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Glycolic acid is a useful and important α-hydroxy acid that has broad applications. Herein, the homogeneous ruthenium catalyzed reforming of aqueous ethylene glycol to generate glycolic acid as well as pure hydrogen gas, without concomitant CO 2 emission, is reported. This approach provides a clean and sustainable direction to glycolic acid and hydrogen, based on inexpensive, readily available, and renewable ethylene glycol using 0.5 mol % of catalyst. In-depth mechanistic experimental and computational studies highlight key aspects of the PNNH-ligand framework involved in this transformation., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objective: To verify that the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed by clinical subjects is the maximum extreme exercise, we designed The Max test（Max）during clinical CPET. We used Max to verify the accuracy of the quantitative CPET evaluation result, and whether it is feasible and safe to use the specific value of a certain index as the standard for stopping CPET. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen cases from Fuwai Hospital were selected during June 2017 to January 2019,including 41 healthy person（control group） and 175with cardiovascular diseases（patient group）,The patients had a CPET peak RER ≤ 1.10, or the peak heart rate and peak blood pressure were basically non-responsive.The Max was first attempted in 60 subjects,and this study is further expanded . When the CPET ended, they had a 5-minute break, then the Max, during which, they cycled with a velocity of ≥ 60 r/min, at a constant intensity equivalent to to 130% of peak work,until exhausted.The difference and percentage difference between the peak heart rate and the peak oxygen uptake were calculated. ①If the percentage difference of heart rate and oxygen uptake are all less than -10%,then the Max is defined as failure,otherwise it is succesful. 2 If the percentage difference is between -10%~10%, then the Max is successful, which proved that the CPET is precise.③If the difference is ≥10%, the Max is successful, which proves that the CPET is non-extreme exercise. Results: Patient group's Peak VO 2 (L/min,ml/(min·kg)),anaerobic threshold (L/min,ml/(min·kg),%pred),Peak VO 2 /HR(ml/beat, % pred),Peak RER,Peak SBP,Peak WR,peak heart rate,OUEP （ratio,%pred） were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05)．The VE/ VCO 2 Slope （ratio,%pred）and Lowest VE/ VCO 2 （ratio,%pred） were higher in the patient group than in the control group (P<0.05)．No adverse events occurred during the CPET and Max in all cases. Among the 216 cases,Max was successful in 198 cases(91.7%)．CPET was proved to be maximum extreme exercise for 182 cases,non-maximum extreme exercise for 16 cases,and failed in 18 cases(8.3%)． Conclusion: For CPET with a low peak RER and a maximum challenge,the Max can confirm the accuracy of the objective quantitative assessment of CPET. Max is safe and feasible,and that deserved further research and clinical application.

Objective: Under the guidance of the new theory of holistic integrated physiology and medicine, the effect of individualized accurate exercise program on the overall functional state was studied according to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Methods: Li xx, female, 31 years old, has a fast heart rate since childhood (90~100 bpm), usually feel cold, especially in autumn and winter, and general health good. CPET was performed after signing the informed consent form at Fuwai Hospital in September 2019. Peak oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold (AT), and peak cardiac output were (69~72)% pred, respectively, and the oxygen uptake ventilation efficiency and carbon dioxide exhaust ventilation efficiency were basically normal (96~100)% pred. The resting heart rate was fast, the blood pressure was low, the blood pressure response was weak during exercise, and the heart rate was mainly increased. The holistic integrated physiology medical theory pointed out that she was in weak health and heart weakness was the main manifestation. CPET was used to guide individualized precise exercise intensity titration, combine continuous beat-by-beat blood pressure, ECG, pulse and blood glucose dynamic monitoring to formulate an holisticplan of individualized quantitative exercise .Reexamine CPET after 8 weeks' strengthening management. Results: After 8 weeks of intensive holistic management, the limbs were warm and the cold symptoms disappeared. Re-examination of CPET peak oxygen uptake, AT and peak cardiac output were (90~98)% pred, which increased by (30~36)% respectively, and the holistic weak functional status was significantly improved; basically normal oxygen uptake ventilation efficiency and carbon dioxide exhaust ventilation efficiency also increased by (10~37)% respectively; resting heart rate and blood pressure basically returned to normal, and blood pressure and heart rate response during exercise were normal. Continuous ambulatory blood glucose monitoring indicated that the average blood glucose level decreased slightly and became more stable. Repeated measurement results of continuous ECG and beat-to-beat blood pressure also indicated a decrease in heart rate and an increase in blood pressure during rest, exercise and during sleep, and radial pulse wave. The amplitude of the dicrotic wave increases and becomes more pronounced. Conclusion: The new theoretical system to guide CPET to formulate an holistic plan for individualized precision exercise can safely and effectively enhance myocardial contractility, increase stroke volume, increase blood pressure, lower heart rate, stabilize and slightly lower blood glucose, and improve holistic functional status.

Objective: Observe the increased anatomical dead space of the mask, summarize the law of exercise induced oscillatory breathing (EIOB) in the results of CPET's new 9 figure, and analyze its incidence and age groups that are prone to oscillatory breathing. Methods: After signed the informed consent form by guardian, 501 children from pre-school to middle-school, aged 3~14 year, performed Harbor-UCLA standard protocol CPET with strict quality control in the CPET laboratory of Liaocheng Children's Hospital since 2014. CPET data was interpreted second by second from the breath by breath collection, averaged by 10s and then display by 9 plots. We analyzed the trends, pattern, incidence and age difference for EIOB and gas leakage. Results: The incidence of EIOB was the highest in the 3 to 6-year-old group, which was 42%. The 7 to 10-year-old group was 29.4% and the 11- to 14-year-old group was 29.9%. The three groups were tested by chi-square (x 2 =7.512), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). 14 out of 508 children had air leakage during CPET, the incidence rate was 2.7%. Conclusion: The phenomenon of oscillatory breathing (OB) in children may be caused by the increased anatomical dead space of the mask, and it is not caused by disease. To improve the quality of CPET and to reduce clinical misdiagnosis, it is recommended to use a mouthpiece to decrease the dead space rather than the musk.

Objective: Based on the hypothesis that respiration causes variability of circulatory indicators proposed by the holistic integrated physiology and medicine theory, the correlation between respiration and heart rate variability during sleep in chronically ill patients with abnormal sleep breathing is analyzed. Methods: Eleven chronically ill patients with abnormal sleep breathing and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15 times/hr are recruited. After signing the informed consent, they completed the standardized symptomatic restrictive extreme exercise cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and sleep breathing monitoring Calculate and analyze the rules of respiratory nasal airflow and ECG RR interval heart rate variability during the oscillatory breathing (OB) phase and the normal steady breathing phase of the patient during sleep, and use the independent sample t test to compare with normal people and no sleep breathing abnormalities in the same period in this laboratory. Of patients with chronic diseases are more similar and different. Results: The peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold (AT) of CPET in chronic patients with abnormal sleep apnea were (70.8±13.6)% Pred and (71.2±6.1)% Pred; 5 cases of CPET had exercise induced oscillatory breathing (EIOB), 6 An example is unstable breathing, which indicates that the overall functional status is lower than normal. In this group of patients with chronic diseases, AHI (28.8±10.0) beats/h, the ratio of the total time of abnormal sleep breathing to the total time of sleep (0.38±0.25); the length of the OB cycle (51.1±14.4)s. The ratio (Bn/HRV-B-n) of the number of breathing cycles in the normal and steady breathing period to the number of heart rate variability cycles in this group of patients with chronic diseases is 1.00±0.04, and the CV (SD of HRV-B-M/x) is (0.33 ±0.11), blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) did not decrease significantly, the average amplitude of heart rate variability (HRV-B-M) of each respiratory cycle rhythm was (2.64±1.59) bpm, although it was lower than normal people (P<0.05) , But it was similar to chronic patients without sleep apnea (P>0.05). In this group of patients with chronic diseases, the ratio of the number of respiratory cycles to the number of heart rate variability cycles (OB-Bn/OB-HRV-B-n) during OB is (1.22±0.18), and the average amplitude of heart rate variability for each respiratory cycle rhythm in OB (OB -HRV-B-M) is (3.56±1.57)bpm and its variability (OB-CV = SD of OB-HRV-B-M/x) is (0.59±0.28), the average amplitude of heart rate variability in each OB cycle rhythm (OB-HRV-OB-M) is (13.75±4.25)bpm, SpO 2 decreases significantly during hypoventilation during OB, and the average decrease in SpO 2 during OB (OB-SpO 2 -OB-M) is (4.79±1.39)%. The OB-Bn/OB-HRV-B-n ratio, OB-HRV-OB-M and OB-SpO 2 -OB-M in the OB period are all significantly higher than the corresponding indicators in the normal stable breathing period Large (P<0.01). Although OB-HRV-B-M has no statistically significant difference compared with HRV-B-M in normal stable breathing period (P>0.05), its variability OB-CV is significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion: The heart rate variability of chronic patients with abnormal sleep breathing in the OB phase is greater than that of the normal stable breathing period. When the breathing pattern changes, the heart rate variability also changes significantly. The number of breathing cycles in the stable breathing period is equal to the number of heart rate variability cycles.The ratio is the same as that of normal people and chronically ill patients without sleep apnea, confirming that heart rate variability is respiratory origin; and the reduction of heart rate variability relative to the respiratory cycle during OB is directly caused by hypopnea or apnea at this time, and heart rate variability is also breathing source.

Objective: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was used to investigate the exercise pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation. Methods: 26 patients with moderate and severe mitral regurgitation who completed standardized extreme exercise CPET under strict quality control after signing informed consent since 2016, and 11 normal subjects in the same period as the control group. The core indexes of CPET were analyzed and calculated according to the standard method and compared with normal subjects for intergroup statistical independent sample t-test. At the same time, the patients with heart failure and exercise oscillation breathing (OB) were divided into two subgroups: 11 cases without heart failure, 15 cases with heart failure, 8 cases with non-OB and 18 cases with OB, and their similarities and differences were compared between each subgroup. Results: The core indexes of CPET, such as peak oxygen uptake (85.60 ±9.06)%pred and anaerobic threshold (AT, (87.59 ±15.38)%pred) were normal. The peak oxygen uptake of CPET in patients with mitral regurgitation was (48.15 ±12.11)%pred, peak oxygen pulse was (66.57 ±12.20)%pred, AT was (56.75 ±11.50)%pred, oxygen uptake efficiency plateau was (88.24 ±16.42)%pred , lowest value of carbon dioxide ventilatory efficiency was (125.89 ±27.05)%pred and slope of carbon dioxide ventilatory efficiency was (128.31 ±31.68)%pred. Among them, only oxygen uptake efficiency plateau (OUEP) was normal and low, and the other indexes were significantly abnormal. There were significant differences between the patients and the control group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the non-OB group and the OB group, but there was significant difference between the non-OB group and the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the non-heart failure group and the heart failure group, but there was significant difference between the non-heart failure group and the control group. Conclusion: All the core indexes of cardiopulmonary exercise are significantly abnormal in patients with mitral regurgitation who are significantly lower than those in normal subjects except for the low effectiveness of oxygen ventilation. And with or without heart failure and OB did not affect the cardiopulmonary function.

Objective: The new theory of holistic integrative physiology and medicine, which describes the integrative regulation of respiratory, circulatory and metabolic systems in human body, generates the hypothesis of that breath is the origin of variability of circulatory parameters. We investigated the origin of heart rate variability by analyzing relationship between the breath and heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 8 normal subjects (NS) and 10 patients of chronic diseases without sleep apnea (CDs-no-SA). After signed the informed consent form, they performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in Fuwai Hospital and monitored polysomnography (PSG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) during sleep since 2014. We dominantly analyzed the correlation between the respiratory cycle during sleep and the heart rate variability cycle of the ECG R-R interval. The HRV cycle included the HR increase from the lowest to the highest and decrease from the highest to the lowest point. The number of HRV (HRV-n), average HRV time and other parameters were calculated. The breath cycle included complete inhalation and subsequent exhalation. The number of breath (B-n), average breath time and other breath parameters were analyzed and calculated. We analyzed each person's relationship between breath and HRV; and the similarities and differences between the NS and CDs-no-SA groups. Independent sample t test was used for statistical analysis, with P<0.05. Results: CPET core parameter such as Peak VO 2 (83.8±8.9)% in NS were significantly higher than that (70.1±14.9)% in patients of chronic diseases without sleep apnea (P<0.05), but there was no difference between their AHI (1.7±1.3) in NS and AHI (2.9±1.2) in CDs-no-SA (P>0.05). The B-n and the HRV-n (6581.63±1411.90 vs 6638.38±1459.46), the average B time and the average HRV time (4.19±0.57)s vs (4.16±0.62)s in NS were similar without significant difference (P>0.05). The comparison of the numbers in CDs-no-SA were the number (7354.50±1443.50 vs 7291.20±1399.31) and the average times ((4.20±0.69)s vs (4.23±0.68)s) of B and HRV were similar without significant difference (P>0.05). The ratios of B-n/HRV-n in NS and CDs-no-SA were (0.993±0.027 vs 1.008±0.024) and both were close to 1 and similar without significant difference (P>0.05). The average magnitude of HRV in NS ((5.74±3.21) bpm) was significantly higher than that in CDs-no-SA ((2.88±1.44) bpm) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regardless of the functional status of NS and CDs-no-SA, there is a similar consistency between B and HRV. The origin of initiating factors of HRV is the respiration.

Objective: To observe and study the resting radial artery pulse wave and changes after a single individualized exercise in patients with long-term chronic diseases. Methods: We selected 16 patients with chronic disease (disease duration ≥5 years) who have been clearly diagnosed as hypertension and/or diabetes and/or hyperlipemia, and first completed the symptom-restricted limit cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Then a single individualized exercise with Δ50% power as the exercise intensity was completed within one week after CPET. We measured and recorded 50s pulse wave data before exercise and 10 min, 20 min, 30 min after exercise, then obtained each pulse wave characteristic point: starting point (B), main wave peak point (P1), trough of a repulse point (PL), crest of a repulse point (P2), and end point (E). The raw data of the abscissa (time T) and ordinate (amplitude Y) corresponding to each point were derived from the instrument. We treated the end point E of the previous pulse wave as the start point B of the next wave, returned TB to zero, and got the main observation indicators: YB, YP1, YPL, YP2 and TP1, TPL, TP2, TE, and calculated out ΔYP1, ΔYPL, ΔYP2, TE-TPL, (TE-TPL)/TPL, pulse rate, S1, S2 ,ΔYP2-ΔYPL and TP2-TPL as secondary observation indicators. Then calculated the occurrence rate of dicrotic wave with obvious crest. Finally we analyzed individually the 50 s pulse wave data of each patient before and after exercise, and then averaged all the data for overall analysis. Results: ①16 patients with long-term chronic diseases (males 14, females 2), ages (53.7±12.6, 28~80) years old, height (171.7±6.6, 155~183) cm, body weight (80.0±13.5, 54~98) kg. 2YB (91.5±10.8, 71.1~108.6), YP1 (203.6±24.7, 162.7~236.3), YPL (127.1±6.2, 118.2~140.3), YP2 (125.9±6.2, 115.7~137.7), TP1 ( 137.2±22.3, 103.0~197.1), TPL (368.7±29.5, 316.3~434.0), TP2 (422.7±32.8, 376.9~494.7), TE (883.4±95.0, 672.2~1003.3), ΔYP1 (112.1±33.8, 60.3~ 157.5), ΔYPL (35.5±14.2, 17.5~66.2), ΔYP2 (34.4±13.3, 20.0~62.9), TE-TPL (514.6±85.4, 341.4~621.9), (TE-TPL)/TPL (1.4±0.2, 1.0~1.7), pulse rate (68.8±8.4, 59.8~89.3), S1 (0.9±0.3, 0.4~1.4), S2 (0.0±0.0, -0.1~0.0), ΔYP2-ΔYPL (-1.2±2.6,- 6.5 ~ 2.5), TP2-TPL (54.0 ± 10.8, 33.6 ~ 81.1). ③10min after exercise, YB, YPL, YP2, TPL, TE decreased, YP1 increased. ΔYPL, TE-TPL, (TE-TPL)/TPL decreased, and ΔYP1, pulse rate, S1, ΔYP2-ΔYPL, TP2 -TPL increased (all P<0.05). The change trend of pulse wave at 20min and 30min after exercise was consistent with that at 10min after exercise, but most indicators gradually recovered to the resting level before exercise from 10 min. ④The appearance rate of dicrotic wave with obvious crest in 16 patients with long-term chronic disease at rest was 28.6%, and the appearance rate of 10 min (65.7%), 20 min (77.1%), 30 min (73.7%) after exercise was significantly increased (all P< 0.01). In 6 patients, the incidence of dicrotic waves with obvious peaks after exercise was significantly increased, and it could continue until 30 minutes. In 3 patients, the incidence increased significantly 10 minutes after exercise, and began to decrease at 20 minutes. In 1 patient, the rate of appearance only started to increase 20 minutes after exercise. In 2 patients, the incidence increased 10 minutes after exercise and then decreased. In 1 patient, the rate of occurrence increased briefly 20 minutes after exercise and then decreased. The incidence of 1 patient dropped after exercise and began to rise at 20 minutes. In 2 cases, the incidence rate did not increase after exercise, and it increased slightly after 30 minutes. Conclusion: In patients with long-term chronic diseases, the radial artery pulse wave is short and the dicrotic wave is not obvious or even disappears. After a single precise power exercise, the main wave increases, the position of the dicrotic wave decreases, and the amplitude increases. The specific response should be analyzed individually.

Objective: To study the clinical and etiological characteristics of viral pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(VP-COPD), and to identify the risk factors associated with poor prognosis. Methods: From August 1, 2017 to August 1, 2019, totally 235 patients in a general hospital in Beijing were prospectively enrolled in this research, and all patients were diagnosed with viral pneumonia by imaging and etiology. The patients were divided into VP-COPD group( n =60) and VP-nCOPD(viral pneumonia in non-COPD patients) group( n =175). Pathogen detection and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups.Finally, the binomial logistic regression was used to explore the risk factors associated with severe VP-COPD. Results: Compared with the VP-nCOPD group, the VP-COPD group was older(76.5 vs 66.0 years, P =0.001), and the CURB-65 score(2 vs 1, P = 0.001) and the PSI score(111 vs 85, P <0.001) were higher at admission. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( χ²= 10.308, P = 0.001) and Staphylococcus aureus(χ²= 5.953, P =0.028) were the most common co-infection bacteria. In the VP-COPD group type Ⅱ respiratory failure was more common(23.3% vs 6.8%, P <0.001), the number of severely ill patients was larger(48.3% vs 30.3%, P =0.011), the length of hospital stay was longer(13 vs 8, P <0.001), and the mortality rate during hospitalization was higher(18.3% vs 7.4%, P =0.016) in the VP-nCOPD group. Multivariate analysis showed that the level of blood glucose( OR : 1.73, 95% CI : 1.22-2.44, P = 0.002) and pleural effusion( OR : 133.12, 95% CI : 7.57-2 340.36, P =0.001) were risk factors for severe VP-COPD patients. Conclusion: Viral pneumonia in patients with COPD tended to develop into severe cases and had a poor prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the effects of implantable Collamer lens (ICL) with a central hole on the accommodative function of patients with high myopia at different ages after implantation. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 75 patients (150 eyes, 23 men and 52 women) with high myopia who underwent ICL implantation in Department of Ophthalmology of First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from January 2017 to December 2018. The age was (28.99±7.26) years (range, 18-48 years). Forty patients (80 eyes) aged 18-34 years were included in the younger group and 35 patients (70 eyes) aged 35-48 years were included in the elderly group. To compare the changes and differences of accommodative function between the two groups, the uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent error, amplitude of accommodation (AMP), negative relative accommodation (NRA), positive relative accommodation, single and both eyes' accommodation of facility (AF), fused cross cylinder, near and far distance horizontal phoria, accommodative convergence/accommodation and visual satisfaction questionnaire before surgery and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery were analyzed. ANOVA for repeated design, LSD, unpaired sample t -test, Paired t -test, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for data analyses. Results: At each time point before and after operation, there were significant differences between the two groups in the AMP ( F =16.511, P <0.05). The AMP of the younger group increased from (8.88±2.27) D at baseline to (9.51±1.34) D at 12 months, while it was decreased in the elderly group from (7.67±2.36) D at baseline to (6.56±2.63) D at 12 months. The trend of changes was significantly different ( F =15.044, P <0.05). The AMP of the elderly group was significantly lower than that of the younger group at all time points ( F =47.678, P< 0.05). The NRA of the younger group was better than that of the elderly group ( F =13.459, P <0.05), but the NRA had no significant changes in both groups postoperatively ( F =1.788, P =0.141). We could not find any significant changes of positive relative accommodation between two groups ( F =1.447, P =0.233). The monocular and binocular AF of two groups was increased significantly after surgery ( F =34.296, 21.839, P <0.05). The AF of the younger group was better than that of the elderly group ( F =80.327, 43.08, P <0.05). The fused cross cylinder was improved from baseline (0.12±0.32) D to (0.38±0.49) D at 12 months ( F =4.752, P <0.05), while the difference was not found in the younger group ( F =2.110, P =0.151). We could not find any significant changes of accommodative convergence/accommodation between two groups (F =0.389, P =0.505) or in each group ( F =1.049 , P =0.309) preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Conclusions: ICL implantation is effective in the treatment of high myopia. The visual acuity, AMP, monocular and binocular AF may increase obviously. Big improvements in the accommodative function and high satisfaction of vision can be achieved, especially in younger patients. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 113-121) .

Objective: Subjects used upper limb (arm dynamometer) and lower limb precision electromagnetic power meter (cycle ergometer) to perform symptom-restricted limit cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Then we analyzed the clinical value of arm ergometer CPET. Methods: The upper limb and lower limb precision electromagnetic power meters were used to complete the CPET in two different days for 6 normal people and 9 chronic patients. We analyzed CPET data, calculated related core indicators, and compared normal subjects and chronic patients to analyze the similarities and differences between upper and lower extremities and their correlations. Results: ①Compared with 9 patients with chronic diseases, there were significant differences in age ((33.2±12.7) vs (53.6±8.5) years) and diagnosis in 6 normal people. ②The Peak HR ((131.0±19.0) vs (153.0±22.0) bpm,P<0.05) of upper limb CPET of 15 subjects were lower than lower limb CPET, but the difference in blood pressure was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The Peak V T ((1.3±0.4) vs (1.8±0.4) L) and Peak VE ((51.4±21.1) vs (67.9±22.1) L/min) of lower limb CPET were significantly higher than that of upper limb (all P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in Peak BF When upper limb CPET was used, EX-time ((6.4±0.6) vs (8.5±1.2) min) was shorter than lower limb CPET; Peak Work Rate((73.2±19.6) vs (158.5±40.3) W/min), Peak VO 2 ((1.1±0.4) vs (1.7±0.4) L/min), AT ((0.6±0.2) vs (0.9±0.2) L/min), Peak VO 2 /HR ((8.6±2.3) vs (10.9±2.6) ml/beat), OUEP (34.7±4.3 vs 39.8±5.3)were lower, and the Lowest VE/VCO 2 (32.6±3.8 vs 28.7±4.9), VE/VCO 2 Slope (33.9±4.3 vs 28.3±6.2)were higher than those of lower limb CPET (all P<0.05). The comparison results of the two subgroups of normal and chronic patients were the same as the holistic comparison results. ③EX-time, Peak HR, Peak BF, Peak VT and Peak VE of upper limb CPET had good correlation with the results of lower limb CPET. Besides, the measured value and percentage of the projected value of Peak Work Rate, the measured value, kilogram weight value of Peak VO 2 and AT, and percentage of the projected value of Peak VO 2 , the measured value of Peak VO 2 /HR also had good correlation. The measured value of OUEP, the measured value and percentage of the projected value of Lowest VE/VCO 2 and VE/VCO 2 Slope were also the same, when the other indicators had no significant correlation. Conclusion: As a supplement to lower limb CPET, upper limb CPET is highly feasible and safe for holistic functional status assessment. It provides an important supplement to guide the implementation of the holistic plan of individualized precision exercise, which is worthy of our further exploration.

Objective: To observe and study the resting radial artery pulse wave and the pulse wave changes after a single individualized exercise in young healthy normal subjects. Methods: We selected 16 young healthy graduate students, advanced training doctors, and visiting scholars from Fuwai Hospital without any disease diagnosis and low daily exercise. They first completed the symptom-restricted limit cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). A single individualized exercise with Δ50% power as the exercise intensity was completed within one week after CPET. We measured and recorded 50 s pulse wave data before exercise and 10 min, 20 min, 30min after exercise, let the instrument automatically fix the point and then manually recheck to obtain each pulse wave characteristic point: starting point (B), main wave peak point (P1), trough of a repulse point (PL), crest of a repulse point (P2), and end point (E), and the raw data of the abscissa (time T) and ordinate (amplitude Y) corresponding to each point were derived from the instrument. We treated the end point E of the previous pulse wave as the start point B of the next wave, returned TB to zero, and got the main observation indicators: YB, YP1, YPL, YP2 and TP1, TPL, TP2, TE, and calculated out ΔYP1 (YP1-YB), ΔYPL (YPL-YB), ΔYP2 (YP2-YB), TE-TPL, (TE-TPL)/TPL, pulse rate, S1 (the slope of main wave ascending branch), S2 (the slope of dicrotic ascending branch), ΔYP2-ΔYPL and TP2-TPL as secondary observation indicators; defined the dicrotic wave with obvious crest as YP2>YPL, and calculated the occurrence rate of dicrotic wave with obvious crest (number of waveforms with YP2>YPL in 50 s /total number of waveforms×100%). We analyzed individually the 50 s pulse wave data of each subject before and after exercise, and then averaged all the data for overall analysis. Results: ①16 healthy young subjects (males 10, females 6), age (30.6±6.4, 24~48) years old; height (170.4±8.2, 160~188) cm; body mass (63.9±12.8, 43~87) kg. ②YB (87.2±5.8, 78.1~95.9), YP1 (223.5±15.8, 192.7~242.3), YPL (122.8±7.8, 110.0~133.8), YP2 (131.4±4.9, 116.7~137.5), TP1 (126.2±42.2, 94.2~280.0), TPL (360.2±44.8, 311.5~507.3), TP2 (432.4±50.8, 376.2~589.0), TE (899.7±86.9, 728.3~1042.0). ΔYP1 (136.3±19.9, 96.8~ 158.6), ΔYPL (35.7±10.7, 16.0~55.7), ΔYP2 (44.3±8.1, 22.5~56.5), TE-TPL (539.5±79.3, 405.9~691.3), (TE-TPL)/TPL (1.5±0.3, 0.8~2.0), pulse rate (67.3±6.6, 57.6~82.4), S1 (1.1±0.2, 0.6~1.4), S2 (0.1±0.1, 0.0~0.2), ΔYP2-ΔYPL (8.6±6.1, 0.9 ~19.8), TP2-TPL (72.3±19.9, 38.3~108.4). ③10 min after exercise, YPL (97.0±13.2 vs 122.8±7.8), YP2 (109.6±12.8 vs 131.4±4.9), ΔYPL (6.6±9.8 vs 35.7±10.7), ΔYP2 (19.3±11.2 vs 44.3±8.1), TE (667.8±123.1 vs 899.7±86.9), TE-TPL (330.2±128.4 vs 539.5±79.3), (TE-TPL)/TPL (1.0±0.4 vs 1.5±0.3) decreased, while the pulse rate (92.2± 14.0 vs 67.3±6.6), ΔYP2-ΔYPL (12.7±9.7 vs 8.6±6.1), TP2-TPL (98.0±38.1 vs 72.3±19.9) increased (all P<0.05). The trend of pulse wave changes at 20 min and 30 min after exercise was consistent with that at 10 min after exercise, but from 20 min, most of the indicators gradually recovered to the resting level before exercise. ④The incidence of dicrotic waves with obvious peaks in 16 young healthy persons at rest was 94.5%, and increased at 10 min (96.3%), 20 min (98.5%), and 30 min (99.8%) after exercise (all P<0.01). Among them, the incidence of dicrotic waves with obvious peaks before and after exercise was maintained at about 100% in 10 subjects. The appearance rate of 2 cases had reached 100% before exercise, but it decreased at 10 minutes after exercise, and then continued to increase, at 30 minutes recovered to 100%. Three subjects had a low resting rate and started to increase after exercise. In 1 case, the rate was low only 20 minutes after exercise, considering the influence of human factors. Conclusion: The influence of exercise on the pulse wave of normal people is mainly reflected in the dicrotic wave. On the whole, after a single precise power exercise, the position of the dicrotic wave is reduced, the amplitude is deepened, and the appearance rate of the dicrotic wave with obvious crest is generally increased, and this change can be maintained for at least 30 minutes. From an individual point of view, the response trend of each subject is different.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous and widespread human pathogen, which gives rise to a range of diseases, including cold sores, corneal blindness, and encephalitis. Currently, the use of nucleoside analogs, such as acyclovir and penciclovir, in treating HSV-1 infection often presents limitation due to their side effects and low efficacy for drug-resistance strains. Therefore, new anti-herpetic drugs and strategies should be urgently developed. Here, we reported that baicalein, a naturally derived compound widely used in Asian countries, strongly inhibited HSV-1 replication in several models. Baicalein was effective against the replication of both HSV-1/F and HSV-1/Blue (an acyclovir-resistant strain) in vitro . In the ocular inoculation mice model, baicalein markedly reduced in vivo HSV-1/F replication, receded inflammatory storm and attenuated histological changes in the cornea. Consistently, baicalein was found to reduce the mortality of mice, viral loads both in nose and trigeminal ganglia in HSV-1 intranasal infection model. Moreover, an ex vivo HSV-1-EGFP infection model established in isolated murine epidermal sheets confirmed that baicalein suppressed HSV-1 replication. Further investigations unraveled that dual mechanisms, inactivating viral particles and inhibiting I κ B kinase beta (IKK- β ) phosphorylation, were involved in the anti-HSV-1 effect of baicalein. Collectively, our findings identified baicalein as a promising therapy candidate against the infection of HSV-1, especially acyclovir-resistant strain., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2020 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are powerful systems for the efficient unloading and loading molecular hydrogen. Herein, a liquid-to-liquid organic hydrogen carrier system based on reversible dehydrogenative coupling of ethylene glycol (EG) with ethanol catalysed by ruthenium pincer complexes is reported. Noticeable advantages of the current LOHC system is that both reactants (hydrogen-rich components) and the produced esters (hydrogen-lean components) are liquids at room temperature, and the dehydrogenation process can be performed under solvent and base-free conditions. Moreover, the hydrogenation reaction proceeds under low hydrogen pressure (5 bar), and the LOHC system has a relatively high theoretical gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity (HSC>5.0 wt %), presenting an attractive hydrogen storage system., (© 2020 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (Rs-fMRI) has confirmed sensorimotor network (SMN) dysfunction in migraine without aura (MwoA). However, the underlying mechanisms of SMN effective functional connectivity in MwoA remain unclear. We aimed to explore the association between clinical characteristics and effective functional connectivity in SMN, in interictal patients who have MwoA., Methods: We used Rs-fMRI to acquire imaging data in 40 episodic patients with MwoA in the interictal phase and 34 healthy controls (HCs). Independent component analysis was used to profile the distribution of SMN and calculate the different SMN activity between the two groups. Subsequently, Granger causality analysis was used to analyze the effective functional connectivity between the SMN and other brain regions., Results: Compared to the HCs, MwoA patients showed higher activity in the bilateral postcentral gyri (PoCG), but lower activity in the left midcingulate cortex (MCC). Moreover, MwoA patients showed decreased effective functional connectivity from the SMN to left middle temporal gyrus, right putamen, left insula and bilateral precuneus, but increased effective functional connectivity to the right paracentral lobule. There was also significant effective functional connectivity from the primary visual cortex, right cuneus and right putamen to the SMN. In the interictal period, there was positive correlation between the activity of the right PoCG and the frequency of headache. The disease duration was positively correlated with abnormal effective functional connectivity from the left PoCG to right precuneus. In addition, the headache impact scores were negatively correlated with abnormal effective functional connectivity from the left MCC to right paracentral lobule, as well as from the right precuneus to left PoCG., Conclusions: These differential, resting-state functional activities of the SMN in episodic MwoA may contribute to the understanding of migraine-related intra- and internetwork imbalances associated with nociceptive regulation and chronification.

Rationale: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that can cause a variety of clinical syndromes including mucocutaneous disease and HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE). Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to HSV-1 under stressful conditions. Methods: Restraint stress and corticosterone (CORT, a primary stress hormone) were respectively used to establish HSV-1 susceptible model in vivo and in vitro . Viral titers were determined by plaque assay. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qRT-PCR, H&E staining, IHC staining and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate virus-related protein expressions and detect the activation of autophagy. Loss- and gain-function assays, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) technique and autophagy agonist/antagonist treatments were applied in mechanistic experiments. Results: Restraint stress increased the susceptibility of mouse brain to HSV-1. Similarly, CORT treatment enhanced the susceptibility of neural cells to HSV-1. Furthermore, PML protein level in HSV-1 infected brain tissues and neural cells was remarkably decreased by stress treatment in vivo or CORT treatment in vitro , while its transcriptional level was not affected. Notably, a striking decline in protein expressions of ICP27 and gB was observed in PML-overexpressing cells, which was reversed by CORT treatment. By contrast, protein expression of gB was increased by knockdown with si- PML in virus-infected SH-SY5Y cells. We further discovered that CORT-driven PML degradation was dependent on the activation of autophagy in a ULK1-independent manner, rather than proteasome pathway. Bafilomycin A1 (BaF1) attenuated the augmentation effect of CORT on HSV-1 infection. The expressions of viral proteins were reduced in LC3-depleted cells, and the degradation of PML by CORT-induced autophagy was prevented in cells with LC3 knockdown by RNAi. Interestingly, PML was revealed to interact with the autophagic cargo receptor P62 and the autophagic effector protein LC3. Additionally, CORT failed to increase gB protein level when PML was silenced, providing direct evidence linking autophagic degradation of PML and CORT-induced virus susceptibility. Conclusion: Our results revealed that restraint stress/CORT increased HSV-1 susceptibility by delivering PML into autolysosomes for degradation. The results obtained from in vitro and in viv o models not only demonstrated the adverse effects of stress on HSV-1 infection, but also systematically investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. These discoveries broaden our understanding of the interplay between host and viruses, and a comprehensive understanding of the role of autophagy in viral infection will provide information for future development of innovative drugs against viral infection., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (© The author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that can automatically detect and classify rib fractures, and output structured reports from computed tomography (CT) images., Materials and Methods: This study included 1079 patients (median age, 55 years; men, 718) from three hospitals, between January 2011 and January 2019, who were divided into a monocentric training set (n = 876; median age, 55 years; men, 582), five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (n = 173; median age, 59 years; men, 118) with different slice thicknesses and image pixels, and a normal control set (n = 30; median age, 53 years; men, 18). Three classifications (fresh, healing, and old fracture) combined with fracture location (corresponding CT layers) were detected automatically and delivered in a structured report. Precision, recall, and F1-score were selected as metrics to measure the optimum CNN model. Detection/diagnosis time, precision, and sensitivity were employed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the structured report and that of experienced radiologists., Results: A total of 25054 annotations (fresh fracture, 10089; healing fracture, 10922; old fracture, 4043) were labelled for training (18584) and validation (6470). The detection efficiency was higher for fresh fractures and healing fractures than for old fractures (F1-scores, 0.849, 0.856, 0.770, respectively, p = 0.023 for each), and the robustness of the model was good in the five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (all mean F1-scores > 0.8 except validation set 5 [512 × 512 pixels; F1-score = 0.757]). The precision of the five radiologists improved from 80.3% to 91.1%, and the sensitivity increased from 62.4% to 86.3% with artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. On average, the diagnosis time of the radiologists was reduced by 73.9 seconds., Conclusion: Our CNN model for automatic rib fracture detection could assist radiologists in improving diagnostic efficiency, reducing diagnosis time and radiologists' workload., Competing Interests: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Radiology.)

A sustainable, new synthesis of oxalamides, by acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of ethylene glycol with amines, generating H 2 , homogeneously catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex, is presented. The reverse hydrogenation reaction is also accomplished using the same catalyst. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed based on stoichiometric reactions, NMR studies, X-ray crystallography as well as observation of plausible intermediates., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Iron oxide nanoparticles are nanomaterials that are used extensively in the biomedical field, but they are associated with adverse effects, including mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondrial homeostasis is achieved through dynamic stability based on two sets of antagonistic balanced processes: mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation as well as mitochondrial fission and fusion. In this study, we showed that PEG-COOH-coated Fe 3 O 4 (PEG-Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles induced mitochondrial instability in dendritic cells (DCs) by impairing mitochondrial dynamics due to promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) pathway, inhibiting mitochondrial degradation via decreased autophagy, and facilitating mitochondrial fragmentation involving increased levels of DRP1 and MFN2. The resulting reduced levels of dextran uptake, CD80, CD86 and chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) suggested that PEG-Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles impaired the functionally immature state of DCs. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) alleviated PEG-Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle-induced mitochondrial instability and impairment of the functionally immature state of DCs due to unexpected enhancement of PGC1α/MFN2-mediated coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Simultaneous determination of multiclass illegal dyes possessing different chemical properties is difficult. By using LC-MS/MS via negative/positive ion switching mode, an efficient and fast multi-residual method for simultaneous determination of multiclass 52 illegal dyes with different acidic-basic properties in foodstuffs was developed and validated during one single run, including 23 fat-soluble neutral azo dyes, 8 acidic sulfonated azo dyes, 12 triphenylmethane basic dyes, three basic indole dyes, three xanthene dyes, one quinoline dye, and two anthraquinones dyes. The illegal dyes were extracted with methanol-acetonitrile and further purified with d-SPE procedure to reduce interference. Sample dilution with 100-fold was used for the elimination of matrix effects of the quantitation of LC-MS/MS analysis. Validation data showed the good recoveries in the range of 71.2-111.2%, with relative standard deviations less than 20%, suggesting the developed method is suitable for the identification and quantitation of multiclass illegal dyes at trace levels in foods., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has confirmed disrupted visual network connectivity in migraine without aura (MwoA). The thalamus plays a pivotal role in a number of pain conditions, including migraine. However, the significance of altered thalamo-visual functional connectivity (FC) in migraine remains unknown. The goal of this study was to explore thalamo-visual FC integrity in patients with MwoA and investigate its clinical significance., Methods: Resting-state fMRI data were acquired from 33 patients with MwoA and 22 well-matched healthy controls. After identifying the visual network by independent component analysis, we compared neural activation in the visual network and thalamo-visual FC and assessed whether these changes were linked to clinical characteristics. We used voxel-based morphometry to determine whether functional differences were dependent on structural differences., Results: The visual network exhibited significant differences in regions (bilateral cunei, right lingual gyrus and left calcarine sulcus) by inter-group comparison. The patients with MwoA showed significantly increased FC between the left thalami and bilateral cunei and between the right thalamus and the contralateral calcarine sulcus and right cuneus. Furthermore, the neural activation of the left calcarine sulcus was positively correlated with visual analogue scale scores (r = 0.319, p = 0.043), and enhanced FC between the left thalamus and right cuneus in migraine patients was negatively correlated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder scores (r = - 0.617, p = 0.005)., Conclusion: Our data suggest that migraine distress is exacerbated by aberrant feedback projections to the visual network, playing a crucial role in migraine physiological mechanisms. The current study provides further insights into the complex scenario of migraine mechanisms.

Purpose: The present study combined fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC) to explore brain functional abnormalities in acute tinnitus patients (AT) with hearing loss., Methods: We recruited twenty-eight AT patients and 31 healthy controls (HCs) and ran resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. fALFF, ReHo, and FC were conducted and compared between AT patients and HCs. After that, we calculated correlation analyses among abnormal fALFF, ReHo, FC, and clinical data in AT patients., Results: Compared with HCs, AT showed increased fALFF values in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). In contrast, significantly decreased ReHo values were observed in the cerebellar vermis, the right calcarine cortex, the right precuneus, the right supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Based on the differences in the fALFF and ReHo maps, the latter of which we defined as region-of-interest (ROI) for FC analysis, the right ITG exhibited increased connectivity with the right precentral gyrus. In addition, the right MFG demonstrated decreased connectivity with both the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the left precentral gyrus., Conclusion: By combining ReHo, fALFF, and FC analyses, our work indicated that AT with hearing loss had abnormal intraregional neural activity and disrupted connectivity in several brain regions which mainly involving the non-auditory area, and these regions are major components of default mode network (DMN), attention network, visual network, and executive control network. These findings will help us enhance the understanding of the neuroimaging mechanism in tinnitus populations. Moreover, these abnormalities remind us that we should focus on the early stages of this hearing disease., (Copyright © 2019 Zhou, Shi, Wei, Qu, Yu, Zhou, Yin, Zhang and Tao.)

Two types of mono-ester-functionalized pillar[5]arenes, P1 and P2, bearing different side-chain groups, were synthesized. Their host-guest complexation and self-inclusion properties were studied by 1 H NMR and 2D nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) NMR measurements. The results showed that the substituents on their phenolic units have a great influence on the self-assembly of both pillar[5]arenes, although they both could form stable pseudo[1]rotaxanes at room temperature. When eight bulky 4-brombutyloxy groups were capped on the cavity, instead of methoxy groups, pseudo[1]rotaxane P1 became less stable and its locked ester group in the inner space of cavity was not as deep as P2, leading to distinctly different host-guest properties between P1 and P2 with 1,6-dibromohexane. Moreover, pillar[5]arene P1 displayed effective molecular recognition toward 1,6-dichlorohexane and 1,2-bromoethane among the guest dihalides. In addition, the self-complex models and stabilities between P1 and P2 were also studied by computational modeling and experimental calculations.

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) is a ligand-gated Ca 2+ -permeable homopentameric ion channel implicated in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological enhancement of α7 nAChR function has been suggested for improvement of cognitive deficits. In the present study, we characterized a thiazolyl heterocyclic derivative, 6-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)amino)thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one (JWX-A0108), as a novel type I α7 nAChR positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and evaluated its ability to reverse auditory gating and spatial working memory deficits in mice. In Xenopus oocytes expressing human nAChR channels, application of JWX-A0108 selectively enhanced α7 nAChR-mediated inward current in the presence of the agonist ACh (EC 50 value = 4.35 ± 0.12 µM). In hippocampal slices, co-application of ACh and JWX-A0108 (10 µM for each) markedly increased both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) recorded in pyramidal neurons, but JWX-A0108 did not affect GABA-induced current in oocytes expressing human GABA A receptor α1β3γ2 and α5β3γ2 subtypes. In mice with MK-801-induced deficits in auditory gating, administration of JWX-A0108 (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently attenuates MK-801-induced auditory gating deficits in five prepulse intensities (72, 76, 80, 84, and 88 dB). Furthermore, administration of JWX-A0108 (0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reversed MK-801-induced impaired spatial working memory in mice. Our results demonstrate that JWX-A0108 is a novel type I PAM of α7 nAChR, which may be beneficial for improvement of cognitive deficits commonly found in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.

The first asymmetric propargylic radical cyanation was realized through a dual photoredox and copper catalysis. An organic photocatalyst serves to both generate propargyl radicals and oxidize Cu(I) species to Cu(II) species. A chiral Cu complex functions as an efficient organometallic catalyst to resemble the propargyl radical and cyanide in an enantio-controlled manner. Thus, a diverse range of optically active propargyl cyanides were produced with high reaction efficiency and enantioselectivities (28 examples, 57-97% yields and 83-98% ee). Moreover, mechanistic investigations including experiments and density functional theory calculations were performed to illustrate on the reaction pathway and stereochemical results.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seafood is a pathogenic microorganism that leads to several acute diseases that are harmful to our health and is frequently transmitted by food. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the control and suppression of this pathogen. In this paper, transcriptional analysis was used to determine the effect of treatment with benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) extracted from cruciferous vegetables on V. parahaemolyticus and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to BITC. Treatment with BITC resulted in 332 differentially expressed genes, among which 137 genes were downregulated, while 195 genes were upregulated. Moreover, six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RNA sequencing studies were further verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Genes found to regulate virulence encoded an l-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, a GGDEF family protein, the outer membrane protein OmpV, a flagellum-specific adenosine triphosphate synthase, TolQ protein and VirK protein. Hence, the results allow us to speculate that BITC may be an effective control strategy for inhibiting microorganisms growing in foods.

Visible-light photocatalysis is a rapidly developing and powerful strategy to initiate organic transformations, as it closely adheres to the tenants of green and sustainable chemistry. Generally, most visible-light-induced photochemical reactions occur through single-electron transfer (SET) pathways. Recently, visible-light-induced energy-transfer (EnT) reactions have received considerable attentions from the synthetic community as this strategy provides a distinct reaction pathway, and remarkable achievements have been made in this field. In this Review, we highlight the most recent advances in visible-light-induced EnT reactions., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Two visible-light driven alkenylation reactions of unactivated alkyl bromides, which were enabled by the use of Ir(dF(CF3)ppy)2(dtbbpy)PF6 as the photocatalyst and (TMS)3SiH as the atom transfer reagent to activate the alkyl bromides, were described for the first time. These protocols can be used to produce a variety of alkenes from easily available feedstock with good reaction efficiency and high chemoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. To further demonstrate the applicability of the present strategy, the alkenylation of bioactive molecules and glycosyl bromides, as well as the alkynylation of unactivated alkyl bromides, was proven to be feasible.

A catalyst-controlled acylation reaction of β-ketoesters was developed for the first time by combining visible-light photoactivation with Lewis acid or base catalysis. By employing a NiCl 2 ·glyme complex with a bis(oxazoline) ligand as the Lewis acid catalyst, C-acylation products are exclusively achieved, while utilizing pyridine or DABCO as the Lewis base catalyst affords O-acylation products with complete regioselectivity. A range of β-ketoesters with satisfactory structural diversity were suitable for this transformation, demonstrating the functional group compatibility of the method, which was attributed to the mild reaction conditions. This success is heavily built upon the visible-light-induced Wolff rearrangement and the unique catalytic activation modes, and thus, this work significantly expands the applications of ketene chemistry.

Multifarious sugar lactols were efficiently transformed into the corresponding phenolic glycosides by treating with aryl bromides in acetonitrile with Ir[dF(CF 3 )ppy] 2 (dtbbpy)(PF 6 ) as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Both pyranoses and furanoses or even disaccharide could all suffer this glycosylation protocol under mild reaction conditions. A variety of phenyl glycosides can be produced in moderate to good yields (up to 93% yield), and a gram scale process of this protocol was also well-established.

Objective: To investigate and evaluate the value as accuracy of diagnosis different degrees of anemia through the unenhanced thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan., Materials and Methods: The CT attenuation of right ventricle (RV) cavity, left ventricular (LV) cavity, interventricular septum and difference between the interventricular septum and left ventricle cavity (IVS-LV) were retrospectively analyzed and measured in 317 patients with different degrees of anemia and the normal patients. The hemoglobin (Hb) level was estimated within 24 h. Statistical analysis was made to obtain the best diagnostic threshold of anemia levels by CT scan, measurement repeatability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values., Results: An obvious parallel correlation of hemoglobin concentration and CT attenuation of IVS-LV existed (the determination coefficient was 0.818; P < .001). Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the conclusion was that when the threshold of CT attenuation of IVS-LV at (5.5-9.5) HU in male and (4.5-8.5) HU in female, the specificity for diagnosing mild anemia was low, while the sensitivity was very high (87.1%, 100%, respectively), if the CT value was among (9.5-13.5) HU in male or (8.5-13.5) HU in female, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing moderate anemia were fine (92.9% and 74.8% in male; 93.9% and 60.0% in female), and once the CT value was more than 13.5 HU the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing severe anemia in all gender were greatly good (94.7% and 83.6% in male; 82.4% and 84.6% in female). The intra-and inter-observer reliability and reproducibility were good (ICC were all more than 0.99)., Conclusion: The CT attenuation of IVS-LV could predict the severity of anemia with good sensitivity and specificity, which could add value to clinical practice and more importantly facilitating patient care as hematologic laboratory investigations are lacking., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the prevalence of visual impairment and the influencing factors among rural residents aged 60 years and above in Yugan county, Jiangxi province. Researchers analyzed influencing factors and provided scientific rationale for blindness prevention and control. Methods: Stratified cluster random sampling was used in randomly selecting 3 789 rural residents aged ≥ 60 in Yugan county. Eligible residents were invited to receive ophthalmic examinations and epidemiological investigations. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze any influencing factors. Results: Three thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine rural residents completed the ophthalmic examination and investigation. Based on presenting visual acuity, the prevalence of visual impairment was 24.1%(915), of which blindness and moderate and severe was 2.9%(108) and 21.3%(807). The top five causes ranked are (1) cataract (283, 30.9%), (2) Refractive error (81, 8.9%), (3) macular degeneration (29, 3.2%), (4) Corneal opacity (14, 1.5%). Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, gender, education, occupation, marital status, ophthalmic anamnesis, smoking situation, and daily fruit intake were the main factors that were the influencing factors of visual impairment. Conclusions: The prevalence of visual impairment in the elderly population in rural areas of Yugan County is quite high. Keep a healthy diet, timely correction of eye disease, could reduce the risk of visual impairment. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54:605-610) .

Two photo-catalytic tandem alkyl radical addition/semipinacol rearrangement reactions of cycloalkanol-substituted styrenes with N-acyloxyphthalimides and O-acyl oximes have been documented. These protocols provide efficient access to functionalized cyclic ketones, and feature mild conditions (i.e., visible light irradiation, redox neutral and room temperature), broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance.

Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, is pathologically characterized by Amyloid beta containing plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid beta (Aβ) induces neuronal apoptosis through the intracellular Ca 2+ increase, subsequent hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and mitochondrial abnormality. Recently, Cdk5 was identified as an upstream regulator of mitochondrial fission during neuronal apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, in vitro phosphorylation assays showed that Cdk5 could phosphorylate the recombinant Drp1 at Serine 579. Aβ 1-42 stimulation increased the phosphorylation level of Drp1 at Serine 579 in mouse cortical neurons. Cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine and knockdown of Cdk5 by a lentiviral vector expressing shRNA targeting Cdk5 (Lenti-Cdk5-shRNA) efficiently prevented Aβ 1-42 induced Drp1 phosphorylation in neurons. In addition, Aβ 1-42 stimulation induced markedly mitochondrial fission in neurons. Roscovitine, Lenti-Cdk5-shRNA and expression of phospho-defect mutatant GFP-Drp1-S579A in neurons attenuated Aβ 1-42 induced mitochondrial fission, whereas expression of phospho-mimetic mutant GFP-Drp1-S579D alone resulted in mitochondiral fission similar to Aβ 1-42 stimulation. Moreover, Roscovitine and Lenti-Cdk5-shRNA suppressed the cleavage of caspase-3 and protected neurons against Aβ 1-42 induced neuronal apoptosis.Thus, our data indicate that Drp1 is a direct target of Cdk5, and Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of Drp1 at Serine 579 regulates Aβ 1-42 induced mitochondrial fission and neuronal toxicity., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Efficient and enantioselective radical difluoroalkylation and perfluoroalkylation reactions of β-ketoesters were successfully developed through an asymmetric photoredox and nickel catalysis cascade. This protocol provides R f -containing quaternary stereocenters in up to 67% yield and 95:5 er with ethyl iododifluoroacetate and perfluoroalkyl iodides (C 3 F 7 I and C 4 F 9 I) as radical sources under extremely mild conditions.

A dual visible light photoredox and nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2-arylaziridines and potassium benzyltrifluoroborates is described for the first time. This strategy features high functional group tolerance, exclusive regioselectivity for reaction at the more hindered C-N bond, easily accessible substrates, and mild redox-neutral reaction conditions. A variety of diversely substituted β-substituted amines are obtained in generally good yields.

Mounting evidence indicates that microRNAs play important roles in the development of various cancers. Aberrant expression of microRNA-199a-5p has been frequently reported in cancer studies; however, the mechanistic details of the role of microRNA-199a-5p in colorectal cancer still remain unclear. Our study aimed to explore the role of microRNA-199a-5p in colorectal cancer cells by targeting Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 1. Here, we showed that microRNA-199a-5p was significantly downregulated in colorectal cancer cell lines and tissue samples and was associated with a poor prognostic phenotype. MicroRNA-199a-5p suppressed colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, we identified Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 1 as the direct target of microRNA-199a-5p using luciferase and Western blot assays. Importantly, Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 1 overexpression rescued the microRNA-199a-5p-induced suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of microRNA-199a-5p inhibited tumor growth and metastasis by inactivating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT and Janus kinase 1/signal transducing activator of transcription signaling pathways through downregulation of Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 1. Altogether, microRNA-199a-5p/Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 1 may be a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer therapy.

Background/aims: Sestrin 2 is associated with the pathophysiology of several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of Sestrin 2 in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) during liver fibrogenesis., Methods: In this study, Sestrin 2 protein expression was detected in rat HSC-T6 cells challenged with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a well-known model of hepatic fibrosis. Next, HSC-T6 cells and fibrotic mice were transfected with lentivirus. The mRNA expression levels of markers of liver fibrosis [alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1A1 (Col1A1)] were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell death and proliferation were evaluated by the MTT assay, and biochemical markers of liver damage in serum [alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)] were also measured using a biochemical analyzer. Histopathological examination was used to evaluate the degree of liver fibrosis, and protein expression [phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), AMPK, phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and mTOR] was determined by western blotting., Results: We found that Sestrin 2 was elevated in both the HSC-T6 cell and hepatic fibrosis models. In vitro, overexpression of Sestrin 2 attenuated the mRNA levels of α-SMA and Col1A1, suppressed α-SMA protein expression, and modulated HSC-T6 cell proliferation. In vivo, overexpression of Sestrin 2 reduced the ALT and AST levels as well as the α-SMA and Col1A1 protein expression in the CCl4 model of liver fibrosis. Moreover, the degree of liver fibrosis was ameliorated. Interestingly, overexpression of Sestrin 2 increased p-AMPK but decreased p-mTOR protein expression., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Sestrin 2 may attenuate the activation of HSCs and ameliorate liver fibrosis, most likely via upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation and suppression of the mTOR signaling pathway., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Rationale: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is caused primarily by mutations in genes encoding desmosome proteins. Ventricular arrhythmias are the cardinal and typically early manifestations, whereas myocardial fibroadiposis is the pathological hallmark. Homozygous DSP (desmoplakin) and JUP (junction protein plakoglobin) mutations are responsible for a subset of patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy who exhibit cardiac arrhythmias and dysfunction, palmoplanter keratosis, and hair abnormalities (cardiocutaneous syndromes)., Objective: To determine phenotypic consequences of deletion of Dsp in a subset of cells common to the heart and skin., Methods and Results: Expression of CSPG4 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4) was detected in epidermal keratinocytes and the cardiac conduction system. CSPG4 pos cells constituted ≈5.6±3.3% of the nonmyocyte cells in the mouse heart. Inducible postnatal deletion of Dsp under the transcriptional control of the Cspg4 locus led to ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular conduction defects, and death by 4 months of age. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred early and in the absence of cardiac dysfunction and excess cardiac fibroadipocytes, as in human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The mice exhibited palmoplantar keratosis and progressive alopecia, leading to alopecia totalis, associated with accelerated proliferation and impaired terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. The phenotype is similar to human cardiocutaneous syndromes caused by homozygous mutations in DSP ., Conclusions: Deletion of Dsp under the transcriptional regulation of the CSPG4 locus led to lethal cardiac arrhythmias in the absence of cardiac dysfunction or fibroadiposis, palmoplantar keratosis, and alopecia, resembling the human cardiocutaneous syndromes. The findings offer a cellular basis for early cardiac arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and cardiocutaneous syndromes., (© 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.)

Liver injury has a critical effect on the severity and outcome of sepsis. The impact of stored red blood cells (RBCs) on the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated hepatic injury is not well understood. Therefore, to investigate the effects of stored-RBC transfusion on sepsis-induced liver damage as well as the associated mechanism, we constructed a sepsis mouse model enabling noninvasive imaging of bacterial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common gram-negative respiratory pathogen. We showed that transfusions with stored RBCs enhanced sepsis-induced liver injury in vivo, and liver injury exacerbated the severity of sepsis and decreased survival in P aeruginosa-infected mice. Stored-RBC transfusions enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, which play important roles in sepsis-associated liver injury in P aeruginosa-infected mice. Further study showed that the enhanced inflammation observed was associated with increased activation of M1-polarized Kupffer cells, which produce many inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, the M1-polarized Kupffer cells and secreted proinflammatory cytokines exerted their effects on hepatocytes through enhanced Jun N-terminal kinase activation and inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB activation, demonstrating that transfusion with stored RBCs disrupted the balance between cell survival and cell death in the liver. Understanding the mechanisms whereby stored RBCs might contribute to these complications will likely be helpful in providing guidance toward making transfusions safer.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus is implicated in the descending inhibitory pathway in pain processing, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning CSF-contacting nucleus regulating pain signals remains largely elusive. ATP is evidenced to inhibit pain transmission at supraspinal level by the mediation of the receptor P2X, wherein its subtype P2X3 is identified as the most potent. Our present experiment investigated the functionality of P2X3 receptors in CSF-contacting nucleus in the formalin-evoked inflammatory pain. Immunofluorescence and western blot revealed the expression of P2X3 receptors in the CSF-contacting nucleus and their upregulated expression subsequent to administration of formalin in rat model. ATP (a P2X3 receptor agonist, 100nmol/5µl) by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration ameliorated pain behaviors and enhanced c-Fos immunoreactivity in the neurons of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), both of which were discounted by pre-administration of A-317491 (a selective P2X3 receptor antagonist, 25nmol/5µl). After the CSF-contacting nucleus was ablated by cholera toxin subunit B-saporin, ATP failed to induce analgesia, with the c-Fos immunoreactivity in the PAG neurons remaining intact. Our results validated that P2X3 receptors in the CSF-contacting nucleus are pivotal in inflammatory pain processing via the activation of PAG neurons., (Copyright © 2017 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Recent models propose deoxyribonucleic acid methylation of key neuro-regulatory genes as a molecular mechanism underlying the increased risk of mental disorder associated with early life adversity (ELA). The goal of this study was to examine the association of ELA with oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation among young adults. Drawing from a 21-year longitudinal cohort, we compared adulthood OXTR methylation frequency of 46 adults (23 males and 23 females) selected for high or low ELA exposure based on childhood socioeconomic status and exposure to physical and sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence. Associations between OXTR methylation and teacher-rated childhood trajectories of anxiousness were also assessed. ELA exposure was associated with one significant CpG site in the first intron among females, but not among males. Similarly, childhood trajectories of anxiousness were related to one significant CpG site within the promoter region among females, but not among males. This study suggests that females might be more sensitive to the impact of ELA on OXTR methylation than males.

Increasing evidence suggests that the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-contacting nucleus) mediates the transduction and regulation of pain signals. However, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Studies show that release of fractalkine (FKN) from neurons plays a critical role in nerve injury-related pain. We tested the hypothesis that release of FKN from the CSF-contacting nucleus regulates neuropathic pain, in a chronic constriction injury rat model. The results show that FKN is expressed by neurons, via expression of its only receptor CX3CR1 in the microglia. The levels of soluble FKN (sFKN) were markedly upregulated along with the increase in FKN mRNA level in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury. In addition, injection of FKN-neutralizing antibody into the lateral ventricle alleviated neuropathic pain-related behavior followed by reduction in microglial activation in the CSF-contacting nucleus. The results indicate that inhibition of FKN release by the CSF-contacting nucleus may ameliorate neuropathic pain clinically.

Glucocorticoids have been used to treat hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction for many years. However, some reports have indicated that a subset of patients with these disorders exhibit glucocorticoid insensitivity or resistance. A reduction in histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity and expression has been reported to play a critical role in glucocorticoid resistance. Here, we investigated the protective effects of aminophylline on HDAC2 expression and glucocorticoid sensitivity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sudden sensorineural hearing loss in guinea pigs. We assessed hearing recovery in LPS-applied guinea pigs, which were either left untreated or were systemically treated with either dexamethasone, aminophylline, or a combination of the two. We utilized fluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to analyze the distribution patterns of HDAC2 and detect its levels in the cochlea. We used hematoxylin-eosin staining to examine cochlear histopathological changes. In the absence of treatment, significant hearing loss was detected in LPS-exposed animals. A synergistic effect was observed between aminophylline and dexamethasone in maintaining HDAC2 expression levels, preventing hearing loss in LPS-exposed animals and reducing cochlear damage. This study indicates that aminophylline can restore glucocorticoid sensitivity, which provides a new approach to treating patients with hearing disorders who are refractory to glucocorticoids.

Breast cancer is reported as the most frequent tumor with limited treatments among the female worldwide. Galangin, a natural active compound 3, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone, is a type of bioflavonoid isolated from the Alpinia galangal root and suggested to induce apoptosis in various cancers. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an effective anti-tumor agent for human breast cancer. Promoted expression of CHOP, a down-streaming transcription factor for endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), enhanced death factor 4 (DR4) activity and accelerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as cell death. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for various cancers mortality. In the present study, galangin regulated ER stress to augment CHOP and DR4 expression levels, sensitizing TRAIL activity, leading to human breast cancer cell apoptosis through Caspase-3 activation, which was associated with AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, AMPK inhibition and silence reduced anti-cancer activity of galangin and TRAIL in combinational treatment. Hence, our study indicated that galangin could effectively stimulate human breast cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through TRAIL/Caspase-3/AMPK signaling pathway. AMPK signaling pathway activation by galangin might be of benefit for promoting the effects of TRAIL-regulated anti-tumor therapeutic strategy., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy and characteristics of intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion (IMP) as a salvage treatment in sudden sensorineural hearing loss（SSNHL） patients who failed in conventional treatments. Method: One hundred and ten SSNHL patients who failed to respond to conventional therapies were recruited. And a 10-day IMP was adopted as a salvage treatment to improve their hearing. Twenty five SSNHL patients who failed to respond to conventional therapies and without any other treatment were recruited as control group. The pure tone average(PTA) before and after IMP treatment was observed by pure tone audiometry. Data analysis was performed using SPSS13.0 and test level was set α=0.05. Result: The total effective rate of IMP was 49.09%, significantly higher than control group 16.00%. Significant hearing improvement was observed at all frequencies after IMP treatment. Especially PTA gain at the low frequencies was (13.45±18.10) dB, obviously higher than high frequency. An obvious improvement of PTA were detected in profound group(15.62±13.95)dB compared with in moderate group(7.97±14.90) dB and in severe group［PTA gain(5.59±13.88) dB］. However, there was no significant difference between the two latter groups. PTA gain was(12.26±14.69) dB,(13.37±17.11) dB and (3.21±10.51) dB respectively in patients who suffer from SSNHL within 2 weeks, >2-4 weeks and over 4 weeks. Whether accompanied with vertigo or tinnitus had no significant influence on the efficacy of IMP treatment in SSNHL patients who failed investigated. Conclusion: IMP treatment could improve the hearing in SSNHL patients who failed to respond to conventional therapies. The gain was closely related to the onset time and the severity of hearing loss before IMP treatment., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Garcinol from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica shows anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism and key functional groups were still need to be identified. Our previous computer modeling suggested that the C8 side chain of Garcinol is so large that it may influence the bioactivity of the compound. 8-Me Garcinol, a derivative of Garcinol in which the bulky side chain at the C8 position of Garcinol is replaced with a much smaller methyl group, was synthesized through a 12-step procedure starting from 1,3-cyclohexanedione. The antitumor activity of Garcinol and 8-Me Garcinol was evaluated in vitro by MTT, cell cycle and cell apoptosis assays. The results showed that 8-Me Garcinol had weaker inhibitory activity on cells proliferation, and little effects on cell cycle and apoptosis in oral cancer cell line SCC15 cells when compared with Garcinol. All of the results indicated 8-Me Garcinol exerts weaker antitumor activity than Garcinol, and the C8 side chain might be an important active site in Garcinol. Changing the C8 side chain will affect the inhibitory effect of Garcinol., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the present study an experimental high-altitude intestinal barrier injury rat model was established by simulating an acute hypoxia environment, to provide an experimental basis to assess the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of altitude sickness. A total of 70 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: Control group (group C) and a high-altitude hypoxia group (group H). Following 2 days adaptation, the rats in group H were exposed to a simulated 4,000-m, high-altitude hypoxia environment for 3 days to establish the experimental model. To evaluate the model, bacterial translocation, serum lipopolysaccharide level, pathomorphology, ultrastructure and protein expression in rats were assessed. The results indicate that, compared with group C, the rate of bacterial translocation and the apoptotic index of intestinal epithelial cells were significantly higher in group H (P<0.01). Using a light microscope it was determined that the intestinal mucosa was thinner in group H, there were fewer epithelial cells present and the morphology was irregular. Observations with an electron microscope indicated that the intestinal epithelial cells in group H were injured, the spaces among intestinal villi were wider, the tight junctions among cells were open and lanthanum nitrate granules (from the fixing solution) had diffused into the intestinal mesenchyme. The expression of the tight junction protein occludin was also decreased in group H. Therefore, the methods applied in the present study enabled the establishment of a stable, high-altitude intestinal barrier injury model in rats.

Objective: To investigate the effect of thrombocytopenia on the migration patterns of adoptive dendritic cell(DC) in vivo., Methods: The mouse model of thrombocytopenia was established by intraperitoneal administration of anti-CD41 mAb MWReg30. Mouse bone marrow(BM)-derived DC were injected into thrombocytopenia mouse by footpad infusion and intravenous infusion. The DC migration and distribution pattern were detected by bioluminescence imaging., Results: More than 80% platelets were cleared in the experimental group which was infused with anti-CD41 antibody. At 72 h after injection, the percentage of injected DC that migrated from footpad to popliteal lymph nodes(PLNs) and inguinal lymph nodes(ILNs) were (0.32±0.02)% and (0.02±0.01)% in experimental group, and (0.27±0.15)% and (0.02±0.02)% in control group, respectively. Statistic data showed that there was no statistical difference between these 2 groups (P>0.05). The issue distribution pattern of intravenously injected DC between experimental group and control group were not distinctly different, and large amounts of injected DC accumulated in the spleen, liver draining lymph-nodes lungs and liver., Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia has not a distinct effect on the migratory capacity and tissue distribution of DC by either footpad or intravenous injection.

Objective: To explore the clinical and molecular genetic features of a Chinese patient with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Methods: Clinical data including resting electrocardiography, echocardiography and treadmill exercise testing of a patient with CPVT admitted to our department in March 2013 were analyzed, and the peripheral venous blood samples of the patient and his family members and 400 ethnicity-matched healthy controls were obtained. All exons and exon-intron boundaries of the six CPVT-related genes including RYR2, CASQ2, TRDN, CALM1, KCNJ2 and ANKB were sequenced to detect the variants related to CPVT. The relationship between the genotypes and phenotypes was analyzed to direct the target therapy. Results: Recurrent syncope induced either by exercise or extreme frightened fear was observed in this patient. There was no positive family history of syncope or sudden death. The resting electrocardiography and echocardiography of the patient were normal, while the exercise testing revealed bidirectional and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. A cardiac ryanodine receptor gene mutation (R2401H) was identified in this patient, while this mutation was absent in his parents and sister and 400 controls. No variant was detected in the remaining five candidate genes. Treatment with high dose of metoprolol succinate (118.75 mg/d) was effective and patient was free of syncopal attack during the 2 years follow-up. Conclusion: This is the first report on RyR2-R2401H mutation in Chinese patient with CPVT, and high dose of metoptolol is the effective therapy option for CPVT related to RyR2 mutation.