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The legume-rhizobium symbiosis represents a unique model within the realm of plant-microbe interactions. Unlike typical cases of pathogenic invasion, the infection of rhizobia and their residence within symbiotic cells do not elicit a noticeable immune response in plants. Nevertheless, there is still much to uncover regarding the mechanisms through which plant immunity influences rhizobial symbiosis. In this study, we identify an important player in this intricate interplay: Lotus japonicus PRP1, which serves as a positive regulator of plant immunity but also exhibits the capacity to decrease rhizobial colonization and nitrogen fixation within nodules. The PRP1 gene encodes an uncharacterized protein and is named Pathogenesis-Related Protein1, owing to its orthologue in Arabidopsis thaliana , a pathogenesis-related family protein (At1g78780). The PRP1 gene displays high expression levels in nodules compared to other tissues. We observed an increase in rhizobium infection in the L. japonicus prp1 mutants, whereas PRP1 -overexpressing plants exhibited a reduction in rhizobium infection compared to control plants. Intriguingly, L. japonicus prp1 mutants produced nodules with a pinker colour compared to wild-type controls, accompanied by elevated levels of leghaemoglobin and an increased proportion of infected cells within the prp1 nodules. The transcription factor Nodule Inception (NIN) can directly bind to the PRP1 promoter, activating PRP1 gene expression. Furthermore, we found that PRP1 is a positive mediator of innate immunity in plants. In summary, our study provides clear evidence of the intricate relationship between plant immunity and symbiosis. PRP1, acting as a positive regulator of plant immunity, simultaneously exerts suppressive effects on rhizobial infection and colonization within nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C15H8F4N2O3, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.2759(7) Å, b = 9.0182(5) Å, c = 14.2235(8) Å, β = 93.834(2)°, V = 1443.13(15) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0391, wRref(F2) = 0.1067, T = 273.15 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C15H8F4N2O3, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.2759(7) Å, b = 9.0182(5) Å, c = 14.2235(8) Å, β = 93.834(2)°, V = 1443.13(15) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0391, wRref(F2) = 0.1067, T = 273.15 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hercynian Orogeny was caused by the collision of Gondwana and Laurussia in the Mid‐/Late Carboniferous–Early Permian. This orogeny strongly influenced the pattern and evolution of basins and hydrocarbon accumulation on the southern margin of the Tethyan region (i.e., North Africa and the Middle East). Research on the Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny is of great value in both plate tectonic reconstructions and hydrocarbon exploration. For its influence on basin evolution, some previous studies have considered the modification of the early Palaeozoic basins, but there has been less work on the evolution of the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins. We review the available data and re‐analyse the spatiotemporal impacts of this key tectonic event on the evolution of the basins in this region. The Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny was an important turning point in basin evolution in North Africa and the Middle East. It interrupted the stability of the Gondwana platform and heralded a huge change in the pattern of basins from the uniform pre‐Hercynian Palaeozoic basins to the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins characterized by strong segmentation. The Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny not only modified the pre‐Hercynian Palaeozoic basins but also controlled the distribution and evolution of the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins. Large‐scale uplifts were generated among the basins through modification of the inherited palaeohighs and five large NE‐trending arches were newly formed. These uplifts divided the early unified basin into multiple separate basins. Five large‐scale, almost equidistant, NE‐trending arches were generated on the northern margin of Gondwana (the Allala, Sirte, Levant, Al‐Batin and Oman arches), forming the present‐day Palaeozoic Basin pattern with an alternating distribution of uplifts and depressions. The northern part of the large, NE‐trending Hercynian arches collapsed as a result of the extensional stress caused by the opening of the Neotethys Ocean in the Late Permian–Triassic and formed Mesozoic basin depocenters (the Oued Mya–Pelagian basins, the Sirte Basin, the Eastern Mediterranean Basin and the Central Arabian Basin). These depocenters are important oil and gas enrichment zones. The NE‐trending Hercynian arches, the Mesozoic basin depocenters, the opening of the Neotethys Ocean and the segmentation of the basins by the Alpine Orogeny all show relatively consistent east–west‐directed segmentation on the northern margin of Gondwana. This shows that they may have a unified dynamic genetic background. The zone of structural weakness formed by the collision of multiple terranes during the Pan‐African Orogeny may have controlled this segmentation. The inheritance between reformation of the pre‐Hercynian Palaeozoic basins and influence on the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins by Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny, is the result of the tectonics repetitively focused in pre‐existing weaker domains, under the lithospheric mantle modification in the polyphase assembly and break‐up of the supercontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coarsening of supported nanoparticles is an inevitable process that has a significant impact on the properties of materials. However, due to the limitation of experimental techniques, the atomistic kinetic mechanisms of coarsening remain largely unknown. In this work, we simulated the coarsening process of supported nanoparticles using the phase-field crystal (PFC) model in 2D and examined the influence of substrates' lattice structure on the kinetics of coarsening. The simulation results show that the particle size distribution (PSD) is consistent with mean field methods for the coarsening of triangular structured particles on the fcc(111) face, while the PSD is of a log-normal type for the coarsening on the fcc(110) and fcc(100) faces, which is consistent with the contact model of coarsening. The coarsening of supported nanoparticles is diffusion controlled, and the order of coarsening rate is K(111) > K(110) > K(100). Also, we investigated the influence of lattice mismatch on the coarsening process and found that the coarsening rate decreases with the lattice mismatch. In addition, we observed a superlattice on the surface of the particles using the PFC model, which is similar to previous experimental results, and analyzed the effect of the superlattice on the coarsening of the nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]