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It is currently admitted that the spin-orbit (SO) couplings play a determinant role in the origin of the magneto-optical (MO) properties of magnetic materials. It is unambiguously confirmed that the role of SO coupling of the excited configuration is very weak and that the SO coupling of the ground configuration has a great influence on the MO properties. Furthermore, the symmetry of the magnetic ion environment is a crucial factor. However, contrary to the theoretical results for the Kerr rotation of the transition metals Fe, Ni, Co and of MnBi, the Faraday rotation is not a linear function of the SO coupling strength of the ground configuration. Index Terms--Ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic crystals, magnetooptical properties, quantum theory, spin-orbit coupling.

Abstract: A theoretical investigation on the anisotropic magnetic property and Faraday rotation in Er3Ga5O12 (ErGaG) is presented. With particular consideration of the anisotropy of the exchange interaction between rare-earth ions (Er3+), the magnetization, based on the quantum theory, in ErGaG under high magnetic field (HMF) is calculated. Theoretical calculations show that the appropriate choice of the crystal field (CF) parameters is of great importance. A novel three-level model is presented, and in terms of this model the Faraday rotation under HMF is calculated. In addition, it is demonstrated that the Faraday rotation () depends not only on the magnetization (M) but also on the magnetic field (He ). The theory is in good agreement with the experiment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The increasing frequency and intensity of low-temperature events in temperate and cold rice production regions threaten rice yields under climate change. While process-based crop models can project climate impacts on rice yield, their accuracy under low-temperature conditions has not been well-evaluated. Our six-year chamber experiments revealed that low temperatures reduce spikelet fertility from panicle initiation to flowering, grain number per spike during panicle development, and grain weight during grain filling. We examined the algorithms of spikelet fertility response to temperature used in crop models. Results showed that simulation performance is poor for crop yields if the same function was used at different growth stages outside the booting stage. Indeed, we replaced a parameter spikelet fertility algorithm of the ORYZA model and developed the function of estimating grain number per spike and grain weight. After that, the improved equation algorithm was applied to 10 rice growth models. New functions considered the harmful effects of low temperatures on rice yield at different stages. In addition, the threshold temperatures of the cold tolerance were set for different rice varieties. The improved algorithm enhances the model's ability to simulate rice yields under climate change, providing a more reliable tool for adapting rice production to future climatic challenges., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: Olanzapine and risperidone have emerged as the most widely used drugs as short-term prescription in the treatment of behavioral disturbances in dementia. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was hence performed to investigate the effectiveness and safety profile of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), aiming to provide updated suggestion for clinical physicians and caregivers., Design: Prospective controlled clinical studies were included, of which available data was extracted. Outcomes of BEHAVE-AD scores with the variation of grades, specific behaviors variables, as well as safety signals were pooled for the analysis by odds rates and weighted mean differences, respectively., Data Sources: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang., Eligibility Criteria: Prospective, controlled clinical studies, conducted to compare the effectiveness and safety profile of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of BPSD., Data Extraction and Synthesis: Interested data including baseline characteristics and necessary outcomes from the included studies were extracted independently by 2 investigators. BEHAVE-AD scale was adopted to assess the efficacy in the present study. All behaviors were evaluated at the time of the initiation of the treatment, as well as the completion of drugs courses. Adverse events were assessed with the criteria of Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale, or Coding Symbols for a Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms dictionary. Weighted mean difference was used for the pooled analysis., Results: A total of 2427 participants were included in the present meta-analysis. Comparative OR on response rate, and remarkable response rate between olanzapine and risperidone was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51-0.84; P = .0008), and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.50-0.78; P < .0001), respectively. There were statistical differences observed by olanzapine on the improvement of variables including delusions (WMD, -1.83, 95% CI, -3.20, -0.47), and nighttime behavior disturbances (WMD, -1.99, 95% CI, -3.60, -0.38) when compared to risperidone., Conclusion: Our results suggested that olanzapine might be statistically superior to risperidone on the reduction of BPSD of Alzheimer's disease, especially in the relief of delusions and nighttime behavior disturbances. In addition, olanzapine was shown statistically lower risks of agitation, sleep disturbance, and extrapyramidal signs., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The central limit theorem (CLT) is one of the most important theorems in statistics, and it is often introduced to social sciences researchers in an introductory statistics course. However, the recent replication crisis in the social sciences prompts us to investigate just how common certain misconceptions of statistical concepts are. The main purposes of this article are to investigate the misconceptions of the CLT among social sciences researchers and to address these misconceptions by clarifying the definition and properties of the CLT in a manner that is approachable to social science researchers. As part of our article, we conducted a survey to examine the misconceptions of the CLT among graduate students and researchers in the social sciences. We found that the most common misconception of the CLT is that researchers think the CLT is about the convergence of sample data to the normal distribution. We also found that most researchers did not realize that the CLT applies to both sample means and sample sums, and that the CLT has implications for many common statistical concepts and techniques. Our article addresses these misconceptions of the CLT by explaining the preliminaries needed to understand the CLT, introducing the formal definition of the CLT, and elaborating on the implications of the CLT. We hope that through this article, researchers can obtain a more accurate and nuanced understanding of how the CLT operates as well as its role in a variety of statistical concepts and techniques. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Wax apple ( Syzygium samarangense ) is an economically important fruit crop with great potential value to human health because of its richness in antioxidant substances. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved autotetraploid genome assembly of the wax apple with a size of 1.59 Gb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed three rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, including two independent WGDs after WGT-γ . Resequencing analysis of 35 accessions partitioned these individuals into two distinct groups, including 28 landraces and seven cultivated species, and several genes subject to selective sweeps possibly contributed to fruit growth, including the KRP1 - like , IAA17-like , GME-like , and FLACCA-like genes. Transcriptome analysis of three different varieties during flower and fruit development identified key genes related to fruit size, sugar content, and male sterility. We found that AP2 also affected fruit size by regulating sepal development in wax apples. The expression of sugar transport-related genes ( SWEET s and SUT s) was high in 'ZY', likely contributing to its high sugar content. Male sterility in 'Tub' was associated with tapetal abnormalities due to the decreased expression of DYT1 , TDF1 , and AMS , which affected early tapetum development. The chromosome-scale genome and large-scale transcriptome data presented in this study offer new valuable resources for biological research on S. samarangense and shed new light on fruit size control, sugar metabolism, and male sterility regulatory metabolism in wax apple., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nanjing Agricultural University.)

The chlorophyll content is one of the most important traits selected by breeders, and it is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) derived from natural variations in rice. We analyzed the QTL controlling chlorophyll content by using 94 RILs derived from a cross between 2 japonica rice cultivars, Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and Shennong265 (SN265). Twenty-two QTLs controlling chlorophyll content at tillering stage, heading stage, and maturity stage were detected, respectively. Among them, Rice cv. LTH had a positive allele only at 1 locus (qCTH4) on chromosome 4. Further analysis indicated that the genetic effect of qCTH4 was the net effects within the period from tillering to heading. The QTL qCTH4 controlling chlorophyll content from tillering to heading locates between RM255 and RM349 on chromosome 4 with a LOD score 19.41, and the QTL qCTH4 explains 61.42% of phenotypic variation. In order to eliminate the influence of other QTLs, 1 single residual heterozygous plant, RH-qCTH4, was selected based on the genotypes of 114 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. Using the segregating population derived from RH-qCTH4 by self-crossing, this region was narrowed down to an interval between RM3276 and RM17494 in an approximately 771kb target region. These results are useful for map-based cloning of qCTH4 and for marker-assisted selection of high photosynthetic efficiency variety.