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This article highlights the development and design of the modern French feeding bottle, created during the nineteenth century, an era in which modern consumerism coincided with the medicalisation of childhood. Three main reasons elucidate this transition: growing concern for children, the failure to abolish wet-nursing, and the rise of the commodity society. Based on hundreds of feeding bottles, advertisements, pharmaceutical catalogues and manuals composed by physicians and midwives, this article analyses the complex relationship between the object, the users, the manufacturers and the socio-medical environment. By examining the feeding bottle from historical, material and visual perspectives, while unfolding the scientific, technological and economic factors that contributes to its design, this article highlights the vast changes that took place in the medical attitude towards childhood, hygiene and bodily functions, as a direct result of consumer demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Immediately after cleft lip repair, breastfeeding and bottle-feeding are generally restricted to avoid placing tension on the surgical incision. However, no consensus about feeding methods after cleft lip repair has been reached. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the impact of breastfeeding and/or bottle-feeding on surgical wound dehiscence after cleft lip repair in infants. Material and methods We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Mednar from October to November 2017. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility for inclusion and checked critical appraisal of the study quality. Results Three randomized controlled trials and two cohort studies involving 342 infants were included in this review. Two cases of surgical wound dehiscence occurred in the control group of alternative feeding. In three of five studies, surgical wound dehiscence did not occur in either the intervention or control group within the first week postoperatively. Conclusions This review showed no increased risk of surgical wound dehiscence in infants with breastfeeding and/or bottle-feeding after cleft lip repair compared with infants with alternative feeding methods. It may not be necessary to restrict breastfeeding and/or bottle-feeding immediately after cleft lip repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal models of human diseases are important in biomedical research. When using animals for scientific purposes, the 3Rs (replace, reduce, refine) should be considered. Refinement of animal models is essential to ensure best use of animals, which is important for ethical reasons and to retrieve reliable research data. The present publication describes improvements to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) model for pigs published in 2016. Historical data from 42 pigs were used to describe improvements in the training technique over six years. Pigs of various breeds and ages can be trained to bottle-feed glucose dissolved in water to undergo OGTT. This publication describes different tips and techniques to apply for successful training and will help researchers to minimize exclusions of pigs due to unsuccessful training. The improvements are an important contribution to the 3Rs.

Abstrak Latar belakang: Pemberian asi eksklusif merupakan salah satu upaya dalam menurunkan kematian bayi dan neonatal. Namun, prevalensi asi eksklusif di Indonesia masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan inisiasi menyusu dini dan penggunaan botol/dot dengan praktek asi eksklusif pada bayi di bawah usia 6 bulan di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2013. Sub-sampel adalah bayi dibawah usia 6 bulan. Dari 7226 bayi dibawah usia 6 bulan, 6397 memiliki data yang lengkap untuk dilakukan analisis. Analisis dilakukan dengan regresi Cox. Hasil: Dari 6397 responden, 44% mendapatkan asi eksklusif. Inisiasi menyusu dini, penggunaan botol, pelayanan kesehatan pasca persalinan, tempat tinggal dan status sosial ekonomi berhubungan dengan praktek pemberian asi eksklusif. Anak yang mendapat inisiasi menyusu dini 66% lebih besar kemungkinan untuk memperoleh asi eksklusif bila dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak memperoleh inisiasi menyusu dini [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,66; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI): 1,45 – 1,90]. Anak yang menggunakan dot/kempeng memiliki kemungkinan 71% lebih rendah untuk asi eksklusif bila dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak menggunakan dot/kempeng (RRa = 0,29; 95% CI: 0,25 – 0,34). Kesimpulan: Inisiasi menyusu dini dapat meningkatkan pemberian asi eksklusif, sedangkan penggunaan dot dapat menurunkan praktek pemberian asi eksklusif. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7:44-8) Kata kunci: asi eksklusif, inisiasi menyusu dini, dot Abstract Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is a intervention to reduce neonatal and infant mortality. However,the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia remains low. The aim of the study was identify the association of early initiation and bottle-feeding with exclusive breastfeeding practice among infant less than six month in Indonesia. Methods: This study was a part of Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2013 data. The sub-sample study was infants under six months. Out of 7226 infant aged less than 6 months, 6397 infant had complete data for the analysis. The Cox regression was used for analysis. Results: Out of 6397 infant, 44% had exclusively breastfeed. Early initiation, bottle-feeding, postnatal care, residence and socio-economic status were associated to exclusive breastfeeding practices. Infant who had early initiation had 66% more exclusively breastfeed compared to delayed initiation [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45 – 1.90]. Infant who had bottle-feeding or using pacifiers had 71% less to be exclusively breastfed compared to infant who did not have use bottle-feeding/ pacifiers (RRa = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.25 – 0.34). Conclusion: Early initiation within one hour of birth increased exclusive breastfeeding practice, however, bottle-feeding decreased exclusive breastfeeding practice. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7:44-8) Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, early initiation, bottle-feeding

Infantile functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in the first months of life. Their pathogenesis remains unknown although evidences suggest multiple independent causes, including gut microbiota modifications. Feeding type, influencing the composition of intestinal microbiota, could play a significant role in the pathogenesis. Previous studies supported probiotic supplementation success against colics, however mainly Lactobacillus spp. were tested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness against functional gastrointestinal disorders of a Bifidobacterium breve based probiotic formulation including in the study both breast-fed and bottle-fed subjects. Two hundred and sixty-eight newborns were enrolled within 15 days from birth. One hundred and fifty-five of them effectively entered the study and were randomized in probiotic and placebo group, receiving the formulation for 90 days. The probiotic formulation consists of a 1:1 mixture of 2 strains of B. breve prepared in an oily suspension and administered in a daily dosage of 5 drops containing 108 CFU of each strain. Absolute quantification of selected microbial groups in the faeces was performed using qPCR. Anthropometric data, daily diary minutes of crying, number of regurgitations, vomits and evacuations, and colour and consistency of stools were evaluated before and after treatment. The study confirmed the positive role of breast milk in influencing the counts of target microbial groups, in particular the bifidobacteria community. No adverse events upon probiotic administration were reported, suggesting the safety of the product in this regimen. B. breve counts increased significantly in all administered newborns (p < 0.02). The study demonstrates that a 3 months treatment with B. breve strains in healthy breast-fed newborns helps to prevent functional gastrointestinal disorders, in particular reducing 56% of daily vomit frequency (p < 0.03), decreasing 46.5% of daily evacuation over time (p < 0.03), and improving the stool consistency (type 6 at the Bristol Stool chart instead of type 5) in those at term (p < 0.0001). Moreover, a significant reduction (8.65 vs. 7.98 LogCFU/g of feces, p < 0.03) of B. fragilis in the bottle-fed group receiving the probiotic formulation was observed.

Background: Preterm infants often experience difficulty with the transition from tube to oral feeding. While many unimodal and multimodal sensorimotor interventions have been generated to optimize oral feeding skills, there has been little cohesion between interventions.Purpose: The aims of this systematic review were to examine the effect of sensorimotor interventions on oral feeding outcomes and to determine whether multimodal interventions lead to better oral feeding performances than unimodal interventions.Search Strategy: A systematic search of CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases was conducted. Studies were reviewed to assess the types of interventions used to improve transition to full oral feeding, volume intake, weight gain, and length of hospital stay.Results: The search identified 35 articles. Twenty-six studies examined a unimodal intervention, with the majority focusing on oral sensorimotor input and the others on tactile, auditory, and olfactory input. Nine studies assessed multimodal interventions, with the combination of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation being most common. Results varied across studies due to large differences in methodology, and caution is warranted when interpreting results across studies. The heterogeneity in the studies made it difficult to make any firm conclusions about the effects of sensorimotor interventions on feeding outcomes. Overall, evidence on whether multimodal approaches can lead to better oral feeding outcomes than a unimodal approach was insufficient.Implications For Practice: The use of sensorimotor interventions to optimize feeding outcomes in preterm infants varies based on methods used and modalities. These factors warrant caution by clinicians who use sensorimotor interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit.Implications For Research: Large randomized clinical trials using a standardized approach for the administration of sensorimotor input are needed to further establish the effects on feeding outcomes in preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of bottle feeding (BF) among children aged 0-23 months and factors associated with BF in Namibia.Methods: Data from Namibia 2013 Demographic Health Survey were used for the study. The study covered last-born alive children aged 0-23 months, making up 1926 mother-baby pairs. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to test for association between BF and related factors.Results: Prevalence of BF in Namibia was 35.7%. In the multivariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with increased risk of BF: working mothers, hospital delivery, increasing child age, higher mother's educational status, higher wealth quintile and urban residence.Conclusion: To achieve a substantial decrease in bottle usage rate in Namibia, breastfeeding promotion programmes should target all mothers but especially those at risk of BF highlighted in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the association between pacifier use and bottle-feeding and unfavorable behaviors during breastfeeding. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 427 babies/mothers. Socio-demographic, perinatal data, and information about the use of artificial nipples (pacifier and/or bottle) were collected through a questionnaire. The breastfeeding aspects regarding position, affectivity, sucking behavior, baby responses, and breast anatomy were evaluated through observation during breastfeeding. The chi-squared test and the multiple linear regression analysis were used to investigate the association between the variables. Results: The aspects of breastfeeding that showed higher percentages of the category ''poor'' were sucking behavior (22.5%) and position (22.2%). The group of infants who used pacifiers and/or bottle showed higher percentages in the poor and fair categories when compared with the good category for all five breastfeeding aspects evaluated (p < 0.001). The linear regression analysis revealed that the increase in the number of unfavorable behaviors regarding position, affectivity, sucking behavior, and baby responses were independently associated with both pacifier and bottle use (β positive, p < 0.05), while breast anatomy was independently associated only with bottle use. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the use of pacifiers and/or bottle-feeding may be associated with unfavorable behaviors during breastfeeding, especially the use of bottle-feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feeding difficulties are common in infancy. There are currently no valid and reliable parent-report measures to assess bottle-feeding in infants younger than 7 months. The Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool (NeoEAT)-Bottle-feeding has been developed and content validated.Purpose: To determine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding.Methods: Parents of bottle-feeding infants younger than 7 months were invited to participate. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine factor structure. Internal consistency reliability was tested using Cronbach α. Test-retest reliability was tested between scores on the NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding completed 2 weeks apart. Construct validity was tested using correlations between the NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding, the Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire-Revised (I-GERQ-R), and the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (IGSQ). Known-groups validation was tested by comparing scores between healthy infants and infants with feeding problems.Results: A total of 441 parents participated. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 64-item scale with 5 factors. Internal consistency reliability (α= .92) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.90; P < .001) were both excellent. The NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding had construct validity with the I-GERQ-R (r = 0.74; P < .001) and IGSQ (r = 0.64; P < .001). Healthy infants scored lower on the NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding than infants with feeding problems (P < .001), supporting known-groups validity.Implications For Practice: The NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding is an available assessment tool for clinical practice.Implications For Research: The NeoEAT-Bottle-feeding is a valid and reliable measure that can now be used in feeding research.Video Abstract Available at https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant discourses on breastfeeding as the optimal feeding method for infants and a way for mother and child to develop a strong bond are widely promoted and the message of ‘breast is best’ has been internalized by mothers around the world. Breastfeeding rates in Iceland and the other Nordic countries are among the highest in the world and the cultural and societal expectations for women to successfully breastfeed are therefore very high, as breastfeeding represents a strong moral and social norm. Iceland is considered a model for gender equality and feminism and this article thus examines the experiences of women who have struggled with breastfeeding, in a context which strongly promotes both breastfeeding and gender equality. By analysing the narratives of 77 Icelandic women, this article extends theorizing about rhetorical agency and resistance by demonstrating how they oppose and challenge dominant discourses on breastfeeding and good mothering and what counter-discourses they draw upon in order to make sense of their experiences. The findings indicate that feminism and feminist rhetoric have been unsuccessful in addressing and providing women with counter-discourses that challenge the highly gendered and oppressive elements of infant feeding and its link to idealized versions of motherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine current status, areas for improvement and effect of conflict on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices among internally displaced persons (IDP) in eastern Ukraine.Design: Cross-sectional household survey, June 2015.Setting: Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia oblasts (Ukrainian administrative divisions) bordering conflict area in Ukraine.Subjects: Randomly selected IDP households with children aged <2 years registered with local non-governmental organizations. Questions based on the WHO IYCF assessment questionnaire were asked for 477 children. Mid-upper arm circumference was measured in 411 children aged 6-23 months.Results: Exclusive breast-feeding prevalence for infants aged <6 months was 25·8 (95 % CI 15·8, 38·0) %. Percentage of mothers continuing breast-feeding when their child was aged 1 and 2 years was 53·5 (95 % CI 43·2, 63·6) % and 20·6 (95 % CI 11·5, 32·7) %, respectively. Bottle-feeding was common for children aged <2 years (68·1 %; 95 % CI 63·7, 72·3 %). Almost all infants aged 6-8 months received solid foods (98·6 %; 95 % CI 88·5, 99·9 %). Mothers who discontinued breast-feeding before their infant was 6 months old more often listed stress related to conflict as their primary reason for discontinuation (45·7 %) compared with mothers who discontinued breast-feeding when their child was aged 6-23 months (14·3 %; P<0·0001).Conclusions: To mitigate the effects of conflict and improve child health, humanitarian action is needed focused on helping mothers cope with stress related to conflict and displacement while supporting women to adhere to recommended IYCF practices if possible and providing appropriate support to women when adherence is not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore longitudinal associations between bottle-feeding and maternal encouragement of infant bottle-emptying during the first 6 months of infancy.Design: Mothers completed questionnaires during the third trimester of pregnancy, then monthly during the first 6 months postpartum. Questionnaires assessed family demographics, maternal and infant weight status, infant feeding patterns and maternal encouragement of infant bottle-emptying.Setting: The Infant Feeding Practices Study 2, conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration.Subjects: Mothers (n 1776).Results: Repeated-measures regression was used to explore associations between bottle-feeding intensity (BFI; defined as the percentage of daily feedings that were from a bottle) and encouragement of bottle-emptying. Mothers who reported consistently high or consistently low BFI also exhibited consistently higher or lower frequency of encouraging their infants to empty the bottle (respectively) across the first 6 months of infancy, whereas mothers who reported increases in their BFI also exhibited concomitant increases in the frequency to which they encouraged their infants to finish the bottle. More frequent encouragement of bottle-emptying was also associated with feeding expressed breast milk (P<0·001), and lower parity (P=0·01), pre-pregnancy BMI (P=0·002) and infant birth weight (P=0·001).Conclusions: More frequent use of bottles for infant feeding was significantly associated with more frequent encouragement of bottle-emptying. Further research using causal designs is needed to better understand whether the use of bottles promotes this controlling feeding practice or whether mothers with more controlling feeding practices opt to bottle-feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Internationally, breast milk is recognised as the best form of infant feeding, yet in the UK, bottle feeding rates are among the highest in the world. Aims The aim of this research study was to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic, family-related, pregnancy and birth factors, and bottle feeding in the UK. Methods A secondary analysis of the Infant Feeding Survey 2010 was conducted and two time points differentiated: bottle feeding from birth and early breastfeeding cessation. Findings Results demonstrated that bottle feeding from birth was predicted by a range of independent social disadvantage factors, namely being young, single, unemployed, white British and poorly educated. Other influencing factors were the increased number of children, having a caesarean section, no underlying health problems post birth and having friends who bottle-fed. Early breastfeeding cessation was predicted by the same independent determinants except for working in intermediate or routine/manual occupations, having friends that mix-fed, and developing health problems post birth. Conclusions The context in which mothers live is a key determinant of how they feed their babies and that, for many women, feeding method is a consequence of their social context and not a choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its cultural prominence, the history of the feeding bottle is rarely discussed in contemporary research, contrary to popular deliberations focusing on its material attributes. In order to fill the gap, this article wishes to highlight the various attributes of the modern feeding bottle, created in France during the nineteenth century, an era in which modern consumerism coincided with the medicalization of childhood. Using hundreds of feeding bottles, advertisements, pharmaceutical catalogues and manuals for mothers composed by physicians and midwives, the article examines the design and socio-cultural norms surrounding the modern century feeding bottle, while analysing the complex relationship between the object, the users, the manufacturer/designer and the socio-medical environment. Using a multidisciplinary approach combining social history, material culture and design theory, we wish to portray the modern feeding bottle as a mirror of changing socio-cultural norms and conventions, reflecting the rise of the medicalized and sanitized body, governed by science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, the field of lactation and breastfeeding support suffers from a bit of "halo adjusting" by a vocal few who, in the name of upholding the antipredatory marketing mandate of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (International Baby Food Action Network, n.d.), publicly and privately scold their colleagues for not sufficiently following the Code. Rather than generate better understanding of the Code, and how health workers can support breastfeeding families to meet optimal infant feeding goals, this "shame-and-blame" tactic drives health workers away from learning how better to uphold the Code (lest they suffer the slings and arrows of colleagues). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to providing nutrition and immunological protection, breast-feeding has positive effects on the development of the infant′s oral cavity. The aim of the present study is to assess breast-feeding patterns and to analyze the influence of breast-feeding practices and maternal sociodemographic variables on the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits in a sample of Brazilian infants. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Southern Brazil. A random sample of 100 mothers of infants up to 12 months of age was interviewed during the National Vaccination Campaign Day. The prevalence and median duration of breast-feeding were assessed. Breast-feeding practice, the exposure factor, was categorized as exclusive breast-feeding, predominant breast-feeding, complementary breast-feeding, or weaning. Maternal sociodemographic variables included age, race, marital status, educational level, profession, and family income. The outcome investigated was the prevalence of sucking habits (pacifier use and thumb sucking). We used two-sample tests, the chi-square test and Fisher exact test0 for statistical analyses of the data. The study revealed that 75% of infants were being breast-fed. Pacifier use and thumb sucking were common in 55%. Bottle-feeding was prevalent in 74% of infants. Breast-feeding was negatively correlated with pacifier use and thumb sucking (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.4). Bottle-feeding was strongly associated with weaning (p = 0.0003). Among the sociodemographic variables, only marital status showed a statistical association with sucking habits (p = 0.04). These findings suggest that breast-feeding can prevent the occurrence of sucking habits. Although we could not evaluate causality assessment, malocclusion prevention seems to be yet one more reason for promoting breast-feeding practices.

Bottle-feeding period more than one year may influence the occlusion and will disturb the formation of strong muscle jaw. This effect will give an adverse result to permanent teeth. The type of malocclusion resulted from bad oral habit, may vary, depends on the type of oral habit, intensity, duration and frequency. The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between duration of bottle-feeding and occlusion of primary teeth. The following occlusion relationships examined were overbite, overjet, canine relationship, and terminal plane. The design of this was cross-sectional analytic, which was carried out in pre-school children aged between 3-5 years old. The duration of bottle-feeding was categorized in 24 months, 25-36 months, 37-48 months, and >48 months. Overbite and overjet were measured from the cast using a digital caliper. Canine relationship and terminal plane were also measured from the cast. The result of Pearson Correlation test revealed a weak relationship between the period of bottle-feeding and overbite (0,329) and overjet (r=0,372), whereas the result of Chi-Square test, used to investigate the correlation between canine (r=0,111) and terminal plane was not statistically significant (r=0,170). Anova test was carried out to observe the difference of overbite and overjet affected by duration of bottle-feeding. The result demonstrated an increase of overbite and overjet if duration of bottle-feeding was prolonged. Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration and overbite shows significant differences between group of ≤ 24 months, 25-36 months, and group of 37-48 months. Meanwhile Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration on overjet shows significant differences between group of ≤ 24 months, group of 37-48 months, and >48 months duration.

Background: The decision to introduce oral feeding (breast/bottle-feeding) in preterm infants is based on their weight, gestational age, physiological stability, and health status. Although the assessment based on these assumptions has been a clear asset, it has not always met preterm infants’ individual needs. Some instruments allow determining the adequate moment to begin oral feeding as well as monitoring the infantduring this process. Objectives: To perform the cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Early Feeding Skills Assessment,modified version (Early Feeding Skills Assessment, versãomodificada - EFS-VM). Methodology: Quantitative study with a sample of 698 newborns with a gestational age ≥24 and<37. Confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were used to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the model. Results: The EFS-VM presented adequate factorial validity, ([χ2 (186)=913.206; p<.001, n=698; χ2 /df=4.91; CFI=.903; TLI=.890; RMSEA=.075; P[rmsea≤.05]<.001). Conclusion: EFS-VM is a sensitive, valid, and reliable tool to observe newborns’ early feeding skills; it facilitates the adjustment of the care plan, and allows developing interventions in partnership with families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To test the milk flow rates and variability in flow rates of bottle nipples used after hospital discharge. Study Design and Methods: Twenty-six nipple types that represented 15 common brands as well as variety in price per nipple and store location sold (e.g., Babies R' Us, Walmart, Dollar Store) were chosen for testing. Ten of each nipple type (n = 260 total) were tested by measuring the amount of infant formula expressed in 1 minute using a breast pump. Mean milk flow rate (mL/min) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated. Flow rates of nipples within brand were compared statistically. Results: Milk flow rates varied from 1.68 mL/min for the Avent Natural Newborn Flow to 85.34 mL/min for the Dr. Brown's Standard Y-cut. Variability between nipple types also varied widely, from .03 for the Dr. Brown's Standard Level 3 to .37 for MAM Nipple 1 Slow Flow. Clinical Implications: The extreme range of milk flow rates found may be significant for medically fragile infants being discharged home who are continuing to develop oral feeding skills. The name of the nipple does not provide clear information about the flow rate to guide parents in decision making. Variability in flow rates within nipples of the same type may complicate oral feeding for the medically fragile infant who may not be able to adapt easily to change in flow rates. Both flow rate and variability should be considered when guiding parents to a nipple choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the Early Childhood Caries (ECC)/severe-ECC (S-ECC) and prolonged breast-feeding (BF), bottle-feeding, and oral hygiene habits in 0-year-old to 5-year-old Turkish children., Patients and Methods: Dental examinations were performed on 255 patients to determine the prevalence of the ECC and the S-ECC as per the definition of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. To predict the progress rate of caries, noncavitated and cavitated lesion scores were assessed by using the International caries detection and assessment system II criteria. Information on infant feeding practices, oral hygiene habits, maternal characteristics, and demographic features were gathered by means of a questionnaire. The results were statistically evaluated., Results: There were no associations between BF duration, night-time BF, bottle-feeding, and the ECC. And there were also no associations between BF duration, night-time BF, bottle-feeding, and the S-ECC. Cavitated lesions were more common in children breastfed at night for 18-23 months compared to 12-17 months (P = 0.031). Sweetened bottle was an impact factor on caries experience (P = 0.042). A significant correlation was found for dmft, S-ECC, and the cavitated lesions regarding sugar consumption (P = .001, P = .002, and P = .001, respectively). Early introduction to tooth-brushing and regular dental visits were significantly effective in reducing the ECC (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively)., Conclusion: BF and bottle-feeding practices were not associated with the ECC/S-ECC. Sweetened bottles and sugary foods are strong risk factors for the ECC/S-ECC., Competing Interests: None

Objective: To describe the early feeding, weaning, and oral hygiene practices of children with early childhood caries (ECC), their parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding infant feeding, and the feeding-related challenges faced by the parents., Methods: This descriptive qualitative study involved parents of children with ECC who sought dental treatment at an academic dental college in India. Data were collected though focus groups conducted with the 27 parents of children with ECC, using a focus group discussion guide. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method., Results: Community norms, such as learning from the older women in the families or neighborhoods, guided the feeding method, duration of feeding, and weaning. Breastfeeding or bottle-feeding at bedtime beyond 12 mo of age and feeding sugary drinks during weaning were standard practices, despite knowing the risk for dental caries. Parents faced multiple challenges regarding weaning and were unaware of the significance of infant oral hygiene practices., Conclusion: In children with ECC, infant feeding practices included prolonged breastfeeding or bottle-feeding beyond the required age, feeding at bedtime, and feeding sugary drinks. Although the parents knew that these feeding habits could increase the risk for caries, they lacked the self-efficacy to translate their knowledge into action during weaning. Also, they lacked awareness regarding infant oral hygiene practices., Knowledge Transfer Statement: The study provides information on the feeding habits of infants that can increase the risk for caries, the challenges faced by the parents of these children in altering these risky habits, and their lack of knowledge on infant oral hygiene practices. Policy/decision makers can advocate for pediatricians and pediatric dentists to incorporate anticipatory guidance or motivational interviewing techniques to tailor the preventive program for ECC for Indian children.

Background: The standard procedure to assess an infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who is suspected of aspirating on oral feedings is a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). The VFSS has been used for more than 30 years to assess dysphagia and is considered the gold standard. However, there are challenges to the VFSS, including radiation exposure, transport to radiology, usage of barium, limited positioning options, and cost. An alternative approach is fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), which uses a flexible endoscope passed transnasally into the pharynx to assess anatomy, movement/sensation of structures, swallow function, and response to therapeutic interventions. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing has been established as a valid tool for evaluating dysphagia and utilized as an alternative or supplement to the VFSS in both adults and children.Purpose: This article provides an overview of the current challenges in the NICU with assessing aspiration and introduces a multidisciplinary FEES program for bottle and breastfeeding.Methods/search Strategy: A review of the literature of dysphagia, VFSS, and FEES in the adult, pediatric, infant, and neonatal populations was performed. Clinical competency standards were researched and then implemented through an internal process of validation. Finally, a best practice protocol was designed as it relates to FEES in the NICU.Findings/results: Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is a safe alternative to the VFSS. It can be utilized at the infant's bedside in a NICU for the diagnosis and treatment of swallowing disorders by allowing the clinician the ability to replicate a more accurate feeding experience, therefore, determining a safe feeding plan.Implications For Practice: Competency and training are essential to establishing a multidisciplinary FEES program in the NICU.Implications For Research: Further research is needed to compare the efficacy and validity of FEES versus VFSS for infants in the NICU. Furthermore, evaluating the efficacy of FEES during breastfeeding is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which mothers engage in distracting activities during infant feeding. Mothers reported engaging in other activities during 52% of feedings; television watching was the most prevalent activity reported. Further research on the impact of distraction on feeding outcomes is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindless eating, or eating while distracted by surrounding stimuli, leads to overeating. The present study explored whether “mindless feeding,” or maternal distraction during bottle-feeding, is associated with greater infant formula/milk intakes and lower maternal sensitivity to infant cues. Mothers and their ≤24-week-old bottle-feeding infants (N = 28) visited our laboratory for a video-recorded feeding observation. Infant intake was assessed by weighing bottles before and after the feedings. Maternal sensitivity to infant cues was objectively assessed by behavioral coding of video-records using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale. Maternal distraction was defined as looking away from the infant >75% of the feeding; using a mobile device; conversing with another adult; or sleeping. Twenty-nine percent (n = 8) of mothers were distracted. While differences in intakes for infants of distracted vs. not distracted mothers did not reach significance (p = 0.24), the association between distraction and infant intake was modified by two dimensions of temperament: orienting/regulation capacity (p = 0.03) and surgency/extraversion (p = 0.04). For infants with low orienting/regulation capacity, infants of distracted mothers consumed more (177.1 ± 33.8 ml) than those of not distracted mothers (92.4 ± 13.8 ml). Similar findings were noted for infants with low surgency/extraversion (distracted: 140.6 ± 22.5 ml; not distracted: 78.4 ± 14.3 ml). No association between distraction and intake was seen for infants with high orienting/regulation capacity or surgency/extraversion. A significantly greater proportion of distracted mothers showed low sensitivity to infant cues compared to not distracted mothers (p = 0.04). In sum, mindless feeding may interact with infant characteristics to influence feeding outcomes; further experimental and longitudinal studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early transition from breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits may be related to occlusofacial abnormalities as environmental factors. Previous studies have not taken into account the potential for interactions between feeding practice, non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusal traits. This study assessed the effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and non-nutritive sucking habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in 3-6-year-old children in Peking city. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted via an examination of the occlusal characteristics of 734 children combined with a questionnaire completed by their parents/guardians. The examination was performed by a single, previously calibrated examiner and the following variables were evaluated: presence or absence of deep overbite, open bite, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, deep overjet, terminal plane relationship of the second primary molar, primary canine relationship, crowding and spacing. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions were applied to analyze the associations. Results: It was found that a short duration of breast-feeding (never or ≤6 months) was directly associated with posterior cross bite (OR = 3.13; 95% CI = 1.11-8.82; P = 0.031) and no maxillary space (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.23-2.98; P = 0.038). In children breast-fed for ≤6 months, the probability of developing pacifier-sucking habits was 4 times that for those breast-fed for >6 months (OR = 4.21; 95% CI = 1.85-9.60; P = 0.0002). Children who were bottle-fed for over 18 months had a 1.45-fold higher risk of nonmesial step occlusion and a 1.43-fold higher risk of a class II canine relationship compared with those who were bottle-fed for up to 18 months. Non-nutritive sucking habits were also found to affect occlusion: A prolonged digit-sucking habit increased the probability of an anterior open bite, while a pacifier-sucking habit associated with excessive overjet and absence of lower arch developmental space. Conclusion: Breastfeeding duration was shown to be associated with the prevalence of posterior crossbite, no maxillary space in the deciduous dentition and development of a pacifier-sucking habit. Children who had a digit-sucking habit were more likely to develop an open bite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine the impact of laser surgical tongue-tie, lip-tie, buccal-tie release on bottle-feeding and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after functional assessment of tongue and lip movement in a prospective cohort study conducted from June 2019 to June 2020 in a private general dental practice., Methods: Preoperative, one-week and one-month postoperative surveys were completed, using the Revised Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (I-GERQ-R). All study participants were bottle-feeding dyads (0-12 weeks of age) with untreated ankyloglossia and/or tethered maxillary/buccal frena., Results: The study had 40 bottle feeding infants enrolled. Posterior :tongue-tie was noted in 67.5% of this cohort. Statistically significant improvement in I-GERQ-R scores was reported between preoperative (16.6, SD: 6.1; min-max: 8-28), 1 week (14.1, SD: 4.2; min-max: 6-24) and 1 month I-GERQ-R total scores (9.1, SD: 4.5; min-max:3-27) (ANOVA test - P <.001)., Conclusion: This study confirms the need for functional assessment of tongue and lip movement for this significantly affected cohort when surgical release is proposed. Laser surgical release (frenotomy) of tongue-tie, lip-tie, buccal-tie resulted in significant improvement in I-GERQ-R outcomes were found for cohorts of the classically recognised anterior tongue-tie and the less obvious (without functional assessment) and less diagnosed posterior tongue tie were found.

Objective: To review the literature regarding the relationship between symptoms of anxiety and depression and feeding styles in parents of bottle-fed infants., Data Sources: We conducted literature searches in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO., Study Selection: We used Covidence systematic review management software during the selection process to allow for full blinding of decisions by team members. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they were reports of primary research, written in English, and focused on the relationship between symptoms of anxiety or depression and feeding styles in parents of term, bottle-fed infants younger than 12 months of age. We placed no restriction on date of publication because of the sparse amount of published literature on this topic. We identified a total of 1,882 articles. After removing duplicates, we screened 988 articles and retained six articles that met criteria for our review., Data Extraction: We used Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methodology to guide data extraction and reporting. We extracted relevant data from all primary data sources and compiled the data into a matrix. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies to assess the quality of the studies., Data Synthesis: Using an a priori coding scheme, we summarized the data using categorization of established parental feeding styles in infancy applicable to bottle-feeding. We synthesized the data into two broad categories: responsive and nonresponsive feeding styles., Conclusion: Although research on the topic is limited, our findings suggest that symptoms of postpartum depression may be associated with nonresponsive feeding styles in parents of bottle-fed infants. We suggest several areas for future research and recommend increased emotional and feeding support in practice for parents of bottle-feeding infants., (Copyright © 2022 AWHONN, the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

It is hypothesized that the visual and weight cues afforded by bottle-feeding may lead mothers to overfeed in response to the amount of liquid in the bottle. The aim of the present pilot study was to test this hypothesis by comparing mothers' sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues and infants' intakes when mothers use opaque, weighted bottles (that remove visual and weight cues) compared to conventional, clear bottles to feed their infants. We also tested the hypothesis that mothers' pressuring feeding style would moderate the effect of bottle type. Formula-feeding dyads ( N  = 25) visited our laboratory on two separate days. Mothers fed their infants from a clear bottle one day and an opaque, weighted bottle on the other; bottle-order was counterbalanced across the two days. Infant intake was assessed by weighing each bottle before and after the feeding. Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues was objectively assessed using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale. Mothers were significantly more responsive to infant cues when they used opaque compared to clear bottles ( p  = .04). There was also a trend for infants to consume significantly less formula when fed from opaque compared to clear bottles ( p  = .08). Mothers' pressuring feeding style moderated the effect of bottle type on maternal responsiveness to infant cues ( p  = .02) and infant intake ( p  = .03). Specifically, mothers who reported higher levels of pressuring feeding were significantly more responsive to their infants' cues ( p  = .02) and fed their infants significantly less formula when using opaque versus clear bottles ( p  = .01); no differences were seen for mothers who reported lower levels of pressuring feeding. This study highlights a simple, yet effective intervention for improving the bottle-feeding practices of mothers who have pressuring feeding styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Research has separately indicated associations between pregnancy depression and breastfeeding, breastfeeding and postpartum depression, and pregnancy and postpartum depression. This paper aimed to provide a systematic literature review on breastfeeding and depression, considering both pregnancy and postpartum depression. Methods An electronic search in three databases was performed using the keywords: “breast feeding”, “bottle feeding”, “depression”, “pregnancy”, and “postpartum”. Two investigators independently evaluated the titles and abstracts in a first stage and the full-text in a second stage review. Papers not addressing the association among breastfeeding and pregnancy or postpartum depression, non-original research and research focused on the effect of anti-depressants were excluded. 48 studies were selected and included. Data were independently extracted. Results Pregnancy depression predicts a shorter breastfeeding duration, but not breastfeeding intention or initiation. Breastfeeding duration is associated with postpartum depression in almost all studies. Postpartum depression predicts and is predicted by breastfeeding cessation in several studies. Pregnancy and postpartum depression are associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding may mediate the association between pregnancy and postpartum depression. Pregnancy depression predicts shorter breastfeeding duration and that may increase depressive symptoms during postpartum. Limitations The selected keywords may have led to the exclusion of relevant references. Conclusions Although strong empirical evidence regarding the associations among breastfeeding and pregnancy or postpartum depression was separately provided, further research, such as prospective studies, is needed to clarify the association among these three variables. Help for depressed pregnant women should be delivered to enhance both breastfeeding and postpartum psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Sans nier les multiples influences externes qui s’exercent sur les parents, et principalement la mère, dans le choix du mode d’alimentation du nouveau-né, nous privilégions une perspective psychodynamique pour aborder les mouvements internes en présence. Dans notre expérience, ce choix complexe nous paraît, actuellement, dépendre essentiellement d’éléments psychiques et historiques de la mère. Ces conflits internes peuvent malmener la mère qui peut se sentir très seule face à cette décision qui l’engage. While accepting that parents, and especially mothers, are subject to many external influences when deciding how to feed their newborn baby, in this article we choose to examine what may occur within the maternal psychism itself. In our experience, this difficult choice seems at present to depend ultimately and essentially on elements present in the mother's psychic and historical constitution. These internal conflicts may be hard to bear for the mother, who finds herself alone facing this difficult but necessary decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study was designed to assess postpartum women’s body image in relation to feeding choices. Forty women aged 20–42 years, up to 3 years postpartum were interviewed through email. Participants were allocated to three groups; currently breastfeeding, former breastfeeding, or bottle-feeding. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, which revealed three key themes: attitude transition, celebrity comparisons, and emotional reactions to celebrity mothers. Analysis suggested that women with experience of breastfeeding viewed their body more functionally, which created feelings of appreciation and acceptance towards their bodies. The findings suggest that although breastfeeding does not necessarily protect women from body concerns and pressure for thinness, it allows women to see their body as an ‘instrument’ rather than an aesthetic ‘object’. Further research is required to confirm or challenge the current findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the current human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 ( HTLV- I) mother-to-child transmission ( MTCT) prevention system in Kagoshima Prefecture. We investigated the rate of carrier pregnant women from obstetrics facilities in Kagoshima by mail in 2012 and compared our results with previous study results. We interviewed carrier pregnant women about their choices for infant nutrition, and we interviewed midwives about the follow-up system. In 2012, 8719 screening tests were performed, covering 58.1% of all pregnant women in Kagoshima; the rate of carrier pregnant women was 1.3%. Of 59 carriers, 39 chose short-term breast-feeding. The HTLV- I carrier rate among pregnant women in Kagoshima has declined. The current HTLV- I MTCT prevention system in Kagoshima is effective, but not sufficient. To bring the nutrition methods to completion, various types of support are needed. Further studies will elucidate many unsolved problems concerning MTCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of infant and young child feeding that provides the most benefit includes being put to the breast within an hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, continued breastfeeding along with complementary foods up to 2 years of age or beyond, and avoidance of any bottle-feeding. However, since there are no published data from Kenya regarding trends in these feeding practices, this research undertook time trend estimation of these feeding practices using the 1998, 2003, and 2008-2009 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey and also examined the multivariate relationships between sociodemographic factors and feeding practices with data from 2008 to 2009. Logistic regression was used to test the significance of trends and to analyze sociodemographic characteristics associated with feeding practices. There was a significant decline in early initiation of breastfeeding among children in Central and Western provinces and those residing in urban areas. Trends in exclusive breastfeeding showed significant improvement in most sociodemographic segments, whereas trends in complementary feeding and breastfeeding remained stable. Bottle-feeding significantly decreased among children aged 12 to 23 months, as well as those living in Coast, Eastern, and Rift Valley provinces. In the multivariate analysis, the province was significantly associated with feeding practices, after controlling for child's size, birth order, and parity. The stagnant (and in some cases worsening) trends in early initiation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding with breastfeeding paint a worrisome picture of breastfeeding practices in Kenya; therefore, efforts to promote the most beneficial feeding practices should be intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]