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Cummings et al proposes direct-goal therapy of osteoporosis (OP) and regards bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and bone turnover markers (BTM) as important parameters in order to optimize treatment strategies. The establishment of the goal plays an important role in clinical application, which improves reasonable choice of initial drug therapy and follow-up on treatment, also improves assessment of potent effects on BMD and fracture risk. In addition, it helps clinicians to decide when to switch and when to stop. Once the goal has been established, treatment should follow it. We should choose the treatment that has a reasonable probability of reaching that goal and periodically follow-up to approach the goal as most appropriate programs. Although there are still many problems and issues to be discussed, direct-goal therapy of OP has become an inevitable trend and has far-reaching significance. This paper reviews the direct-goal therapy of osteoporosis and current research consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly pure Rh 2 P nanoparticles on N,P-codoped carbon were synthesized by a simple "mix-and-pyrolyze" method using one kind of low-cost nucleotide as the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus source, which exhibits excellent bifunctional activity for the hydrogen reduction and hydrazine oxidation reactions, achieving energy-efficient hydrogen production.

Adenosine is an immunosuppressive factor in the tumor microenvironment mainly through activation of the A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A R), which is a mechanism hijacked by tumors to escape immune surveillance. Small-molecule A 2A R antagonists are being evaluated in clinical trials as immunotherapeutic agents, but their efficacy is limited as standalone therapies. To enhance the antitumor effects of A 2A R antagonists, dual-acting compounds incorporating A 2A R antagonism and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory actions were designed and synthesized, based on co-crystal structures of A 2A R. Compound 24e (IHCH-3064) exhibited potent binding to A 2A R ( K i = 2.2 nM) and selective inhibition of HDAC1 (IC 50 = 80.2 nM), with good antiproliferative activity against tumor cell lines in vitro. Intraperitoneal administration of 24e (60 mg/kg, bid) inhibited mouse MC38 tumor growth with a tumor growth inhibition rate of 95.3%. These results showed that dual-acting compounds targeting A 2A R and HDAC are potentially immunotherapeutic agents that are worth further exploring.