaction tests and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analysis were used to investigate the stability and nonlinearity of the association, respectively., Results: A total of 16,442 adults were included in this study. After adjusting for all potential covariates, only the regularly active group was significantly associated with CMI reduction (β = -0.13, 95% CI: 0.19 to -0.07, P < 0.0001), while the weekend warriors group did not achieve equivalent CMI reduction (β = -0.09, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.14, P = 0.4204). Subgroup analyses and interaction tests revealed that the CMI-PA association was more pronounced in the subgroup with age≤45 or >60, with higher education level, and who are current drinkers. Furthermore, RCS analysis indicated that total PA in a week was significantly, nonlinearly associated with CMI in non-inactive adults, and that a total of PA more than 330 min can reap favorable CMI reduction., Conclusion: Being regularly active is associated with significant CMI reduction, while being weekend warriors and insufficiently active do not achieve equivalent benefits. For non-inactive individuals, engaging in PA for more than 330 min weekly helps to reduce CMI effectively., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) has emerged as a prominent public health concern. Hypertensive patients are prone to develop comorbidities. Moreover, the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is the main cause for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. The cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) not only assess adipose tissue mass but also reflect adipose tissue dysfunction. So far, no study has been reported to evaluate the association of CMI, LAP, VAI, and CVAI with CMM risk in hypertensive patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association between these adiposity indicators and the risk of CMM among Chinese hypertensive patients., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 229,287 hypertensive patients aged 35 years and older were included from the National Basic Public Health Service Project. All participants underwent a face-to-face questionnaire survey, physical examination, and the collection of fasting venous blood samples. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Receiver operating characteristic curve was utilized to evaluate the identification ability for CMM., Results: After adjusting for confounders, each 1-standard deviation increase in CMI, LAP, VAI, and CVAI was associated with a 14%, 8%, 12%, and 54% increased risk of CMM, respectively. When comparing the highest quartile of these indicators with the lowest quartile, individuals in the highest quartile of CMM, LAP, VAI, and CVAI had a 1.39-fold (95% CI 1.30, 1.48), 1.28-fold (95% CI 1.19, 1.37), 1.37-fold (95% CI 1.29, 1.46), and 2.56-fold (95% CI 2.34, 2.79) increased risk of CMM after adjusting for potential confounders. Notably, a nonlinear association was observed for CMI, LAP, and VAI with the risk of CMM (all P nonlinearity < 0.001). CVAI exhibited the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) among all the included adiposity indices in this analysis., Conclusion: This study indicated the significant positive association of CMI, LAP, VAI, and CVAI with the risk of CMM in hypertensive patients. Among these indicators, CVAI demonstrated the most robust performance in predicting CMM risk and may serve as a valuable tool for identifying CMM risk in Chinese hypertensive patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Dong, Lin, Zhou, Yang, Liu, Chen, Liu and Zhang.)

Abstract Background Recent studies have suggested that cardiometabolic index (CMI), a novel estimate of visceral adipose tissue, could be of use in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors. However, the potential utility and clinical significance of CMI in the detection of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of CMI in assessing reduced eGFR in the general Chinese population. Methods This cross-sectional analysis included 11,578 participants (mean age: 53.8 years, 53.7% females) from Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS) of general Chinese population (data collected from January 2013 to August 2013). CMI was calculated by triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio multiply waist-to-height ratio. Reduced eGFR was defined as eGFR

Abstract Background Cardiometabolic index (CMI) defines adiposity based on triglycerides (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). This newly proposed metric has been used to detect multiple cardiovascular risk factors, but data relative to diabetes in the general population are lacking. This study aims to validate CMI’s utility of discriminating diabetes and compares it with other indexes among general Chinese population. Methods Analyses were based on a cross-sectional study of 11,478 participants that underwent assessment of metabolic and anthropometric parameters in rural areas of northeastern China in 2013. CMI was calculated by TG/HDL-C × WHtR. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to clarify CMI’s association with diabetes, ROC analyses were engaged to investigate CMI’s discriminating ability for diabetes. Results The prevalence of diabetes was 9.93% in males while 10.76% in females, and increased with CMI’s increment. After full adjustment, each SD increment of CMI had odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes of 1.471 (1.367–1.584) and 1.422 (1.315–1.539) in females and males, respectively. Compared with bottom categories of CMI, the top quartiles had ORs of 3.736 (2.783–5.015) in females and 3.697 (2.757–4.958) in males. The ROC results showed an excellent discriminating power of CMI (AUC: 0.702 for females, 0.664 for males). Conclusions An increasing CMI was correlated with higher odds of diabetes, supporting CMI as a useful and economic measure to screen and quantify diabetes in general Chinese population. Monitoring and promoting achievement of dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity based on CMI may improve subclinical and cardiovascular outcomes.

Abstract Background Despite current interest in the unfavorable impact of cardiometabolic index (CMI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) on diabetes and cardiovascular risk, information regarding the relation of CMI and LAP to left ventricular (LV) geometry has not been specifically addressed. We aimed to examine the hypothesis: (1) CMI and LAP represent an independent determinant of LV remodeling in general population of rural China; (2) there are gender differences in obesity-related alterations in terms of LV morphology. Methods The sample for this cross-sectional analysis included 11,258 participants (mean age 53.9 years; 54.0% females) who underwent assessment of basic metabolic and anthropometric parameters in rural areas of northeast China. Comprehensive echocardiography-defined LV geometric pattern was determined according to left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness. Results The prevalence rate of eccentric and concentric LV hypertrophy (LVH) presented a proportional increase with elevated quartiles of CMI and LAP in a dose-response manner (all P

Over the past decade, it has been suggested that erectile dysfunction (ED) is an early indicator of cardiovascular disease. In a recent study, a new index, termed as cardiometabolic index (CMI), was defined and measured as the product of triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and waist-to-height ratio, which are good predictors of coronary artery disease and main components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). All components of the CMI are also included in MetS criteria. Thus, we decided to evaluate the correlation between CMI, including the criteria of MetS, and ED. A total of 95 men with ED (ED group) and 82 healthy men (control group) were included in the study. Sexual functions were evaluated using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 items scale. CMI was measured as the product of waist-to-height ratio and TG/HDL-C ratio. Mean CMI level was 2.33±0.11 in the study group and 1.14±0.076 in the control group. CMI levels were significantly higher in the ED group (p

Background: Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel indicator for predicting the risk of obesity-related diseases. We aimed to determine the relationships of CMI with insulin resistance (IR), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using NHANES data from 1999 to 2020., Methods: After CMI values were estimated, weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to ascertain whether CMI was an independent risk indicator for IR, IFG, and T2DM. Furthermore, stratified analyses and interaction analyses were carried out to investigate the heterogeneity of correlations across various subgroups. Subsequently, restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to examine nonlinear relationships., Results: 21,304 US adults were enrolled in our study, of whom 5,326 (22.38%) had IR, 4,706 (20.17%) had IFG, and 3,724 (13.02%) had T2DM. In the studied population, a higher CMI index value was significantly associated with an elevated likelihood of IR, IFG, and T2DM. In the RCS regression model, the relationship between CMI and IR, IFG, and T2DM was identified as nonlinear. A nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship was found between CMI and IFG, and an inverse L-shaped association was observed between CMI and IR, CMI and T2DM. The cut-off values of CMI were 1.35, 1.48, and 1.30 for IR, IFG, and T2DM, respectively., Conclusion: Our results indicate that CMI was positively correlated with an increase in IR, IFG, and T2DM in the studied population. CMI may be a simple and effective surrogate indicator of IR, IFG, and T2DM., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Song, Li, Zhu, Liang, Xue and Zhu.)

Background This study aimed to examine the cardiometabolic index during early pregnancy in individuals with hypertension-complicating pregnancy, especially preeclampsia. Additionally, this study sought to determine the relationship between cardiometabolic index and the incidence of varying degrees of preeclampsia. Methodology This study included 289 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia who were registered and delivered at our hospital. These women were assigned to the preeclampsia group. Additionally, a group of 289 healthy pregnant women of identical gestational ages within the same time frame was included for comparison. Clinical data on pregnancy, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, waistline, triglyceride levels, and cardiometabolic index, were compared between the two groups. An analysis was conducted to examine the association between early pregnancy cardiometabolic index and the occurrence of preeclampsia. Results There was a significant association between the quartile of cardiometabolic index and the proportion of preeclampsia patients (p < 0.001). Furthermore, after controlling for age and BMI, the risk of preeclampsia remained significantly elevated and was associated with the cardiometabolic index. Conclusions A positive correlation was observed between cardiometabolic index during early pregnancy and the occurrence of preeclampsia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Khan et al.)

This study aimed to investigate the performance of innovative and traditional cardiometabolic indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), visceral adiposity index, lipid accumulation product, a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index, conicity index (CI), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC, in estimating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in 3143 Taiwanese adults aged 20–79 years. Elevated 10-year ASCVD risk was defined as ≥7.5% using the Pooled Cohort Equations. The performance of different indices in estimating elevated ASCVD risk was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses, all cardiometabolic indices (p-value < 0.001) were significantly associated with elevated ASCVD risk in both genders, except for ABSI and CI in women. In particular, CVAI had the largest area under the curve (AUC) in men (0.721) and women (0.883) in the ROC analyses. BMI had the lowest AUC in men (0.617), while ABSI had the lowest AUC in women (0.613). The optimal cut-off value for CVAI was 83.7 in men and 70.8 in women. CVAI performed best among various cardiometabolic indices in estimating elevated ASCVD risk. CVAI may be a reliable index for identifying people at increased risk of ASCVD.

Aims Cardiometabolic index (CMI), calculated as the product of waist-to-height ratio and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, has been proposed as a discriminator of diabetes and has been reported to be associated with progression of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between alcohol drinking and CMI in men with diabetes. Methods The subjects were Japanese male workers aged from 35 to 65 years with diabetes mellitus (n = 1411). The subjects were divided by average daily alcohol consumption (g ethanol/day) into 4 categories of alcohol drinking (nondrinkers; light drinkers, < 22; moderate drinkers, ≥ 22 and < 44; heavy drinkers, ≥ 44). CMI and variables comprising CMI were compared in the nondrinker and each of the drinker groups. Age, habits of smoking and regular exercise, and a present history of medication therapy for diabetes were adjusted in each analysis. Results Log-transformed CMI was significantly lower in light and moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly lower in moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, while log-transformed triglycerides was significantly higher in heavy drinkers than in nondrinkers. HDL cholesterol tended to be higher with an increase of alcohol consumption. Odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals vs. nondrinkers for high CMI were 0.53 (0.36–0.78) in light drinkers, 0.61 (0.46–0.80) in moderate drinkers, and 0.74 (0.55–1.00) in heavy drinkers. Conclusions In men with diabetes, CMI is lower in light-to-moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, and this results mainly from a positive association between alcohol drinking and HDL cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adiposity phenotypes, estimated by higher body adiposity index (BAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and cardiometabolic index (CMI), has conferred increased metabolic risk. The relative contribution of BAI, LAP, and CMI in hyperuricemia, however, is unknown. We hypothesized that these obesity indicators would refine identification of hyperuricemia. Information on serum uric acid (SUA), fasting lipid profiles, and body adiposity measures (BAI, LAP, and CMI) were recorded in a cross-sectional population-based sample of 11,102 participants (≥ 35 years old) from China. BAI, LAP, and CMI were strong independent predictors of SUA in both sexes after correction for potential confounders. In multivariable models, odds ratio (OR) for hyperuricemia for 1 SD increment in BAI, LAP, and CMI were 1.361 (95% CI, 1.224-1.513), 1.393 (95% CI, 1.273-1.525), and 1.332 (95% CI, 1.224-1.448) in females, respectively. For males, these adiposity indices corresponded to an increased hyperuricemia risk of 14, 47, and 33%, respectively. Additionally, compared to the bottom category, females with the top quartile of BAI, LAP, and CMI showed higher adjusted odds of having hyperuricemia, with ORs of 2.064, 7.500, and 4.944, respectively. ORs for hyperuricemia were statistically significant in the fourth quartile of BAI (1.622 [1.258-2.091]), LAP (5.549 [3.907-7.880]), and CMI (3.878 [2.830-5.313]) of male subgroup. Accumulation of ectopic adiposity in general (quantified by increased BAI), and of visceral adipose tissue in particular (reflected by elevated LAP and CMI), provided important insight regarding hyperuricemia risk and might potentially shed further light on our understanding of the metabolic sequelae of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a new discriminator of the risk of diabetes and has been reported to be associated with the degree of atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether and how age influences CMI. Methods The subjects were Japanese men (n = 35684) and women (n = 18793) aged ≥35 and ≤70 years who had received periodic health examinations at workplaces. CMI and its association with diabetes were compared among different age groups in men and women. Results CMI was much higher in men than in women (median: 1.06 vs. 0.59). In men, CMI was significantly higher in the middle-aged (40–49 and 50–59 years) groups than in the youngest (35–39 years) and oldest (60–70 years) groups and was significantly higher in the oldest group than in the youngest group. In women, CMI tended to be higher with an increase of age, and log-transformed CMI was significantly correlated with age (Pearson’s correlation coefficient: 0.235, p < 0.01). Both in men and women, odds ratios of CMI (high vs. not high) for diabetes were significantly higher than the reference level in all of the age groups and tended to be lower with an increase of age. The above relationships among age, CMI and diabetes were also found in multivariate analyses adjusting for histories of smoking, alcohol drinking and regular exercise. Conclusions Age influences CMI differently in men and women, and the association between CMI and diabetes became weaker with an increase of age both in men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite current interest in the unfavorable impact of cardiometabolic index (CMI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) on diabetes and cardiovascular risk, information regarding the relation of CMI and LAP to left ventricular (LV) geometry has not been specifically addressed. We aimed to examine the hypothesis: (1) CMI and LAP represent an independent determinant of LV remodeling in general population of rural China; (2) there are gender differences in obesity-related alterations in terms of LV morphology.Methods: The sample for this cross-sectional analysis included 11,258 participants (mean age 53.9 years; 54.0% females) who underwent assessment of basic metabolic and anthropometric parameters in rural areas of northeast China. Comprehensive echocardiography-defined LV geometric pattern was determined according to left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness.Results: The prevalence rate of eccentric and concentric LV hypertrophy (LVH) presented a proportional increase with elevated quartiles of CMI and LAP in a dose-response manner (all P < 0.005). When CMI and LAP were entered as a continuous variable in multivariable adjusted model, we observed the independent effect of 1 SD increment in CMI and LAP with the probability of eccentric and concentric LVH, while this relationship was more pronounced in females than in males. Likewise, the odds ratio comparing the top versus bottom quartiles of CMI were 2.105 (95%CI:1.600-2.768) for eccentric LVH and 2.236 (95%CI:1.419-3.522) for concentric LVH in females. Males in the highest CMI quartile exhibited a nearly doubled (OR:1.724, 95%CI:1.287-2.311) and 1.523-fold (95%CI:1.003-2.313) greater risk of eccentric and concentric LVH, respectively. Increasing LAP entailed a higher possibility of eccentric LVH by a factor of 3.552 and 1.768 in females and males, respectively. In contrast to females, where LAP fourth quartile and concentric LVH were positively associated (OR:2.544, 95%CI:1.537-4.209), higher LAP did not correlate with concentric LVH in males (OR:1.234, 95%CI:0.824-1.849).Conclusions: CMI and LAP give rise to a new paradigm of accounting for gender difference in obesity-related abnormal LV geometry, an effect that was substantially greater in females. These two indices, acting in concert, may also be advantageous prognostically for refining cardiovascular risk stratification in individuals with LV remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adiposity, defined by higher cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and body adiposity index (BAI), has conferred increased metabolic risk. However, the incremental utility of CMI, LAP, and BAI in association with prevalent hypertension has not been well described in a population-based setting. We hypothesized that CMI, LAP, and BAI would provide important insight into hypertension risk.Methods: Blood pressure (BP), fasting lipid profiles, and anthropometric parameters were recorded in a cross-sectional study of 11,400 participants (mean age, 54 years; 53% women) from China. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations of CMI, LAP, and BAI with prevalent hypertension. BAI was evaluated according to hip (cm)/[height (m)1.5]-18; LAP was calculated separately for men [(WC-65) × TG] and women [(WC-58) × TG]; and CMI was defined by TG/HDL-C × waist-to-height ratio.Results: CMI, LAP, and BAI were independently correlated with higher SBP and DBP, with nonstandardized (B) coefficients ranging from 1.827 to 4.590 mmHg and 1.475 to 2.210 mmHg (all P < 0.001). After adjustment for hypertension risk factors and potential confounders, CMI, LAP, and BAI, modeled as continuous measures, carried hypertension odds (95% CI) of 1.356 (1.259-1.459), 1.631 (1.501-1.771), and 1.555 (1.454-1.662) in women, respectively, per SD increment. In men, each SD increase in CMI, LAP, and BAI experienced a 31%, 65%, and 53% higher hypertension risk, respectively. Moreover, among women, the odds ratio (95% CI) for hypertension were 2.318 (1.956-2.745), 3.548 (2.985-4.217), and 3.004 (2.537-3.557) in the 4th quartile vs the first quartile of CMI, LAP, and BAI, respectively. For men, the corresponding figures were 2.200 (1.838-2.635), 3.892 (3.238-4.677), and 3.288 (2.754-3.927), respectively.Conclusion: Measurements of CMI, LAP, and BAI provide a more complete understanding of hypertension risk related to variation in body fat distribution and pinpoint hypertensive participants in great risk of cardiovascular disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]