Search

Participants in electricity markets are becoming more proactive because of the fast development of DERs and DSM, which also boosts the emergence of P2P market mechanisms. Moreover, the market is also required to operate in a real-time scheme in response to changes in generation and load to maintain power balance. Therefore, a practicable real-time P2P market mechanism is in urgent need. However, it is technically challenging to deploy P2P mechanisms in real-time, since they most often involve a heavy computation burden, while the time available for negotiation in real-time is very short. Our core contribution is to design a novel asynchronous online optimization framework to enable the real-time P2P market negotiation mechanism, which can greatly reduce the computation and communication burden from two aspects. First, a novel online consensus ADMM algorithm is proposed, which can greatly reduce the computation complexity since only one iteration is performed for each agent in every time period. Second, the market operates in an asynchronous mode so that all agents can freely trade without waiting for idle neighboring agents. The sublinear regret upper bound is proved for our online algorithm, which indicates that social welfare can be maximized in the long run on time average.

Carbon emissions from buildings account for approximately half of China's total social carbon emissions. Focusing only on the carbon emissions of building operation tends to neglect the carbon emissions of other related parts of the building sector, thus slowing down the progress of carbon peaking in the building sector. By applying life-cycle analysis to calculate carbon emissions throughout the building's life cycle, the performance of carbon emissions at each stage of building materials, construction, operation and end-of-life demolition can be identified, so that carbon reduction strategies in building design can be selected.. This paper constructed a method for calculating the carbon emissions of green buildings in whole-building life cycle, and conducted a summary analysis of the carbon emissions of 33 projects that were awarded green building certification. The study found that the Chinese Assessment Standard for Green Buildings has a significant effect on reducing the carbon emissions of buildings in whole-building life cycle. Compared with the current average operational carbon emissions of buildings in China, the carbon intensity of green public buildings is 41.43% lower under this standard and the carbon intensity of green residential buildings is 13.99% lower. A carbon correlation analysis of the provisions of the current Chinese Assessment Standard for Green Buildings was conducted, comparing the changes in the carbon intensity of buildings before and after the revision of the standards. The study concluded that the new version of the standards has a greater impact on public buildings than residential buildings, the requirement of carbon emission reduction in the production stage of building materials is strengthened in terms of carbon emission during the whole-building life cycle. This study addresses the current problem of unclear carbon emission reduction effect of green buildings.

PP-wave azimuthal elastic impedance (EI) data inverted from azimuthal prestack seismic reflection data can be theoretically and practically used for fluid- and fracture-property discrimination in naturally porous and fluid-saturated fractured reservoirs within the exploration seismic frequency band. From the perspective of the low-frequency Biot-Gassmann theory, Russell’s fluid indicator can be stably applied to fluid identification in hard-rock fractured reservoirs. Based on the low-frequency anisotropic poroelasticity theory, we first derive an azimuthal PP-wave reflection coefficient and an azimuthal EI equation in terms of Russell’s fluid indicator (a combination of acoustic impedances and dry-rock velocity ratio without the effect of squirt flow in the seismic frequency range) and two fracture indicators (i.e., normal and tangential fracture weaknesses). Using azimuthal differences in EI data, we then develop a three-step inversion method of EI difference versus angle and azimuth. It can be used accurately to estimate the fluid and fracture indicators and characterize the sensitive properties of saturated fractured porous reservoirs. Noisy synthetic data are used to verify the stability and robustness of the proposed hierarchical impedance inversion approach. A real data set acquired over a gas-bearing fractured reservoir is also used to obtain the sensitive indicators of the fluid and fracture properties, which agree well with the well-log data. Thus, our hierarchical inversion approach provides a more straightforward and efficient manner to characterize the porous and fluid-saturated fractured reservoirs.

SUMMARY The stability of partial differential equations determines the properties of their solutions. This study focuses on the stability analysis of the equations describing wave propagation in fluids-saturated porous media. We briefly introduce the stability analysis method for the wave propagation equations and discuss the adverse effects on the solutions. In this way, the first part of this paper is mainly devoted to the analysis of the Tuncay and Corapcioglu's (TC) model, which describes the dynamic behaviour of porous media saturated with two immiscible fluids. It is pointed out that the TC model allows spatially bounded but time-exponentially exploding solutions and may yield unstable numerical results. Based on the deduced unstable factors, we construct a stable equivalent fluid (SEF) model. We rigorously analyse the stability of the SEF model using the energy method. For predicting the influence of saturation on wave velocity, the robustness of this model is preserved due to its consistency with the original TC model. Furthermore, the numerical simulations of the wavefields show that the results of the TC model exponentially increase with time after the initial effective wave signal, which does not occur in the SEF model curves. This indicates the necessity of considering the stability from a mathematical point of view during the construction of physical model. It could be useful to merge the mathematical stability theory with the geophysical wave propagation modelling theory.

Due to the fast development of distributed energy resources and demand-side response management, agents in electricity markets are becoming more proactive, which boosts the development of peer-to-peer (P2P) market mechanisms. However, to our knowledge, none of the existing works considers clearing both energy and reserve via a P2P market mechanism in order to compensate for the uncertainty originating from renewable generation and allocate the reserve cost induced by uncertainty fairly. In this article, a novel P2P joint energy and reserve market is proposed, where each agent can negotiate with neighboring agents to determine the quantities and prices of traded energy and reserve. We model the renewable generation uncertainty by versatile distribution and determine the required reserve based on a chance-constrained optimization approach. Then, a fully decentralized P2P market based on consensus alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) theory is proposed. In addition, to further lower the social cost, we exploit the correlation and complementarity among uncertainties and design a renewable community-based market, where all renewable agents share uncertainty information to community manager for calculating total required reserve. Finally, simulation results show the convergence performance, fairness and scalability of our market mechanism.

Under similar hydrothermal conditions, via using the mixed-ligand method, two 3-D coordination polymers (CPs) [Zn(HIPA)(bmimb)]n (1, bmimb = 1,4-bis(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene)) and [Cu2(HIP...

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) in the smart grid, the problem of phase imbalance in a three-phase distribution system becomes more challenging. In this paper, we propose a phase balancing (PB) scheme performed by PEVs. With PB remunerations introduced as financial incentives, PEV owners are encouraged to assist the distribution system operator in reducing the phase imbalance. This is achieved by exploiting the charging flexibility of PEV batteries. We formulate this problem into a non-smooth non-cooperative game, where each PEV owner autonomously minimizes his/her charging cost minus the PB remuneration, considering decisions of other PEV owners. Through transforming this game into a smooth extended one, we are able to solve this challenging problem. Specifically, existence of its Nash equilibrium (NE) is demonstrated, and a distributed algorithm is developed to achieve the NE. Convergence proof of this algorithm is also provided. Simulation results validate our proposed scheme, and illustrate that both PEV owners and the distribution system operator will benefit financially. Moreover, the power quality and system reliability of the distribution network can also be improved.

Optimally scheduling power consumption of appliances is the essential feature of smart grid, which enables Demand Response Management (DRM) and helps to shape the power usage profile. This problem is often required to be solved in face of a large number of appliances and many time slots; thus the computational efficiency of solving a large scale optimal power scheduling problem with limited computational resources becomes the major concern of algorithm design. To this end, a novel algorithm is proposed based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to solve the optimal power scheduling problem with temporally spatially coupled constraints in a distributed manner. The proposed algorithm converts the original problem into equivalently solving an optimal KKT operator in a much lower dimension, thus the computation speed is greatly enhanced. In addition, the proposed method dose not require a step size in the iteration process, thus avoids the oscillation of numerical solution caused by problem parameter changes. Compared with the widely used conventional algorithms, e.g., interior point method and dual decomposition, the higher computational speed and less sensitivity to the problem parameter setting are observed in numerical simulations.

Considering that the development of science and technology depends on metal support, the EU, USA, and China have issued a critical metal list on the development report. However, the scarce and important mineral deposits on a global scale will not be enough to meet the huge needs of economic development in the future. Many fields such as renewable energy, high-performance computing, and AI all require critical metals as essential supports. A proper price regulation of such important metals will contribute to the fair price power on the international market. In this paper, the pricing history and strategy of critical metal support are fully studied and discussed. Since China has become a major consumer country, China should gain fair price power in the market of important metals.

Hot dry rock (HDR) is a geothermal resource with a high temperature that is widely distributed and has good potential as a clean and renewable energy source. To determine underground electrical structures and to predict granite reservoir distributions, the wide-field electromagnetic (WFEM) method has been applied to explore deep mineral resources and has advantages such as explorations at greater depths and at high resolutions. In this study, a WFEM investigation was carried out for HDR exploration in Gonghe Basin within Qinghai Province. Six parallel survey lines, each spaced apart by 1 km, were designed for WFEM data acquisition. After data processing and inversion, we mapped the subsurface resistivity distribution and divided the inversion resistivity of HDR in the Qiabuqia area into four layers. From the WFEM results, we inferred the location of HDRs, which was verified using drilling wells. HDRs were found at a depth between 3200 m and 3705 m in the well. Furthermore, with the calibration of drilling well GR1, we provided the relationship between temperature and inversion resistivity. From this relationship, the exploration areas with mining potential can be determined.

Seismic precursors prior to the failure of rocks are essential for probing the nucleation process and mitigating hazards. However, such precursory events before large landslides are rarely reported possibly due to the lack of near-source observations. The 2017 Nuugaatsiaq, Greenland landslide that was preceded by an abundance of small earthquakes and captured by a local seismic station is a notable exception and offers us a valuable opportunity to investigate how a large landslide initiated. Prior work suggests that accelerated creeping plays an important role during the landslide nucleation process. However, by analyzing the temporal evolution of the waveform similarities, waveform amplitudes, and inter-event times of the seismic precursors, we find that the Nuugaatsiaq landslide was very likely triggered by a series of accelerated and migratory small earthquakes approaching the nucleation area of the upcoming landslide, thus providing important insights into the failure initiation of massive landslides.

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury is a severe disease, which may cause serious dysfunction of the brain. Most circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been demonstrated to play a significant role in CIR injury. However, a novel circRNA, circ_0062166 (circ_BCL2L13) has not been investigated for CIR injury. Hence, we aim to disclose the role of circ_0062166 in CIR injury in this study.Firstly, RT-qPCR was applied to examine the expression of circ_0062166 in oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model. Functional assays were conducted to detect the role of circ_0062166 in CIR injury. RNA pull down, RIP and luciferase reporter assays were implemented to probe into the regulatory mechanism of circ_0062166.Circ_0062166 was significantly up-regulated in neuro-2A (N2A) neuroblastoma cells following OGD/R. Functionally, the silencing of circ_0062166 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis under OGD/R condition. From the perspective of mechanism, circ_0062166 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for microRNA-526b-5p (miR-526b-5p) and regulated BCL2 like 13 (BCL2L13). Eventually, the promoting role of the circ_0062166/miR-526b-5p/BCL2L13 axis in the CIR injury was verified.To sum up, the present study has demonstrated that circ_0062166/miR-526b-5p/BCL2L13 axis accelerated the progression of CIR injury, which might provide effective strategies for CIR injury therapy.

Matrix decompositions play a prominent role in the theoretical study and numerical calculation of split quaternion mechanics. This paper, by means of a complex representation of split quaternion matrices, introduces Gaussian elimination of split quaternion matrices, and obtains a complex structure-preserving algorithm for split quaternion matrix LDU decomposition. Numerical examples show that the complex structure-preserving algorithm is more efficient.

The grid chosen for marine controlled-source electromagnetic forward modeling and inversion is important because it affects the accuracy and efficiency of the latter. Providing these kinds of results is particularly difficult for offshore exploration. In this study, we compared a structured and unstructured grid using three models. Complex geometry, accuracy, and convergence central processing unit (CPU) time were considered to compare the different grids based on the inversion results. These showed that the structured grid provided an accurate resistivity model and a complex geometry model no worse than the unstructured grid. Furthermore, if the number of the iterations was the same CPU calculations took less time using the structured grid. Sometimes, the structured grid sometimes needed more iterations than the unstructured grid, but the CPU time costs still less than the unstructured grid. These results show that the structured grid is a better choice to invert marine controlled source electromagnetic data for offshore exploration.

A 3D seismic image contains structural and stratigraphic features such as reflections, faults, and channels. When smoothing such an image, we want to enhance all of these features so that they are easier to interpret. Most smoothing methods aim to enhance reflections but may blur faults and channels in the image. A few methods smooth seismic reflections while preserving faults and channel boundaries. However, it has not well-discussed to smooth simultaneously along the seismic reflections and channels, which are linear features apparent within dipping reflections. In addition, to interpret faults and channels, extra steps are required to compute attributes or mappings of faults and channels from a seismic image. Such fault and channel attributes are often sensitive to noise because they are typically computed as discontinuities of seismic reflections. In this paper, we have developed methods to simultaneously enhance seismic reflections, faults, and channels while obtaining mappings of the faults and channels. In these methods, we first estimate the orientations of the reflections, faults, and channels directly in a seismic image. We then use the estimated orientations to control the smoothing directions in an efficient iterative diffusion scheme to smooth a seismic image along the reflections and channels. In this iterative scheme, we also efficiently compute mappings of faults and channels, which are used to control smoothing extents in the diffusion to stop smoothing across them. This diffusion scheme iteratively smooths a seismic image along reflections and channels while updating the mappings of faults and channels. By doing this, we will finally obtain an enhanced seismic image (with enhanced reflections and channels and sharpened faults) and cleaned mappings of faults and channels (discontinuities related to noise are cleaned up). We have examined the methods using 2D and 3D real seismic images.

A self-powered 3D activity inertial sensor (3DAIS) is proposed for multi-axis acceleration and rotation inertial sensing. The 3DAIS consists of magnetic buckyballs encapsulated inside a 3D–printed spherical shell, with multi-layers of PTFE, PVDF and Al films fabricated on the inner walls of the shell and wire coils winded on the outside. The device demonstrated good performance in hand motion recognition and human activity state monitoring application. When operating as a 6-axis inertial sensor, the 3DAIS is able to sense X, Y and Z-acceleration during linear motion as well as detect roll, pitch and yaw angular velocity during rotational motion. The device possesses self-powering ability as well and is able to harvest energy through hybrid mechanisms of piezoelectric, electromagnetic and triboelectric from various energy sources such as 3D vibration, rotation and human motion, etc. The proposed 3DAIS can potentially pave the way to an advance motion sensing system with self-powering capability for wearables and healthcare telemedicine applications.

This paper aims to present, in a unified manner, the algebraic techniques of eigen-problem which are valid on both the quaternions and split quaternions. This paper studies eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the v-quaternion matrices by means of the complex representation of the v-quaternion matrices, and derives an algebraic technique to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of v-quaternion matrices. This paper also gives a unification of algebraic techniques for eigenvalues and eigenvectors in quaternionic and split quaternionic mechanics.

This paper aims to present, in a unified manner, algebraic techniques for linear equations which are valid on both the algebras of quaternions and split quaternions. This paper, introduces a concept of v-quaternion, studies the problem of v-quaternionic linear equations by means of a complex representation and a real representation of v-quaternion matrices, and gives two algebraic methods for solving v-quaternionic linear equations. This paper also gives a unification of algebraic techniques for quaternionic and split quaternionic linear equations in quaternionic and split quaternionic mechanics.

In order to meet the requirements of the development trend of large aperture space deployable antenna, based on the characteristics of cellular structure, a configuration scheme of support mechanism for hexagonal prism modular deployable antenna is proposed. The topological law of the module is studied, and the configuration design is carried out. Then the multi module kinematic model is established, and the numerical simulation analysis is carried out. The experiment results show that the deployable antenna support mechanism can be successfully deployed in many deployment tests, and there is no jamming fault, which indicates that the mechanism configuration principle and design structure scheme are feasible. The research results provide a reference for other types of deployable antenna mechanism.

Owing to the fast deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the further development of demand-side management, small agents in electricity markets are becoming more proactive. This may boost the development of peer-to-peer (P2P) market mechanisms. Meanwhile, since actual load and power generation may substantially deviate from schedules obtained at the day-ahead (forward) market stage, it is needed to rapidly reschedule the trades among agents to maintain power balance through a real-time market mechanism, also in a P2P framework. However, it is technically challenging to develop and operate such P2P market mechanisms in real-time, since they most often involve a heavy computational burden (e.g., based on iterative distributed optimization approaches), while real-time trading demands fast calculation. Our core contribution is hence to describe and analyze a novel online optimization framework to enable the real-time P2P market. It relies on online social welfare maximization using a novel online consensus alternating direction method of multipliers (OC-ADMM) algorithm. The computational complexity is then heavily reduced since only one iteration is performed for each agent at every time step in order to satisfy real-time requirements. We derive a sublinear non-stationary regret upper bound for our algorithm, which implies that social welfare will be maximized in the long run. Simulations based on a number of case studies show that our algorithm has good convergence performance, tracking ability, and high computational efficiency.

During the re-entry of the spacecraft, it will encounter severe environmental effects such as aerodynamic heating and multi-degree-of-freedom vibration, which brings challenges to the reliability assurance of the secondary power module installed in the bulkhead. In this paper, the transient thermal shock and three-axis six-degree-of-freedom vibration conditions applied to the secondary power module are obtained based on the measured aerothermodynamics data from the flight and the thermal transfer model from the outside to the inside of the spacecraft bulkhead. Next, a finite element model of the secondary power module is established and the thermal transfer characteristics of the model are verified through thermal equilibrium tests and modal tests. Then, simulation analysis is performed under transient thermal shock, three-axis six-degree- of-freedom vibration, and transient thermal shock + three-axis six-degree-of-freedom vibration. The key components with the largest stress-strain response are identified. In addition, the failure modes and mechanisms of the comprehensive thermal effects of the key components are analyzed and the CalcePWA reliability simulation based on the failure mechanism is carried out, from which the physical laws of the failure of the key components are obtained. The thermal environmental effects and failure modes of the secondary power module during the ground development, launch, and orbit flight reveal that the failure mode of the relay’s contact resistance increases during the reentry process will become more severe. The ground test optimization and design improvements can ensure the task reliability during reentry.

Strengthening organization and implementation to build a healthy China, is a major strategic task to cover modernization construction of our country. Strengthening organization and implementation is the key to ensuring the effective implementation of the goals and tasks of the Healthy China construction, and the key to transforming the blueprint into the effective improvement of people health. For the goal of on building moderately prosperous society by 2020, it has great significance to realize the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of China. The Outline proposed that organization and leadership should be strengthened, and the evaluation system of health impact assessment should be established, to create a good social atmosphere and carry out the conduct monitoring work.

As the core of the Plan, the target indicators for building a healthy China are a high degree of conciseness and summary of the development tasks and the fundamental basis for the implementation of all major tasks and major policies. With clear orientation and constraints, they are of great importance to strengthening the binding force of the Outline and ensuring the implementation of the Outline. The main targets and indicators of the Outline are supposed to closely focus on the national strategy of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and achieving the “two centenary goals.” Moreover, they need to fully consider the convergence with the goals of various stages of economic and social development, and with the requirements of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this way the international comparability of indicators will be improved. The combination of taking a long-term perspective and focusing on the present must be adhered to, with consideration given to both guidance and maneuverability. It will be necessary to put an emphasis on the overall importance and representativeness of the main indicators, and to ensure that the indicators are clearly defined. With a stable source of data, the indicators will be measured, decomposed, and assessed, in order to make the annual data and provincial data accessible and to meet the requirements for the monitoring and evaluation of the Outline. Thus the binding force and maneuverability of the Outline will be guaranteed.

Firstly, the rapid development of urbanization has led to an increasing population of agricultural transfer. In 1978–2015, the urbanization rate in China increased by around 1.03 percentage points annually on average. In 2015, the total number of rural migrant workers reached 277.47 million, an increase of 35.24 million over 2010 (Fig. 3.1).

Health is the foundation of the all-round development of human beings and of the great significance to safeguarding national security, social stability and unity, and the economic development. Human resources are the first resource of China’s economic and social development. Health human resource is the health guardian of the people and an important support for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, a healthy China and realizing the basic medical and health services for all. Health human resource status determines the level, ability and effectiveness of health service, and is the first resource for the undertaking of hygiene and health. Building a health human resource team of sufficient number, high quality, structure of optimization, and reasonable distribution is the foundation of our country’s continuous development of hygiene and health undertaking, and an important task to protect the health of the people. Strengthening the construction of health human resources is the overall requirement to implement the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development. In particular, with the deepening of the reform of medical and health system, the decisive position and role of the health talents are fully recognized, and the need to strengthen the construction of the health personnel team is becoming more and more urgent. The first is that with the development of economy and the changes of residents’ lifestyle, as well as the development of aging and urbanization, the demand for health services such as chronic diseases, public health, rehabilitation, elderly care and maternal and child health care is increasing. The second is that with the establishment of the hierarchical system of medical diagnosis and treatment, and the rapid development of information technology, the medical and health service mode and service level are deeply affected. The third is that with the globalization of health and the implementation of “One Belt and One Road” development strategy, higher requirements are put forward for international cooperation in the field of hygiene and health. All these changes have put forward the new requirements for health human resources. The talent problem is inevitable in further development of hygiene and health industry, for health talent is the health service provider and the powerful promoter of healthy China strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve policies, strengthen human resources construction, arouse enthusiasm, and continuously meet the growing needs for health services of the people.

Deepening the reform of medical and health system, greatly focused on by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, is an important part of comprehensively deepening reform and a major livelihood project of hearts and minds to safeguard the health and well-being of the people. After launching a new round of medical and health reform in 2009, and especially since the 18th national congress of the communist Party of China, deepening the medical reform has been put to a more important position in the overall cause of the Party and the state by means of the overall planning, comprehensive promotion, continuous improvement of the top-level design. A relatively perfect institutional framework has been established and the significant progress and mark results in deepening reform made.

During the 12th 5-Year Plan Period, the State Council issued National Fitness Program (2011–2015) and the local governments above county level also issued Implementation Program for National Fitness. With the implementation of these programs, the national fitness campaign was widely carried out and people’s physical fitness and health kept on improving, which were mainly revealed in the following aspects

Healthy living refers to the habitual behaviors beneficial to one’s health, which should include the following aspects: well-balanced diets, moderate exercises, tobacco and alcohol control and psychological balance. According to the study by the World Health Organization, living style and behaviors account for as much as 60% among the four factors influencing individuals’ health and life expectancy. Therefore, promoting healthy living for all is one of the key links to promote the health of the human being, a pilot and basic work for preventing and controlling various diseases, an important approach to improving health literacy of the citizens and the average social labor productivity, as well as an important means to helping building healthy China.

As China’s economy goes into the new normal, hard constraints such as resources, environment and climate variation will slow it down. However, the great potential for economic development and the inertia for economic growth will still keep China’s economy growing at a medium-to-high speed. It is predicted that China’s GDP will maintain a growth rate of 6.5–7% in 2016–2020 and a medium-high rate of growth in 2020–2030 (see Fig. 2.1).

With rapidly increased number of medical institutions and ward beds as well as expanded scale of medical institutions, great achievements have been made in the medical and health service systems during the 12th 5-Year Plan period. While strengthening the construction of the medical insurance system, government has also continuously enhanced the construction of the public medical care delivery systems by various means, both providing support to medical care delivery systems and satisfying people’s needs, which created a favorable funding environment for the development of the health system. The increased medical professionals were 960,000 during the period between 2007 and 2010, with an average annual growth of 240,000, and 1673,600 during the period between 2010 and 2015, with an average annual growth of 334,700. Public funding also soared to a greater height during the same period. Government payment as a share of total health increased by 129 billion yuan from 2004 to 2007, 315 billion yuan from 2007 to 2010 and 674.28 billion yuan from 2010 to 2015. The increased percentage was from 22.3% in 2007, to 28.7% in 2010 and 30.4% in 2015.

The first is the challenge brought about by continuous decline in economic growth. Correspondently social security revenue and financial support to social security will also shift from rapid rise to stable and limited growth. With increasing rise in the need for social security and rapid increase in medical cost, pressure on social security funds is increasingly tremendous which will challenge social security continuously. The second is the challenge intensified by increased aging population. Aging population and low birth rate will impose impact on both revenue and expenditure of the old-age insurance and the medical insurance, leading to lack of medical insurance funds and weakened security capacity on the one hand, rapid rise in the need for medical care and dramatic increase in the expenditure of medical insurance funds on the other hand, which will pose increasingly serious risks for the sustainable development of the medical security system. The third is the challenge caused by increasingly accelerated pace of urbanization. Urbanization will not only give rise to rapid increase in demands for social security, which imposes pressure on social security funds, but also demands unity of urban and rural social security. Urbanization, together with its growing mobility of the population, poses a new challenge for the management service of social security. The fourth is the challenge posed by the multiple methods of medical service delivery and the application of network information technology. Multiple medical service delivery methods and tremendous impact of Internet+ will greatly change the service delivery modes and organizational structure, which will have fundamental influence on the operation of medical institutions and medical service practice and present huge challenges for medical security management.

The “Outline for Strengthening International Exchanges and Cooperation” has made in-depth expositions on strengthening international exchanges and cooperation and actively participating in global health governance. It has clearly defined the key areas and mechanisms for promoting international exchanges and cooperation in the future and indicated that China will play a more active and constructive role in global health governance, and earnestly fulfill its international commitments and actively assume the responsibility of a big country. This is of great significance to creating a good international environment for building a healthy China, building a community of shared interests, a community of shared responsibilities and a community of shared destiny for human health, and promoting the global achievement of the 2030 health-related sustainable development goals.

Deepening patriotic public health campaigns is a great creation and successful practice by applying the mass line to the preventive sanitation work. It is also an important part of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The “Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan” regulates that patriotic public health campaigns should be deepen, urban and rural environment and sanitary conditions should be comprehensively improved, healthy cities, towns and villages should be built. “Building healthy cities, towns and villages” is an important project for Healthy China. The land supply for public health infrastructure should be secured, and health-related infrastructure, planning and standards should be improved. We will blend health in the urban and rural planning, construction and management process, to improve the coordinated development of the urban development and residents’ health. By 2030, a group of healthy cities, towns and villages will be built for nationwide demonstration.

Major diseases refer to the illnesses that severely endanger public health and life safety of the people, severely affect the national economy and the development of society, and severely impair national security and our international image. Based on the characteristics of the present stage, five categories of 18 major diseases are selected as the representatives of major diseases, i.e. infectious diseases (AIDS, TB, hepatitis B, schistosomiasis, malaria, plague, cholera, echinococcosis, brucellosis), chronic diseases (hypertension, cerebral apoplexy, diabetes, lung cancer, liver cancer), mental diseases (severe psychonosema), occupational disease (pneumoconiosis) and endemic diseases (iodine deficiency disorders, Kaschin-Beck disease).

The CPC central committee and the State Council have attached great importance to environmental protection by putting it in the main position and making it the main force of ecological civilization construction and the core content of building a beautiful China, realizing a sustainable development, introducing an overall plan for the reform of the ecological civilization system, implementing the action plan for the prevention and control of air, water and soil pollution, and vigorously strengthening environment and health work. In 2015, the average annual concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 338 prefecture-level and above cities was 50 μg/m3; the proportion of the 1940 state-controlled sections of class I–III surface water increased to 66%; the proportion of worse V fell to 9.7%; the quality of the main streams in major rivers was obviously improved. The capacities of national desulfurization and denitrification units, accounting for the total installed capacity of coal power, increased to 99% and 92% respectively, which completed the ultra-low emission transformation of 160 million kilowatts of coal-fired power units. The comprehensive environment improvement in 72,000 villages has been implemented, directly benefiting more than 120 million rural people. A number of major ecological conservation and rehabilitation projects have been carried out steadily, including natural forest protection, returning farmland into forest and grass, and grazing land into grassland, shelter forest system construction, protection and restoration of lakes and wetlands, desertification control, water and soil conservation, desertification management, wildlife protection and nature reserve construction. Pollutant emissions of the five heavy metals of lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and arsenic have fallen 27.7% since 2007, and the number of sudden environment incidents involving heavy metals has been greatly reduced. In order to solve the environmental problems that harm people’s health, the Environment Protection Law and the series of environmental management documents clearly put forward the requirements for strengthening environment and health management, which provide legal and policy basis for the establishment and the improvement of environment and health management systems, organization and the implementation of environment and health surveys, monitoring and risk assessment.