Search

Cet article cherche à explorer la question de la stérilisation forcée de population autochtone comme problème bioéthique d’un point de vue interdisciplinaire, à partir de la sociologie historique et en dialogue avec l’anthropologie médicale, les études de genre et les droits humains. Sa méthodologie est basée sur l’étude d’un cas empirique, en lien avec un travail de terrain réalisé dans une municipalité du sud du Mexique, dans l’état de Guerrero. Elle est complémentée par une recherche documentaire qui a permis, entre autres, la construction d’un cas théorique à partir des événements survenus au Pérou, à la même époque que le cas mexicain, dans les années 1990. Le principal résultat de ce travail de recherche historique est que la stérilisation forcée, bien que largement due à une politique de contrôle démographique ainsi qu’à certaines pratiques de planification familiale, est également liée, dans le cas particulier de la population autochtone, avec les processus contre-insurrectionnels déployés face à l’activité de guérillas, caractéristique de ces années-là en Amérique Latine.

Conditional sentence orders (CSOs) were introduced in Canada in 1996, largely as a mechanism to address the overreliance on incarceration. This sentencing option is particularly relevant for Indigenous individuals who have been vastly overrepresented in custodial settings. Despite being in place for over twenty years, little is known about the use and effectiveness of CSOs. The current study examined the use and outcomes of CSOs for Indigenous (n = 749) and non-Indigenous offenders (n = 1,625) in one Canadian province. Specifically, the length of CSO, frequency and type of optional conditions, number of breaches, and rates of reoffending were compared between the two groups. Results from a logistic regression, controlling for risk relevant co-variates, indicated that Indigenous individuals tended to receive shorter CSOs compared to Caucasian individuals. However, Indigenous individuals were 35% more likely than Caucasian individuals to be convicted of a breach and more likely to incur multiple breaches while on a CSO. Despite the differences in the rates of breaches, the likelihood of reoffending over a two-year period was equivalent across the two groups. Although the reasons for breach were not available for the current study, future research should investigate this further to determine whether increased breach rates for Indigenous individuals are the result of more rule-violating behaviour, an inequity in the fairness of the conditions applied to Indigenous versus Caucasian individuals, or whether it is possible that breaches are over-detected and convicted at a higher rate for Indigenous individuals. Greater awareness of the underlying mechanisms related to increased breach rates affords the opportunity to ensure that CSOs are consistently implemented, something which will contribute to achieving the objective of successful diversion from imprisonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article asks how a better understanding of Indigenous cultures as inherently scientifically rigorous can change how academic researchers do work in Indigenous communities, and how non-Indigenous researchers, particularly those in fields such as cartography and geography, can learn from Indigenous ideas of protocol and sovereignty as part of the scientific process to transform their work in our communities into something that truly benefits Indigenous peoples. In exploring these questions, this article posits Indigenous data sovereignty and traditional diplomatic protocols as a means of strengthening cartographic and geographic research in collaboration with Indigenous communities and argues that integrating these principles into such research is necessary in work that strives towards decolonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of forced sterilization of indigenous populations as a bioethical problem, from an interdisciplinary point of view based on historical sociology and in dialogue with medical anthropology, gender studies and human rights. Its methodology is based on the study of an empirical case, in connection with an ethnography carried out in a municipality of southern Mexico, in the state of Guerrero. It is complemented by a documentary research which allowed, among other things, the construction of a theoretical case from the events that occurred in Peru, at the same time as the Mexican case, in the 1990s. The main finding of this historical research work is that forced sterilization, although largely due to a population control policy as well as certain family planning practices, is also related, in the particular case of indigenous peoples, to the counterinsurgency process against guerrillas, characteristic of those years in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education is the property of Canadian Network for Innovation in Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of First Peoples Child & Family Review is the property of First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the relationship between symbolic and physical violence toward First Nations peoples in the Americas. It examines the mutual sympathies of symbolic and physical violence, and the interdependence between them. Through an examination of how colonial and postcolonial narratives recount symbolic violence--through problematic narratives--and physical violence--through institutions like residential schools--the article charts how resistance to this violence is both actively mobilized and innate. Developing José Esteban Muñoz's theory of disidentification, where resistance to colonial influence is neither an acceptance of dominant ideology nor overt resistance or opposition to it, early modern colonial documents are examined, and contemporary fictional texts demonstrate a third way of responding to dominant ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratives about queer Canada, or queering Canada, continue to normalize the nation-state and its settler-colonial roots. During the summer of 2019, the release of the Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls made it impossible to ignore settler colonialism in the Canadian context, and yet celebrations of 1969's Criminal Code changes attempted to frame the country as a safe haven for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer + (LGBTQ+) rights. This article will explore rhetoric surrounding Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau's era including the Just Society, the criminal reforms of 1969, as well as Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's moment as celebrations of the 1969 reforms unfurl. In particular, this article will look at the contrast in rhetoric between the Just Society and protests by Indigenous peoples for whom 1969 nearly ended with the passing of the white paper and subsequent extinguishment of Indigenous rights. Assimilation, and, therefore, disappearance, frames Indigenous experiences of the Just Society, while settler-colonial aspirations frame mainstream understandings of 1969's LGBTQ+ Criminal Code reforms. At the same time, as Indigenous peoples reframe this moment, and as Canadians prepare to celebrate its meanings, a surging Far Right has announced itself across the country. In response to this problem and to the liberal problem of doublespeak and Just Society rhetoric, this article will centre the aspirations and voices of Indigenous women and Two-Spirit folks as temporal and spatial alter-Natives to the rise of homonationalism rooted in ongoing settler colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This has excluded settler histories from suburban history and research, which tend to cast suburbs as history-less and quintessentially modern. In recent years, suburbs of Vancouver and Edmonton as well as central Canadian suburbs such as Caledonia (west of Toronto) and Oka (near Montreal) have all experienced land title claims in the courts, as well as civil unrest and barricades on their streets, golf courses, and in suburban areas resulting in disruption as well as death (Doucette [27]). The entrenchment of land claims and the normalization of these struggles in Canadian legal and media culture indicates an ongoing justification by Settler societies of the "dispossession, oppression, and effacement" (Goldie [40]) of First Nations Canadians and a blindness to difference in urban and suburban research and planning historically. The history of the Papaschase Cree, who were once to be housed on the lands that are now Mill Woods, helps to reimagine the geography of the "suburb" and the analysis of suburbia. We focus on this suburb of a sprawling suburban city, to highlight the significance of Indigeneity, migrancy, and ethnicity for Canadian suburbs as social spaces. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nancy Fraser's theoretical critique of feminism's unintended facilitation of neoliberal capitalism discusses the reproduction of poverty at the grassroots among Indigenous women. This article situates the discussion in gendered colonialism to show the ways that microfinance is actually a form of structured colonization and gender oppression. The authors argue that neither the emerging literature on microfinance nor Nancy Fraser's theory provides Indigenous women a practical way out of the existing oppressive structures of microfinance practice. Rather, they suggest that these ideas are better understood through talking circle conversations with local Indigenous women food producers in Ghana. Through conversations, the authors learned about how these women are actively decolonizing and indigenizing microfinance and what Corntassel has described as everyday acts of resurgence and renewal within native communities. The authors reason that racialized, capitalist, gender oppression can be overcome by decolonial feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite much anecdotal, journalistic, and statistical evidence of their oppression by colonial and neocolonial police practices, little is known about Indigenous peoples' attitudes towards the police in Canada. The theory that involuntary police–citizen contacts increase citizens' mistrust, fear, and dissatisfaction and, ultimately, decreases confidence in the police was advanced. Hypotheses arising from this historical-theoretical context were tested with the 2014 panel of Canada's General Social Survey, including 951 Indigenous (First Nations, Métis, or Inuit) and 21,576 non-Indigenous white participants. Indigenous identity and involuntary contacts were both significantly associated with a lack of confidence in police, p <.001. As hypothesized, the odds associated with involuntary contacts (odds ratio [OR] = 2.66) were stronger than those associated with being Indigenous (OR = 1.81). While the hypothesized ethnicity by contact interaction was not observed, Indigenous participants (5%) were two and a half times as likely as non-Indigenous white participants (2%) to have had relatively frequent (two or more) involuntary contacts with the police during the past year. Therefore, at the population level Indigenous people are at much greater risk of coming into involuntary contact with the police and of consequently lacking confidence in police. Policy implications and future research needs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines indigeneity and spatial production in the city of Winnipeg, home to the largest urban Indigenous population in Canada. Using data from semi‐structured interviews with Indigenous inhabitants, municipal officials, and Indigenous leaders, this paper argues that the right to the city and to difference are deradicalized for urban Indigenous communities. Indigenous engagement in processes of everyday urbanism occurs through broadly participatory public consultation and through mechanisms designed by City Hall to communicate with Indigenous communities about municipal initiatives. To arrive at a more robust and meaningful Indigenous urban visibility in Canadian cities, spatial production and programming mechanisms will need to be reconstituted. Guided by the perspectives of Indigenous participants, this paper considers some of what Indigenous urbanism might yet entail. Fulfilling coexistence and reconciliation is dependent on enabling Indigenous urbanism to guide the course taken in urban governance, spatial planning, and the built environment of Canadian cities. Key Messages: Contemporary planning and design does not recognize Indigenous social, cultural, and symbolic presence in cities and continues to marginalize Indigenous peoples from urban life.Indigenous peoples expect to play an unmediated role in shaping the sociality and spatiality of the city, building cultural density through its institutions and practices.Enabling Indigenous urbanism begins with creating a material and discursive sense of place for Indigenous inhabitants in the everyday lived experience of Canadian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We use the 2012 Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to examine the relationship between information-processing skills, educational attainment, and labour market outcomes among Indigenous peoples in Canada. Relative to the non-Indigenous sample, we find negative earnings differentials, higher unemployment, and lower employment and labour market participation among Indigenous peoples, as well as important differences between First Nations, Métis, and Inuit workers. First Nations peoples show larger gaps in terms of earnings and employment outcomes. Moreover, Métis peoples show worse employment outcomes and negative earnings differentials in the upper part of the distribution. First Nations peoples also show sizable gaps in literacy, numeracy, and technology skill relative to the non-Indigenous sample. Not surprisingly, there is a positive relationship between information-processing skills and wages. However, the returns to skills are very similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. That is, we find no evidence of economic discrimination. Once these skills are conditioned on, the earnings differentials decline. We also find that education can reduce skill and wage gaps, although the additional impact is small. The results imply the need to consider barriers to education faced by Indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergies Mexique is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Engaging scholarship from sociologies of security to protest policing, this article explores how risk management and actuarial tools have been operationalized in Canadian policing of Indigenous protests. We detail RCMP actuarial tools used to assess individual and group risk by tracing how these techniques are representative of much older trends in the criminal justice system surrounding the management of risk, but also have been advanced by contemporary databanking and surveillance capacities. Contesting public claims of police impartiality and objectivity, we highlight how the construction of riskiness produces an antagonism towards "successful" Indigenous protests. Though the RCMP regularly claim to "protect and facilitate the right to lawful advocacy, protest and dissent," we show how these practices of strategic incapacitation exhibit highly antagonistic forms of policing that are grounded in a rationality that seeks to demobilize and delegitimize Indigenous social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Canadian advocacy organizations were founded with federal government funding. However, in recent years, with federal budget cuts that funding has come into question. In this article, we analyze the funding of Indigenous organizations in Nova Scotia between 1960 and 2014 in order to examine whether or not the province filled gaps created by a changing political and economic context at the federal level. We analyze how the amount of funding and number of organizations funded changed during this period and consider how national and provincial critical events, federal Supreme Court decisions, changes in governments, and the founding of key organizations affect those shifts. Overall, we find that the province did make up shortfalls in funding during the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century, offering more funds and to a wider number of organizations, but at the same time we see less funding per organization over time and ultimately cutbacks at the provincial level mirroring broader national trends toward austerity and neo-liberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translating to the Community (T2C) is a social biorepository designed to advance new diagnostic tools and realign community-clinical processes, with the aim to mitigate the short- and long-term impacts of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) as well as prenatal alcohol exposure and its co-morbidities and behaviors. In this paper, we describe the evolution of this repository as a new translational partnership to advance a precision-medicine approach to FASD. Key to its evolution was a partnership between academic researchers, Indigenous communities, families, and a regional diagnostic clinic. We further describe the rationale for social biobanking, the type of banking, ethical engagement of families, communities, and clinics, their roles in repository design, governance, translation, and research activities, types of data collected from families, and how the study data are managed, reported, and accessed. The repository design includes biological samples, social-contextual health-survey data, and clinical data (which are linkable to administrative data) from community and clinical cohorts of diagnosed children, children prenatally exposed but not diagnosed, children suspected to have had a prenatal exposure, and related siblings, biological parents, and unrelated children and their parents. From these cohorts and families, potential studies drawing on this data will shed light on various risk factors, social and biological pathways, and service utilization issues, with the aim to implement primary and secondary prevention and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article uses the example of a university course about the Indigenous and settler histories of Kingston, Ontario, and the Crawford Purchase that constitutes its treaty, to argue that critical heritage practice can importantly and effectively be embodied as critical pedagogy. Beginning with a personal genealogical reflection by the author whose family was granted land by King George III in 1796, the article describes the Crawford Purchase and some of the questions it raises. It articulates and contextualizes key principles of the course in question (look around you, look to your ancestors, be responsible, be eclectic, and don’t finish). Students in the course engage with the physical space around the university, with their own personal family histories, and with literature, art, and archival materials, in order to develop a multi-dimensional set of resources for their final projects. The essay illustrates how students have taken up the responsibility to understand and to activate awareness of treaty relations and ongoing colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec is the property of Société Recherches autochtones au Québec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec is the property of Société Recherches autochtones au Québec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec is the property of Société Recherches autochtones au Québec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language revitalization work at one First Nation in eastern Canada has been ongoing for over two decades. Several approaches have been put in place: core teaching of Mi’gmaq as a primary school subject, language documentation and the creation of an online dictionary, and an Elders’ focus group on language, as well other shorter-term projects. In 2006, a group of university researchers was invited to collaborate with local Mi’gmaq language instructors who were trying out an image-based way of introducing adult community members to their language. After 10 years of continuous community– university contact, from 2006 to 2016, a non-Indigenous researcher reflects on the involvement of the academic applied linguist outsider in a constantly changing learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British Columbia (BC), Canada, is home to 34 Indigenous languages, all of them classified as endangered. Considerable work is underway by First Nation communities to revitalize their languages. Linguists classify many of the languages of BC as polysynthetic, meaning that words are composed of many morphemes, or units of meaning. While strong fluent speakers and linguists who work with these languages have knowledge and appreciation of these units of meaning, those understandings are often not reflected in the approaches for teaching and learning BC languages. Drawing on examples from Kwak’wala, a language of coastal BC, we discuss how an Indigenized approach to language revitalization can recognize and respect the highly regarded ancestral origins and messages about identity that are reflected within the language. In developing understanding of the morphemes of the language, learners can grasp literal meanings and metaphors embedded in Kwak’wala words, leading to deeper understandings of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw worldview and appreciation of the beauty of the language. In addition, learners can be supported to use morphemes as building blocks in their language learning. Rather than memorizing words and phrases, learners can be encouraged to listen for and use the morphemes they know to understand and produce new words and phrases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing policies and laws is difficult in areas where there are interested parties with differing values, attitudes, and perceptions. Another challenge is the democratization of policy and including those who have been systematically excluded from the conversation. The main topic of this paper is human interactions with free-roaming horses (FRH) in Alberta. A multidimensional approach to policymaking is suggested by using situational mapping approaches that visually position and represent diverse perspectives on FRH. Drawing upon qualitative interviews with 24 landowners, business leaders, and First Nations/Métis who share land with FRH, we analyze four key themes: rural alienation, First Nations and the branding of horses, managing FRH on grazing leases, and the representation of FRH interests. Together, the four thematic foci illustrate diverse perspectives and shifting allegiances that exist within and between policy 'stakeholder' groups. We present situational mapping as a useful tool to be used by policymakers to address complex environmental problems that include multidimensional perspectives. Les problèmes liés aux politiques, les « audiences » et le pouvoir de la définition : les discours contradictoires et le cas des chevaux en liberté en Alberta La mise en œuvre des politiques et des lois est difficile dans les domaines où il y a des parties intéressées qui ont des valeurs, des attitudes et des perceptions différentes. Un autre problème est la démocratisation des politiques et l'inclusion de celles qui ont été systématiquement exclues de la conversation. Le thème principal de cette communication est celui des interactions humaines avec les chevaux en liberté (CL) en Alberta. Une approche multidimensionnelle à l'égard de l'élaboration des politiques est suggérée en utilisant des approches de cartographie situationnelle qui positionnent et représentent visuellement divers points de vue sur les CL. Nous appuyant sur des entrevues qualitatives avec 24 propriétaires fonciers, chefs d'entreprises et Premières Nations/Métis qui partagent le territoire avec les CL, nous analysons quatre thèmes principaux : l'aliénation rurale, les Premières Nations et le marquage des chevaux, la gestion des CL sur des baux de pâturages et la représentation des intérêts des CL. Ensemble, les quatre axes thématiques illustrent divers points de vue et allégeances changeantes qui existent au sein et entre les groupes « d'intervenants » s'intéressant aux politiques. Nous présentons la cartographie situationnelle comme un outil utile que les personnes qui élaborent des politiques peuvent utiliser pour résoudre des problèmes environnementaux complexes qui incluent des points de vue multidimensionnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]