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This study thoroughly investigates the influence of poverty-related characteristics of poor households, such as socioeconomic, livelihood and distance characteristics, on their decision to seasonally migrate from the Tharparkar district of Sindh province to nearby districts where seasonal livelihood and employment opportunities exist in irrigated agriculture. The study was carried out using multi-stage cluster sampling and data was collected through face to face interviews using a questionnaire. We estimated a binary logit model and subsequently tested hypotheses about the influence of those poverty-related characteristics on poor house- holds’ seasonal migration. Our hypotheses testing results exhibit that poverty among the households, existing in their low household income, indebtedness, child labour, lack of access to drinking water and health services, are the major factors behind seasonal migration. To encounter the adverse effect of poverty on seasonal migration, we suggested several policy measures overall related to food security, water availability and economic opportunities, such as access to interest-free credit, livestock marketing, and promotion of handicrafts.

The study aimed to examine the determinants of car choice in daily trips of the inhabitants of four Polish cities: Białystok, Gdańsk, Kraków, and Warszawa. Data from the Eurostat’s Quality of Life 2019 study was used to achieve this goal. The results of the empirical exercise revealed that the main factors affecting travel mode choice included the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics. The perceived satisfaction with air quality, the city’s noise level, and public transport quality were found among the important predictors of car choice. The homogeneity of travel mode preferences at the city level was also analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigates how the COVID-19 reshapes grocery shopping (GS) modes, physical grocery shopping (PGS) and online grocery shopping (OGS), by conducting an online survey that includes questions associated with social-economic characteristics, GS choices and reasons before, during, and in the short- and the long-term after COVID-19, as well as the adoption attitudes toward automated delivery services. A series of binary logit models are built to analyze what factors affect the OGS with the influence of COVID-19. The results show a significant shift from PGS to OGS due to the pandemic, which is also extended beyond COVID-19. People who are female, have more available vehicles, higher income, and health constraints, or worry the virus show more tendency to choose OGS as the primary mode during COVID-19, and stay with OGS after COVID-19. In addition, the elderly and those who frequently shop in person and by car before the pandemic and regard the OGS as either a primary or a supplementary mode are more likely to experience OGS after COVID-19.

The electricity crisis in Pakistan has been triggering grid power outages (load shedding) for many decades, which has not only affected the commercial and industrial sectors but also the domestic sector, specifically the livelihood of rural areas of the country. However, the extant literature advocates that renewable energy technologies (RETs), such as solar photovoltaic (PV) can be the remedy. Given the abundant availability of solar energy in Pakistan that can be converted into electrical energy using a solar PV system, this study examines the determinants of solar PV adoption in rural areas of Pakistan. Our preliminary investigations—using government/official publications—indicate that despite the huge potential of solar energy in Pakistan, the usage of solar PV systems at the household level in rural areas is still untapped, which makes this research agenda more appealing and provocative. In doing so, this study first conducts surveys, face-to-face comprehensive interviews, and questionnaires in four different districts of Pakistan and then implements a stepwise two-stage novel approach on a sample of 1,140 selected rural households. The first stage focuses on the determinants of solar PV system adoption, whereas the second stage focuses on the determinants of the type of solar PV system adopted. Using logistic regression, this study finds that age, education, children in school, income level, access to credit, gender (female), and price of a solar PV system are the factors significantly affecting the solar PV system adoption. In the second stage, we use a multivariate probit model and find that among these significant factors, the former five are significantly positive for the uptake of solar home-system, whereas the latter two are significant for both solar shed-lighting and solar panel-kit systems. In addition to these factors, landholding and access-to-road are significant for solar home systems, whereas household size, distance-to-market, and access-to-grid-electricity are significant for both solar shed-lighting and solar panel-kit systems. Since burning fossil fuels and solid biomass fuels for domestic energy needs are common in rural areas globally and cause carbon emissions and several severe health issues, the findings of this study are useful in many ways. In specific, we contribute to the literature examining the determinants of RETs in rural communities in developing countries.

Increasing private car ownership and car dependency has led to a low share of walking as an active mode as well as congestion, air pollution, and health problems in developing countries. This paper aims to identify and compare the impacts of a selection of socio-economic, travel-related, and built environment variables on walking likelihood and respondents' sensitivity to the walking distance, both for discretionary and mandatory trips. The analysis drew its origin from 14,463 responses acquired through an extensive travel survey conducted in the city of Qazvin, Iran. The estimated binary logit coefficients show people's heterogeneity in the walking behavior for discretionary and mandatory trips. The results report a higher likelihood of walking on mandatory trips at almost all distances than the discretionary ones. Furthermore, investigating individual heterogeneity in different trip distances reveals that people aged less than 14 are more likely to choose walking on mandatory trips longer than 2400 m. Besides, those aged 25–44 years old or above 65 have less tendency to choose walking on mandatory trips with distances of 2000–2400 m and 800–1200 m, respectively. These findings are almost different on discretionary trips; compared to other age groups, people aged 15–24 years are less likely to choose walking on discretionary trips with a distance of 800–1200 m. Moreover, in trip distances of 1200–1600 m, the elderlies have a greater tendency to choose walking compared to other age groups. Some implications for more sustainable mobility in human-oriented urban environments are also presented and critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study models the dilemma zone for pedestrians at midblock sections. • 1107 pedestrian observations were analysed. • Probabilistic approach was used to identify dilemma zone boundaries. • Approach speed and distance significantly influenced dilemma zone boundaries. Introduction: Pedestrians at high-speed midblock crossings with the intention to cross the road usually face safety risks due to difficulty in judging the available gaps. The risk to pedestrians is high in developing nations like India since priorities are not respected by road users. Moreover, the non-yielding vehicular traffic puts pedestrians at further risk. While crossing the road, pedestrians are clear about rejecting small gaps and accepting the large gaps, however, they experience a dilemma between the small and large gaps. Method: This study attempts to model the dilemma zone for pedestrians intending to cross the high-speed roads (posted speed limit of 60 km/h). The field data were collected using high-definition video cameras at two uncontrolled midblock crossings, each in the cities of Mumbai and Kolhapur, located in the southwestern part of India. The variations in the spatial gap acceptance behavior were analyzed for 1,107 pedestrian observations using binary logit models. Results: The findings revealed that the length and the distribution of the dilemma zone were significantly affected by the speed of the approaching vehicle and the distance from it. Moreover, the influence of vehicle type (truck, car, or two-wheeler), pedestrian type (walking alone or in a group), crossing speed, and waiting time also influenced pedestrians' gap acceptance behavior. Interestingly, pedestrians' gender did not play a significant role in their road crossing decisions. Conclusions: Overall, the study identified the dilemma zone boundaries that will help pedestrians to judge the safe gaps while crossing, and in turn, reduce the probability of pedestrian-vehicle crashes. Practical Application: The proposed dilemma zone intends to protect the pedestrians by assisting in making precise crossing decisions at high-speed midblock crossings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we assessed the determinants of lack of credit access among the Indigenous Vegetables (IVs) farmers based on primary data collected in a cross-sectional survey. Using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis, the results revealed that more females were involved in the indigenous vegetable production with average age of 40 years, seven household members, eight years of formal education and cultivating 0.76 acre of land. Only 8 % had access to credit and 76 % did not have contact with extension agents. The mean monthly income from indigenous vegetables production, off-farm income and savings were about ₦35,000 (US$96.83), ₦15,000 (US$42.12) and ₦13,000 (US$38.57), respectively. Further, lack of credit access significantly depended on gender (β = 0.15, P < 0.05), educational level (β = 0.11; P < 0.05), farming experience (β = 0.73; P < 0.05), off-farm income (β = 0.23, P < 0.05), saving habits (β = 0. 25; P < 0.01) and annual numbers of extension contact (β = 0.94, P < 0.01) of indigenous vegetable farmers. Therefore, improved access to formal education, extension supports, creation of gender-specific credit scheme and farm-based organisation (FBO) for indigenous vegetables farmers to sustain credit accessibility were advocated.

Rapid transit (RT) systems are becoming increasingly attractive in the developing world as they improve transportation and mobility conditions in urban areas, reduce motorization impacts and offer high quality, yet cost effective services to travelers. Light rail transit (LRT) and bus rapid transit (BRT) are RT systems that combine high capacity with relatively low investment costs, and as such, they are preferred in developing countries over regular metro systems. This paper investigates traveler preferences over alternative, planned rapid transit options for the city of Multan, Pakistan. The analysis is based on a household information survey with over 2300 questionnaires completed via personal interviews. Intention to pay for improved PT services and choice between LRT and BRT systems are investigated, using appropriate econometric models. Findings of this study can assist in better understanding the factors and their effect on choice between BRT and LRT in developing countries. Results show that potential travelers, who prefer LRT are willing to pay more for better public transport services. On the other hand, commuters and elders express a taste towards BRT implementation. Based on model outputs policy makers can develop targeted marketing policies in order to promote BRT/LRT implementation and attract candidate travelers from different groups, improving the possibility that users would support a BRT or LRT project.

It is understood that the grain market pulls the seed market. The problem of low quality prompted failure of traders and processors to purchase most of the farmers' grain to subsequently drive the use of improved variety seed. The aim of this study is to identify drivers that persuade farmers to use improved variety seeds for grain production. It also assesses factors affecting market participation among small-scale farmers. Descriptive analysis, Binary Logistic model, Probit model and gross margin analysis was conducted from random selected sample of 212 individual farmers, 63 grain off-takers, 3 extension officers and 7 seeds producers through structured interviews. In additional, 80 farmers were interviewed through 10 focus group discussion. The results showed that taste, preferences and price difference between grain and seed were significant and positive drivers that influenced the decision of farmers to use improved varieties at 47% and 0.007%, respectively. Factors such as group membership and farm size were significantly positive affecting farmer's market participation while age was negatively significant affecting farmer's market participation. Gross margin was computed to compare the profit margin between users and non-users of improved variety seeds, where users had high profit margin (530 979.89Tsh/Ha) compared to non-users (472 885.94Tsh/Ha), because non-users incurred high seed cost (54 504.84Tsh/15kg) compared to users of improved variety seeds (39 329.94Tsh/kg). Also, users obtained high grain revenue compared to non-user at 1 353 268.37Tsh and 848 249.11Tsh, respectively. Efforts should be made by value chain actors and other agricultural actors to support farmers based on market demand so they could benefit from high grain quality, quantity and promising grain market.

In order to create sustainable conservation policies for biodiversity, it is imperative that participatory forest management (PFM) be assessed. Forests contribute to the sustainability of the planet by controlling soil erosion in agricultural areas and by moderating the effects of climate change. However, Ethiopia's forest resources have been under intense pressure because of the increased demand for wood products and agricultural conversion. As one of the potential solutions, the PFM programme was implemented in 1990. This study set out to investigate the effects of the PFM programme on land use and land cover (LULC) in the Alle district of southwest Ethiopia, as well as the variables influencing community involvement and the obstacles to PFM implementation and community involvement. Changes in forest cover were detected using Landsat images from 1992, 2012, and 2022 obtained from Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). Images were obtained during the dry season and were cloud-free. A total of 240 respondents were chosen by means of a straightforward random sampling technique, and survey data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Data were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.5, ERDAS Imagine 2015, SPSS version 20, and Excel 2010. The change in forest cover shows an increasing trend from 2012 to 2022. Again, grassland and wetland coverage in this study decreased rapidly. In the years 2012-2022, forest land increased from 462.7ha (74.8 %), to 569.8ha (92.1 %), while, the agricultural land, grassland, and wetland were reduced from 109.5ha (17.7 %) to 37.8ha (6.1 %), 31.9ha (5.2 %) to 0.0ha (0.0 %); 14.1 ha (2.3 %), to 10.8 ha (1.7 %) respectively. There have been beneficial developments in the forests over the last 30 years. The binary logistic regression model disclose that, land ownership had a negative impact on forest management participation, while other factors such as gender, education level, family size, TLU, access to credit, training, and law enforcement had a positive and significant ( p  < 0.05) effect on PFM practices. LULC change in study area causes rapid wetland ecosystem deterioration, which may result in the extinction of the most significant and ecologically valuable species and a loss of biodiversity in the environment. In this context, developing an integrated participatory approach requires rapid attention, and all farmers and stakeholders must be actively involved in PFM programs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

This study thoroughly investigates the influence of poverty-related characteristics of poor households, such as socioeconomic, livelihood and distance characteristics, on their decision to seasonally migrate from the Tharparkar district of Sindh province to nearby districts where seasonal livelihood and employment opportunities exist in irrigated agriculture. The study was carried out using multi-stage cluster sampling and data was collected through face-toface interviews using a questionnaire. We estimated a binary logit model and subsequently tested hypotheses about the influence of those poverty-related characteristics on poor households’ seasonal migration. Our hypotheses testing results exhibit that poverty among the households, existing in their low household income, indebtedness, child labour, lack of access to drinking water and health services, are the major factors behind seasonal migration. To encounter the adverse effect of poverty on seasonal migration, we suggested several policy measures overall related to food security, water availability and economic opportunities, such as access to interest-free credit, livestock marketing, and promotion of handicrafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, people often jaywalk and indulge in irregular/illicit crossing at signalised crossings which leads to an exponential increase in odds of fatal accidents. This in turn reduces the service quality of signalised crosswalks. Hence, an observational and field study have been undertaken to analyse and model the pedestrian jaywalking behaviour at prominent signalised intersections in an urban Indian city. The authors have collected pedestrian, flow, geometric and crosswalk characteristics using the video-graphic technique followed by the statistical techniques (Multi-Correlation and Exploratory Factor Analysis). The results specify 7 principal factors (socio-demographics, crossing pattern, arrival attributes, road features, dimensions, physical attributes and flow physiognomies) of the pedestrian jaywalking index. Further, binary logit model has identified 7 significant variables namely gender, crossing pattern, type of signal at arrival, number of lanes, width of crosswalk, presence of guard rails and average pedestrian delay in determining the probability of pedestrian jaywalking with 90.39% success rate. Moreover, the area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (0.891) directs an excellent level of discrimination. The authors suggest to use the developed model by the transport professionals in the evaluation of pedestrian jaywalking behaviour and dealing with safety issues at signalised crosswalks; thus, improving the LOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedestrians alighting and boarding trains in intercity railway stations often use elevated passageway using stairways or escalators to access among platforms. While making route choice, they in general take shortest route in terms of travel time and distance. In making choice between vertical facilities: stairway and escalator, pedestrian's demographic characteristics, infrastructure characteristics and flow characteristics influence as the effort involved in traversing increases with individual's age, luggage, trip purpose, step rise step foot, inclination etc., The choice is found to be more sensitive to relative delays. In this study, an attempt is made to understand and replicate pedestrian perception in choice making between stairway and escalator with respect to demographic factors. Pedestrian flow characteristics are studied on six stairways from three intercity railway stations Secunderabad, Warangal, Vijayawada of South Central Railway (SCR) zone, India. Pedestrian perception of choice between stairway and escalator for an excerpt video captured on the stairways is acquired from questionnaire survey. It is observed that pedestrian's age, gender, educational qualification, marital status, employment status, inclination of stairway with horizontal, time of day and frequency of visiting intercity railway station (familiarity) significantly affect the choice between escalator and stairway. A binary logit model is developed for the choice with influencing variables. This study helps in understanding the proportion of pedestrians' shift towards a new facility. It aids as a tool in design, planning, and management to accommodate the predicted demand for an intercity railway station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly investigated factors affecting crash occurrence using detailed data of crash, traffic condition and freeway geometries. To fully account for heterogeneity induced by unobserved characteristics of crash factors, a mixed logit model with mean-variance heterogeneity was estimated as an alternative to the commonly used mixed logit model and the fixed parameters logit model. Results indicate that the mixed logit model with mean-variance heterogeneity could improve the goodness-of-fit and was more flexible in accounting for unobserved heterogeneity compared with its counterparts. Additionally, by allowing means and variances of random parameters to be estimable functions of explanatory variables, the safety effect of interactions among multiple factors was concluded, for example: (1) sharp curves resulted in an increasing risk of crash and the rate of increase was positively correlated with the distance travelled by vehicles along a steep downgrade; (2) the adverse safety effect of steep downgrade increased with the distance covered by vehicles, especially for segments with high proportion of heavy trucks; (3) downhill segments with steep slopes were particularly dangerous. Findings from this study are expected to provide an insightful knowledge to the mechanism of crash occurrence and should be beneficial to design and manage safer freeways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the optimizing possibilities in terms of use of public transportation that is very necessary considering the difficulty of increasing the capacity of the road with widen road infrastructure in an effort to manage “supply”. Therefore, an alternative approach when managing “demand” for transportation system can be controlled. This is especially needed in settlements newly developed rapidly in Deli Serdang Regency, namely in the Galang Region. The region Galang area with a population of 613 working people with details of 189 civil servants and 424 private employees who the majority (94%) use private transportation. One aspect that is studied within this manuscript is the amount of transportation costs of travel to work using private transportation (motorcycle) and public transportation (angkot or mikrolet). Transportation selection modeling is done using the Bi-nomial Model Binary Logit. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that, if the difference in transportation costs with private transport getting bigger, the opportunities to use this mode will increase. The balance between the costs and using private and public transport is maintained if the costs of private transport are 1.4 times greater than the cost public transportation.

This research aimed to develop a model to forecast container transport mode choice for processed agricultural products including tapioca starch, rice, and sugar from northeastern Thailand. The study applied the stated preference survey technique and developed a binary logit model from the results. It was found that the factors influencing container transport mode choice include transport time, cost, punctuality, availability of scheduling staff, and distance from the factory to railway station. The stated preference questionnaires were distributed, and responses were obtained from 19 manufacturers in the study area. The binary logit model was developed and proved to fit the real dataset. It was able to provide forecast precision to a satisfactory level. The calibrated model was tested with various transport policies to demonstrate possible approaches to improve rail transport mode share and promote a more sustainable freight transportation option.

The COVID-19 pandemic has suddenly modified the lifestyle of a large portion of the population around the world. This pandemic is also the first one in decades that has severely impacted many countries of the Global North. Governments have had to adopt wide-scope and desperate measures to face the abnormal situation and to reduce the stress of their health care systems. These measures have been based on reducing the physical-social interaction and mobility (closing schools and some economic activities, or fostering telework, among others), increasing the physical distance between people, and recommending washing hands frequently and wearing masks. Thus, the COVID-19 may change many habits of people and the ways we interact with others after the current pandemic. It would also imply changes in mobility habits. Many questions arise about the willingness and acceptability of changes, and who would have to impulse them and how. This paper aims to study and understand individuals' acceptability towards a set of generic measures related to urban mobility in Spain, one of the countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. To that end, we conducted an online survey during the lockdown in Spring (2020). More than 75% of respondents would accept restrictions on car use after the return to normal, and more than 90% agree on increasing the space for pedestrians and cyclists on streets. Furthermore, 75% of respondents would change the primary transport mode towards a more sustainable transport mode if it would decrease the incidence or severity of the COVID-19. These results show that the respondents are overall in favor of a new urban hierarchy that gives more importance to the most sustainable modes, reducing the public space devoted to the car, which means the possibility of turning the COVID-19 crisis into an opportunity to make Spanish cities more sustainable. • Impacts of COVID-19 on mobility patterns and behavior in Spain. • Acceptance of policies to restrict car use and increase soft mode space in a post-COVID-19 scenario. • Policy measures are recommended based on the survey and the Binary Logit models rresults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Alcohol and distraction contribute to cycle crashes. • Cyclists are vulnerable to poor road conditions. • More cycle crash information registered with increasing crash severity. • Underreporting of some types of cycle crashes in hospital crash data. • Best coverage of single cycle crashes in hospital data. Introduction: In this study we explore the added value of bicycle crash descriptions from open text fields in hospital records from the Aarhus municipality in Denmark. We also explore how bicycle crash data from the hospital complements crash data registered by the police in the same area and time period. Method : The study includes 5,313 Danish bicycle crashes, of which 4,205 were registered at the hospital and 1,078 by the police. All crashes occurred from 2010 to 2015. We performed an in-depth analysis of the open text fields on hospital records to identify factors associated with each crash using four categories: bicyclist, road, bicycle, and the other party. We employed the chi-squared test to compare the distribution of variables between crashes registered at the hospital and by the police. A binary logit model was used to estimate the probability that a crash factor is identified, and that each crash factor is associated with a single-bicycle crash. Results : The open-ended text fields in hospital records provide detailed information about crash factors not available in police records, including riding speed, inattention, clothing, specific road conditions, and bicycle defects. The factors alcohol and curb had the highest odds of being identified in relation to a single-bicycle crash. Crash data registered at the hospital included a larger number of bicycle crashes, particularly single-bicycle crashes and crashes with slight injuries only. Conclusion : Crash information registered at the hospital in Aarhus Municipality contributes to a better understanding of bicycle crashes due to detailed information about crash-associated factors as well as information about a larger number of bicycle crashes, particularly single-bicycle crashes. Practical implication: Efforts to improve access to detailed information about bicycle crashes are needed to provide a better basis for bicycle crash prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion by water is the major Agricultural problem, which results in reduction of agricultural productivity. This study focused on farmer perception of soil erosion and factors influence soil erosion management practices. A cross sectional data was used to assess information about soil erosion perception and factors influence soil erosion management practices. The Ejersa Lafo district was purposively selected from the districts of West Shoa Zones. A total of 142 sample respondents were randomly selected. Interview questionnaire, focus group discussion and survey of field observation were used as data collection tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric model. Result from descriptive statistics show that majority of the respondents perceived soil erosion problem and its consequence on farmland. Both biological and physical soil erosion management practices in the area. Binary logit model estimation result shows that education level, landholding size, slopes of the land and land ownership type were most significant to soil erosion management practices in the area. Therefore, taking these factors into account in setting appropriate soil erosion management measures may help policy makers and farmers to couple with erosion problem. The study recommended a need for the government to enforce effective policies to control and prevent soil erosion problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, the fishery sector plays an important role to improve food security, employment creation, income generation and poverty reduction. Despite the economic importance of fish farming at the household and national level, farm households have paid little attention to the sector in the study area. Consequently, this study was undertaken to examine the determinants of farm households’ participation in fish production. For this purpose, a cross-sectional survey with 120 households was conducted to collect quantitative primary data. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and binary logit model were used to analyze the data. The result indicated that farm households’ participation in fish production is determined by various socioeconomic and institutional factors. Age of the household head, educational status, household size, extension service and access to modern transportation service had a statistically significant effect on farm households’ participation in fish production. An attempt to increase farm households’ participation in fish production should give special attention to the existing heterogeneity in socioeconomic and institutional factors.

Abstract Entrepreneurship is a worldwide phenomenon with economic growth across the globe that is rendered by the emergence of new and innovative business start-ups. Thus, the main objective of this research was to model the impact of entrepreneurial attitudes on self-employment intention among final year engineering students in Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Debre Markos University and University of Gondar, Ethiopia, in 2017. To achieve the objective of the study, a survey research approach was employed. Questionnaire and interview were the instruments used, and stratified sampling technique was adopted to select 921 respondents from a population of 4327 final year undergraduate engineering students in 2016/2017 academic session. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, chi-square test, principal component factor analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis were employed. The descriptive result revealed that about 57.4% of the students had an intention to be self-employed while 42.6% do not have an intention. The principal component factor analysis was used to reduce the set of variables by grouping variables with similar characteristics together and generates new variables (factors). These methods help the researchers to transform the number of correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables. The logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of the predictor variables on self-employment intention status of students. The results showed that entrepreneurial education/training and entrepreneurial attitudes significantly predicts students’ self-employment intention. Accordingly, information and opportunity seeking, creativity and problem solving skills, achievement and instrumental readiness, self-confidence and self-esteem, goal setting, entrepreneurship education/training, business-owned family background, prior business experience with family, access to finance/capitals for startup, and networking and professional contacts were found to be significant predictors at 5% level of significance. These factors had positive relationship with self-employment intention at 5% level of significance. In the meanwhile, demographic factors (such as age, gender, and marital status) and socio-economic factors (such as parents’ occupation, colleagues’ business background, means of finance, discouragement by external environment, and clear future business idea) are not significant predictors at 5% level of significance. The study recommends that the government as well as the universities should design programs that facilitate entrepreneurship to change the mindset, attitude, and intention of those students who do not have knowhow about entrepreneurship as a future career.

Red light running places the violator and other road users at risk of road traffic crash. The aim of this research was to undertake a baseline study to establish the current rate of red light running in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana and to determine the associated risk factors. An uninterrupted road side observational survey was conducted at 10 signalized intersections using pro-forma checklist. A binary logit model was employed to determine the risk factors associated with traffic light violations. Overall, drivers were observed running the red light in 35% of all the red phases studied. From the statistical model, red light running was found to be influenced by the age and gender of the driver, presence of a passenger in the vehicle, vehicle type, junction type, cycle length of the signal and queue length. There is a need for targeted public awareness campaigns on the dangers of red light running. The education on red light violation must be accompanied by sustained Police enforcement of the traffic law to reduce the rate of violation. Automatic surveillance cameras should be installed at all critical signalized intersections to supplement Police efforts to enforce traffic safety laws and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore how changes in explanatory variables may affect the probability of sovereign credit ratings assigned by Fitch, which is assumed to be a binary choice variable. For this purpose annual data of selected developed and developing countries for the period 2002- 2016 have been used. In the empirical analysis the binary logit model has been applied. The estimation results indicate that all the explanatory variables are statistically significant in explaining credit ratings. Consistent with prior research, credit ratings are positively related to per capita gross domestic product, the level of economic development and export. In addition, credit ratings are negatively related to inflation, debt and default history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxi is an indispensable part of urban transportation. In recent years, online car-hailing has caused some impact on the taxi market. In order to study the factors that influence passengers’ choice of taxis and online car-hailing and whether price controls should be lifted, this paper constructs a binary Logit-based selection model, and conducts an empirical survey of taxi use characteristics, selection preferences and price intentions in Soochow. Based on the parameters, it explains the key factors of travel mode selection in the context of urban comprehensive traffic. The least squares method is used to established a logarithmic econometric model of passenger traffic volume and taxi price, and the demand price elasticity value of Suzhou taxis is obtained, and the price elasticity of the starting price and the mileage price of taxis in Suzhou are both less than 1, it is not appropriate to deregulate the price, and should lower the starting price or increase the mileage price. which provides suggestions for the development of the taxi industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to identify factors affecting household saving behavior of rural households in the district of Ambo district. Data for the study was collected from 370 households from two Kebeles. Both primary and secondary sources were used for this study and multi-stage sampling technique was used to contact with the study units (households). To attain the objectives of the study the researcher used both descriptive and econometric analysis. With descriptive analysis percentages, figures, graphs, charts and tables were used to present determinants of private saving. The results ultimately reveals that the Sex of the head of the household, Family size, land size, Access to credit and annual income are significantly influencing the saving behavior in the entire study area. Based on these findings, we recommend that government policy intervention should focus on increasing the availability and accessibility of financial institutions, awareness creation and education on the importance saving and saving modalities, planning and expenditure controlling habit, socio-cultural saving barriers, increasing interest rate, and inflation and unemployment combating strategies to augment saving capacity, investment and then economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous factors affecting school children travel mode choice and usage have been reported in many studies. However, very little has been reported in similar studies undertaken in developing countries with little evidence from African cities where vehicle ownership is still very low and conditions in support of walking, cycling and public transport services are very poor. The study reported in this paper contains econometric analysis of school children's behaviour with regards to their choice between motorised transport and non-motorised transport modes for school travel in the Dar es Salaam city. Using data collected from an experimental survey, a binary Logit model and its marginal effects were estimated. The study reported in this paper attempts to add to the existing literature by providing additional insights into the association of some of the factors that have been reported in previous studies with motorised modes of travel and non-motorised modes which are commonly used by children to travel to/from school in Dar es Salaam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial loss due to road traffic accidents is very huge in India; yet, remarkable studies were not done to quantify the loss. In this study, an effort is made through a Stated Preference (SP) survey to know how users value the safety. The amount of money that the road users are ready to contribute for a secured transportation facility is derived from these data. The SP data were collected from two-wheeler riders in Calicut, Kondotty and Manjeri. Attributes included in the SP experiment were time and cost of travel and number of traffic accidents in a year and the WTP values are calculated through binary logit analysis. It was observed that travel cost, accident rate of the route selected, age, occupation, personal income and number of household members have significant impact on the decision-making process. WTP value of a road accident for a two-wheeler user was found to be Rs 0.4232/person/trip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Taxis, one of the main transportation modes that occupy the roadways in Seoul, are semipublic transportation modes for transporting passengers safely and promptly. Considering that one fifth of passenger vehicles on the roads in Seoul are taxis and the crash rate of taxis is double the exposure to traffic, it is important to identify risk factors of taxis from that of private cars. In this paper, crash causes and characteristics in both taxi crashes and private car crashes are investigated to identify the risk factors in accordance with the injury severity.Methods: An eight-year light-vehicle crash dataset was utilized, in which injury levels were defined as severe vs. non-severe. Three binary logit models that estimate the severity of crashes, the injury severity for at-fault drivers, and the injury severity for victims were modeled for taxi crashes and private car crashes. Independent variables were extracted and included in the models to evaluate the odds ratio of each predictor variable.Results: The results indicated that violation of traffic signals and signs was the highest contributor among all violation types for taxi crashes and parties involved (at-fault driver and victims), while driving on the wrong side of the road resulted in the highest increase in the odds ratio for private cars. Head-on collision and nighttime driving increased the likelihood of severe injury risk for all models, while age was the most prominent factor for the injury level of victims. Use of seatbelts had a major impact on the at-fault drivers, especially for taxis.Conclusions: This study identified the risk factors that affect the crash- and party-related severity level when casualties involved taxis and private cars. By employing both crash- and party-level models, the study not only identifies the risk factors among taxis and private car crashes but also provides a comprehensive picture of the injury profile of all vehicular occupants, which helps to devise safety measures that enhance the safety and reduce the injury severity for parties involved in crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, the fishery sector plays an important role to improve food security, employment creation, income generation and poverty reduction. Despite the economic importance of fish farming at the household and national level, farm households have paid little attention to the sector in the study area. Consequently, this study was undertaken to examine the determinants of farm households' participation in fish production. For this purpose, a cross-sectional survey with 120 households was conducted to collect quantitative primary data. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and binary logit model were used to analyze the data. The result indicated that farm households' participation in fish production is determined by various socioeconomic and institutional factors. Age of the household head, educational status, household size, extension service and access to modern transportation service had a statistically significant effect on farm households' participation in fish production. An attempt to increase farm households' participation in fish production should give special attention to the existing heterogeneity in socioeconomic and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the influence of political capital on the migration behavior of peasant households in China’s equitable urbanization. While existing research has proven that political capital can increase the wages of migrant workers, leading to a higher possibility of their rural-to-urban migration, the direct impact of political capital on migration behavior has not received sufficient attention. As China is one of the largest emerging economies, the impact of political capital on the economy and political transformation is typical. This paper reports a survey of 1120 farmer households from Xinxiang, a traditional agricultural area in central China. Using a binary logit model to test whether peasant households will migrate and a multinomial logit model to test where they will migrate to, this study examined whether political capital had a significant influence on the migration behavior of peasant households. The results suggest that the peasant households with political capital have a higher possibility of moving to urban areas, even though there is a better habitational option, namely, a new village in the local rural area. This suggests that reducing the difference in the political capital of migrants through policy propaganda and other methods is an efficient and effective way to achieve and improve equitable access to urbanization.

Congestion in Cibinong areas is mainly caused by highly vehicle usage, while the supply of road network is very limited. therefore it is needed a modal shift from private vehicles and optimizing the role of mass public transport (railway). This study aims to determine the modal choice of Pabuaran community, after the operational of commuterline (KRL) lane Nambo (Cibinong) - Citayam - Jakarta. This study uses a simple descriptive method to identify the factors that influence the mode choice of Pabuaran community, crosstab analysis method to identifying the movement of population, and binary logistic models to analyze the probability the change transport modes of Pabuaran community. The result of this study show that the probability of potential users for using commuterline are 91%, it is influenced by several factors such as the distance of the settlement to the station, travel time, travel expenses, employment status and the existence of public transport/feeder to the station. The improvement of railway services in Cibinong station such as an increase in the frequency, timeliness, travel time, expected to attract the community to using rail services in their activities.

In order to explore the determinants of air-rail integration service in China, this paper employed a comparative analysis based on historical data and stated preferences. According to the results of a partial least-squares regression model and a binary logit model, the numbers of destination cities and flights are the most important factor influencing the use of the ARIS at Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport. The impact of other factors is small. Consequently, policymakers have to find rational target markets to promote air-rail integration service at regional airports to attract passengers from overloaded hub airports. Although the impact of other determinants is rather small, considering the large number of passengers at hub airports, a small increase in the market share of air-rail integration service implies considerable increment in the number of air-rail integration service passengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent Parking Information Systems (IPIS) being implemented in the built environment are regarded as an effective measure for transport management in smart cities, where congestion due to parking search has caused air pollution apart from time wastage. An IPIS improves the efficiency of disseminating real time parking vacancy information and provides convenience to drivers via Apps installed in their smart phones. After giving an overview of various IPISs being applied globally, this research on a typical IPIS is aimed at valuing the benefits to drivers and modelling how variations in the independent variables affect their use. A stated preference approach is presented with a discrete choice survey conducted in Hong Kong with more than 800 valid samples. Contingent Valuation (CV) is applied to evaluate the intangible benefits associated with the use of IPIS, based on the estimation of Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) for its installation with a binary logit model. An aggregated WTP would be useful to policy makers when making decisions to scale up the system. It was found that three factors (download habit , parking time , and parking App usage) have positive impacts on WTP, whereas length of driving experience turned out to have a significantly negative influence. The econometric analysis provides useful contributions for the objective assessment of the viability of IPIS projects and their further investment in an emerging smart city environment. • Intelligent Parking Information Systems are increasing popular in smart cities. • Intangible benefits include reductions of congestion, parking time, pollution and accidents. • Contingent valuation is useful to evaluate the intangible benefits with demonstrable results. • Three related econometric models have been built to identify significant factors affecting the Willingness-to-Pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric tricycles are widely used in express delivery in China, in order to explore the use characteristics and user preferences of electric tricycles. Firstly, a total of 222 effective questionnaires are collected in two provinces, with answers from dispatchers on electric tricycles' usage, satisfaction, preference and policies. Secondly, binary logit model is used to analyze behavioral preferences. The results show that: 1) the driving speed is greatly influenced by battery life, daily mileage and the maximum width of tricycles; 2) the load capacity is mainly related to cargo volume, and its benefits on speeding up delivery process as well as cutting down the cost; 3) the single-charge mileage is mostly affected by limitation on the least delivering parcels, and the maximum height of tricycles; 4) other satisfaction indicators include gender, driving qualification, affordability and intelligent degree of electric tricycles. In China, it's primary to consider factors such as gender, average delivered volume, sufficient loading capacity, the maximum carriage height and burglar alarming system, in order to vigorously develop the logistics and distribution of electric tricycle. Lastly, corresponding policies are proposed based on the results of the model. The research results of this paper can provide reference for the electric tricycle enterprises to manufacture tricycles, and also provide support for the formulation of new electric tricycle policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research aimed to develop a mathematical model for predicting the mode choice behavior of the manufacturers of processed agricultural products including rice, starch, and sugar. Their decisions must be made between road and rail transport applying the stated preference technique. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed and responses were obtained from 58 transport managers or executives throughout a 3-month period. The data were taken to develop a binary logit model of freight transportation. The variables used for the analysis were punctuality, reliability, freight payment, transport time, and distance from factories to railway stations. It was found that the factors affecting the mode choice decisions were punctuality and distance. Under a given circumstance where a rail station was less than 10 km away and rail delivery could guarantee the goods would arrive no later than 2 h behind the schedule, rail freight transport could receive up to 38% of the market share. The State Railway of Thailand and relevant agencies could use this model to prioritize the improvement of the service elements that would most satisfy the customers' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers through, among other things, improving access to financial services including credit. However, designing appropriate mechanisms for increasing access to credit by poor households remains a challenge, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper argues that technology adoption and collective action could provide pathways to enhancing access to credit. Evidence from milk-producing households in Tanzania suggests that group membership increases the probability of borrowing and the amount of funds borrowed by households, while adoption of artificial insemination increases the amount of funds borrowed. Two major conclusions are that public policy for increasing rural households' access to credit should promote collective action, and that the likely increase in amount of funds demanded by households due to technology adoption and collective action will require policy to address issues pertaining to credit rationing of rural households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to develop a model to forecast container transport mode choice for processed agricultural products including tapioca starch, rice, and sugar from northeastern Thailand. The study applied the stated preference survey technique and developed a binary logit model from the results. It was found that the factors influencing container transport mode choice include transport time, cost, punctuality, availability of scheduling staff, and distance from the factory to railway station. The stated preference questionnaires were distributed, and responses were obtained from 19 manufacturers in the study area. The binary logit model was developed and proved to fit the real dataset. It was able to provide forecast precision to a satisfactory level. The calibrated model was tested with various transport policies to demonstrate possible approaches to improve rail transport mode share and promote a more sustainable freight transportation option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of passengers' travel-related factors, their intention to shop and the impact of socio-economic factors on their consumption behaviours while at the airport terminal. Three categories of consumption model – shopping, dining and airport entertainment – are developed to analyse different consumption behaviours. The results show that free time is the main factor that influences passengers to choose entertainment while waiting at the terminal, and the use of airline lounges has a negative influence on the extent of engagement in all three types of passenger consumption behaviour, especially dining. Furthermore, passengers' dining expenditure has a positive effect on the extent of engagement in entertainment, but a negative influence on the extent of engagement in airport shopping. Passengers' preferences of airport shopping area after they have cleared security is positively associated with the extent of engagement in both shopping and entertainment but negatively associated with the extent of engagement in dining activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]