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In this paper the authors conducted a comprehensive study on English abstract writing style. Abstraction is the process of forming a theoretical concept based on the observation and classification of object things. This concept has no definite denotation. However in specific situation it can be clearly understood. In English, writing an abstract expression has always been a very important part. However, Chinese is a language which seldom uses abstract writing style. In this paper the authors will make a comparison between English and Chinese languages about the use of abstract writing style.

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect and mechanism of hydroxyurea (HU) on hypoxia mice in a closed environment. Methods Sixty male C57BL/6J mice (6~8 weeks old, weighing 18~22 g) were randomly divided into normoxia control group (NC, n=10), normoxia HU group (NHU, n=10), hypoxia control group (HC, n=20), and hypoxia HU group (HHU, n=20).The HU mice were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg/kg HU daily for 4 weeks, and the control mice were injected with same volume saline for 4 weeks.Then bone marrow was extracted for transcriptome sequence in the NC and NHU groups.The mice in the HC and HHU groups were settled in a sealed bottle to observe their survival, and the brains and kidneys were isolated for immunohistochemistry when these mice were in hypoxia for 15 min, and those from the NHU and NC groups served as control.RT-qPCR and Western blotting were adopted to verify the mRNA and protein expression of bone marrow and peripheral blood molecules, respectively. Results The survival time was significantly longer in the HHU group (P < 0.05), and the hypoxia of the brains and kidneys were ameliorated (P < 0.05).The oxygen affinity of peripheral blood was obviously raised, and partial pressure of oxygen 50(P50) was negatively correlated with survival time (Pearson=-0.738, P < 0.01).A total of 65 389 genes were found in transcription sequencing, including 50 up-regulated and 272 down-regulated genes in the mice from the NHU group (log2 FC≥1, Q < 0.05).Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that hemoglobin subunits (GO cellular component), hemoglobin complex (GO cellular function) and erythrocyte development (GO biological process) were significant enriched.Among the differentially expressed genes, Erfe, Hbb-y, Hbb-bh1 and Hba-x were up to 1.5 fold, and the down-regulated genes were erythropoiesis-related genes, Klf1, Sox6, Gata1 etc.Our results indicated that the mRNA levels of Hbb-y, Hbb-bh1 and Hba-x were notably enhanced in the bone marrow of the NHU group, and the protein level of HbE (ε-globin) protein was remarkably increased in the peripheral blood (P < 0.05). Conclusion HU exerts protective effect on the mice in a closed hypoxic condition, which may be related with its inducing embryonic hemoglobin with high oxygen affinity, and thus promoting oxygen carrying capacity.

[Purpose/Significance] Rare ancient books are an important carrier of Chinese culture. At present, the focus of ancient books research has been on the original and regenerative protection, while the conservation of inheritance is relatively lagging behind, and the role of the promotion of ancient books reading has not been fully played. The emergence of virtual reality (VR) technology provides a new idea and method for the intelligent transformation of ancient book reading promotion, which is of great value to the construction of a library's intelligent knowledge service system and the innovation of the service mode. With the help of VR technology, the intelligent reading promotion of ancient books shows the characteristics of "narrative presentation scene", "reading service immersion" and "reading space humanization". [Method/Process] In order to provide reference for the research and development of intelligent reading in the new era, this paper first discusses the concept "gene" of intelligent reading of ancient books enabled by the VR technology, and summarizes the application scenarios of the VR technology in the promotion of intelligent reading of ancient books, combined with the National Library of China's specific case on "VR panorama cultural classics". Then the application path of VR technology was put forward enabling the intelligent reading and promotion of ancient books. To this end, this paper first summarizes the concept "genes" of intelligent reading promotion from a macro perspective, and then analyzes the application scenarios of VR technology in the promotion of intelligent reading of ancient books based on the investigation of the application cases of "VR + ancient book reading promotion". It analyzes the construction practice of "VR Panorama Cultural Classics" in the National Library of China from four perspectives of content narrative, visual presentation, empathy mechanism and communication strategy, to construct a "VR and ancient books" reading promotion path. The content narrative of "VR panoramic cultural books" should focus on activating characteristic collection's historical materials and recording key historical moments. In the aspect of visual presentation, it should pay attention to excavating the elements of characteristic cultural scene and reconstructing the landscape scientifically and rigorously. In terms of the mechanism of empathy, the focus should be put on the use of the block type structure to present the history panorama, and the use of typical characters to compose stories. When it comes to communication strategy, it should pay attention to jointly creating a new pattern of "library +" by combining online and offline multi-screen media. [Results/Conclusions] A library should first pay attention to narrative expression, and the control of the narrative logic of ancient book stories. Second, the library should pay attention to scene perception and explore the presentation mode of panoramic vision threshold. Third, attention should be paid to top-level design and giving play to the guiding force of ancient books' cultural engineering. Fourth, the library should pay attention to cross-border cooperation and adhere to the concept of library reader service. In the promotion of reading ancient books, full consideration should be given to the particularity of ancient books resources and existing reading difficulties. In the process of content dissemination, the focus should be on contructing a model through ring upon ring decomposing and progressively thinning method, and taking targeted measures from the aspects of top-level design, strengthening demonstration, building benchmarking, series construction, cross-border cooperation, building platforms, strengthening perception and strengthening ethical supervision, so as to promote the intelligent reading and promotion of ancient books.

Objective: To study the influencing factors of blood stasis constitution and provide a basis for treating blood stasis-related diseases by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution identification. Methods: Data were collected using the self-developed TCM constitution identification platform based on B/S model by the project team. The obtained data were divided into blood stasis constitution and normal constitution groups. The differences of the categorical type influencing factors (gender, birth mode, feeding mode within four months of birth, family history, marital status, eating habits, sleeping habits, exercise habits, emotional state, stress situation, and living environment) and the quantitative type influencing factors (sleep time, age, and mother's age at birth) on the constitution of the two groups were analyzed. In the single-factor analysis, the Pearson's chi-square test was selected for the categorical variable, and the independent sample t test and Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test were selected for the quantitative variables according to whether they conformed to the positive-terrestrial distribution; the binary logistic stepwise regression method was selected for the multi-factor analysis. Results: The data of 318 cases were collected from the TCM composition identification platform, and 159 cases of blood stasis constitution were used as the experimental group and 159 cases of normal constitution were used as the control group. The Pearson's chi-square test yielded significant differences (P < 0.05) in the effects of gender, pressure situation, family history, living environment, emotional state, exercise habits, and dietary habits on blood stasis constitution. The independent samples t test yielded differences in sleep duration between the blood stasis constitution and normal constitution populations (P < 0.05), which meant sleep duration of the blood stasis constitution population was less than that of the normal constitution population. The Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test results accepted the original hypothesis that there was no difference in the distribution of age and mother’s age at birth across constitution types (P > 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that gender, family history, marital status, living environment, exercise habits, and emotional state were risk factors for blood stasis constitution (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Gender, family history, living environment, emotional state, and exercise habits were significant influencing factors of blood stasis constitution. Blood stasis constitution populations can pay more attention to these influencing factors in their daily life for the prevention and reconciliation of blood stasis constitution.

BackgroundDNA methylation of CpG sites on genetic loci has been linked to increased risk of asthma in children exposed to elevated ambient air pollutants (AAPs). Further identification of specific CpG sites and the pollutants that are associated with methylation of these CpG sites in immune cells could impact our understanding of asthma pathophysiology. In this study, we sought to identify some CpG sites in specific genes that could be associated with asthma regulation (Foxp3 and IL10) and to identify the different AAPs for which exposure prior to the blood draw is linked to methylation levels at these sites. We recruited subjects from Fresno, California, an area known for high levels of AAPs. Blood samples and responses to questionnaires were obtained (n = 188), and in a subset of subjects (n = 33), repeat samples were collected 2 years later. Average measures of AAPs were obtained for 1, 15, 30, 90, 180, and 365 days prior to each blood draw to estimate the short-term vs. long-term effects of the AAP exposures.ResultsAsthma was significantly associated with higher differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the Foxp3 promoter region (p = 0.030) and the IL10 intronic region (p = 0.026). Additionally, at the 90-day time period (90 days prior to the blood draw), Foxp3 methylation was positively associated with NO2, CO, and PM2.5 exposures (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.012, respectively). In the subset of subjects retested 2 years later (n = 33), a positive association between AAP exposure and methylation was sustained. There was also a negative correlation between the average Foxp3 methylation of the promoter region and activated Treg levels (p = 0.039) and a positive correlation between the average IL10 methylation of region 3 of intron 4 and IL10 cytokine expression (p = 0.030).ConclusionsShort-term and long-term exposures to high levels of CO, NO2, and PM2.5 were associated with alterations in differentially methylated regions of Foxp3. IL10 methylation showed a similar trend. For any given individual, these changes tend to be sustained over time. In addition, asthma was associated with higher differentially methylated regions of Foxp3 and IL10.

Aiming at the problem of the poor performance of an Mn-MOF-74-derived Mn3O4 catalyst in low-temperature carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation, copper (Cu) and cerium (Ce) elements were used to modify the Mn3O4 catalyst to improve its performance in low-temperature CO oxidation. According to the results of catalytic performance testing, the CO oxidation activity of the Cu0.3Mn2.7O4 catalyst was significantly improved compared with that of the pristine Mn3O4 catalyst, when a CO conversion rate of 90% was achieved at 118 °C. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses, the (Mn2+ + Mn3+)/(Mn2+ + Mn3+ + Mn4+) ratio and the Oads/Ototal ratio increased after Cu doping, indicating promoted oxygen vacancy generation. In addition, the increased specific surface area was beneficial for the adsorption of reactant molecules and the exposure of active sites. According to H2-temperature-programmed reduction characterization, Cu doping significantly enhanced the performance of the Cu0.3Mn2.7O4 catalyst during low-temperature redox. Finally, these factors synergistically promoted the degradation of CO over the Cu0.3Mn2.7O4 catalyst. In addition, operando diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggested the presence of more terminal-type oxygen, which is essential for the catalytic oxidation of CO on the surface of the Cu0.3Mn2.7O4 catalyst. Moreover, the Cu0.3Mn2.7O4 catalyst also showed excellent resistance to carbonate, and remarkable stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of electron transfer on Pt–CeO2 (PCH) was achieved by adjusting strong metal–support interaction (SMSI). With an increase in SMSI, there was an initial increase followed by a decline in the concentration of total acid sites and oxygen vacancies (Ov) on PCH. The activity of PCH showed the same trend. Lewis acid is the main acid site of PCH, which facilitates the activation of lattice oxygen and the formation of Pt0 species, which improves the oxygen cycling ability of PCH. Brønsted acid assists in the formation of Ov. PCH450 showed the best co-catalytic activity for toluene and CO due to its highest Brønsted/Lewis acid value (0.211) and abundant Ov. At a 90% conversion rate (T90), the conversion temperature of toluene in mixed pollutants is advanced by 15 °C and that of CO is delayed by 28 °C. The findings of in situ DRIFTS indicated that CO shortens the reaction path of toluene, and toluene reduces the reaction rate of CO. Therefore, CO promotes toluene catalysis on PCH. Despite the competitive adsorption of mixed pollutants in the co-catalytic system, their reaction pathways remain independent. This study provides a theoretical basis for the thermal catalytic technology of industrial waste gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer is a serious threat to human life, health and social development. In recent years, nanomicelles, as an emerging drug carrier material, have gradually entered people's field of vision because of their advantages of improving bioavailability, maintaining drug levels, reducing systemic side effects and increasing drug accumulation at target sites. Methods: In this study, B-GPSG nano-micelles were prepared by film dispersion hydration method using brucine as model drug and glycyrrhetinic acid-polyethylene glycol-3-methylene glycol-dithiodipropionic acid-glycerol monostearate polymer as nano-carrier. The preparation process, characterization, drug release in vitro, pharmacokinetics and liver targeting were investigated. Results: The results showed that the range of particle size, polydispersion index and Zeta potential were 102.7 ± 1.09 nm, 0.201 ± 0.02 and −24.5 ± 0.19 mV respectively. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 83.79 ± 2.13% and 12.56 ± 0.09%, respectively. The drug release experiments in vitro and pharmacokinetic experiments showed that it had obvious sustained release effect. For pharmacokinetics study, it shows that both the B-GPSG solution group and the B-PSG solution group changed the metabolic kinetic parameters of brucine, but the B-GPSG solution group had a better effect. Compared with the B-PSG solution group, the drug was more prolonged in rats. The half-life in the body and the retention time in the body of B-GPSG are more helpful to improve the bioavailability of the drug and play a long-term effect. The tail vein injection results of mice indicate that B-GPSG can target and accumulate brucine in the liver without affecting other key organs. Cell uptake experiments and tissue distribution experiments in vivo show that glycyrrhetinic acid modified nano-micelles can increase the accumulation of brucine in hepatocytes, has a good liver targeting effect, and can be used as a new preparation for the treatment of liver cancer. Conclusion: The B-SPSG prepared in this experiment can provide a new treatment method and research idea for the treatment of liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Omalizumab (XOLAIR®)‐assisted multi‐food oral immunotherapy (mOIT) has been shown to safely, effectively, and rapidly desensitize patients with multiple food allergies. In our clinical trial (NCT02626611) on omalizumab‐assisted mOIT, different desensitization outcomes (success or failure of desensitization) were observed following a period of either continued or discontinued mOIT. However, the association between the immunological changes induced by omalizumab‐assisted mOIT and desensitization outcomes has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, due to the key roles of regulatory T (Treg) cells and the type 2 helper T cell (Th2) pathway in immune tolerance to food allergens, we aimed to characterize their association with the desensitization outcomes of omalizumab‐assisted mOIT.Mass cytometry and multiplex cytokine assays were performed on blood samples obtained from participants with allergies to peanut, cashew, or milk in our phase 2 clinical study (NCT02626611). Comprehensive statistical and bioinformatic analyses were conducted on high‐dimensional cytometry‐based single‐cell data and high‐throughput multiplex cytokine data.Our results demonstrated that the frequency of HLA‐DR+ Treg cells, and the production of Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, and IL‐9) as well as the immunoregulatory cytokine IL‐10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly increased in cultures with allergen compared to cultures with media alone at baseline (Week 0). We also observed increased frequency of allergen responsive HLA‐DR+ Treg cells and enhanced production of IL‐10 by PBMCs in participants who achieved successful desensitization compared to those with failure of desensitization. However, the production of Th2 cytokines by PBMCs did not show significant differences between participants with different desensitization outcomes (success vs. failure of desensitization), despite omalizumab‐assisted mOIT inducing a significant reduction in the production of Th2 cytokines.We demonstrated that the frequency of HLA‐DR+ Treg cells and IL‐10 cytokine production by PBMCs are associated with desensitization outcomes of omalizumab‐assisted mOIT. These findings suggest potential immunological parameters that could be targeted to enhance desensitization success rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiaoying Zhou, Wenting Su, Quanwei Bao, Yu Cui, Xiaoxu Li, Yidong Yang, Chengzhong Yang, Chengyuan Wang, Li Jiao, Dewei Chen, and Jian Huang. Nitric oxide ameliorates the effects of hypoxia in mice by regulating oxygen transport by hemoglobin. High Alt Med Biol. 25:174–185, 2024.—Hypoxia is a common pathological and physiological phenomenon in ischemia, cancer, and strenuous exercise. Nitric oxide (NO) acts as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in hypoxic vasodilation and serves as an allosteric regulator of hemoglobin (Hb). However, the ultimate effects of NO on the hematological system in vivo remain unknown, especially in extreme environmental hypoxia. Whether NO regulation of the structure of Hb improves oxygen transport remains unclear. Hence, we examined whether NO altered the oxygen affinity of Hb (Hb-O2 affinity) to protect extremely hypoxic mice. Mice were exposed to severe hypoxia with various concentrations of NO, and the survival time, exercise capacity, and other physical indexes were recorded. The survival time was prolonged in the 5 ppm NO (6.09 ± 1.29 minutes) and 10 ppm NO (6.39 ± 1.58 minutes) groups compared with the 0 ppm group (4.98 ± 1.23 minutes). Hypoxia of the brain was relieved, and the exercise exhaustion time was prolonged when mice inhaled 20 ppm NO (24.70 ± 6.87 minutes vs. 20.23 ± 6.51 minutes). In addition, the differences in arterial oxygen saturation (SO2%) (49.64 ± 7.29% vs. 42.90 ± 4.30%) and arteriovenous SO2% difference (25.14 ± 8.95% vs. 18.10 ± 6.90%) obviously increased. In ex vivo experiments, the oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) left shifted as P50 decreased from 43.77 ± 2.49 mmHg (0 ppm NO) to 40.97 ± 1.40 mmHg (100 ppm NO) and 38.36 ± 2.78 mmHg (200 ppm NO). Furthermore, the Bohr effect of Hb was enhanced by the introduction of 200 ppm NO (−0.72 ± 0.062 vs.−0.65 ± 0.051), possibly allowing Hb to more easily offload oxygen in tissue at lower pH. The crystal structure reveals a greater distance between Asp94β-His146β in nitrosyl -Hb(NO-Hb), NO-HbβCSO93, and S-NitrosoHb(SNO-Hb) compared to tense Hb(T-Hb, 3.7 Å, 4.3 Å, and 5.8 Å respectively, versus 3.5 Å for T-Hb). Moreover, hydrogen bonds were less likely to form, representing a key limitation of relaxed Hb (R-Hb). Upon NO interaction with Hb, hydrogen bonds and salt bridges were less favored, facilitating relaxation. We speculated that NO ameliorated the effects of hypoxia in mice by promoting erythrocyte oxygen loading in the lung and offloading in tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical strategy of oral supplementation of Vitamin D (VD) as a preventive and therapeutic measure for warts needs further exploration. Methods: The clinical data of patients with skin diseases who visited the Children's Hospital affiliated with Chongqing Medical University from February 2018 to June 2024 were collected. The serum VD levels in patients with warts (common warts, flat warts, and plantar warts) and patients with other common skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and chronic urticaria) were compared. Two‐sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate potential causal associations between VD and warts. Results: The average serum VD level of children with warts was 23.27 ± 7.07 ng/mL, which showed no statistically significant difference compared to children with other common skin diseases. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method analysis indicated a positive causal relationship between VD and warts (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.86, [95% CI: 1.19−2.92], p = 0.007). Sensitivity analysis did not show any indication of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity. The MR‐PRESSO method did not identify any outliers. Conclusion: The levels of serum VD in children with warts do not significantly decrease compared to children with other common skin conditions. The evidence from the MR analysis indicates a positive causal relationship between VD and warts, suggesting caution in supplementing VD for children with warts who have normal or elevated serum VD levels. Further clinical studies are needed for validation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glycyrrhetinic acid-mediated brucine self-assembled nanomicelles enhance the anti-hepatitis B properties of brucine by improving its water solubility, short half-life, toxicity, and side effects. Brucine (B) is an indole alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae). Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the Brucine-Glycyrrhetnic acid-Polyethylene glycol-3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid-Glycerin monostearate (B-GPSG) in treating hepatitis B, its potential to protect against acute liver injury caused by d -galactosamine and its anti-hepatoma activities were studied. Research Design: The concentration of B-GPSG used in the in vivo and in vitro experiments was 0.63 mg/mL. The rats injected with d -GalN (450 mg/kg) were used as liver injury models. The rats were separated into normal, model, positive, positive control, B-PSG and B-GPSG groups. Hepatoma cells expressing HBV HepG2.2.15 were used for in vitro experiments. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, plate cloning, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry were conducted to explore the mechanism of B-GPSG against hepatitis B. Results: Compared with the model group, the liver coefficient of B-GPSG group decreased (4.59 ± 0.17 vs 5.88 ± 0.42), the content of MDA in rat liver homogenate decreased (12.54 ± 1.81 vs 23.05 ± 2.98), the activity of SOD increased, the activity of ALT and AST in rat serum decreased. In vitro, the IC50 values of B-GPSG group decreased. B-GPSG group effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of HepG2.2.15 cells. Conclusions: The hepatoprotective effects of B-GPSG nanomicelles, which are attributed to their GA-mediated liver targeting and synergistic actions with brucine, suggest their therapeutic potential against hepatitis B. This development opens up new possibilities for the application of traditional Chinese medicine and nanomedicine in anti-hepatitis B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effect of the spontaneous imbibition (SI) and waterflooding on oil recovery in the tight sandstone reservoirs, we selected three pairs of tight sandstone samples from the Ordos Basin in China to conduct the SI-plus-waterflooding and waterflooding-only experiments, and monitor the oil distribution and flow characteristics by using the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. One interesting observation was that oil extracted in the SI process mainly comes from macropores and micropores, which doesn't agree with the previous results wherein oil was produced from micropores, and oil was produced from the mesopores during the waterflooding after the SI process. The oil recovery factor of tight sandstone samples in the process of the SI-plus-waterflooding was more than 50%, and even more than 85%, which was greater than that in the waterflooding-only process. Moreover, we found that our tight sandstone samples behaved lower residual oil saturation, and wider oil-water two-phase co-flow region during the SI-plus-waterflooding process than that did during the waterflooding-only process. These differences in behavior appear to be linked to the fluid dynamic characteristics and capillary pressure acting on the flow fluid during the two processes. In summary, the SI-plus-waterflooding overcame the limitations related to waterflooding-only and further improved oil recovery factor in the tight sandstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research assesses the determinants impacting the behavior in rural tourism destinations regarding tourists' waste sorting (WSB), emphasizing the significance of social norms and peer networks. Survey data was gathered from 955 participants in rural tourist destinations across Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces. The empirical findings illuminate several crucial aspects: (1) social norms and peer networks wield a positive, catalyzing influence on tourists' WSB in rural tourism settings. (2) Peer attitudes shape tourists' WSB, and environmental cognition plays a pivotal mediating role. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive exploration of the influence of social norms and peer networks on tourists' WSB in rural tourism destinations, highlighting the unique interplay of cognitive, behavioral, and attitudinal factors in this context. (3) Cognitive norms and behavioral norms have a more significant impact on female tourists. (4) For frequent travel groups, social norms affect waste‐sorting behavior less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Branch angle (BA) is a critical morphological trait that significantly influences planting density, light interception and ultimately yield in plants. Despite its importance, the regulatory mechanism governing BA in rapeseed remains poorly understood. In this study, we generated 109 transcriptome data sets for 37 rapeseed accessions with divergent BA phenotypes. Relative to adaxial branch segments, abaxial segments accumulated higher levels of auxin and exhibited lower expression of six TCP1 homologues and one GA20ox3. A co‐expression network analysis identified two modules highly correlated with BA. The modules contained homologues to known BA control genes, such as FUL, YUCCA6, TCP1 and SGR3. Notably, a homoeologous exchange (HE), occurring at the telomeres of A09, was prevalent in large BA accessions, while an A02‐C02 HE was common in small BA accessions. In their corresponding regions, these HEs explained the formation of hub gene hotspots in the two modules. QTL‐seq analysis confirmed that the presence of a large A07‐C06 HE (~8.1 Mb) was also associated with a small BA phenotype, and BnaA07.WRKY40.b within it was predicted as candidate gene. Overexpressing BnaA07.WRKY40.b in rapeseed increased BA by up to 20°, while RNAi‐ and CRISPR‐mediated mutants (BnaA07.WRKY40.b and BnaC06.WRKY40.b) exhibited decreased BA by up to 11.4°. BnaA07.WRKY40.b was exclusively localized to the nucleus and exhibited strong expression correlations with many genes related to gravitropism and plant architecture. Taken together, our study highlights the influence of HEs on rapeseed plant architecture and confirms the role of WRKY40 homologues as novel regulators of BA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]