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The article reveals some aspects of one of the latest trends in increasing the analytical capabilities of modern socio-economic statistics - the formation of business demography. The relevance of substantiating the statistical and methodological base for studying the processes of creation, stability and liquidation of economic entities is obvious due to the fact that such demographic characteristics of the life cycle of enterprises are increasingly becoming markers of the quality of the country’s economic development as a whole. The authors consider the main provisions of the methodology for the formation of business demography indicators in accordance with the Eurostat and OECD recommendations. Based on official Rosstat data, the dynamics of the rates of creation (birth rates) and liquidation (death rates) of organizations both in Russia as a whole and in federal districts and types of economic activity has been analyzed. Statistical analysis of business survey data indicates the inconsistency and variability of the business climate, the differentiation between regions and sectors of the economy in terms of business demography, as well as the manifestation of negative trends that have developed, according to the authors, in Russian entrepreneurship in recent three to four years. Thus, following substantive logic of the author’s conclusions: economic and statistical analysis based on a minimum set of indicators, including using methods of comparative interregional analysis, is very useful for making specific management decisions and choosing the priority of their implementation (depending on the characteristics of individual regions and the nature of the activities of economic entities), allowing to overcome a certain stagnation in the private enterprise sector.

This paper highlights the key characteristics and implications of the strategic and data production frameworks designed and progressively implemented by the United Nations Committee of Experts on Business and Trade Statistics (UNCEBTS) to enhance the relevance, accuracy and coverage of business statistics, according to an internationally comparable, result-oriented and sustainable approach. The strategic framework aims to expand the traditional scope of official business statistics by including all relevant environmental and social related issues. NSOs may achieve relevant improvements by focusing their efforts upon specific global goals consistent with their national ones, and sourcing from knowledge sharing with other countries and international coordination. It also highlights the relevance of an enterprise-centered approach for a better understanding of emerging phenomena by official statisticians, and for priority setting in improving the quality of business statistics. The data production framework is dominated by the crucial role of the Statistical Business Register (SBR) as the backbone of any current and future improvements in the relevance and accuracy of business statistics. Its implications, both in terms of sustainability of production lines, data integration and production of new indicators that exploit the variability dimension of business statistics are further investigated in the paper.

The high competition in the business world with many competitors has forced the company to develop its business, one of them by diversification. This study aims to investigate the influence of diversification level, segment numbers, and industrial sector types on firm performance measured by the excess value. The theory underlying this research is agency theory, which describes the relationship between the company owner with the company management, The number of samples of this study are 333 companies from miscellaneous industry sector, and consumer goods sector, and basic industry and chemicals sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout 2017 – 2018. The results showed that data can be pooled for 3 years, all classic assumption tests are fulfilled, and partial regression coefficient test found that variable diversification level and variable number of segments > 0.05, then Ho1 and Ho2 rejected, while type of miscellaneous industry sector and Type of consumer goods sector

Research on learning environments at the higher-education level has been quite sparse compared with studies at other educational levels. Because statistics is perceived as a difficult subject across disciplines, it suffers from low passing rates in many universities. This study involved validating questionnaires for assessing the psychosocial environment and student attitudes associated with learning business statistics in computing laboratory workshops. The Business Statistics Computer Learning Environment Inventory (BSCLEI) and Attitude to Business Analytics instrument were validated with 275 students enrolled across various business degree programs in the United Kingdom over two academic years. Various data analyses (including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) supported the validity of these two questionnaires, thereby paving the way for their future use in research and practical applications relevant to learning environments in higher-education statistics workshop classrooms.

The purpose of this paper is a discussion of some major concepts and operational definitions involved in tourism statistics within Regulation 692/2011, with a cross-country comparison and an in-depth look at the Italian case. Data and information are derived from main documents of major international and national institutions and Eurostat metadata. Both demand-side and supply-side data sources on tourism are discussed. The work highlights the main differences in the data production processes of different EU countries, although they follow the same regulation. The main critical points are: the definition of usual environment and survey design for the demand-side data, as well as the statistical unit for the supply-side data, which does not coincide with that used in structural business statistics. The analysis is limited to those EU countries with complete available Eurostat metadata. Moreover, only household surveys relating to trips and vacations are considered for demand-side data (border surveys are not treated). The main contribution is concerned with the description of the current situation in the production of tourism statistics, by looking and their comparability for cross-country analyses and at the possibility of their integration and reconciliation in the perspective of building a system of tourism statistics.

There is a growing demand for multivariate economic statistics for crossclassified domains. In business statistics, this demand poses a particular challenge given the specific character of the population of enterprises, which necessitates searching for methods of analysis that would represent the robust approach to estimation, where auxiliary variables could be utilised. The adoption of new solutions in this area is expected to increase the scope of statistical output and improve the precision of estimates. The study presented in the paper furthers this goal, as it is focused on testing the application of a robust version of the Fay-Herriot model, which makes it possible to meet the assumption of normality of random effects under the presence of outliers. These alternative models are supplied to estimate the parameters of small firms operating in 2012. Variables from administrative registers were used as auxiliary variables, which made the estimation process more comprehensive. The paper refers to small area estimation methods. The variables of interest are estimated at a low level of aggregation represented by the crosssection province and NACE sections.

Game analytics supports game development by providing direct quantitative feedback about player experience. Player retention and monetization in particular have become central business statistics in free-to-play game development. Many metrics have been used for this purpose. However, game developers often want to perform analytics in a timely manner before all users have churned from the game. This causes data censoring which makes many metrics biased. In this work, we introduce how the Mean Cumulative Function (MCF) can be used to generalize many academic metrics to censored data. The MCF allows us to estimate the expected value of a metric over time, which for example may be the number of game sessions, number of purchases, total playtime and lifetime value. Furthermore, the popular retention rate metric is the derivative of this estimate applied to the expected number of distinct days played. Statistical tools based on the MCF allow game developers to determine whether a given change improves a game, or whether a game is yet good enough for public release. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated on a real in-development free-to-play mobile game, the Hipster Sheep.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate a farm manager’s personal characteristics (personality, age, education, objectives, experience, etc.) as drivers of debt payback success and rates. Traditionally bankers have used historic business statistics, and equity levels, to assess loans and credit worthiness. It is hypothesised that a managers’ personal characteristics are likely to be a better predictor of future debt payback performance. Design/methodology/approach The literature was searched to isolate the managers’ personal variables likely to determine debt payback. The information led to defining a quantitative model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) which was hypothesised as determining payback rates where a choice was available. A postal random stratified survey of NZ owner operator farm managers provided the data to test the model and define its parameters using regressions, structural equation modelling and statistical comparisons. Findings The modelling results make it clear a manager’s personal characteristics are highly correlated with debt payback and, logically, are very likely to be the drivers. Four random effects equations and a comparison of high- and low-debt payback managers led to this conclusion. Practical implications Bankers should use the managers’ personal characteristics, as defined in the regressions, alongside traditional measures when assessing farm business loan requests. This approach is opposite to the traditional methods using mainly historic data. Originality/value The use of the TPB in assessing debt payback is a new and novel approach showing how enduring personal characteristics can be used in assessing proposals, and particularly, entrepreneurs’ adventurist investments in situations where historic data are not available.

Student anxiety is high in many business statistics courses. Often, students fail in these courses because they rely highly on grades rather than on meaningful learning. Instructors also feel the pressure because their students do not attempt to learn deeply. I taught Quantitative Methods courses for a number of years in a University in Ontario, Canada. In this paper, I have critically analyzed some of the challenges that instructors face in teaching these courses and suggested some solutions based on an educational point of view. Continuous assessment, portfolio construction, and improving the efficiency of instructor evaluations are three key suggestions for consideration. As these challenges are common to most undergraduate courses in business statistics, the suggestions would mainly help to raise student motivation, encourage students to learn deeply, and increase instructor efficiency.

The following article informs about the Micro Data Linking-Panel (hereafter MDL-Panel), a new firm In German business statistics the statistical unit, or firm, is currently referred to as the smallest legally independent unit which keeps accounts for commercial and/or tax purposes. dataset, available since May 2018 via the Research Data Centre of the Federal Statistical Office and the Research Data Centre of the Statistical Offices of the Federal States (RDC) (Forschungsdatenzentren der Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder (2018a, 2018b). The dataset originates from two projects funded by Eurostat over the period 2014 to 2016 with the title “Micro data linking of structural business statistics and other business statistics” (MDL). The projects combined data of various business statistics for the reference years 2008 to 2013 and were aimed at offering new perspectives on business statistics topics, which are not addressed in the ordinary publication program. Furthermore, MDL served to gain insights about the involved methodological challenges of linked data in Official Statistics. The first chapter provides background information on the projects funded by Eurostat. Chapter 2 contrasts the contents of the MDL-Panel to other products available via the RDC. The third chapter describes the scope of the dataset and its content in more detail. The article closes with future prospects for the MDL-Panel.

To meet the growing demand for detailed, precise, accurate and timely estimation of entrepreneurship and economic conditions, it is necessary to systematically extend the scope of information provided by business statistics. In view of the policy aimed at reducing survey costs and burdens for business units, the only way in which this objective can be achieved is by modernizing survey methodology. One area where this kind research is being conducted are applications of indirect estimation based on auxiliary sources of information from administrative sources. Hence, the purpose of the study described in this article is to evaluate the precision of estimates of revenues of small businesses for domains defined by spatial aggregation and business classification by applying stratification in composite estimators based on information collected from administrative registers. Aby sprostać rosnącemu zapotrzebowaniu na szczegółową, dokładną i terminową ocenę dotyczącą przedsiębiorczości i gospodarki, konieczne jest między innymi systematyczne rozszerzanie zakresu informacji dostarczanych przez statystykę gospodarczą. Prowadzona obecnie polityka, mająca na celu zmniejszenie kosztów badań i obciążeń sprawozdawczych podmiotów gospodarczych, wymusza działania polegające na modernizacji metodologii badań. Jeden z obszarów, w których prowadzone są tego rodzaju analizy, to aplikacje w zakresie estymacji pośredniej wykorzystującej dane o zmiennych pomocniczych pochodzących z systemów administracyjnych. Stąd też celem artykułu jest ocena jakości szacunku przychodów dla małych przedsiębiorstw przy wykorzystaniu zaproponowanego podejścia metodycznego polegającego na możliwości włączenia stratyfikacji do estymacji złożonej, w oparciu o informacje pochodzące z rejestrów administracyjnych. The project is financed by the Polish National Science Centre, decision DEC- 2015/17/B/HS4/00905. Projekt finansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2015/17/B/HS4/00905.

Cloud computing infrastructures underpin an ever-increasing range of business tools, yet measures of cloud service adoption based on business ICT usage surveys give only a partial view of their diffusion. They do not reveal the intensity or volume of use by businesses, or the amount spent on cloud services. This paper assesses the extent to which insights on the use of commercial cloud services (i.e. services purchased from external providers) can be gleaned from economic and business statistics – in particular, from supply-use tables and the underlying business surveys. The paper examines the defining features of cloud services and their treatment in various statistical product classifications, before deriving estimates on the use of specific “cloud-containing product classes” across businesses. A key finding is that efforts are needed to improve the availability of data that can be used to gain robust insights on business use of cloud services.

Die Methode Profiling von Unternehmen analysiert die rechtliche, organisatorische und rechnungslegende Struktur von Unternehmensgruppen, um die für die Wirtschaftsstatistik relevanten Unternehmen korrekt abzugrenzen. Profiling von Unternehmen wurde in der amtlichen Statistik nach einer Testphase erfolgreich in den Echtbetrieb überführt. Seit dem Berichtsjahr 2018 liefert das Profiling grundlegende Informationen für das statistische Unternehmensregister, die eine unverzichtbare Basis für die Erstellung der Unternehmensstrukturstatistiken in Deutschland bilden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Erkenntnisse und weiterentwickelten Verfahren aus zwei Jahren Echtbetrieb im Profiling und präsentiert Ergebnisse aus dem Berichtsjahr 2019. Dabei werden die verschiedenen Profiling-Varianten vorgestellt und in den Kontext der zeitlichen Betrachtung von Unternehmensgruppen gesetzt. The profiling of enterprises method analyses the legal, organisational and accounting structure of enterprise groups in order to correctly delineate the enterprises relevant for business statistics. Profiling of enterprises has successfully been introduced into regular production in official statistics after a test phase. Since the 2018 reference year, profiling has been providing basic information for the statistical business register, which forms an indispensable basis for the compilation of structural business statistics in Germany. This article presents the findings and enhanced procedures from two years of regular profiling and presents results from the 2019 reference year. The profiling variants are presented and placed in the context of the temporal observation of enterprise groups.

This study attempts to establish the importance of specific formally achieved higher skills for the innovation intensity in firms across a group of European countries. Innovation expenditures are calculated as the ratio to turnover and the main explanatory variable is the proportion of highly skilled employees (tertiary education in ICT-oriented or other fields). The analysis employs official data on innovation activities (Community Innovation Survey) in firms for the period 2004–2010, linked to registers on education and businesses as well as to the Structural Business Statistics including 34,000 observations. Estimation results show a strong significantly positive relationship between the innovation intensity and the proportion of highly ICT skilled employees. Higher skills outside the field of ICT are also important for the innovation activities. Control variables reveal that the innovation intensity significantly increases with joint national and EU funding while the role of firm age varies. The significant and negative link to firm size reveals a lack of advantages of scale, a finding possibly related to the use of a comprehensive measure of innovation activities. There are also indications that industry affiliation is essential for the innovation intensity.

Cluster analysis is a multivariate analysis that aims to cluster objects or data so that objects or data that are in the same cluster have relatively more homogeneous properties than objects or data in different clusters. Probabilistic clustering method is often based on the assumption that data comes from a mixture of distributions, for examples Poisson, normal, lognormal, and Erlang. Thus the probabilistic clustering problem is transformed into a parameter estimation problem because the data is modeled by a cluster of mixture distribution. Data points that have the same distribution can be defined as one cluster. This distribution is applied to identify users on the community question answering site (CQA). In this paper the distribution of beta mixtures for single variable cases will be applied to the data on the proportion of student’s GPA in the subject of Business Statistics and Economic Mathematics of the Informatics Telecommunications Business Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Telkom University. Based on the results of the analysis on the GPA data, Economic Mathematics and Business Statistics shows the smallest integrated classification likelihood estimation Bayesian criterion (ICL BIC) scores in two clusters for GPA and Business Statistics Value. While the ICL value of BIC in Economic Mathematics shows the smallest ICL BIC value in one cluster. Then it can be concluded that GPA and Business Statistics occur in Mixture 2 clusters.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak that has hit 215 countries in the world, presents its own challenges for educational institutions, especially universities. To fight Covid-19, the government has banned universities from carrying out face-to-face (conventional) lectures and ordered to hold lectures or learning online. Whatsapp Group is one of the familiar and frequently used distance learning media. While Zoom Meeting application is a learning media using video so that it more resembles a face-to-face meeting. This study aims to see the effectiveness of Advanced Business Statistics learning by using Whatsapp Group media and Zoom Meeting application reviewed from student learning outcomes at STIE Bisnis Indonesia Solutions. This type of research is a quasi experiment using one group pretest-postest design. The sample of research is 4th semester students who took advanced business statistics courses as many as 100 people. Sample data is processed with descriptive analysis and average difference test using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and N-Gain Score. The results showed that Advanced Business Statistics Course Lecture at STIE Solusi Bisnis Indonesia using WhatsApp Group media and Zoom Meeting application is not effective when viewed from student learning results. This can be seen in the N-Gain value obtained a result of 0.16.

This paper constructs and analyses a set of novel indicators on gender equality in the business sector, which focus on multinational enterprises and foreign traders. The descriptive data tables are drawn from the rich linked statistical registers available at Statistics Finland. The analysis reveals large differences in the share of women and men employed in the best paying professions. However, while a sizeable gender pay gap in the business sector is identified in high-paying managerial and skill-intensive occupations, and in multinational enterprises in particular, the gap is smaller in domestically owned businesses. The gender pay gap tends to be larger in high-paying jobs in foreign multinationals and in enterprises that trade internationally. This paper contributes to the field of official statistics by providing a blueprint, showing how business statistics and social statistics can be linked to enable an analysis of gender inequalities in the labour market.

Mit dem Berichtsjahr 2018 ist in den Unternehmensstrukturstatistiken der EU-Unternehmensbegriff neu eingeführt worden. Aufbereitung, Veröffentlichung und Darstellung der Unternehmensstrukturstatistiken haben sich dadurch verändert. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Ergebnisse auf der Grundlage der neuen Unternehmensdefinition und vergleicht sie mit den Ergebnissen auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Unternehmensdefinition (rechtliche Einheiten). Darüber hinaus werden Ergebnisse für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) präsentiert. Die Umstellung der Unternehmensdefinition führt zu Qualitätsverbesserungen der KMU-Statistik, weil unechte KMU nun zu großen Unternehmen zusammengefasst werden. Abschließend werden Auswirkungen des Wechsels der Unternehmensdefinition auf Produktivitätskennzahlen aufgezeigt. As of reference year 2018, the new EU enterprise concept was introduced in structural business statistics, which led to changes in their processing, publication and presentation. This article describes the results compiled in accordance with the new enterprise definition and compares them with the results of the statistics produced on the basis of the previous enterprise definition (legal units). In addition, results for small and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) are presented. The change in the enterprise definition leads to quality improvements in SME statistics, because falsely as SMEs considered enterprises are now grouped together into large enterprises. Finally, the article discusses the effects of the change in the enterprise definition on productivity indicators.

Die neue Verordnung für Unternehmensstatistiken (EU) 2019/2152 fasst auf europäischer Ebene alle rechtlichen Vorgaben für die Unternehmensstatistiken zusammen. Mit Ausnahme der Bestimmungen für die Außenhandelsstatistiken wird sie ab dem 1. Januar 2021 in den Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union angewendet. Die Verordnung überführt bisherige einzelstatistische Regelungen in ein integriertes System, das flexibel und schneller als bisher an Veränderungen des Nutzerbedarfs angepasst werden kann. Die damit einhergehenden Änderungen betreffen nahezu alle nationalen Unternehmensstatistiken und enthalten sowohl Erweiterungen der Lieferverpflichtungen als auch methodische Anpassungen. Der Aufsatz fasst die Auswirkungen auf das bisherige nationale System von Unternehmensstatistiken zusammen und beschreibt die neue europäische Rechtsarchitektur einschließlich der neuen Datenanforderungen. The new Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics (EBS) integrates all legal requirements for business statistics at the European level. With the exception of the provisions for foreign trade statistics, it will be applied in the Member States of the European Union from 1 January 2021. The regulation is aimed at an integrated system of business statistics that can be adapted flexibly and quickly to changing user needs. The changes effected by the new regulation concern almost all national business statistics and range from increased data submissions to changes in methodology. This article provides an overview of the regulation’s impact on the current national system of business statistics and describes the new EBS-related legal architecture including the new data requirements.

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das Vorgehen der amtlichen Statistik in Deutschland bei der Einführung des EU-Unternehmensbegriffs in der Unternehmensstrukturstatistik. Zunächst werden der Anlass und das Umsetzungskonzept dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird die konkrete Umsetzung beschrieben, insbesondere das Profiling sowie die neuen, zentral durchzuführenden Arbeitsschritte Imputation und Konsolidierung. This article describes the approach of official statisticians in Germany in introducing the EU enterprise concept in structural business statistics. It first explains the underlying reason and the implementation design. Based on this, the concrete implementation is described, in particular the profiling and the new work steps of imputation and consolidation, which have to be carried out centrally.

The development of the bioeconomy—or the substitution of fossil-based materials and energy by bio-based solutions—is considered a strategic economic orientation by the European Commission and its Green Deal. This paper presents a methodology to monitor the contribution of the bioeconomy to jobs and growth within the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Classified as an ‘‘output-based’’ approach, the methodology relies on expert estimations of the biomass content of the bio-based materials produced in the EU and the subsequent calculation of ‘‘sectoral’’ bio-based shares by using Eurostat statistics on the production of manufactured goods (prom). Sectoral shares are applied to indicators of employment, and value added is reported in Eurostat–Structural business statistics. This paper updates the methodology and time series presented in 2018. The bioeconomy of the EU (post-Brexit composition) employed around 17.5 million people and generated €614 billion of value added in 2017. The study evidences structural differences between EU national bioeconomies, which become more pronounced over time, especially in terms of the level of apparent labour productivity of national bioeconomies. Finally, this paper describes cases of transition over the 2008–2017 period.

Im Zuge der Einführung des EU-Unternehmensbegriffs in der Unternehmensstrukturstatistik in Deutschland wurden das Profiling sowie die neuen, zentral durchzuführenden Arbeitsschritte Imputation und Konsolidierung integriert. Testläufe und Simulationen für das Berichtsjahr 2017 sollten sichtbar machen, welche Auswirkungen auf die Ergebnisse der Strukturstatistiken dadurch zu erwarten sind. Der Beitrag analysiert die Ergebnisse des Testlaufs für statistische Unternehmen, beschreibt das geplante Vorgehen bei der Veröffentlichung der Daten ab dem Berichtsjahr 2018 und gibt einen Ausblick auf Folgearbeiten. As part of the introduction of the EU enterprise concept in structural business statistics in Germany, profiling has been incorporated as well as the new work steps of imputation and consolidation, which have to be carried out centrally. Pilot runs and simulations were made for the reference year 2017 to identify the anticipated impacts on the results of structural business statistics. This contribution analyses the results of the pilot run concerning statistical enterprises, describes the plans for publishing the data from the reference year 2018 onwards, and provides an outlook on future work.

Considerable past classroom learning environment research has focused on the primary and secondary levels of education and the subject areas of science and mathematics. The current study is distinctive in its focus on university business statistics learning environments. For the first time, we validated and applied the widely-used What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaires among tertiary statistics students. With a sample of 375 students from 12 university statistics classes, we furnished evidence to support the WIHIC’s factor structure, internal consistency reliability, predictive validity (in terms of associations with two types of statistics anxiety) and discriminant validity (in terms of differentiating between three ethnic groups). Limitations, contributions and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The authors set out to determine the brain dominance characteristics of students enrolled in business statistics courses in a historically Black university in a major southeastern Texas cit...

National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) strive to produce short-term business statistics (STS) indicators with the high quality estimates in a timely manner. NSIs are usually faced with the challenges, such as differences in definitions, incompleteness of administrative data, periodicity and timeliness, coverage issues, etc. Administrative Value Added Tax (VAT) turnover data can be used to partially or completely replace survey data for the estimation of short-term business turnover indicators. In this paper, main characteristics of administrative VAT turnover data in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be examined through cleaning of VAT turnover data and matching them with survey data. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between VAT turnover data and survey data in in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Monthly Retail Trade Turnover Indices (RTI) for in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be estimated by using administrative VAT turnover data. Spearman’s correlation coefficients are used to examine the presence of a linear relationship between VAT turnover data and survey data. Results gained by using survey and administrative VAT turnover data will be compared. Based on the results of the analysis, future challenges and perspectives for expansion of using administrative VAT turnover data will be identified.