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Slovenske avtohtone pasme so tiste pasme, ki so nastale na območju Republike Slovenije. Imamo 18 slovenskih avtohtonih pasem domačih živali, od katerih je 12 pasem rejnih živali, ki se jih uporablja za prehrano in kmetijstvo. Nekatere avtohtone pasme rejnih živali so ogrožene. Leta 2003 se je pričel voditi Register pasem z zootehniško oceno (2019). Do leta 2013 je Javna služba nalog genske banke v živinoreji stopnjo ogroženosti pasem rejnih živali določala v skladu s Pravilnikom o ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti v živinoreji (2020). Od leta 2014 dalje je v veljavi Pravilnik o spremembah Pravilnika za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti v živinoreji (2014). V magistrskem delu smo analizirali predhodne in sedaj veljavne kriterije za ocenjevanje stopnje ogroženosti. Za vsako pasmo smo podatke o stopnji ogroženosti, velikosti populacije, številu plemenic in plemenjakov prikazali v grafični obliki. Podatke smo pridobili iz Registra pasem z zootehniško oceno (2019) za obdobje od leta 2003 do leta 2019. V tem obdobju se je stalež živali pri večini pasem povečal, vendar je zaradi posodobljenih kriterijev, končna stopnja ogroženosti večine pasem »kritična«. V letu 2019 je bila stopnja ogroženosti pri osmih slovenskih avtohtonih pasmah »kritična«, in sicer pri lipicanskem konju, slovenskem hladnokrvnem konju, posavskem konju, bovški ovci, belokranjski pramenki, istrski pramenki, drežniški kozi in kraškem ovčarju. Med avtohtonimi pasmami so imele tri pasme »ogroženo« stopnjo, in sicer cikasto govedo, štajerska kokoš in krškopoljski prašič. Jezersko-solčavska ovca je imela »ranljivo« stopnjo ogroženosti. Slovenian autochthonous breeds are those that originated in the territory of the Republic of Slovenia. We have 18 Slovenian autochthonous breeds of domestic animals, of which 12 are breeds of farm animals used for food and agriculture. Today some of our autochthonous breeds of farm animals are endangered. In the year 2003, the Register of breeds and zootechnical assessment (2019) was established. Until 2013, the Public service for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Conservation has estimated the level of endangerment of farm animals in accordance with the Rules on preserving biodiversity in livestock breeding (2020). Since 2014, the Rules on amendments to the Rules on preserving biodiversity in livestock breeding have been in force (2014). In the master's thesis we analyzed the previous and today valid endangerment criteria. For each breed the information for the level of endangerment, the population size, the number of female and male animals used for breeding were presented graphically. We obtained data from the Register of breeds and zootechnical assessment (2019) for the period from 2003 to 2019. During this period the populations increased in most breeds, but due to updated criteria, the final level of endangerment for most breeds is »critical«. In 2019, the level of endangerment in eight Slovenian autochthonous breeds was »critical«, namely the Lipizzan horse, the Slovenian cold blooded horse, the Posavje horse, the Bovec sheep, the Bela Krajina pramenka, the Istrian pramenka, the Drežnica goat and the Karst shepherd. Among the autochthonous breeds, three breeds had »endangered« level, namely Cika cattle, the Styrian hen and Krškopolje pig. The Jezersko-solčava sheep had »vulnerable« level of endangerment.

Background Natural and artificial directional selection in cosmopolitan and autochthonous pig breeds and wild boars have shaped their genomes and resulted in a reservoir of animal genetic diversity. Signatures of selection are the result of these selection events that have contributed to the adaptation of breeds to different environments and production systems. In this study, we analysed the genome variability of 19 European autochthonous pig breeds (Alentejana, Bísara, Majorcan Black, Basque, Gascon, Apulo-Calabrese, Casertana, Cinta Senese, Mora Romagnola, Nero Siciliano, Sarda, Krškopolje pig, Black Slavonian, Turopolje, Moravka, Swallow-Bellied Mangalitsa, Schwäbisch-Hällisches Schwein, Lithuanian indigenous wattle and Lithuanian White old type) from nine countries, three European commercial breeds (Italian Large White, Italian Landrace and Italian Duroc), and European wild boars, by mining whole-genome sequencing data obtained by using a DNA-pool sequencing approach. Signatures of selection were identified by using a single-breed approach with two statistics [within-breed pooled heterozygosity (HP) and fixation index (FST)] and group-based FST approaches, which compare groups of breeds defined according to external traits and use/specialization/type. Results We detected more than 22 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the 23 compared populations and identified 359 chromosome regions showing signatures of selection. These regions harbour genes that are already known or new genes that are under selection and relevant for the domestication process in this species, and that affect several morphological and physiological traits (e.g. coat colours and patterns, body size, number of vertebrae and teats, ear size and conformation, reproductive traits, growth and fat deposition traits). Wild boar related signatures of selection were detected across all the genome of several autochthonous breeds, which suggests that crossbreeding (accidental or deliberate) occurred with wild boars. Conclusions Our findings provide a catalogue of genetic variants of many European pig populations and identify genome regions that can explain, at least in part, the phenotypic diversity of these genetic resources.

Aim of study: To validate two existing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels for parentage assignment in sheep, and develop a cost effective genotyping system to use in some North-Eastern Spanish meat sheep populations for accurate pedigree assignment.Area of study: SpainMaterial and methods: Nine sheep breeds were sampled: Rasa Aragonesa (n=38), Navarra (n=39), Ansotana (n=41), Xisqueta (n=41), Churra Tensina (n=38), Maellana (39), Roya Bilbilitana (n=24), Ojinegra (n=36) and Cartera (n=39), and these animals were genotyped with the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip array. Genotypes were extracted from the sets of 249 SNPs and 163 SNPs for parentage assignment designed in France and North America, respectively. Validation of a selected cost-effective genotyping panel of 158 SNPs from the French panel were performed by Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP). Additionally, some functional SNPs (n=15) were also genotyped.Main results: The set of 249 SNPs for parentage assignment showed better diversity, probability of identity, and exclusion probabilities than the set of 163 SNPs. The average minor allele frequency for the set of 249, 163 and 158 SNPs were 0.41 + 0.01, 0.39 + 0.01 and 0.42 + 0.01, respectively. The parentage assignment rate was highly dependent to the percentage of putative sires genotyped.Research highlights: The described method is a cost-effective genotyping system combining the genotyping of SNPs for the parentage assignment with some functional SNPs, which was successfully used in some Spanish meat sheep breeds.

Pod pojmom uzgojne metode podrazumijeva se unaprijed određeno i smišljeno parenje kobile i pastuha, unutar ili između pasmina. Parenje ovisi o uzgojnome cilju, a uzgojni cilj ovisi o pasmini. Razlikuje se uzgoj u čistoj pasmini i križanje. U prošlosti su križanjem nastale većine sadašnjih pasmina, dok se konji danas najviše uzgajaju u čistoj pasmini. Za sve pasmine provode se uzgojni programi u kojima je navedeno njihovo porijeklo, način provedbe uzgojnih metoda i testiranja radne sposobnosti, postavljeni su uzgojni ciljevi i sve ostalo što je neophodno u selekciji konja. Cilj ovoga rada je upoznati se s uzgojnim metodama i programima, na koji se način provode te kako se koriste u selekciji konja. Poseban naglasak je stavljen na izvorne i zaštićene pasmine, hrvatske uzgojne tipove te strane pasmine uzgajane u Republici Hrvatskoj. Uzgojni programi se provode za autohtone pasmine (hrvatski posavac, hrvatski hladnokrvnjak i međimurski konj), zaštićenu pasminu (lipicanac), hrvatske uzgojne tipove (hrvatski sportski konj i hrvatski toplokrvnjak) te strane pasmine konja koje se uzgajaju u Republici Hrvatskoj., Breeding methods are deliberated and specified beforehand for mare and stallion mating, in or out of their breed. Mating depends on breeding goals, where breeding goals depend on the breed itself. Therefore, breeding methods differ between breeding inside of pure bloodline and crossed breeding. In the past crossed breeding has resulted in most of the horse breeds today, but currently horses are mainly breeded in pure bloodline. Every horse breed has it's own breeding program that is carried through their breeding and it contains a horse's origin, guides for breeding methods and test of their work ability, breeding goals and everything else necessary in horse selection. The goal of this work is to clarify what breeding methods and programs are, how they are carried out and how they are used in horse selection. The main focus is on the protected croatian breed, croatian horses and breeding types, along with foreign breeds that are found in the Republic of Croatia. Breeding programs are carried out for autochthonous breeds (Croatian Posavina Horse, Croatian Coldblood and Medjimurje horse), protected original breed (Lipizzan), Croatian breeding types (Croatian Sports Horse and Croatian Warmblood) and foreign breeds that are breeded in the Republic of Croatia.

Autochthonous pig breed is adapted to the specific local environment, fed with various locally available feedstuffs and well adapted to extensive conditions of housing. Their genes represent safety in the production of food in future times, in which the greater importance will be attributed to the resistance and adaptability of the breed. In terms of scientific substantiation, their performances and products are, as in the case of Mangalitsa pig, practically untapped. Thus, the aim of the present chapter is to present history and current status of Mangalitsa pig breed, its exterior phenotypic characteristics, geographical distribution, production management and main products from this Serbian autochthonous breed of pigs, one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. Moreover, a collection and review of available literature data, available until August 2017, on reproductive and productive traits of Mangalitsa pig breed were carried out. Mangalitsa is a late and extremely fatty pig breed with low fertility, long suckling period and a very weak-slow growth. Although studies on Mangalitsa pig are scarce, the current review gives the first insight into this local pig breed.

Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers an easy to use and cost-effective tool for quantitative and qualitative application in animal science. Of special interest could be considered the use of NIRS for tracing meat origin on the basis of breed specification. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of meat NIRS as a “fingerprint” of autochthonous pig breeds. The research considered intact and grounded sample of Longissimus Dorsi (n=371) collected from 11 European local pig breeds from the TREASURE project, namely: Alentejana (ALE), Bisara (BIS), Crna Slawonska (CRN), Gascon (GAS), Iberian (IBE), Krskopolje (KRS), Lithuanian Wattle (LIA), Lithuanian White (LIH), Negre Mallorqui (NEG), Schwabish Hallisches (SCH) and Turopolje (TUR). For each muscle sample, two aliquots were scanned using FT-NIRS Antaris II model (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in absorbance mode considering the infrared region (3999 to 9999 cm-1) and averaged. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) on meat NIRS was used to assess: i) breed traceability and ii) similarity among breeds. DAPC was applied on standardised (centred and scaled) spectra using the R package. For breed traceability, cross- validation was applied: five samples per breed were sampled at random, without replacement, and used in validation. The procedure was repeated ten times and each breed was analysed separately. In this case, all breeds were present in the training set. Similarity among breeds was assessed by excluding each breed from the training set and assigning the samples in the validation set to the breeds in the training one. Overall correct classification was 68.0 and 77.6% for intact and grounded meat, respectively. Alentejana had 100% correct classification for both intact and grounded meat. For CRN, KRS, LIA, LIH and NEG use of grounded meat spectra resulted in higher classification rates from 44 to 64% for intact and from 66 to 90% for grounded meat), while for GAS the opposite was found (80% for intact vs. 70% for grounded). For the rest of the breeds slight or no differences were observed between intact and grounded samples and classification rates ranged between 66 (CRN and SCH) to 72% (BIS). The lowest classification rates were observed in both cases for CRN. Similarity among breeds was greatly varied upon dataset used (e.g. ALE samples were classified as IBE (40%), TUR (40%) and SCH (10%) using intact meat while 100% were classified as CRN using grounded meat). Our results mark NIRS as a promising tool for traceability of pig breed meat origin and support the use of grounded over intact samples.

In today’s modern world, a lot of effort is put into the conservation of local autochthonous breeds in order to preserve global biodiversity and a larger genetic pool. One of Croatian autochthonous breeds, classified as extinct or unknown, is the Dalmatian Bušak horse. As in Dalmatia there still is a small population of horses that according to their physical characteristics correspond to those of the Dalmatian Bušak, the object of our study was to take their basic body measurements in order to characterise the population, and compare them with those of other Croatian autochthonous breeds (Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavina horse and Međimurje horse). Nine measurements were taken from 15 horses by using a Lydtin stick (height at withers, height at croup and chest depth), ribbon (chest and cannon bone circumference) and calliper (shoulder width, croup width and croup length). The Dalmatian Bušak was lower at both withers (129.73 ± 4.78 cm) and croup (130.69 ± 4.75 cm) than other Croatian autochthonous breeds. It also had a shorter body (132.68 ± 5.38 cm) and croup length (43.73 ± 2 cm), narrower shoulder (28.39 ± 2.41 cm) and croup width (40.69 ± 3.01 cm), shallower chest depth (60.31 ± 3.77 cm) and thinner chest (159 ± 11.25 cm) and cannon bone circumference (17.08 ± 1.12 cm). Measurements are given as arithmetic mean and standard deviation. In conclusion, in this preliminary study we found that horses of the Dalmatian Bušak type are a relatively homogeneous population, as well as that they are smaller and differ quite from other Croatian autochthonous breeds. In addition, the Dalmatian Bušak should also be compared to the to the Bosnian Mountain horse, as they are similar in type and have a neighbouring geographic distribution.

Environmental assessment of pig production systems using local breeds remains poorly documented in the literature. So far, studies did not account for specificities of outdoor rearing which is quite common in such systems. The present study aimed at evaluating the environmental impacts of pig production systems using local breeds in Europe, while accounting for emissions associated to consumption of grass and mitigation of impacts through soil-C sequestration. Environmental impacts were estimated for 48 farms using local pig breeds: 25 in France (Gascon breed), eight in Italy (Mora Romagnola breed) and 15 in Slovenia (Krskopolje breed). Assessment was performed with and without accounting for pasture-intake emissions and potential soil-C sequestration. The data were obtained from on-farm surveys. Systems with Gascon pigs had the lowest impacts per kg of live weight for global warming and cumulative energy demand, due to lower impacts of feeds. Acidification potential was higher for Krskopolje pigs due to high dietary crude protein content and high AP of feeds, while eutrophication potential was higher for Gascon pigs due to higher phosphorus content of feeds (28% higher than the mean of the other farms). When impacts were expressed per ha of land use, pig production in Gascon farms had the lowest impacts due to more available area per pig, except for eutrophication. Low contribution of soil-C sequestration to climate change mitigation was observed (4.7% on average). However, it may have a substantial contribution for the most extensive pig systems using large land surfaces. Emissions resulting from grazing had a rather low contribution to Global Warming Potential (4%) and Eutrophication (3%), but a substantial one to Acidification impact (9% on average). In the frame of our study, the contribution of emissions related to grazing is moderate because commercial feed supply for outdoor pigs was higher than in extensive systems studied in literature. This study highlighted that main hotspots include feed composition and supply and the origin of feed ingredients. It also suggests that future assessments of extensive pig systems relying on pig foraging on grasslands or rangelands should account for soil-C sequestration and emissions associated to grazing and foraging.

Istrian (IS) and Pag (PS) sheep breeds are Croatian autochthonous sheep breeds. We analyzed genotypes of 175 animals (96 IS, and 75 PS) using Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip array and estimated genomic inbreeding levels (FROH) and linkage disequilibrium effective population size (NeLD). We also defined the genomic position of IS and PS concerning overall 671 animals of 22 Italian, Spanish and some Merino sheep breeds. For this purpose, we used publicly available data from Dryad digital repository. The inbreeding level based on runs of homozygosity (FROH) was higher in IS compared to PS for FROH>2Mb, 0.08 vs. 0.04, FROH>8Mb, 0.04 vs. 0.03, and FROH>16Mb, 0.02 vs. 0.01 respectively. Software NeEstimator was used to estimate Ne from the parental generation of the sample based on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) method. Estimated NeLD for IS was 101 (95% CI= 81-130), while higher NeLD of 222 (95% CI= 161-343) was obtained for PS. Principal Components Analysis of the overall dataset showed separation of both, IS and PS from other breeds. However, PS was placed near to the cluster containing some Italian breeds (Massese, Appenninica, Sardinian White, Comisana, Leccese, and Laticauda) while IS was slightly remote. To our knowledge, this is the first genomic analysis of IS and PS providing valuable insights into their conservation status.

Тувинская лошадь является одной из локальных пород, хорошо приспособленных к условиям круглогодичного табунного содержания. Цель исследования заключалась в изучении элементного статуса и генетических особенностей аборигенной тувинской лошади. Было определено содержание в волосах 19 тувинских лошадей ряда жизненно-необходимых макро- и микроэлементов: кальция, калия, магния, натрия, фосфора, марганца, хрома, меди, железа, кобальта, йода селена и цинка. Также было проведено генотипирование 85 образцов ДНК по 14 локусам микросателлитов: AHT4, AHT5 ASB17, ASB2, ASB23, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG10, HTG4, HTG6, HTG7, VHL20., Tuva horse breed is one of the well-adapted local breeds. The aim of the study was to investigate the element status and genetic characteristics of the Tuva horse. The following essential macro- and microelements were determined in 19 hair samples of Tuva horses: Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, F, Se, Zn. A total number of 85 DNA samples were genotyped by using 14 microsatellite markers: AHT4, AHT5, ASB17, ASB2, ASB23, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG10, HTG4, HTG6, HTG7, VHL20., №6 (2018)

Sheep are an important livestock species in the socio-economic contest around the world. In the past, exotic sheep breeds were utilised in crosses with local breeds in order to improve their production traits. The Pagliarola is an ancient sheep population spread over many areas of the central Italy, mainly in Abruzzo region. The aim of this paper was to identify this breed from other sheep breeds living in the same area trough morphological and genetic characterisation. Fifty-three Pagliarola sheep animals (two flocks) were sampled together with 30 sheep of Appenninica, Gentile di Puglia and Merinizzata Italiana. Biometrical measures and 25 microsatellite markers were studied for the characterisation. In the morphological analysis, the Pagliarola was observed to be well separated from the other breeds and the genomic results confirmed the morphological study. In the molecular approach, a total of 330 alleles were detected. In the neighbour-Net tree, each breed clustered independently and no clear cluster was observed. The expected heterozygosity was the highest in Appenninica (0.78), while Pagliarola had the lowest (0.70). Results of STRUCTURE analyses at K=5 showed Pagliarola breed splitted in two sub-clusters. Both biometric and molecular results allow to consider the residual Pagliarola as an original genotype. Moreover, the variability still remaining in this population can be useful to plan suitable conservation programs.

The measures for support of 22 autochthonous breeds in Bulgaria are reviewed. It is concluded, that as a whole the support is more effective in the mountainous and semi-mountainous regions, where the opportunities for alternative agriculture are smaller. The numerous funding prerequisites and administrative formalities are some of the main obstacles to the inclusion of more farmers in the support programmes, and a hurdle to the change of the population trends in positive direction. A serious restriction is the requirement for pastures for herbivorous animals in the plane regions with intensive agriculture. In conclusion it is mentioned that the support for preservation of the local autochthonous breeds should be bound only with requirements for retaining the number of the animals and their rearing in traditional for the breed conditions.

Although sheep meat has a small share of 1.5 % of the total meat production in the EU, sheep farming is of great importance to rural development and the environment. Enhancing the quality of lamb meat of local breeds is essential to ensure both profitability for sheep producers and the conservation of endangered breeds. This study aimed to (i) characterise the evolution of spoilage microorganisms in refrigerated vacuum-packed lamb meat from a total of 10 farms housing 8 local breeds of Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Slovenian origin raised in intensive, extensive or semi-extensive regime; and (ii) elucidate how intrinsic properties of meat can affect its microbial spoilage. Cold carcass weight (CCW), ultimate pH (pH24) and proximate analysis were quantified on carcass/meat from each of the 285 animals raised and slaughtered for this purpose; while mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and psychrotrophic bacteria were enumerated during 15-day storage at 4 °C. Substantial variability in all attributes were found between the ten farms. CCW of intensively-raised lambs (21.4 kg; 95 % CI: 20.6–22.1 kg) were higher (p lt 0.05) than the ones in semi-extensive regime (14.9 kg; 95 % CI: 14.4–15.4 kg), and in turn these were heavier (p lt 0.05) than the extensively raised lambs (12.4 kg; 95 % CI: 12.0–12.7). Mean contents of protein (76.5–87.4% db), fat (3.78–13.1% db) and ashes (4.62–5.65% db) in lamb meat were highly dependent on the farm. Although meat from some farms was associated to higher microbial levels, in general, microbial growth was found to be modulated by intrinsic properties of meat. Higher pH24 (p lt 0.05), moisture (p lt 0.05), protein content (p lt 0.05) and ashes content (p lt 0.01) accelerated spoilage rate; whereas meat from heavier carcasses (p lt 0.001) and of higher fat content (p lt 0.01) presented slower growth of spoilage bacteria. In order to improve the microbial quality of lamb meat, animal handling must be enhanced to minimise pre-slaughter stress; slaughtering practices and hygiene must be improved; and a carcass classification system could be adopted towards the selection of fatter animals and chilled carcasses of optimal pH24. The authors are grateful to EU ERA-NET programme and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for funding the project “EcoLamb–Holistic Production to Reduce the Ecological Footprint of Meat (SusAn/0002/2016). CIMO authors are grateful to FCT and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). Dr. Gonzales-Barron acknowledges the national funding by FCT, P.I., through the Institutional Scientific Employment Programme contract. José M. Lorenzo is member of the HealthyMeat network, funded by CYTED (ref. 119RT0568). The authors would like to acknowledge also Elena Saccà and Angela Sepulcri for providing technical support in laboratory analyses. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Očuvanje genetske raznolikosti domaćih životinja bitan je segment u razvoju moderne poljoprivredne prakse koji stavlja naglasak na očuvanje autohtonih domaćih pasmina životinja, a samim time i očuvanje bioraznolikosti u svijetu. Jedna od potencijalnih autohtonih pasmina na području Republike Hrvatske, koja je prema Zelenoj knjizi izvornih pasmina Hrvatske svrstana u izumrle i nedovoljno poznate, jest dalmatinski bušak. O navedenoj populaciji nema mnogo podataka, a i oni postojeći vezani su samo uz morfološki opis konja te njegove mjere. S obzirom na to da u Dalmaciji još uvijek postoji mala populacija konja koja svojom konformacijskom građom odgovara potencijalnoj pasmini dalmatinski bušak, napravljene su izmjere konja te su uspoređene s literaturnim podacima. Molekularno-genetskim metodama određena je zastupljenost pojedinih mikrosatelitskih lokusa što bi omogućilo daljnju karakterizaciju i opis populacije. Istraživanje je provedeno na šest konja (2 mužjaka i 4 ženke) starosne dobi od 2,5 do 3,5 godina. Na temelju rezultata mjerenja zaključeno je da su istraživani konji nešto sitnije građe u odnosu na mjere konja iz dostupne literature. Od 17 istraživanih lokusa, 16 je polimorfno, a jedan monomorfan. Prosječna opažena heterozigotnost (HO) iznosi 0,7, a očekivana (HE) 0,6 te je stoga fiksacijski indeks (FIS) negativan. Prosječan informacijski sadržaj polimorfizma (PIC), kao i za većinu lokusa zasebno, upućuje na visokoinformativne markere. Raspon frekvencija alela u svih 17 lokusa kretao se od 8,3% do 100%. Usprkos malom uzorku svi su promatrani lokusi bili u genetskoj ravnoteži prema Hardy-Weinbergovu zakonu. S obzirom na prikupljene rezultate te na mali broj obrađenih jedinki, ovaj je rad početak istraživanja kojim bi se započeo daljnji rad s ciljem očuvanja ove potencijalne autohtone pasmine., In order to preserve global biodiversity and a larger genetic pool, a lot of effort is put on the conservation of domestic animal local autochthonous breeds. One of potential Croatian autochthonous breeds, accordingly to the „Green book of indigenous breeds of Croatia“ classified as extinct or unknown, is Dalmatian bušak. Not much data is available about the aforementioned population, with the only available one being about the morphological description and measurements of the horse. As in Dalmatia there still is a small population of horses that with their physical characteristics correspond to the ones of the Dalmatian bušak, the object of the study was to measure them and compare to the literature data. Also, microsatellite genetic markers were used for further characterization and description of the population. In total six horses (2 males and 4 females), in the age from 2,5 to 3,5 years, were included in the study. Based on body part measurements assessment, the horses in this study were smaller in size compared to the ones from the literature. From 17 investigeted loci, 16 were polymorphic and one monomorphic. The average observed heterozygosity (HO) was 0,7 and expected heterozygosity (HE) was 0,6. Consequently, the fixation index (FIS) was negative. The average polymorphism information content (PIC), as well as the one of most loci separatedly, was highly informative. The frequency range of all 17 loci was from 8,3% to 100%. Despite a small sample, all observed loci were in genetic equilibrium according to the Hardy–Weinberg law. Regardless the small number of animals used, given the obtained results, this research presents the beginning of a study with the goal of preserving this potential autochthonous breed.

Zaradi spreminjajočih podnebnih in tržnih razmer je prisotno večje zavedanje o biotski raznolikosti, ki med drugim zajema tudi genetsko pestrost domačih živali. Ohranjanje živalskih genskih virov je pomembno zaradi njihovih ekonomskih, družbenih in kulturnih koristi, ekološke vloge, proizvodnje hrane, zagotavljanja prehranske varnosti itd. V prizadevanju po ohranitvi živalskih genskih virov in preprečitvi genske erozije je potreben vpogled v motive in cilje ključnih akterjev t.j. rejcev lokalnih pasem domačih živali, na podlagi česar bi jim lahko zagotovili optimalne pogoje za ohranjanje živalskih genskih virov. Pričujoče magistrsko delo skuša dobiti natančnejši vpogled v motive, cilje in perspektive rejcev lokalnih pasem domačih živali v Sloveniji in s tem prispevati k učinkovitejšim strategijam ohranjanja živalskih genskih virov v prihodnje. Ugotovitve temeljijo na rezultatih anketne raziskave, v katerih je sodeloval 301 rejec, vanjo so bili vključeni rejci slovenskih avtohtonih in tradicionalnih pasem. Ugotovili smo, da se slovenski rejci najpogosteje odločajo za rejo avtohtonih pasem domačih živali zaradi kakovosti proizvodov. Med najpomembnejše okoljske in druge družbene koristi avtohtonih pasem izpostavljajo tradicionalnost proizvodov. Seznam motivov je daljši, motivi so kompleksnejši in se razlikujejo med obravnavanimi skupinami. Kot razlog ohranjanja teh pasem slovenski rejci višine podpor ne postavljajo v ospredje, kar se sklada z ugotovitvami podobnih raziskav v drugih državah. K povečanju prireje bi rejce po njihovi oceni najbolj spodbudil 'urejen trg'. Možnosti tržne valorizacije proizvodov avtohtonih pasem so v Sloveniji, z nekaterimi redkimi izjemami, slabo izkoriščene. Due to changing climatic and market conditions, there is a greater awareness of biodiversity, which also includes genetic diversity of domestic animals. Conservation of animal genetic resources is important because of their economic, social and cultural benefits, ecological role, food production, food security, etc. In an effort to conserve animal genetic resources and to prevent genetic erosion, an insight is needed into the motives and objectives of key actors, i.e. breeders of local breeds of domestic animals, on the basis of which they could provide them with optimal conditions for the conservation of animal genetic resources. The present master's thesis aims to provide a more precise insight into the motives, goals and perspectives of breeders of domestic breeds of domestic animals in Slovenia, thereby contributing to more effective strategies for the conservation of animal genetic resources in the future. The findings are based on the results of a survey involving 301 farmers, including breeders of Slovenian indigenous and traditional breeds. We have found that Slovene breeders most often decide on the breeding of autochthonous breeds of domestic animals due to the quality of products. Among the most important environmental and other social benefits of autochthonous breeds, they emphasize the tradition of products. The list of motifs is longer, the motifs are more complex and different from the groups considered. As a reason for the conservation of these breeds, Slovenian breeders do not put the amount of support in the foreground, which is in line with the findings of similar surveys in other countries. In order to increase production, farmers would be most encouraged by the 'regulated market' in their assessment. The possibilities of market valorization of indigenous breeds of products are poorly exploited in Slovenia, with some rare exceptions.

Namen naloge je bil preučiti mehanizme sezonske reprodukcijske aktivnosti ovc in preučiti, kakšne so v tem smislu reprodukcijske lastnosti slovenskih avtohtonih pasem ovc jezersko-solčavske, bovške in istrske pramenke. Večina pasem ovc je sezonsko poliestričnih, kar pomeni, da se parijo le v določenem obdobju leta. Trajanje in začetek tega pa uravnava več mehanizmov, od katerih je najbolj pomembna fotoperioda oziroma dolžina dnevne svetlobe. Ovce spremembe dolžine dneva in noči zaznavajo preko hipotalamusa, ki uravnava izločanje hormona melatonina iz epifize. Pomembna dejavnika, ki pripomoreta k uravnavanju sezonskih reprodukcijskih ciklusov sta tudi temperatura zraka in padavine, predvsem v tropskem podnebju. Začetek pubertet je prav tako odvisen od več med seboj povezanih dejavnikov, kot so sezona rojstva, velikosti gnezda in pasma, pa tudi prehrana in posledično rejno stanje. Raziskave reprodukcijske aktivnosti slovenskih avtohtonih pasem ovc so bile izvedene na Centru za sonaravno rekultiviranje Vremščice Veterinarske fakultete UL. Rezultati raziskav so bili opisani v številnih znanstvenih publikacijah, ki sem jih uporabila kot vir literature za nalogo. V nalogi bom opisala, pri kateri starosti se pri ovcah teh pasem pojavi puberteta, v katerem obdobju leta se pojavi sezonska reprodukcijska aktivnost in koliko časa traja ter kakšen je potek in trajanje pojatvenega ciklusa. This paper aims to study the seasonal reproductive activity mechanisms of sheep and explore what are the reproductive characteristics of Slovenian indigenous sheep breeds: the Jezersko-Solčava sheep, the Bovec sheep and the Istrian pramenka sheep. The majority of sheep breeds are polyoestrous meaning they only mate in a certain time frame of the year. The beginning and the duration of the mating seasons are regulated by several mechanisms, the most important being the photoperiod or day length. Sheep sense the change in the day length via their hypothalamus that regulates the secretion of the hormone melatonin from the pineal gland. Other important factors in the regulation of seasonal reproductive cycles are also air temperature and precipitation, especially in a tropical environment. The start of sexual maturity also depends on several interconnected factors such as birth season, herd size and breed, as well as nutrition and breeding environment. The research on the reproductive activity of Slovenian indigenous sheep breeds was carried out at the Infrastructure Centre for Sustainable Recultivation (ICSR) Vremščica of the Ljubljana University Veterinary Faculty. The research results were described in numerous scientific publications that have served as technical literature for this paper. In the paper we will describe at which age these sheep breeds enter sexual maturity, in which season they are reproductively active and, finally the course and the duration of the breading cycle.

Drežniška koza je edina slovenska avtohtona pasma koz. Na območju vasi Drežnice se je razvil mesni tip ter na Bovškem mlečni tip živali. Celotni stalež koz vključenih v genetsko banko je približno 200 živali v 24-ih rejskih središčih. V zadnjem času postajajo genetske analize populacij vse bolj uporabno in uporabljano orodje, ki omogoča vpogled v genetsko ozadje in razvoj populacije. Na eni strani omogočajo oceno stanja genetske raznolikosti, oceno zastopanosti osnovalcev in prednikov, kot tudi oceno prispevka vnesenih genov iz tujih populacij. Po drugi strani pa lahko rezultate izkoristimo za postopno spremembo stanja v ogroženih populacijah, saj lahko uravnotežimo prispevke prednikov v sklad genov populacije, poskušamo izenačiti velikost družin, v plemenilni sezoni uporabiti primerno število čim manj sorodnih plemenjakov. Individualne osebke lahko okarakteriziramo na ravni DNK s pomočjo različnih molekularnih tehnik, ki nam omogočajo odkrivanje genetskih razlik med osebki. Mikrosateliti so visoko polimorfni markerji, ki se nahajajo pretežno v nekodogenih regijah genoma, redkeje pa jih najdemo v kodogenih zaporedjih. Obravnavamo jih kot selekcijsko nevtralne markerje in jih pogosto uporabljamo za populacijske študije in diferenciacijo osebkov tudi znotraj populacij z relativno visokim koeficientom sorodstva. Z raziskavo smo želeli optimizirati genetske teste pri drežniški kozi z določitvijo optimalnih markerjev, ter njihove kombinacije v hkratni reakciji PCR. The Drežnica goat is the only Slovenian autochthonous breed of goats. In the area of Drežnica the meat type of goat has been developed and around Bovec valley there has the dairy type of goat been developed. Genetic analysis of animal populations are becoming one of the most useful and used tools in science. Using genetic analyses provides monitoring of genetic background and development of population. They allow assessment of genetic diversity in population as well as the contribution of genes from foreign populations. The genetic results can be used for changing existing population to prevent inbreeding with different tools. Using DNA molecular techniques allowing us to detect differences between species. Microsatelits are one of this techniques. Microsatellites are highly polymorphic loci in regions of DNA containing tandem repeats of a short sequence motif located in noncoding regions. These loci are particularly suitable for population studies because they can be relatively easily scored using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of each locus followed by electrophoresis to separate alleles. With the study we want to optimize the genetic test of Drežnica goat with the determination of optimal markers and their combinations in the PCR reaction.

Dissertação de mestrado em Agricultura Biológica, apresentada à Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo A caprinicultura no concelho de Terras de Bouro assume-se como uma atividade pecuária económica, ambiental e social relevante. No ano de 2004, foi implementado um projeto para a conversão de explorações em Modo de Produção Convencional (MPC) para o Modo de Produção Biológico (MPB). A Bravia é uma raça autóctone portuguesa vocacionada exclusivamente para a produção de carne, sendo os seus efetivos alimentados significativamente com recurso a vegetação espontânea, disponível em áreas de baldios. Na maioria dos rebanhos da raça Bravia, os machos acompanham sempre as fêmeas, com sazonalidade dos partos. Consistiu o objetivo deste trabalho na avaliação de indicadores reprodutivos (idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo entre partos, distribuição de partos e estrutura etária) de caprinos de raça Bravia, em explorações em MPC e o MPB no concelho de Terras de Bouro. Foram recolhidos, editados e analisados dados entre os anos de 2012 e 2015, referentes a seis explorações, três em MPC e três em MPB, disponibilizados pela Associação Nacional de Criadores da Cabra Bravia (ANCABRA). Na análise estatística utilizou-se o programa Microsoft Excel e o SPSS, para avaliar o efeito do modo de produção nos indicadores reprodutivos. A idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) foi de 27,34±4,90 meses nas explorações em MPC e de 24,90±4,83 meses em MPB com diferenças significativas entre modos (P

Despite pressure to increase farm productivity, a tendency for animal-friendly production systems, like the one that includes grazing, is becoming more common due to an increased consumer awareness of animal welfare. Pasture is generally the main food source for these animals. Grazing sheep are therefore exposed to a huge diversity of parasites. These parasites impact greatly on animal health, welfare and productivity, and can be responsible for high economic losses due to delayed development of lambs and low productivity levels of adult sheep, which can be especially threatening in endangered breeds. Nematodes of the genera Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia, Cooperia and Nematodirus can cause serious health problems in sheep. Haemonchus contortus is responsible for the main health problems in sheep, and represents a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Nematodirus battus is a common cause of lamb diarrhoea. Some trematodes, besides affecting animal health, are zoonotic and may have health implications for farmers and local communities. Prophylaxis plans are essential in order to keep acceptable infection levels. A detailed knowledge of parasite species involved, as well as their burden and prevalence, is necessary. Pasture management should be a primary tool to control parasites. Integration of more than one measure like good farming practices, and appropriate biological control measures is essential to achieve the sustainable control on the parasites. Anti-parasitic drugs are still an important part of parasite control in grazing sheep. Consumers worry about the quality of meat as well as about the animal welfare, but studies of the effects of parasites are scarce, and there is a concern that grazing management systems increase the prevalence of parasites. The question is whether to choose less productive breeds but well adapted to the local environmental conditions (autochthonous breeds) and more resistant to parasites, or high productive breeds but not adapted to the local environment and its parasites. The aim of this review was to understand the current situation of the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in grazing sheep, and the consequences on sheep management and the effects on meat quality. A91F-E8B8-FA62 | Teresa Susana Letra Mateus N/A

Background Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases of several mammalian species, including humans. In Italy, the active surveillance through rapid tests on brain stem from small ruminants started in 2002 on randomly selected samples of healthy slaughtered animals. Sampling number was proportionally related to the regional small ruminant population. Of the twenty Italian regions, Sicily has the second largest population of small ruminants which is mainly constituted by crossbreed animals (>70 %). Sicily contains also three native sheep breeds Pinzirita, Comisana and Valle del Belice. Native goat breeds are Girgentana, Messinese, Argentata dell’Etna, Maltese and Rossa Mediterranea. The polymorphisms of prion protein gene (PRNP) may influence disease susceptibility and breeding programs for genetic TSE resistance are being applied in sheep. Protective alleles have been recently reported for goats also. These differ from those in sheep and may allow breeding programs in the near future. In this paper the data of active surveillance for scrapie control in general population of small ruminants in Sicily are reported together with the analysis on the polymorphism of PRNP in a number of Sicilian autochthonous breeds. The evaluation of the frequency of protective alleles is fundamental for the implementation of a TSE resistance breeding program. Results TSE surveillance in small ruminants in Sicily showed a of total fifty seven scrapie outbreaks from 1997 to 2014 involving mainly crossbreed animals. The PRNP polymorphism analysis in autochthonous breeds showed protective allele frequencies of 30–40 % ARR in sheep and 12–18 % K222 in three of the four goat breeds; these breeds are distributed over limited areas of the island. Conclusion The study on PRNP polymorphisms in Sicilian small ruminant population showed higher frequency of the protective alleles compared to most other European breeds. Our results suggest that PRNP genetic variety in Sicilian sheep and goats can be a resource for TSE resistance breeding programmes while maintaining the conservation of endangered breeds and valorisation of their typical food products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0766-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The sperm production of bulls from the autochthonous Rhodope Shorthorn cattle breed was studied. The breed is among the smallest in Europe, the average weight of the cows ranging from 200 to 250 kg, and of the bulls from 330 to 370 kg. It was found that during the first 6 months from the start of exploitation, at the age of the bulls from 18 to 24 months, AI bulls had high reproductive capacity. The ejaculate volume was 1,74±0,09 ml in average (LS), the percentage of motile spermatozoa was 74,3±3,48% and the concentration 1268±13,1 x 106/ml. It was established that the bull had a significant impact on the reproductive performance, but the individual differences in the main characteristics were not high – motility 71,8-77,0%, concentration – 1222-1324 х 106/ml. The season also had a significant effect on the percentage of motile spermatozoa. Within the period from January to June, the highest reproductive capacity of the bulls was observed from February to May and the lowest in June.

Istrian and Littoral Dinaric donkey are autochthonous breeds which habitat primarily in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. During the second half of the 20th century they have lost primary function as working animal, which led to breeds suppression. Nowadays these two breeds are in the status of endangered ones. One of the possibilities for their economic re- affirmation is launching the program for production and processing donkey’s milk. The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of milk production of Istrian and Littoral Dinaric jennies in terms of quantity and chemical composition. Istrian jennies produce 745.4 mL/milking while Littoral Dinaric produce 317.8 mL/milking. Milk form Littoral Dinaric jennies contained a significantly higher proportion of milk fat and proteins. There were no significant differences in the content of lactose, dry matter, number of somatic cells and microorganisms in milk between these two breeds. Considering the potential for milk production and milk quality, we believe that both breeds are suitable for integration in the programs for milk production, thus enabling for both population to be economically sustainable. It is necessary to develop production technology and markets, with special emphasis considering quality of donkey milk and safety of consumers.

The search for fat composition and content that is favourable in intramuscular fat (IMF) for fresh meat quality and at the same time in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCF) for processed meat products, within the same breed, is reflected in the growing interest in native pig breeds. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition of the IMF of M. longissimus dorsi (LD) and adjacent SCF from the Slovenian indigenous Krškopolje pig. The type of fat from the 42 Krškopolje pig significantly affected the proportions of 29 of the 35 fatty acids measured here. The SCF contained higher proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and correspondingly less monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than the IMF. Taking the extremes, the IMF at 6–10 % of the LD had higher proportions of SFA and MUFA and less PUFA than the IMF at 2–3 %. The thicker SCF (57–67 mm) was higher in SFA and lower in PUFA than thinner (30–40 mm). Sex and age also affected fatty acid composition; the fat from barrows was higher in MUFA and lower in PUFA than that from gilts, and with increasing age, MUFA content increased.

In Slovenia, we have 12 autochthonous farm animals breeds (together with Carniolan honey bee) which are trying to maintain in a very different way. There is a public service for the preservation of animal genetic resources, which annually monitors the situation and assesses the threat condition. In this context, exists each year a workshop, organized by the public service, attended by farmers and agricultural experts and consultants and representatives of non-governmental organizations. In 2012, the workshop was designed to present best practices by breeders; farmers which bred Slovenian autochthonous livestock breeds. They presented the history of the farm, tradition, experience, examples of products and approaches to marketing and plans for the future. They present the cases in the field of cattle, sheep, goat, pig, poultry and beekeeping. International NGO SAVE is presented as part of the promotion and identified products introduced by the program HERITASTE and becoming more and more recognizable brand of products from indigenous farm animal breeds and old varieties of crops.

Peradarska proizvodnja je značajna grana stočarske proizvodnje u Republici Hrvatskoj. U radu se prikazuju specifičnosti razvoja peradarske proizvodnje (mesa i jaja) od 2006. do 2011. godine, uvoz, izvoz, kao i bilanca potrošnje mesa peradi. Ukupan broj svih vrsta peradi u 2006. godini bio je 10,087 mil. kljunova, ali je do 2011. godine smanjen na 9,523 mil. kljunova, odnosno 5,6%. U ukupnom fondu svih vrsta peradi, kokoši sudjeluju s 82,75%, pure 11,93%, patke 3,37%, guske 0,77%, a ostala perad s 1,18%. Prirast peradi smanjen je za 21%, a proizvodnja jaja za 18,2%. Izračunati su trendovi proizvodnje mesa i prirasta peradi, kao i proizvodnje jaja za analizirano razdoblje. Prikazani su konvencionalni i alternativni sustavi proizvodnje u peradarstvu. Posebno je istaknuta važnost proizvoda peradi u ljudskoj prehrani te sastav nutrijenata u mesu i jajima. Važni nutricini (funkcionalni sastojci) na koje se stavlja naglasak u radu su n -3 PUFA, karnozin i lutein. Na sastav i sadržaj masnih kiselina u mesu i jajima može se utjecati sastavom obroka za perad tj. uključivanjem biljnih i animalnih ulja u obrok. Karnozin je dipeptid, a obogaćivanje mesa ovim funkcionalnim sastojkom može se postići dodavanjem β-alanina i histidina u hranu za piliće. U radu se ističe antioksidativno djelovanje karnozina u živom tkivu i mesu jer se karnozin danas izučava kao „antiageing“ čimbenik. Selen kao mikroelement pokazuje bolju učinkovitost u organskom, nego anorganskom obliku pri deponiranju u mesu, žumanjku i bjelanjku. Meso i jaja peradi mogu se koristiti za proizvodnju funkcionalnih namirnica. U radu se također opisuju autohtone pasmine peradi kao što su zagorski puran i kokoš hrvatica. Na kraju se anticipiraju mogućnosti daljnjeg razvoja peradarske proizvodnje u našoj zemlji., Poultry production is an important branch of animal husbandry in the Republic of Croatia. This paper presents an overview of developments in the poultry production referring to meat and eggs in the period from 2006 to 2011, as well as import, export, and poultry meat consumption. Total poultry population in 2006 was 10.087mil. of heads, in 2011 that number was reduced by 5.6%, being 9.523 mil. In total poultry population there were 82.75% of chickens, 11.93% of turkeys, 3.37% of ducks, 0.77% of geese, and 1.18% referred to other types of poultry. Poultry breeding was lowered by 21%, and egg production was reduced by 18.2%. The trends in meat and egg production and poultry breeding were calculated for the analyzed period. There were conventional and alternative poultry production systems presented in the paper. Emphasis was put to importance on poultry products in human nutrition, as well as on nutritive values in meat and eggs. The n -3 PUFA, carnosine and lutein were pointed out in the paper as important nutricines (functional ingredients). Composition of poultry diets, i.e. dietary supplementation with plant and animal oils can affect fatty acids content and composition in meat and eggs. Carnosine is a dipeptide which can be applied as functional ingredient for enrichment of meat within dietary supplementation of β-alanine and histidine. Antioxidative effects of carnosine in live tissue and meat were stressed out in the paper, as carnosine is being studied for its „anti-ageing“ actions. Selenium as a microelement exhibits better efficiency in organic than in inorganic form while being deposited in meat, egg yolk and albumen. Poultry meat and eggs can be used for production of functional food. This paper also presents autochthonous poultry breeds, such as Zagorje turkey and Hrvatica hen. Possibilities of further developments in poultry production in Croatia were also anticipated in this paper.

The present study analysed the meat characteristics of i) improved Castellana Negra chickens slaughtered at 18 weeks (CN-18) and ii) F1 crossbred chickens from improved Castellana Negra hens and improved Penedesenca Negracocks (CNPN) slaughtered at 12 weeks and 18 weeks of age (young and adult animals, respectively). Purebred andcrossbred specimens were compared at similar weights (CN-18 and CNPN-12) and ages (CN-18 and CNPN-18). The protein content of the meat was similar for the three types of animals; heavier animals (CNPN-18) had more fat thanthose slaughtered at lower weights (CNPN-12 and CN-18). Adults had a higher saturated fatty acid content and theyoung CNPN chickens had more monounsaturated fatty acids than CN chickens. In the CNPN adults, less water was lost during cooking, which is directly related to the juiciness of the meat. With regard to sensory analysis, a darker colour was observed in the meat as much as the internal fat of adult animals, in addition to greater colour uniformity. The meat of young CNPN birds was juicier, whereas that of the CN chickens was more fibrous. Therefore, we conclude that meat from CNPN chickens presents chemical, physical, and sensorial characteristics that make these animals a genetic base for alternative poultry production., En este trabajo se estudiaron las características de la carne de pollos mejorados de raza Castellana Negra sacrificados a las 18 semanas (CN-18) y de pollos del cruce F1 de gallinas mejoradas de raza Castellana Negra y gallos mejoradosde la raza Penedesenca Negra (tipo CNPN), sacrificados a las 12 y 18 semanas de vida (CNPN-12 y 18, animales jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente), con el fin de comparar la raza pura y el cruce sacrificados con peso similar (CN-18 y CNPN-12) y con la misma edad (CN-18 y CNPN-18). El contenido en proteína de la carne fue similar para los tres tipos de animales, y en grasa, los animales de mayor peso (CNPN-18) presentaron mayores contenidos que los sacrificados con pesos inferiores (CNPN-12 y CN-18). Los adultos presentaron mayor contenido en ácidos grasos saturados y el tipo CNPN joven mayor en monoinsaturados que el CN. En los tipo CNPN adultos se observaron unas menores pérdidas de agua por cocción, variable relacionada directamente con la jugosidad de la carne. Respecto al análisis sensorial, se observó un color más oscuro, tanto de la carne como de la grasa interna, en los animales adultos, así como una uniformidad mayor de ese color. La carne de los CNPN-12 resultó más jugosa, mientras que la de los CN-18 fue la más fibrosa. Así pues, podemos concluir que la carne de los pollos CNPN presenta unas características químicas, físicas y sensoriales, que hacen de estos animales una base genética adecuada para la producción avícola alternativa.

The present study analysed the meat characteristics of i) improved Castellana Negra chickens slaughtered at 18 weeks (CN-18) and ii) F1 crossbred chickens from improved Castellana Negra hens and improved Penedesenca Negracocks (CNPN) slaughtered at 12 weeks and 18 weeks of age (young and adult animals, respectively). Purebred andcrossbred specimens were compared at similar weights (CN-18 and CNPN-12) and ages (CN-18 and CNPN-18). The protein content of the meat was similar for the three types of animals; heavier animals (CNPN-18) had more fat thanthose slaughtered at lower weights (CNPN-12 and CN-18). Adults had a higher saturated fatty acid content and theyoung CNPN chickens had more monounsaturated fatty acids than CN chickens. In the CNPN adults, less water was lost during cooking, which is directly related to the juiciness of the meat. With regard to sensory analysis, a darker colour was observed in the meat as much as the internal fat of adult animals, in addition to greater colour uniformity. The meat of young CNPN birds was juicier, whereas that of the CN chickens was more fibrous. Therefore, we conclude that meat from CNPN chickens presents chemical, physical, and sensorial characteristics that make these animals a genetic base for alternative poultry production. En este trabajo se estudiaron las características de la carne de pollos mejorados de raza Castellana Negra sacrificados a las 18 semanas (CN-18) y de pollos del cruce F1 de gallinas mejoradas de raza Castellana Negra y gallos mejoradosde la raza Penedesenca Negra (tipo CNPN), sacrificados a las 12 y 18 semanas de vida (CNPN-12 y 18, animales jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente), con el fin de comparar la raza pura y el cruce sacrificados con peso similar (CN-18 y CNPN-12) y con la misma edad (CN-18 y CNPN-18). El contenido en proteína de la carne fue similar para los tres tipos de animales, y en grasa, los animales de mayor peso (CNPN-18) presentaron mayores contenidos que los sacrificados con pesos inferiores (CNPN-12 y CN-18). Los adultos presentaron mayor contenido en ácidos grasos saturados y el tipo CNPN joven mayor en monoinsaturados que el CN. En los tipo CNPN adultos se observaron unas menores pérdidas de agua por cocción, variable relacionada directamente con la jugosidad de la carne. Respecto al análisis sensorial, se observó un color más oscuro, tanto de la carne como de la grasa interna, en los animales adultos, así como una uniformidad mayor de ese color. La carne de los CNPN-12 resultó más jugosa, mientras que la de los CN-18 fue la más fibrosa. Así pues, podemos concluir que la carne de los pollos CNPN presenta unas características químicas, físicas y sensoriales, que hacen de estos animales una base genética adecuada para la producción avícola alternativa.

Objective of this paper was to determine the distribution of tissues in four major carcass side parts from fatteners of Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa and Moravka breeds. The study included 42 animals (male castrated and female pigs) of Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa strain (LM, n=19) and Moravka (M, n=23). Animals were kept and reared in the same farm conditions with free ranges. During fattening, animals were fed two complete mixtures containing 15 and 13% crude proteins. Dissection of left carcass sides and calculation of the meat percentage were carried out according to EU reference method (EC, No.3127/94). Obtained data was processed using GLM procedure of the software package SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Inst.Inc., 2002-2003). Pre-slaughter body mass influenced variation of the mass of warm and cooled carcass sides (P (lt) .0001). Pre-slaughter body mass of SBM and M had impact on variation of the subcutaneous fat tissue and skin in the thigh and shoulder, and on bone tissue in the shoulder. Fatteners of Moravka breed had higher average mass of back-loin part of the carcass sides (P (lt) 0.01) and mass of subcutaneous fat tissue including the skin (P (lt) 0.05) compared to Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa. Share of muscle tissue of this carcass part in total mass of muscle tissue in all four carcass side parts was higher in Moravka breed pigs (+2.18%, P (lt) 0.01). Male castrated pigs had lower values of average mass of the thigh/leg (P (lt) 0.05), lower values of muscle tissue mass in the thigh/leg (P (lt) 0.01) and higher share of bone tissue (P (lt) 0.05) compared to female pigs. In the belly-rib part, castrates had less intermuscular fat tissue (P (lt) 0.05) and bone tissue (P (lt) 0.05) than female pigs. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrdi udeo tkiva u četiri glavna dela polutki tovljenika lasaste mangulice i moravke u zavisnosti od telesne mase pri klanju i pola grla. Na variranje mase toplih i hladnih polutki uticala je telesna masa pri klanju (P (lt) .0001). U četiri glavna dela polutki bilo je od 36,02 do 38,59% mišićnog tkiva. Potkožno masno tkivo, koža i intermuskularno masno tkivo činili su od 52,64 do 56,24% mase buta, plećke, leđno-slabinskog i trbušno-rebarnog dela polutke. Telesna masa pri klanju grla rase LM i M je uticala na variranje potkožnog masnog tkiva i kože u butu i plećki i na koštano tkivo u plećki. Tovljenici rase moravka imali su veću prosečnu masu ledjno-slabinskog dela polutki (P (lt) 0,01) i masu potkožnog masnog tkiva sa kožom (P (lt) 0,05) od lasaste mangulice. Udeo mišićnog tkiva ovog dela u ukupnoj masi mišićnog tkiva u četiri dela polutki, bio je veći kod grla rase moravka (+2,18%, P (lt) 0,01). Muška kastrirana grla su imala manju prosečnu masu buta (P (lt) 0,05), manju masu mišićnog tkiva u butu (P (lt) 0,01) i veći udeo koštanog tkiva (P (lt) 0,05) od ženskih grla. U trbušno-rebarnom delu, kastrati su imali manje intermuskularnog masnog tkiva (P (lt) 0,05) i koštanog (P (lt) 0,05) od ženskih grla.