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An invasive population of spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula White, was first noted in North America in Pennsylvania in 2014, and by September 2020 populations had spread to six additional states. To develop a biocontrol program to aid in the management of the pest, exploratory surveys for SLF natural enemies in its native range were carried out in 27 provinces and other administrative regions of China from 2015 to 2019. Naturally laid egg masses were collected and sentinel SLF egg masses were deployed to attract egg parasitoids, and yellow sticky traps were used to collect SLF nymphs to discover and determine the parasitism rates of nymphal parasitoids. Results show that SLF is widely distributed in China (22 provinces and regions) and that the population densities in northeast China are higher than in southern and western China. An egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), and a nymphal parasitoid, Dryinus sinicus Olmi (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), were collected. Anastatus orientalis was reared from SLF eggs in seven provinces in China with parasitoid emergence rates ranging from 4.0 to 15.5% (or 17.6 to 37.3% if including only egg masses that had at least some parasitism). There were significant differences in parasitoid emergence rates between sites associated with factors including habitat and host plants. Dryinus sinicus was discovered in eight cities across six provinces. The percentage of SLF nymphs parasitized by D. sinicus were 31.1, 23.3, and 0% in Tai'an, Shandong Province, Beijing City, and Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, respectively. These two parasitoids are promising natural enemies that are being considered as potential biocontrol agents of invasive populations of SLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hailar–Tamtsag Basin (HTB), an important component of the late Mesozoic extensional basin system in Northeast (NE) China, is characterized by episodic rifting, dramatic magmatism, and thick terrestrial sediments, which provides crucial opportunities to understand late Mesozoic tectonomagmatic events in NE China. However, the previously established late Mesozoic chronostratigraphic framework in the basin remains problematic due to limited isotopic chronological constraints. Here, we present 28 new zircon U–Pb ages for the volcanic rocks from the HTB, which allow us to establish a refined chronostratigraphic framework for the late Mesozoic terrestrial strata. Newly calibrated results indicate that the depositional ages of the Tamulangou and Tongbomiao formations are constrained to ca. 157–148 and ca. 142–137 Ma, respectively; the depositional ages of the Lower Nantun and Upper Nantun members are constrained to ca. 131–120 and ca. 117–111 Ma, respectively. Combining these results with previous studies on sedimentation, structural deformation, and magmatism, the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonostratigraphic evolution of the HTB is reconstructed, and three major phases of intracontinental deformation are identified. The HTB experienced extensional deformation in the Late Jurassic due to the break‐off of the subducted oceanic slab of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean and subsequent gravitational collapse of orogenically thickened crust following the closure of the ocean basin. Then, in the latest Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous, the evolution of the HTB was dominated by compressional deformation related to flat‐slab subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate. During the Early Cretaceous, an extensional regime resumed in the HTB in response to rollback of the subducting Paleo‐Pacific Plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithospheric mantle beneath the Xing'an Massif (XM), northeast China, was formed at the Paleoproterozoic or even earlier, but its thermal state and structure remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we calculate pressure–temperature (P–T) arrays for mantle xenoliths entrained by Cenozoic basalts from the XM, using major‐element‐based and rare earth element (REE)‐based two‐pyroxene thermometry as well as single clinopyroxene barometry. Samples (include spinel or garnet lherzolites and harzburgites, dunite and pyroxenite) come from the Keluo, Nuomin, and Aershan regions, which are located on either side of the North–South Gravity Lineament (NSGL). To the west of the NSGL, in the Nuomin and Aershan regions, mantle xenoliths yield consistent REE‐based and major‐element‐based temperatures, suggesting that these samples were derived from stable thermal conditions. Garnet peridotites from these regions yield pressures of 2.37–3.01 GPa and temperatures of 1066–1303°C, revealing a high geothermal gradient (corresponding to a surface heat flow of 70–80 mW/m2) and a crustal thicknesses of ~37 km. The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary determined from the intersection of this geotherm with the mantle adiabat occurs at a depth of ~100 km, which is much shallower than the lithospheric thickness calculated by geophysical analyses (140–160 km). This discrepancy may have resulted from locally upwelling hot asthenosphere. Low‐temperature (800–900°C) peridotites from the Nuomin and Aershan are chemically fertile with low olivine Mg# values and high modal clinopyroxene contents. By contrast, high‐temperature (1050–1350°C) peridotites consist mainly of refractory harzburgites or clinopyroxene‐poor lherzolites. These facts reveal that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Nuomin and Aershan regions is characterized by juvenile mantle dominating shallow levels and ancient mantle occurring at greater depths. To the east of the NSGL, some Keluo mantle xenoliths yield higher REE‐based temperatures (839–863°C) than major‐element‐based temperatures (<800°C), indicating cooling by thermal relaxation. This cooling process produced a low geothermal gradient (~45 mW/m2) in the lithosphere beneath the Keluo region. The mantle xenoliths comprise both fertile lherzolites and refractory harzburgites without correlation between mineral compositions and temperatures, suggesting that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Keluo region is characterized by juvenile mantle mixed with ancient mantle at all depths. The results show contrasting thermal state and structure of the lithospheric mantle on either side of the NSGL within the XM, which are attributed to a previous cooling process in the Keluo region and local upwelling of hot asthenosphere beneath the Aershan and Nuomin regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study established the comprehensive repeating unit structure of immunologically active glucuronoxylomannan (AAPS) from wood ear mushroom, Auricularia auricula-judae. We identified Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a critical receptor involved in AAPS-induced macrophage activation to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Molecular modeling data and chemical modifications of AAPS revealed that both carboxylic and acetyl moieties of AAPS are equally essential in TLR4 binding to exert in vitro immunostimulatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating results, whole rock geochemistry and zircon Hf isotopic characteristics of Jinshan granitic complex in the eastern Jiamusi massif were reported, the formation age, souifce characteristics and geodynamics setting of these granitic rocks were identified in order to find the tectonic evolution of the eastern segment of Central Asian orogenic belt. Zircons from Jinshan granite rocks are euhedral-subhedral in shape, and display distinctly oscillatory zoning structures, and values of w(Th)/w(U) are 0. 12-1. 20. indicating a magmatic origin. The dating results show that the granitic rocks form in Early-Middle Permian (260-278 Ma). The geochemical characteristics show that w(SiO2), w(Na2O), w(K2O), w(K2O)/w(Na2O) and A/CNK values of the granitic rocks are 66. 75%-70. 10%, 4. 40%-5. 23%, 0. 77%-2. 80%, 0. 18-0. 61 and 0. 97-1. 14, respectively; these rocks are rich in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ha and K) and depleted in high field strength elements (Rb, Ta, P, Zr, Ti and Hf). ln-situ Hf isotope analysis reveals that eHf(t) of the granite rocks are -0.8-7.7. and the two stage Hf model ages are 953 1 578 Ma. These granitic rocks belong to low-middle potassium calc-alkaline I-type granites with metaluminous-weakly pcraluminous. The primary magma originates from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic accreted lower crust. Combined with the regional geological investigation, the Early Middle Permian granites in the study area are emplaced in an active continental margin selling, which is likely related to the westward subduction of Pnleo oceanic plate beneath the Jiamusi massif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the phenotypic variation of Lilium brownii in natural populations native to Qinba moun-tainous area, and to discuss the relationship between phenotypic variation of natural populations, a systematic investi-gation was carried out among 17 natural populations in this area, containing 21 quantitative traits and 8 qualitative traits of both the flowers and the leaves.The results were as follows:with a strong adaptability, L .brownii had a wide distribution range of this area, most of them lived in mountains at an altitude height varying from 705 m to 1 913 m;Rich variation took place in the phenotypic traits.The length of the top leaves had a notably positive correlation with latitude, the width of the stigmas and the length of the top leaves had a notably positive correlation with altitude, the bottom leaf spacing had a notably positive correlation with the annual precipitation, while the length of pedicel and the length of the top leaves had a significantly negative correlation with the mean annual temperature;L .brownii n-ative to Qinba mountainous area could be divided into 2 groups:Group Qinling and Group Bashan, according to the re-sults of UPGMA cluster analysis.These findings may offer basic data for further studies on genetic breeding and con-servation biology of L .brownii . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, an investigation was made on the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of seven wild populations of Rhododendron concinnum in Qinling Mountains of Northwest China.A total of 182 amplification products were generated from three AFLP selective primer combinations, of which, 151 were polymorphic.The percentage of polymorphism was 83.1%. The change trends showed by the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Nei's gene diversity (h), and Shannon's information index (I) were uniform, and the order of the populations was Meixian > Zhashui > Zhen'an > Huxian > Ningqiang > Nanzheng > Zhouzhi. The POPGENE analysis showed that the R.concinnum had higher genetic diversity at both species level (PPL=91.22%,I=0.7217,h=0.5095) and population level (PPL=77.56%,I=0.6409,h=0.4725). The coefficient of gene differentiation among the populations (Gst) was 0.0726, indicating that 92.74% of genetic variation occurred within the populations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 85.3% of the genetic variation was within the populations, and 14.7% of it was among the populations. The unweighted pair group method with rithmeticmean (UPGMA) indicated that there was no significant correlation between the genetic distance and the geographic distance among the R. concinnum populations. The conservation strategies for R. concinnum germplasm resources were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]