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The Corpus of Levantine Rock Art [CARL] (1971-1976) is a compilation, as yet unmatched in quality, of color photographs and contextual information on three quarters of the paintings known in Mediterranean Spain. Our reconstruction of its genesis is based on published literature, archival records, and oral history (the last of these constituting a particularly important source for the history of science). Its formation by the prehistorian M. Almagro Basch and the photographer F. Gil Carles illustrates the institutional, personal, and economic context of research in the Franco era. We emphasize Almagro’s contributions in studying, documenting and protecting the art and in resorting to an external purveyor within a scientific project. Gil Carles’s training, his work and his innovative classification of the material (described here for the first time) made him Spain’s first heritage photographer. The article shows how the combined efforts of the two made the CARL the only systematic Spanish photographic archive built on an interregional scale and with explicit criteria.El Corpus de Arte Rupestre Levantino (1971-1976) es una recopilación de fotografías a color e información contextual sobre las tres cuartas partes de las pinturas conocidas en el arco mediterráneo español, cuya calidad todavía no se ha superado. La reconstrucción de su génesis se basa en bibliografía, archivos e historia oral cuyo valor para la historia de la ciencia se reivindica. La conexión de su trayectoria con las de sus creadores, el prehistoriador M. Almagro Basch y el fotógrafo F. Gil Carles, pone en evidencia el contexto institucional, personal y económico de la investigación durante el franquismo. Se destacan las aportaciones de Almagro en relación con el estudio, documentación y protección del arte y al recurrir a un suministrador externo dentro de un proyecto científico. La formación de Gil Carles, sus actividades y sistemática original de registro, presentadas aquí por primera vez, le caracterizan como primer fotógrafo español de patrimonio. El artículo expresa cómo la confluencia de ambas personalidades hicieron del CARL el único archivo fotográfico español a escala suprarregional sistemático y con criterios explícitos.

The paper explores the interrelations between urban planning and protection of the archaeological heritage in the Spanish town of Mérida. Mérida has been continuously inhabited since ancient times and many archaeological finds are visible in the historic town centre and beyond (Antiquity, late Antiquity, Early Middle Ages). The archaeological heritage of the town, on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1993, in the contemporary period is recognized as a basic tourism and development resource by local authorities and since 1996 is managed by a specially established public institution.

In this paper we present some aspects of a new collaborative research project, focused on the excavation of an Iron Age cemetery, initiated by the Diputación Provincial of Toledo, the local government at Villafranca de los Caballeros and the University of Castilla la Mancha at Toledo. The project provides a common collaborative research framework and involves a new model in the archaeological heritage management., En este trabajo se describe el resultado de la aplicación de un convenio para la excavación de una necrópolis de la Edad del Hierro, entre la Diputación de Toledo, el Ayuntamiento de Villafranca de los Caballeros y la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. La coordinación de estas tres instituciones y su inclusión en un proyecto de desarrollo de centros de interpretación de sitios arqueológicos ha permitido configurar con éxito un nuevo modelo de gestión para una excavación arqueológica.

In this paper we present some aspects of a new collaborative research project, focused on the excavation of an Iron Age cemetery, initiated by the Diputación Provincial of Toledo, the local government at Villafranca de los Caballeros and the University of Castilla la Mancha at Toledo. The project provides a common collaborative research framework and involves a new model in the archaeological heritage management.En este trabajo se describe el resultado de la aplicación de un convenio para la excavación de una necrópolis de la Edad del Hierro, entre la Diputación de Toledo, el Ayuntamiento de Villafranca de los Caballeros y la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. La coordinación de estas tres instituciones y su inclusión en un proyecto de desarrollo de centros de interpretación de sitios arqueológicos ha permitido configurar con éxito un nuevo modelo de gestión para una excavación arqueológica.

In recent decades the claims made by Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities about the human remains of their ancestors, found in archaeological sites or held in museums, have become a world scale phenomenon, as part of a whole range of ethnic restitutions. Even though these claims have been made in very different contexts (e.g. Native American peoples, Jewish in Israel, etc.), they have challenged values which seemed to be indisputable, such as the progress of scientific research and the role of nation states as guardians of the cultural heritage. The aims of this paper consist in analysing the development and the evolution of the reburial issue in different countries as well as discussing the legal, professional and ethical implications of this topic for archaeology and cultural heritage management., En las últimas décadas los reclamos de pueblos indígenas y minorías étnicas sobre restos humanos de sus antepasados hallados en sitios arqueológicos o depositados en museos se han convertido en un fenómeno que ha alcanzado escala mundial, en el marco de reivindicaciones étnicas de todo tipo. Aún cuando estos reclamos han sido efectuados en contextos muy diferentes (ej. pueblos nativos americanos; judíos en Israel, etc.), han desafiado valores que parecerían indiscutibles, como el progreso de la investigación científica y el rol de los estados nacionales como guardianes del patrimonio cultural. En este trabajo se analiza el desarrollo y evolución de la cuestión de las reinhumaciones en distintos países y se discuten las implicancias legales, profesionales y éticas del mismo para la arqueología y la gestión del patrimonio cultural.

In recent decades the claims made by Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities about the human remains of their ancestors, found in archaeological sites or held in museums, have become a world scale phenomenon, as part of a whole range of ethnic restitutions. Even though these claims have been made in very different contexts (e.g. Native American peoples, Jewish in Israel, etc.), they have challenged values which seemed to be indisputable, such as the progress of scientific research and the role of nation states as guardians of the cultural heritage. The aims of this paper consist in analysing the development and the evolution of the reburial issue in different countries as well as discussing the legal, professional and ethical implications of this topic for archaeology and cultural heritage management.En las últimas décadas los reclamos de pueblos indígenas y minorías étnicas sobre restos humanos de sus antepasados hallados en sitios arqueológicos o depositados en museos se han convertido en un fenómeno que ha alcanzado escala mundial, en el marco de reivindicaciones étnicas de todo tipo. Aún cuando estos reclamos han sido efectuados en contextos muy diferentes (ej. pueblos nativos americanos; judíos en Israel, etc.), han desafiado valores que parecerían indiscutibles, como el progreso de la investigación científica y el rol de los estados nacionales como guardianes del patrimonio cultural. En este trabajo se analiza el desarrollo y evolución de la cuestión de las reinhumaciones en distintos países y se discuten las implicancias legales, profesionales y éticas del mismo para la arqueología y la gestión del patrimonio cultural.

Over the last few decades, western archaeology increasingly abandoned its __ivory tower__ in order to investigate, negotiate and develop its position and role in global society. The way in which we deal with other peoples views in the interpretation of archaeological materials, the way in which we integrate our narratives and practices with other heritage demands, and the way in which we deal with power differences in both these processes; all are challenging issues when undertaking archaeological research projects abroad. Sjoerd van der Linde brings forward an ethnographic and discursive analysis of two archaeological projects by the Faculty of Archaeology of Leiden University - notably the Deir Alla Joint Archaeological Project in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Santa Barbara Project in Cura_ao. Focusing on the ways and extents to which these projects are influenced by different policy and funding programs, and investigating the operational systems, social relationships and dominating values and discourses that determine project outcomes, he explores how archaeological research projects abroad work in their social context. Van der Linde offers a critical reflection upon the role and responsibility of archaeologists in relation to the values and demands of other actors in society.

[ES] Las transformaciones legales, políticas, administrativas y, en definitiva, sociales generan cambios en las estructuras productivas de los estados, regiones y territorios. A continuación se describe cómo estas transformaciones han afectado y afectan al ámbito del patrimonio cultural. Concretamente, se pone el énfasis en el sector arqueológico y en su vertiente comercial, un nicho de mercado que emerge en la década de los noventa del siglo xx, rsultado del proceso legislador en esta materia y que ha tenido importantes consecuencias para la gestión patrimonial en España. Este proceso de valorización y de dinamización productiva, resultado de una serie de transformaciones legales y administrativas, es caracterizado en este trabajo como una innovación social. Este fenómeno es estudiado a través de la recopilación de información sobre este sector, resultado de un importante esfuerzo de documentación,debido a la ausencia de fuentes de datos, y de la realización de la primera encuesta dirigida a empresas de arqueología., [EN] Legal, political, management and social change has consequences in the productive structures of states, regions and territories.This article describes how these transformations have affected and are affecting the cultural heritage. Specifically, it emphasizes the archaeological sector and its productive environment, a new business activity which emerges in the nineties of the twentieth century, as a result of a legislative process that had important consequences in the Spanish heritage management. The productive development process as a result of changes in the legal/management environment is characterized in this article as a social innovation. This phenomenon is studied through the collection of information about this sector. The gathering of information about this activity is the result of an important documentation effort, due to the absence of data sources, based on the first survey of archaeological firms, which allowed the description of this sector.

In western Europe, cultural resource management agencies have enforced, through treaties and legislation, the principle that archaeological sites endangered by development are protected. Excavation has played – and still plays – a major role in this: thousands of archaeological sites that are threatened by destruction have been ‘rescued’ through excavations. While treaties (e.g. Malta 1992, 4.2) and legislations (e.g. Planning Policy Statement 5, A.13;Wet op de archeologische monumentenzorg, 2007) stipulate that rescue excavation stands equal to protection, they also acknowledge that there are better ways – likein situpreservation – to protect our heritage.

[ES] Se analiza el papel de la arqueología en el presente contexto de crisis económico-cultural y su empleo por los sectores académicos actuales. La arqueología de la actualidad posee la capacidad de contribuir a la creación de un nuevo modelo de conocimiento cuando es entendida como una tecno-ciencia del patrimonio, la disciplina de estudio de la cultura material, una arqueo-logía, una transdisciplina, una práctica pública y comunitaria y un arquetipo de transferencia de conocimiento. La arqueología puede deconstruir la relación entre una colectividad y su memoria e identidad a través de la huella material que produce, evitando que memoria, historia y patrimonio sean realidades extrañas entre sí y contradictorias. Las comunidades piden paso en la acción arqueológica y su entrada en escena da lugar a un nuevo tipo de práctica, identificada como community archaeology que implica a los grupos locales en el control de los proyectos. La arqueología hoy en día forma parte de la economía de la cultura, y es un ejemplo perfecto del nuevo tipo de prácticas que caracterizan la sociedad del conocimiento. Pese a la gran novedad que supuso la explosión de la arqueología comercial en los últimos veinticinco años, su situación de debilidad estructural y su dependencia casi en régimen de monocultivo del mercado inmobiliario, la han sumergido en Europa en una crisis sin paliativos. Por ello resulta urgente conciliar investigación y gestión del patrimonio, academia y mercado. La alternativa más operativa para la gestión del patrimonio y la promoción del sector profesional alrededor del mismo posiblemente requiera trabajar sin empresas, articular la actividad en el seno de un diferente tipo de proyectos colaborativos en los que concurran agentes públicos y privados, especialistas y usuarios.

Kwaliteitsbewaking in de archeologische erfgoedzorg: een internationaal perspectief.

The original distribution pattern of Middle-Palaeolithic artefacts may be affected by tectonic movement, sedimentation and periglacial processes. This is e.g. the case in the coversand area of Limburg and Eastern Brabant (NL), where the occurrence of numerous finds in a SW-NE trending zone across the Roer Valley Graben is considered enigmatic. In order to elucidate the processes affecting the spatial distribution and the chance of recovery of such artefacts, we investigated a site in Nederweert. At this site, several Middle-Palaeolithic artefacts had been recovered earlier from unexpectedly shallow depths. A test pit profile and grain size analyses revealed that the shallow sediments at this site have been affected by intense, multi-phase cryoturbation, which has deformed the sand and loam layers and partially mixed them thoroughly. As a result, optically stimulated luminescence dating of these sediments yielded widely scattered single-aliquot equivalent dose distributions. Using a Finite Mixture Model (FMM), it was estimated that cryoturbation caused mixing of sediments deposited between 12 and 50 ka with sediment grains deposited between 60-150 ka. The latter material is probably the original context of the Middle-Paleolithic artefacts. Apparently, cryoturbation and potentially other periglacial processes have transported artefacts closer to the surface. Based on these results, we suggest that the occurrence of MiddlePalaeolithic artefacts is caused by (1) the tectonically-induced spatial distribution of layers of this age and (2) periglacial processes having caused migration of artefacts towards the surface. Although periglacial processes may facilitate finding Middle Palaeolithic artefacts, they may severely disturb the original context to such an extent that Middle Palaeolithic sites can no longer be identified. The results of this study form a basis for improving the Indicative Map of Archaeological Values that is used to predict the presence of archaeological sites. The insights gained are also relevant to other areas where Middle-Palaeolithic sites are affected by periglacial processes.

ÖZET TÜRKİYE VE AVRUPA'DA ARKEOLOJİK MİRAS YÖNETİMİNİN TARİHİ: GEÇMİŞTEN BUGÜNE BİR BAKIŞ Saraç, Dinç Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Julian Bennett Kasım 2003 Bu çalışma Türkiye ve Avrupa'da arkeolojik miras yönetiminin tarihsel gelişimini incelemektedir. Tezin en öncelikli amacı arkeolojik miras yönetimi konusunun önemine dikkat çekmek, ve bu alandaki modern yaklaşımları tartışmaktır. Avrupa'da arkeolojik eserleri koruma onyedinci yüzyılda başlar. Ondokuzuncu yüzyılda, Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğunun arkeolojiyle ilgili kanunlarını, enstitülerini kurdukları dönemde arkeolojik miras yönetimi Avrupa'da yerleşmiş bir konu haline gelmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra, yıkıma uğramış Avrupa şehirlerinin tekrar yapılanma sürecinde, arkeoloji, Avrupanın tarihsel geçmişini canlandırmada kullanılan bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bugün, Avrupa'da arkeolojik miras yönetimi konusu bütün ülkelerin ve disiplinlerin ortak sorumluluğu olarak algılanmaktadır. Büyük arkeolojik kaynaklara sahip olan Türkiye'nin de çoğu Avrupa ülkesi gibi arkeolojide uzun bir geçmişi vardır. Fakat Türkiye'deki arkeolojik miras, yönetimsel, bürokratik, eğitimsel, yasal ve ekonomik sorunlar nedeniyle gerektiği şekilde korunamamakta ve yönetilememektedir. Yunanistan ve İtalya gibi çoğu Avrupa ülkesinde de varolan bu sorunlar, Avrupa Birliği üyesi olmaya hazırlanan Türkiye tarafından aşılması gereken sorunlardır. Anahtar kelimeler: Arkeoloji, arkeolojik miras yönetimi, Avrupa, Türkiye. iv ABSTRACT HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY AND EUROPE: A LOOK FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT Saraç, Dinç Master, Department of Archaeology and History of Art Supervisor: Dr. Julian Bennett November 2003 This paper explores the historical evolution of archaeological heritage management in Turkey and in Europe. Its overall aim is to draw attention to the growing significance of archaeological heritage management, and to discuss the modern approaches related to this field. Within the European context, the history of archaeological protection goes back to the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century, the preservation of archaeological heritage became a firmly established concept all over Europe when most of the European countries established legislations and relevant institutions associated with archaeology. After World War II, archaeology became a tool to rehabilitate the European historical past in advance of redevelopment in the war-torn cities of Europe. Today, archaeological heritage management in Europe is regarded as the collective responsibility of all nations and all disciplines. Turkey has a long experience in archaeology like most of the European countries and it possesses substantial archaeological resources, but the archaeological heritage in the country is not adequately preserved and managed due to administrative, bureaucratic, educational, legislative and economic problems. These problems, which also exist in most of the European countries such as Greece and Italy, are needed to be overcome by Turkey preparing to become a member of the European Union. Keywords: Archaeology, archaeological heritage management, Europe, Turkey. m 171

Cadernos de Arqueoloxía e Patrimonio (CAPA), [EN] This text displays the Framework Programme to correct the archaeological impact of the Galician net of Gas pipelines. The developer (GAS NATURAL) contracted the work with the University of Santiago de Compostela. The programme was defined as a R+D project what actualizes a theoretical model of integral management of Cultural Heritage, the main aims of it being: cataloging, interpreting, protecting and adding value to the archaeological record located through the works. It is also intented to develop procedures and technologies to adapt Archeology to such practical requirements. The programme includes: the archaeological assessment of the pipelines projects, the archaeological control and inspection of actual works, the application of correcting actions, and the construction of an Archive of the archaeological record considered in the project., [ES] Se presenta el Proyecto Marco desarrollado para corregir el impacto arqueológico de la construcción de la Red de Gasificación de Galicia. Este trabajo fue contratado por el promotor (Grupo GAS NATURAL) a la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. El programa de trabajo se plantea como un proyecto de I+D que pone en práctica un modelo teórico de gestión integral del Patrimonio Cultural. Los objetivos del programa son: inventariar, estudiar, proteger y rentabilizar los bienes arqueológicos afectados por las obras. También se propone avanzar en el desarrollo de tecnologías y procedimientos para adaptar la Arqueología a estas necesidades prácticas. El programa incluye: la evaluación de impacto arqueológico de la Red, el control y seguimiento arqueológico de la construcción, la aplicación de las medidas correctoras necesarias, y la generación de un Archivo del registro arqueológico localizado., Financiación del proyecto: Grupo GAS NATURAL; Consellería de Cultura, Comunicación Social e Turismo Financiación de la edición: Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología del Paisaje.

[EN] This paper deals with some topics related to the Management of Archaeological Heritage. Firstly it tries to define the concepts of archaeological impact and its assesment. Secondly it contributes to the standarization of methodologies to do such assesment into Archeology. And lastly it summarizes the current work being done to assess the archaeological impact of the Galician Windpower Plan. This work is involved in a research programme on Landscape Archaeology and, from the point of view of applied rersearch, is part of a working programme what points out the development of methodologies and procedures to build up technology for Archaeological Heritage Management., [PO] Este texto tem como objetivos principais definir o condeito de Avaliação do Impacto Arqueológico; contribuir para o processo de discussão e standaritização das metodologías de avaliação desse impacto no nosso país e, finalmente, apresentar o modelo de avaliação do impacto gerado pelo Plano Eólico da Galiza. Os trabalhos em curso possuem diversas dimensões: em primeiro lugar orientam-se, num sentido concreto, para a protecção do Património Arqueológico; além disso, enraízam-se num projecto de investigação básica em Arqueología da Paisagem; e, tigação aplicada que peretende contribuir para o desenvolvimiento de di stemas e metodologias de gestão e avaliação deo Património Arqueológico.

Local governments are in a position to act as bridges between the publics they represent and the management of archaeological heritage. Since First Nations and municipal councillors in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, make decisions on behalf of their communities, I focus this thesis on their perspectives of archaeology. Through surveying and interviewing local government representatives, seven key themes emerged: Relevance, Knowledge, Interest and Exposure, Value, Protection Issues, Management Responsibility, and Working Together. First Nations and municipal councillors' perspectives reveal general areas of divergence on the relevance, protection, and management of archaeological heritage, and convergence on the values of archaeology and working together on heritage issues. Although local governments uniquely situate archaeology through distinct views, they can bridge this disconnect through dialogue on shared perspectives. I provide recommendations to encourage this process of communication between First Nations and municipal governments, and their publics, on the management of archaeological heritage.