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Owing to limited computational resources and the very large difference between electrical and thermal time constants, simulation for resonantly operated DC--DC converters using physical or ideal switching model is very time-consuming or impossible. In this contribution, a novel thermal--electrical averaging model of resonantly operated DC--DC converters is proposed to reduce the computational burden and time consumption. The thermal--electrical model is based on extended describing function method. All required parameters for the thermal model can be obtained from the datasheets or on the website. The thermal--electrical models are applied in series--parallel resonant converters with LC-type and C-type output filters as examples, and verified by comparison with two standard simulation tools. The thermal--electrical modelling procedure proposed in this contribution can of course also be applied for other types of resonant converters, such as series resonant converter, parallel resonant converter and multi-phase resonant converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the potential application of the intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoid (ICO) differentiation model to study liver development. Methods Combining CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology and ICO differentiation model, bulk RNA-seq data of the organoids cultured in expansion medium, differentiation medium, and differentiation medium after Hnf4α knockout were used to analyze the transdifferentiation process of ICO, and public single-cell transcriptome data sets were used to analyze the differentiation during fetal liver development. The two differentiation processes were compared in three aspects: the change of gene expression, biological function, and transcriptional regulation taking Hnf4α regulon as an example. Results The change of gene expression during ICO transdifferentiation was almost consistent with that in liver development. The up-regulated genes during transdifferentiation were mainly enriched in metabolism-related pathways closely associated biological functions of liver parenchymal cells. The downstream target genes of Hnf4α during ICO transdifferentiation were overlapped with those in fetal liver development. Conclusions ICO transdifferentiation model can partially simulate the differentiation process of fetal liver development.