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This article conveys the power of place in global history through the multiple perceptions of space and possession in one small remote locality – Nootka Sound on the Northwest coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. This space was, for a brief period between the 1770s and 1790s, connected with many parts of the world. Microhistorical methodologies applied to the texts of traders and explorers and turned to the study of a locality such as Nootka Sound reveal the close global connections of agents and events and help us to challenge the frameworks of global history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to locate globality in Basel's urban society during the emergence of capitalism (1670–1780). It seeks to globalize patrimonial historiography and local history by "inverting the telescope" as micro-historians have suggested. It analyzes how the leading actors in a Swiss city situated on the borders of France and the Holy Roman Empire participated in the new capitalism and positioned their society within a new global geography increasingly shaped by an Atlantic beyond the empires. To do so, it asks how the city's cosmopolitan elite bonded locally and acted globally in times of accelerated economic and social transformation. Exploring people who capitalized social, economic, and political borders deepens our understanding of the multi-layered process of early globalization and contributes to the new history of capitalism. The micro-global focus on Basel's specific locality illuminates the conceptual potential for global history in the nexus between war capitalism and global capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to show the reader what the attitudes of mercy and reason of state are characterized in the context of the events taking place on the Polish-Belarusian borderland, which is broadly referred to as a humanitarian crisis. Motivations behind these attitudes will be presented. The article will verify the hypothesis that the attitude of mercy is not always possible to implement when the state and its citizens are at risk, because the authority at the head of these citizens is supposed to protect them, and only then provide possible help to others. Both attitudes are juxtaposed with each other. The research method used in writing this article was the empirical method. The article has been divided into individual chapters. The article presents the results of research in which it was established that mercy is possible only by individual people, and the reason of state is the attitude followed by the rulers, under which they strive for the security of citizens and the state. State authorities can only support the actions of individual people made in the thought of mercy. However, it should be emphasized that currently there are two attitudes of mercy - factual and superficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian electrical system consists of an interconnected and isolated system. National Interconnected System (SIN), which extends over almost the entire territory, is responsible for serving 98.3% of the Brazilian population, mostly with energy from hydroelectric plants. The isolated systems are located in more remote areas, mainly in the Amazon, serve approximately 13% of the population and are supported by diesel oil. This system configures Roraima as the last electrical frontier, as it is the only Brazilian state that is not included in the SIN. The objective of this work is to analyze the energy scenario in the state of Roraima, located in the extreme north of Brazil. The methodology used was based on the research of secondary data through document analysis and scientific publications. In 2021, there was a strong investment in photovoltaic solar energy, concentrated in Boa Vista, in the residential class. In 2022, in addition to solar energy, other sources are being tested to possibly replace diesel oil, among them: natural gas, biomass and biodiesel. With these investments, there is an energy transition in the State, however, greater attention from the public power is needed in the infrastructure and in the access to this resource.in the infrastructure and in the access to this resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language of one community has always been a form of individualization in relation to another community. It has always been a form of creating a consciousness of community belonging, of solidarity of individuals with the group. It is no wonder, therefore, that it has been used by certain states or political regimes to create and support identity disputes inside or outside a state, inside or outside communities. Language was then a political tool used by some states to create new forms of ethno-national identity that would justify membership/claiming territories or individualizing a population in relation to the main ethno-linguistic group. The purpose of this study is to identify and establish relationships between linguistic individualization and the political act or the political interest of the difference of opinions promotion of „ new" linguistic realities to justify or challenge certain state borders or ethno-national constructions. The space under analysis is that of Eastern and Balkan Europe, in particular that of the Republic of Moldova and Northern Macedonia. Methodologically, the focus of our analysis lies primarily on the identity boundaries generated by the specific ethno-religious, linguistic or cultural, but also by the nature of the mental specific to the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of cross-border interactions, the progress achieved in the process of European integration and the expansion of the EU to the east raises the issue of cross-border cooperation in a political-geopolitical context. The issue of cross-border cooperation in general goes beyond geographical, economic and legal approaches. If we intend to treat the phenomenon from a specific point of view, we will find ambiguities and uncertainties regarding the role and functioning of some institutions in the process of cross-border cooperation and partnerships. Therefore, the full analysis of the cross-border cooperation process cannot be done only if we also evaluate the effects produced by the institutions in the local governance sector and their political dimension. The study aims to realize an inventory of the general trends and evolutions from the past century, regarding the perception of the Romania-Hungarian, but also focuses on the border cooperation activities which had an impact on transnational institution building amongst the local governance apparatus in Bihor County in the process of cross-border cooperation in the development period 2014-2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Hungarian and international geographical and sociological literature, the stages of urban development are dealt with extremely widely, so the authors refrain from describing them in detail. The relationship between crime and urban development stages is tangential in previous studies. The researchers mention a positive or negative change in the crime rate for each stage but do not go further. They do not undertake to deal with specific criminal values, the structure, or potential solutions for crime prevention. This study examines the stages of urban development from the perspective of changes in crime. Among the four stages of urban development, the study deals with suburbanization, deurbanisation, and urbanization. In doing so, it shows what main crimes are characteristic of each developmental stage. The authors also mention a new urban development phase that characterizes some European cities. These settlements are mainly located in Central Europe. As a result of the new type of forced industrialization, tens of thousands of new workers are arriving in some settlements. Some of them are foreign workers, which also has a criminogenic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the relationship between the perception of an environment of illegality and people's non-normative behavior (anomie) regarding the crime of smuggling in the Department of Norte de Santander (Colombia) and in the State of Táchira (Venezuela). Data collected during the first half of 2022 from two population samples were analyzed: n = 2 385 persons in the Department of Norte de Santander and n = 1 398 persons in the State of Táchira. A hypothesis test was used, with the independent variables being the respondents' age groups and educational level (heads of household between 18 and 69 years old). The results show the existence of smuggling as a practice socially accepted by many citizens even though it is a crime, which is increased by the deterioration of commercial exchange between Venezuela and Colombia, the unilateral closing of border crossings, and therefore the deterioration of the quality of life of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the duality that exists in how the States approach the current Venezuelan migration in the region between the humanitarian perspective and the securitist perspective. From the definition of Venezuelan migration as a "crisis" and forced displacement the result is the increase in more restrictive border control measures, the increase in irregular entry and humanitarian aid to those who are in extremely precarious and vulnerable conditions, unresolving irregularity or the consequences that this situation has on people who arrive to Chile. The article takes the case of the border between Chile and Bolivia and the increase of unauthorized crossings at the Colchane border and is based on the results of two investigations carried out during 2021, the first based on qualitative interviews and field observations, and the second based on survey results and field observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and characterizes the floating and pendular migration flows of a group of Venezuelan women in the border city of Arauca, Colombia. Using a qualitative methodological approach, field observations, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and a literature review of updated academic, regulatory, and institutional texts were conducted in an area of study with limited genderbased description. Thus, this study highlights the role of Venezuelan women as active migrant subjects and concludes that the labor, family, and social trajectories of the interviewed women are transversely modified by their migration experience, as they are subjected to various risks that expose their vulnerability as migrant women, in addition to risks derived from xenophobia and discrimination. Paradoxically, the migratory diaspora represents their only hope for having a better quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within a global context, the increase in migrations in different regions of the world during this century has led to an increment in academic production on migration. The aim of this article is to analyze the autonomy of migration from the approaches of two of its greatest exponents, Mezzadra and De Genova, who investigate migration's political condition, addressing the relationships of mutual influence between migrants, borders, and the State. The contribution of this paper is to show how this theoretical approach focuses on two fundamental processes to understand migration. On the one hand, it refers to the actions, strategies, and practices of those involved in shaping cross-border migration. On the other hand, it considers the role of States and borders as legal-political and historical constructs in shaping international (often irregular) migratory flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borders have significant potential as tourist attractions, and there are many aspects of unique border locations capable of attracting people's attention. One such attraction would be the tripoint, i.e. a place where the borders of three different countries meet physically at a single point. One of the newest such features in Europe – where the borders of Poland, Slovakia and Czechia meet in the Beskid Mountains – provides an example of far-reaching border-related changes in the EU, the creativity of local authorities as supported by EU funds, and the creation of a new transboundary meeting space with a strong integration-related identity. It also exemplifies the concept of a new tourist space beyond traditional tourist destinations. The development of tourism at tripoints is modelled ideographically. Spatio-temporal analysis with scalar dimensions shows the spatial relationships between tripoints and tourism development: the central point, the immediate vicinity, the proximal neighborhood (or local zone) and the regional zone. The tripoint examined here supports a proposal for a spatial planning model at tripoints in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the security implications of the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) in Nigeria laying more emphasis on Kaduna State. The work relied on both primary and secondary data. For the primary data, they were obtained through an in-depth interview with key stakeholders who are abreast with issues of the subject matter, this included all three arms of the armed forces, the police, customs, immigration, and those who have been victims of attack and culprits who were arrested with SALWs. While secondary data were sourced from textbooks, journal articles, seminar papers, and newspapers, among others on the subject matter. The work adopted the relative deprivation theory as a framework of analysis. Findings of the work show that there were serious security implications of the proliferation of SALWs for Kaduna state which has led to an increase in crime rate, political violence, conflicts, and disruption of economic activities within the period under review. The study, therefore, recommends inter-agency and bilateral cooperation on border patrol, adequate equipment and training of security personnel, proper remuneration for security agents, improved government policies and framework to grow the economy and create jobs, strict adherence to prescribing laws and regulations governing the possession and use of small arms and light weapons among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many writers have used the labyrinth as a game between reality and fiction, or between fantastic and everyday space. However, what happens when a known space is seen to be violated, being transformed into a great labyrinth that traps the characters and changes their reality and their lives forever? One possibility is the transformation of "places" into "spaces," since violated places lose all their previous identity. The present work aims to analyze the relationship between violence and the space of the northern border in the novel Laberinto (2019) by Eduardo Antonio Parra, since it shows a part of the most current reality of this place that, due to violence, has become a strange and inhospitable space for its inhabitants. For this, the concept of violence is approached according to Benjamin, Astorga Almanza, and Hurtado Heras; and those of space and place, according to Westphal, Ryan, Foot and Maoz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus are the major vectors of malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). The malaria burden in this region has decreased significantly in recent years as all GMS countries progress towards malaria elimination. It is necessary to investigate the Anopheles diversity and abundance status and assess the Plasmodium infection rates to understand the malaria transmission potential of these vector species in GMS countries to guide the development of up-to-date vector control strategies and interventions. Methods: A survey of mosquitoes was conducted in Stung Treng, Sainyabuli and Phongsaly Provinces on the Cambodia-Laos, Thailand-Laos and China-Laos borders, respectively. Mosquito collection was done by overnight trapping at sentinel sites in each province. After morphological identification, the 18S rRNA-based nested-PCR was performed to detect malaria parasites in the captured Anopheles mosquitoes. Results: A total of 18 965 mosquitoes comprising of 35 species of 2 subgenera (Subgenus Anopheles and Subgenus Cellia) and 4 tribes (Tribes Culicini, Aedini, Armigerini and Mansoniini) were captured. Tribe Culicini accounted for 85.66% of captures, followed by Subgenus Anopheles (8.15%). Anopheles sinensis dominated the Subgenus Anopheles by 99.81%. Plasmodium-infection was found in 25 out of the 1 683 individual or pooled samples of Anopheles. Among the 25 positive samples, 19, 5 and 1 were collected from Loum, Pangkhom and Siem Pang village, respectively. Eight Anopheles species were found infected with Plasmodium, i.e., An. sinensis, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles vagus, An. minimus, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles philippinensis, Anopheles tessellatus and An. dirus. The infection rates of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and mixture of Plasmodium parasite species were 0.12% (2/1 683), 1.31% (22/1 683) and 0.06% (1/1 683), respectively. Conclusions: Overall, this survey re-confirmed that multiple Anopheles species carry malaria parasites in the international border areas of the GMS countries. Anopheles sinensis dominated the Anopheles collections and as carriers of malaria parasites, therefore may play a significant role in malaria transmission. More extensive investigations of malaria vectors are required to reveal the detailed vector biology, ecology, behaviour, and genetics in GMS regions in order to assist with the planning and implementation of improved malaria control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the delivery of last mile, or known What home delivery, is the delivery that is made in the last stage of the supply chain, where according to literature this is the process logistic plus expensive, less efficient and to which more attention is given in terms logistic Already what should be deliver the product correct, in the place Right in the moment correct, for this is that they exist companies specialized in deliveries, express calls, courier companies or home delivery companies for the local context of the city San José de Cúcuta, the investigation was framed in a border context, where the methodology is based in the quantitative descriptive since the variables chosen in the Present study were quantified and characterized to address and know the context that is lived about delivery in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Border areas are a real challenge for tourism development. Usually associated with the periphery from a socio-economic point of view, these areas often have natural potential and attractive landscapes that have been little transformed by human activity and numerous historical and cultural tourist attractions. Although these areas have considerable tourism potential, this is not sufficient for the sustainable development of tourism and the exploitation of this potential is strongly influenced by the degree of permeability of the border. This is the case of the Romanian-Serbian border, which overlaps the most spectacular sector of the Danube – the Iron Gates Gorge. The main aim of this article is to analyse the role of tourism in the development of border areas and how it functions in a particular territorial context: the Danube Gorge located at the border between Romania and Serbia. The Romanian-Serbian border currently functions as an external border of the European Union in a favourable historical and political context, given the tradition of good neighbourliness between the two entities, the states located on either side of the Danube. However, the communist period altered the prospects for tourism development in this region through a very drastic and controlled border regime, even though the area benefited from major investment projects, such as the dam and hydroelectric power station at Porțile de Fier, built in the 1970s in cooperation with the former Yugoslavia. An analysis of the statistical data on tourism development shows that tourist traffic is on the increase, although there is a contradiction between the upward trend in tourist flows and the backwardness of large-scale tourist infrastructure, with the dominant type of accommodation being small, flexible, and rural accommodation that does not require large investments. The results presented in this article can be summarised in the general conclusion that the development of tourism in the Danube Gorge–Iron Gates remains dependent on the political factor and the border regime, even though the region has a remarkable tourism potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing scholarship highlights the novel approaches and the capacity of northern states to control mass mobility by externalizing the border; outsource their control apparatus to migrant sending and transit countries; process and detain irregular arrivals in offshore locations; and expand the reach of sovereign powers extraterritorially. Significantly, the processes and outcomes of externalization are neither homogeneous nor uncontested. This article seeks to provide critical insights into the divergent nature of border externalization and contributes to a de-centring of northern-centric notions of the state's role in border control by comparing how border control plays out in Malaysia and Indonesia under Australia's externalization policy agenda. Their different border control outcomes reflect important intervening factors in the two countries' internal (domestic political and economic realities; attitudes towards migrants and their control) and external (interstate geo-political relations) environment in shaping the situated meanings and the realities of border security building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugees played a central role in public discourse in the past decade, however, self-representations were marginal. In this article, I analyze the documentary My Escape / Meine Flucht, which portrays the flight of 15 people based on footage from their mobile phones on their journey and interviews. Starting from Foucault's concept of the heterotopia, I approach the Mediterranean Sea as a place in which different power regimes intersect, engage and compete. The self-representation of border-crossing makes the enacted power on refugees visible and challenges common framings of refugees and border-crossing. I pick up the argument that the rise in migration in 2015 offers a healing potential which could mirror the reality in the "Global South" to a European Union (EU) public. I argue that self-representations in media reveal the contradictions in the self-imagination of the EU and its reality. Yet their impact remains limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text discusses the impact of immersive technologies on our identity and relationship to digital and analogue modalities in a non-normative way. It references the work of Joseph Beuys, specifically his iconic performance of being confined with a coyote in a gallery space for three days, to construct connections between borders, edges, limits and identity, face presentation, representation and projection towards ourselves and our audiences. We reference the works of Marcel Duchamp and George Orwell and compare the immersive devices of the nineteenth century to current technology. Various works of art and literature are used to illustrate the impact of technology on society and the individual's relationship to the collective imagination. The text raises questions about the limits or nonlimits of exposure of identity through machinic and technological devices or processes in the context of privacy of expression in a contemporary networked world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottomans tried to protect the border both on the Iranian frontier and provided the employment of military forces without getting any expense from the treasury in terms of financially. In particular, the dirliks were given to people who were useful in wars and recommended by high-ranking statesmen. Besides, the dirliks were also assigned to the local lords in the region. Although the dirliks given (has, zeamet and timar) consist mainly of fiefs, it is seen that the zeamets occupy an important place in those dirliks. In this research, the importance of the dirliks grant in Revan after the Ottoman Empire's campaigns to the Caucasus in the last quarter of the 16th century will be discussed. The nature of the dirliks' incentives, their importance, and their contribution to the welfare of the region within the mentioned period will be revealed. It will be discussed based on basic issues such as what kind of criteria were taken into grant while grant the dirliks, the specific ratio and values of has, zeamet and timar, whether there occurred any change in the status of the people benefiting from the dirliks, and whether the timars owners received any promotion. In addition, an analysis will be carried out by focusing on the issue of the grant dirliks in Ottoman border, their contribution to the Ottoman economy, and whether they had any impact on the Ottoman-Safavid wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes an important way in which the Porfirio Díaz government tried to empower the president to control Mexico's northern border in the late 1870s. Just a few months after Díaz gained power, officers of the incoming administration attempted to gain exclusive authority for the Mexican executive over matters related to extradition requests. The president, Díaz's allies argued, was responsible for the country's foreign relations, and only he could decide on the surrender of fugitives to other nations. The article maintains that such claim aimed to build a legal apparatus that would strengthen the figure of the president to control what was then the key and problematic area of northern Tamaulipas. Furthermore, the article argues that the legal changes adopted regarding extradition matters contributed to shaping the early twentieth-century borderlands, although they failed to achieve their main objective. Thus, after the 1870s, the borderlands entered an unprecedented phase of transformation that, in many ways, revealed the inefficacy of the regime's extradition policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, Central American Indigenous women who seek asylum are officially classified as Latinas or Hispanic. The erasure and consequent invisibility of Indigenous identity not only causes assimilation but also jeopardizes Central American Indigenous women's procedural rights. Using a transnational feminist lens combined with a Critical Latinx Indigeneities framework, and drawing on fieldwork research, I address the complex relationships of migrants whose identities are intertwined with geography, different states, and racial representations, while I claim that the invisibility of Indigenous women from Abya Yala who cross borders responds to the white settler colonial project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginalization based on geographic-isolation has serious repercussions on construction of identities. Identities in geographically isolated borderlands in Jammu and Kashmir are doubly-marginalized due to lack of development and the impact of ongoing conflict and dispute between the nation-states of India and Pakistan. Dard-Shins; one such tribal borderland community of village Kilshey in Gurez, Kashmir have been living as 'non-registered non-rehabilitated refugees'. This research while tracing their displacement from across the border during the time of partition in 1947 to the present day refugee-camps and resettlement colonies, studies the concept of belonging and place-attachment vis-à-vis transition and mobility among the refugees here. The displacement led migration across hostile borders has made both the idea of home unsettled and identity uncertain for them. Caught up between these two is the idea of marginality that further informs their bonds of nationalism with both India and Pakistan. Survival as a borderland community in India has not been without the geographical-isolation and under-development that has further led to psychological-distancing and social-disability. Invoking their ancestral links to uss paar/the other side of the border they migrated from becomes pertinent while imagining a life outside decades of marginalization as has been experienced on iss paar/this side in India. This intersection of marginality, identity and displacement thus creates an interesting sphere where aspirations of moving out of the category 'refugee' are stronger than having lived as refugees for ages in the hope of just and fair rehabilitation and resettlement policies in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failed journey of the Komagata Maru in 1914 of British Indian subjects from Hong Kong to the Burrard Inlet in Vancouver, is a reminder of Canada's deep-rooted racial prejudice and practice of exclusion, further reflected through its discriminatory policies and façade of multiculturalism. Canada's strategic implementation of the Continuous Journey Act and its subsequent effect on the ship, turned out to be a nightmare for the aspiring South Asian immigrants to Canada as they were stranded onshore for two months. Renewed focus on discussion around borders, rights, and identities draws attention to the early nineteenth- and twentieth-century discourses that expose the complexities of colonial regimes and the crises that have followed. It is in this vein I propose a re-reading of the Komagata Maru incident, through its contemporary literary and artistic representations and raise questions of race, citizenship, ethnicity vis-à-vis issues of borders, empires, nations, belonging, and home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tens of thousands of children living on Mainland China cross the border between Shenzhen and Hong Kong for a 'better education' every day. A well-oiled industry is in place to manage, facilitate and control this education mobility field. It involves schools, diverse businesses and nongovernmental organisations that, in articulation with the Chinese and Hong Kong states, stimulate and regulate the movement of people, materialities, ideas and practices. Drawing on our fieldwork and media analysis, this paper unpacks the transurban mobility industry to illustrate the role of the various players and how they work in conjunction to facilitate cross-border schooling, especially among the very young children. We map out and visualise with photos the workings of the schools, buses, escorts, tutoring centres, day care and boarding houses. We show how the mobility industry, intersecting with other business networks and mobility systems, links Shenzhen and Hong Kong, taking and making places in these cities, especially in the border region. Our paper illustrates the role of this mobility industry in the making of the political-economy and socio-culture of the border area, which constantly connects, divides and redefines the two cities and regions it bridges. We end with some reflections on the implications of the recent political challenges and COVID-I9 pandemic on this cross-border education mobility system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International boundaries have been mainly considered as barriers in literature on the 'cross-border regional innovation system' (CBRIS), in line with their traditional understanding. In this paper, we underline that such a perspective presents limits, and argue in favour of an understanding of multidimensional borders that are subject to dynamic change over time. By mobilizing conceptualizations from the field of border studies, we examine the various functions of borders to explain the innovation-led development potential in cross-border regions. In this view, international borders can function as an interface, a marker of difference or a symbol, rather than a mere barrier that separates regions. Further, we suggest that these border functions are key factors in explaining the 'fluctuating' integration dynamics of regional innovation systems across the border. Mobilizing evidence from two case studies in European and North American contexts, the paper sheds light on the border as a potential resource for innovation and discusses implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: The tribal population in India is considered as one of the vulnerable groups with respect to their achievements in health and other developmental issues. In this context, this mapping review attempted to understand the health profile of the Tharu tribal community residing in the northern State of Uttar Pradesh, India through literature mining. Tharu tribe is one of the indigenous groups living in the Terai plain on the Indo-Nepal border. In 1967, this tribe was documented as a Scheduled Tribe by the Government of India. The present review aimed to map the health-seeking behaviour of the Tharu population and review other factors pertaining to their health such as socioeconomic, developmental, employment, education, etc. Methods: Online data search was carried out on PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms ‘Tharu’ AND ‘India’. In addition, official reports avaibale in public domain and grey literature was also searched. Results: Twenty seven studies including reviews, articles, books/book chapters were evaluated along with 13 reports (including reports from government organizations and grey literature) were retrieved and analyzed. Of the 27 published reports, 16 were found relevant to Tharu tribe in India. A total of 29 (16 articles + 13 reports ) were included in this review. Interpretation & Conclusions: This mapping review higheights the health seeking behaviour of the Tharu tribe in India that can help inform future interventions to improve the health status of the Tharu tribe as well as other aspects of their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This paper examines trends and correlates of alcohol‐involved motor vehicle crashes (AMVCs) in California between 2005 and 2016 among Hispanic and non‐Hispanic Whites (Whites hereafter). Together these two groups comprise 76% of the state population. The paper also examines whether alcohol outlet density, percentage of Hispanics in census tract populations, and distance to the U.S./Mexico border are related to greater risks for AMVCs. The border is of interest given the greater availability of alcohol in the area. Methods: Crash data come from Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System maintained by the California Highway Patrol. Sociodemographic and community characteristics data from the U.S. Census and alcohol outlet density were aggregated to census tracts. Total motor vehicle crashes and AMVCs were related to these characteristics using hierarchical Bayesian Poisson space–time models. Results: There were over two million injury and fatality crashes during the period of analysis, of which 11% were AMVCs. About 1.7% of these crashes had fatalities. The rate of AMVCs increased among both Whites and Hispanics until 2008. After 2008, the rate among Whites declined through 2016 while the rate among Hispanics declined for 2 years (2009 and 2010) and increased thereafter. Crash distance from the border (RR = 1.016, 95% CI = 1.010 to 1.022) and percent Hispanic population (RR = 1.006; 95% CI = 1.003 to 1.009) were well‐supported results with 95% credible intervals that did not include 1. The percentages of the following: bars/pubs, males, individuals aged 18 to 29 and 40 to 49 years, U.S. born population, individuals below the 150% poverty level, unemployed, housing vacant, and housing owner‐occupied were all positively associated with AMVCs and well supported. Conclusions: Between 2005 and 2016 the rate of AMVCs in California declined among Whites but not among Hispanics. Population‐level indicators of percent Hispanic population, distance to the U.S. Mexico border, gender, age distribution, and socioeconomic stability were positively associated with crash rates, indicating that important contextual characteristics help determine the level of AMVC rates in communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses Anderson’s notions of national imaginings and calendrical coincidence as theoretical framework and the ideas of selected political economic theorists to examine Zebra Crossing’s depiction of precarious illegal crossing of national borders by economically desperate Zimbabweans in the years leading up to the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup held in South Africa. The novel foregrounds issues of identity by depicting challenges encountered by an orphan teenage girl with albinism not only to cross the physical border but her tragic failure to negotiate various socially constructed boundaries that result when destructive post-colonial African national imaginations collide with the global economy’s insatiable anti-egalitarian logic of capital accumulation. With varying degrees of success, Zebra Crossing transgresses prevailing contemporary classificatory systems of literary works and many boundaries related to post-colonial African national imaginings as these intersect with the predatory features of contemporary global capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the governmental measures implemented by Chile and El Salvador during the pandemic to manage the repatriation of their nationals and resident citizens who were stranded abroad due to the closing of borders, a decision imposed by governments worldwide as a measure to contain the health crisis generated by COVID-19 in their territories. The restriction to the freedom of movement of people across borders caused in several countries of the region an additional humanitarian drama to the devastating effects of the global health crisis, so this paper examines this problem from the coverage given by the Latin American media to the repatriation processes of Chileans and Salvadorans as case studies, through a qualitative documentary analysis of the news about the main difficulties and consequences generated by this humanitarian drama. An important conclusion of the study recognizes the relevance of the administrative, logistic, and communicational capacity that the diplomatic missions of Latin American countries should develop, as well as the preeminence of human rights in international relations in order to face more responsibly the migratory crisis caused by the closing of borders for sanitary reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the experiences of restricted mobility of Venezuelan migrants on the border as a result of government measures to cope with the pandemic in Colombia and Venezuela. Using a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews conducted between May and September 2020 and a documentary and hemerographic review, it was observed that in Cúcuta and its metropolitan area a mobility/immobility dyad developed that led to Venezuelan migrants being trapped in both territories. In the midst of being trapped, the border deepened the logics of differentiation between citizens and migrants, and the construction of the other as a threat, in this case of contagion within the two countries, being victims of the processes of securitization and sanitization as strategies of reaffirmation of sovereignty. Likewise, the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the creation of a restrictive and immobilizing border where before a territory of permanent exchange was shown and migrants have become a subject of dispute in the tense international relations between the Venezuelan government and the countries of the American continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to understand theoretical and cultural aspects related to the typical cuisine of the Brazil-Paraguay border from the analysis of the “chipa” as an alternative element to income generation and as a potential for geographic indication in strengthening local tourism. The research evaluated a sample by adhesion of 4 (four) traditional Ñas in the region, sellers and producers of artisanal “chipas”, mapped from the field observations and the tacit knowledge of the researchers. For the analysis, we considered the economic theories, geographical indication, and cultural heritage. The results showed that the level of differentiation and the commercialization channels used are factors that interfere in the creation and distribution of the added value of the product in the artisanal process of “chipa” production. It was possible to conclude that the typicality of regional cuisine, when preserved and valued by the local population, is an important element for the generation of income, based on what indicate the references on geographical indication and cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban violence derived from the absence of planning, land use and sustainability strategies for the development of cities has had an impact on the dignified life of the habitants of these territories, especially historically violated populations. Gender-based violence, present in all social contexts, is reflected in the urbanization of spaces, that develop processes of discrimination, exclusion and insecurity manifested in the thousands of disappearances of women and girls, as well as feminicides over the last thirty years in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. In this way, the neoliberal policies of making a city, contribute to the murders of women and girls in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a critical reading of the short story, Il campo di granturco [The Cornfield], by Cesare Pavese. Methodologically and epistemologically, it tries to highlight the existing consonances between literature and geography with regards to three key concepts – the border, the landscape, and the territory – that form an indissoluble connection between human beings and the world. In geography, border, landscape, and territory are regarded as key cognitive mediators within the interaction between the Self and the world. What purpose, then, does reading Pavese from a geographic perspective serve? Why do his works matter within the context of cultural geography? Pavese's Il campo di granturco, I argue, contains an example of what Augustin Berque calls 'Thinking through Landscape', which is an essential requirement of any relationship between the self and the world. Additionally, reading Pavese from a geographic viewpoint provides us the chance to propose a reflection on the role of dialog in the self/world cognitive relationship. The paper's main objective is to contribute to current geographical debates on the self-world interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Changthang region is a part of the high altitude Tibetan plateau. In eastern Ladakh, the Changthang stretches approximately 1,600 kilometers east into Tibet. The region is rich in wildlife and home to vast species of flora and fauna and scenic lakes attracting mainly international tourists and recently saw a huge inflow of mass domestic tourism. The Changthang region shot to limelight in India recently due to the yearlong border standoff in the Galwan valley and Pangong Lake. However, the region is located on a historically important trade route for travelers, pilgrims and traders on their way to Tibet. This centuries old trade route came to an end by 1950's with the Chinese occupation of Tibet and the subsequent India-China war in 1962. The paper presents a critical analysis of the potential revival of the centuries old trade route for pilgrim tourism and trade fostering cross-border cooperation between India and China. The paper considers the possibility of re-opening the Kailash-Mansarover route through the Leh-Demchok route which will in turn contribute to the sustainable development of the Changthang region. The study encapsulates the potential of developing cross-border tourism which could bring numerous benefits to the border regions of the Changthang in India and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the contributions of Peruvian theorist and critic Antonio Cornejo Polar on narrative heterogeneity, this paper proposes an interpretation of Valeria Luiselli's most recent novel, Desierto sonoro (2019). In this text I postulate that, without undermining the explicit sources which the novel alludes to and recovers, it is possible to link it to a deeply rooted narrative tradition in Latin America: that which represents sociocultural otherness. The tensions between the referent (the Chiricahua tribes of the 19th century and the children who cross the border into the United States in the 21st century) and the narrative perspectives that present the events involve different displacements (of characters, knowledge, diegetic levels, and narrative points of view) oriented to the representation of a harmonious encounter between two opposing sociocultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the first to publish, translate to Lithuanian, and analyse the description of border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Confederation of Livonia dated on January 12th, 1529. This paper establishes previously unknown locations of some of the toponyms mentioned. It also investigates the circumstances of creating and archiving this document. A hypothesis is raised that the document had been drafted by Alexander (Olechno) Krivec and was later transferred to chancellor Albertas Goštautas (pol. Olbracht Gasztołd; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд)) for storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the personal and political significance of dancing for migrants trapped at the US–Mexico border, waiting to apply for asylum in the United States. Past research has often framed waiting as empty, static, boring, or even violent. Nevertheless, an emergent literature shows how people in contexts of violence also exercise creativity and care as embodied paths to collective healing. Drawing on nearly three years of patchwork ethnography at Comunidades, a cultural center and migrant shelter in Tijuana, Mexico, including participant observation in person and over Zoom as well as in-depth interviews with migrants and staff, we explore how dance affects migrants’ relationships to trauma and offers its own mode of politics. We show how forced waiting was affectively complex. On one hand, being stranded at the border left migrants vulnerable to state and cartel abuse. At the same time, dancing helped people ‘come home’ to themselves, practice solidarity, and refuse dominant narratives of their suffering. In short, migrants can use creative practices – including but not limited to dance – for embodied healing, community building, and resistance to larger regimes of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the internal EU border between Germany and Poland, border discourse has increasingly turned to issues of crime and insecurity, with voices speaking up for more controls and border closures. This paper analyses the way in which such border-related statements show features of populist communication by contextualizing this example within a wider discussion on the issues of populism in relation to emotions and space. The argumentation supports the use of concepts of populism in political geography as it has a high potential of analysing discourses of othering, reordering and re-bordering and of highlighting the emotions within these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examine the 1971 war (better known as the war for the liberation of Bangladesh) from a western Indian perspective. I argue that this war between India and Pakistan—while it focused overtly on the independence of East Pakistan—had some significant consequences for the western border between Kutch (in Gujarat state) and Sindh (in Pakistan). I suggest that this military conflict and the subsequent brief Indian occupation of Tharparkar in Sindh allows for a significant re-thinking of questions of citizenship, identity and belonging that were sparked off in 1947 and that have been re-ignited in the context of recent debates over the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), enacted in December 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, everyday politics of infrastructure have garnered rich scholarly attention. A polysemous infrastructure that permeates everyday life, roads for long have emerged as effective sites of state craft. Employing the case of a road leading to the Sino-Indian border area of Tawang, this article argues that roads are critical to the project of border-making and management. Drawing from my road journeys to Tawang, I discuss the ways in which roads are strategised by the state to govern its border citizens. Often, visual proximity of roads casts the impression of the state which is near to its people. However, this article foregrounds that even through their conspicuous absence and disrepair, roads register the palpable presence of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traffic in international animal products can become a public health hazard when legal import sanitary procedures are not followed. In Brazil, due to its extensive border area, the importation of animal products is a common practice in many areas, especially in Rio Grande do Sul, a state that borders Argentina and Uruguay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of veterinary drug residues (antibiotics and antiparasitics) in animal products consumed in Rio Grande do Sul. The presence of residues of veterinary antibiotics and antiparasitics was assessed in 189 meat (beef, pork, and chicken), processed dairy, and meat product samples bought in Argentina (n = 90) and Uruguay (n = 99). Residues of these veterinary drugs were detected in 50 (26.45%) of the samples; 28 samples (14.81%) had antibiotic residues, and 22 samples (11.64%) had antiparasitic residues. Of the 50 positive samples, 40% (15 from Argentina and 5 from Uruguay) had residues above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Of these 20 samples, 12 had antiparasitic residues above the MRLs (11 beef samples had ivermectin and 1 pork sample had ivermectin and doramectin) and 8 had antibiotic residues above the MRLs (2 pork and 2 sausage samples had doxycycline, 2 cheese samples had doxycycline and chlortetracycline, 1 poultry meat sample had chloramphenicol, and 1 cheese sample had monensin). Because of the potential toxic effects on humans and the potential for pathogens to develop antibiotic resistance, the presence of these residues above the MRLs is a potential risk to public health. The negative impact of consumption of imported animal products can be reduced by implementation of an effective surveillance system and educational campaigns for the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontier tribes, inhabiting the Indo (Naga)-Myanmar border, are at the fringe of the nation-states. They remain outside the radar of connectivity and development. The international boundary line demarcated during the colonial rule, pierces through the middle of many villages. This was reinforced by the post-colonial Indian and Myanmar States, thus deepening the contestation between state and tribal society(s). The Indo (Naga)-Myanmar borderland, elicits the case of nation-state construction as opposed to what Lefebvre posits geographical space, as 'socially constructed'. The distortion of tribal land and territory in the forms of fencing and securitization amounts to the denial of a tribe's agency and erasure of their shared history and social relation. The paper charts out the ramification of the colonial state making project in the contemporary frontier tribes. It unfolds the contestation, presence and absence of the state in the borderlands and posits for development with justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the correlation of forces between the government apparatus and civil society in the municipality of Tijuana (Baja California, Mexico). Through a Gramscian framework centered in the concepts of integral state and hegemony, we examine the role of non-profit organizations in moments locally identified as crises. We argue that border civil society operates as a state's integral organizer, buffering the impact of the United States' policies of deportation, immigration, and asylum by assisting and managing groups stranded or/in transit at the border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the borders in the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic through the approaches of the intellectuals of the period. For this purpose, the concept of border was discussed in the thought of Namık Kemal, Ziya Gökalp and Mehmet Akif Ersoy, who were the leading intellectuals of the period. The main problematic of this study is where the borders are located and what they symbolize in the approaches and solution proposals of the intellectuals of the period. Within the framework of this problematic, the study focuses on the meanings contained in the borders of the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic through the approaches of the intellectuals in question. It has been understood that borders are part of the homeland as a sacred idea and a supreme value in Namık Kemal, a carrier of Turkish nationalism, national identity and cultural differences from Turan to Anatolia in Ziya Gökalp, and a constituent element of a sacred place and Turkish-Islamic identity in Mehmet Akif Ersoy. In the thinking of all three intellectuals, borders are not a geographical sign, but rather the carrier of values that express the homeland and nation. In the said period, it has been seen that borders are an expression of getting rid of extinction and coming into existence out of nothing. In this context, it has been understood that the borders were defensive in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, but constructive in the early Republican period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuing presence of corruption worldwide has policymakers looking for broader trans-national efforts to combat corruption. We examine the effects of a nation's physical proximity (via land borders and the number of bordering nations) as well as prevailing corruption on cross-border corruption spillovers. Using data on 147 countries from 2012-2018, results show that while border corruption positively affects corruption in a nation, a longer land border, and more neighbors have a mitigating effect on corruption. Nesting the analysis in the literature on the determinants of cross-national corruption, these new findings imply that a nation's geographic location might play a larger role in transmissions of corruption than previously recognized. This finding has relevance for the design of anti-corruption coordination across nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have engaged in a series of workplace raids in small rural towns home to meat processing plants. Targeted enforcement operations such as workplace raids are indicative of a shifting spatiality of bordering practices as immigrant policing moves from the territorial borderline into the 'everyday' spaces where migrants and non-migrants live and work. Drawing upon a feminist geolegal framework, we examine how raids - as geolegal events - extend beyond the work site to shape spaces of encounters in small, rural towns home to poultry processing. In particular we consider the short and long term impact of a workplace raid at a poultry plant that took place a decade ago in Moorefield, West Virginia. Using interview data with white non-immigrant residents still living in Moorefield, we demonstrate how the workplace raid was not only acutely traumatic for immigrant targets, but also affected resident-bystanders' perceptions of place and the legal geographies of migration with lasting effects on embodied, emotional and social relationships in spaces of encounters. We find that the raid reconfigured some white resident bystanders' sense of humanitarian concern, responsibility, friendship and solidarity with immigrants who live in their community yet the legal rationale for the raid also normalized the discourse of racialized criminality performed through the raid itself. These insights, elucidated through feminist geolegal analysis, highlight the cascading effects of the state's bordering practice in small towns as well as how resident-bystanders reconcile or may resist border enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]