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Although the effect of surface topography on fatigue life is widely accepted, the underlying role of surface roughness from first principles is still poorly understood. Currently approaches which consider the influence of surface roughness on fatigue life prediction can be broadly classified into surface corrector factors (Cs) and stress concentration factors (Kt). Those approaches describe the surface according to the manufacturing process (machined, grounded…), or using 2D height descriptor parameters (Ra, Rz…). However, these approaches are not able to correctly describe the effect of roughness on the fatigue performance where it is anticipated a richer set of surface descriptors would show correlation. The present work aims to highlight the inherent limitations of the most commonly employed 2D surface measurement and characterization techniques, and provides an insight into the application of 3D areal surface characterization processes including the use of the latest areal surface topography parameters quantifying amplitude, spatial, and hybrid topographical information which is considered to be important for fatigue performance correlation.

Steel wire ropes experience fretting wear damage when the rope runs over a sheave promoting an oscillatory motion between the wires. Consequently, wear scars appear between the contacting wires leading to an increase of the stress field and the following rupture of the wires due to fatigue. That is why the understanding and prediction of the fretting wear phenomena of thin wires is fundamental in order to improve the performance of steel wire ropes. The present research deals with the design of an ad-hoc fretting wear test machine for thin wires. The test apparatus is designed for testing thin wires with a maximum diameter of 1.0 mm, at slip amplitudes ranging from 5 to 300 μm, crossing angle between 0-90°, and contacting force ranging from 0,5 to 5 N. The working principle of displacement amplitude and contacting force as well as the crossing angle between the wires are described. Preliminary studies for understanding the fretting wear characteristics are presented, analysing 0.45 mm diameter cold-drawn eutectoid carbon steel (0.8% C) wires (tensile strength higher than 3000 MPa).

This literature review examines the research in the last 30 years in relation to university-required diversity courses, as well as highlights areas that have been understudied. Utilizing the social justice rationale for diversity, this review analyzes 25 quantitative and qualitative research articles that address university-required diversity courses. This literature review unpacks the mixed results from quantitative studies as well as analyzes the case studies presented in qualitative research. The results highlight that addressing student bias is an important goal and framework for these courses, but that the ability to shift quantitative measures of bias is not clear. I also argue that research examining student work produced in required diversity courses and course design for strategies is largely absent from the field of study.

The Caught Being Good Game (CBGG) is an evidence-based practice used in classrooms to reduce disruptive classroom behavior. This approach to classwide intervention has been implemented and its effectiveness demonstrated across grade levels and types of disruptive behavior. Teachers report that the CBGG is an easy classroom management strategy to implement. Although several studies have been published demonstrating its utility, less research has examined how variations in the contingencies employed impact outcomes. In the current study, the CBGG was implemented across three classrooms in an effort to replicate previous findings. As well, the magnitude of reward/reinforcement was manipulated to determine whether this parameter affected intervention efficacy. Results of the study demonstrated appropriate classroom behavior increased across three elementary classrooms. The impact of magnitude of reward/reinforcement was idiosyncratic across the three classrooms, with no uniform impact of magnitude on intervention outcomes. Reasons why magnitude of reinforcement may not have impacted the efficacy of the CBGG are discussed.

Esta investigación describe y descompone las condiciones de empleabilidad de seis mujeres periodistas de investigación en Ecuador, poniendo énfasis en indicadores específicos, propuestos por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura [UNESCO] (2024), relativos a la igualdad de género en el entorno laboral y las condiciones de trabajo. Con un alcance descriptivo, un enfoque cualitativo y un método etnográfico, se analizó el trabajo de las periodistas de investigación aplicando entrevistas en profundidad; en el primer caso, de un periodista exiliado. Los seis informantes se seleccionaron por su trayectoria en investigaciones periodísticas, su tiempo de ejercicio periodístico y sus especializaciones. Los hallazgos destacan tres factores principales que complican sus condiciones laborales: el incremento de amenazas contra la prensa, las arraigadas estructuras patriarcales en los medios y la inseguridad nacional, que impiden la investigación libre de represalias. Se concluyó que en torno a las categorías de ‘condiciones laborales’ y ‘seguridad’, hay tres elementos principales que contribuyen a la complejidad de las condiciones laborales para las mujeres reporteras: el aumento de las amenazas contra la prensa en Ecuador, las estructuras sociales patriarcales persistentes en los medios de comunicación y la inseguridad del país que no permite investigar represalias. Hay un temor que está provocando que abandonen el periodismo de investigación.

La suspensión de la presencialidad escolar durante el período de confinamiento por motivo de la pandemia por COVID 19 alteró la vida cotidiana de las familias uruguayas y generó desafíos para el acompañamiento educativo de las infancias. Este artículo analiza las experiencias de las familias en este período, haciendo énfasis en la organización de los cuidados y las actividades de acompañamiento y sostén del tránsito escolar de niñas y niños, identificando obstáculos y oportunidades. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, que utilizó como técnica inicial, un cuestionario autoadministrado que permitió identificar aspectos de las experiencias de las familias tomados como guía para la realización de grupos de discusión. Aquí se comparten los resultados del cuestionario online respondido por un total de 278 referentes familiares de niños y niñas que cursaron de 1ero a 3er año escolar en instituciones públicas durante los años 2020 y 2021. Como principales conclusiones se destaca que las familias participantes perciben como satisfactorio el acompañamiento realizado. Las dificultades halladas se relacionan principalmente con el tipo de propuesta educativa y modo de comunicación establecido con las maestras, las condiciones materiales del hogar (disponibilidad de dispositivos electrónicos, conectividad, espacio físico, etc.), disponibilidad de tiempo, afectiva y cognitiva para enseñar o motivar al aprendizaje de sus hijos e hijas. Rescatando la oportunidad que significó compartir más tiempo con los niños y niñas, se presenta la preocupación por manifestaciones de malestar físico y psíquico ante la situación de distancia de la cotidianeidad escolar y sus exigencias.

Abstract The Conference of the Parties of the signatories of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed in 2022 to protect 30% of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030 (the “30 × 30” target). What challenges emerge or intensify once (if) this 30 × 30 goal is achieved globally? To help practitioners and researchers pre-empt and plan along the path towards 30% protected area (PA) coverage, we draw lessons from a sizable and biodiversity-rich region that has already hit the target on land. Based on experiences and research about PAs in Spain (36% of land and 12% of marine area protected), we identify, illustrate and discuss the socioeconomic and management challenges that emerge with a high proportion of a country’s area protected, as well as possible strategies to address them. We structure these challenges in three levels: PA governance and management, PA integrity, and the landscape matrix outside PA boundaries. Important strategies to address these challenges include enhancing engagement, participation and stewardship; increasing institutional resilience and a cross-sectoral approach for socio-environmental goals. Achieving quantitative targets of protection will not be sufficient to conserve the world’s biodiversity and, in a leap forward, we envision the governance areas that need the most attention as countries reach (or get close to) sizeable proportions of protection.

Background: Human albumin (HA) is an effective adjuvant treatment for patients with cirrhosis developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and ascites requiring large-volume paracentesis (LVP). However, cost remains a barrier to use, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of HA in patients with cirrhosis with SBP, HRS or ascites requiring LVP in the Indonesian healthcare system as a representative of a resource-limited setting. Methods: Three decision-tree models were developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of (1) antibiotics and HA versus antibiotics alone in patients with SBP, (2) terlipressin and HA versus terlipressin alone in patients with HRS, and (3) LVP and HA versus LVP and gelatine for patients with ascites. Clinical utility and economic inputs were pooled from the available literature. Time horizon was 3 months. Outcomes were expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) reported as 2021 IDR per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) (exchange rate June 30, 2021: 1 EUR = 17,245 IDR). Willingness-to-pay thresholds considered were: three times the GDP per capita (199,355,561 IDR/QALY; 11,560 EUR/QALY) and one time the GDP per capita (66,451,854 IDR/QALY; 3853 EUR/QALY). Results: The ICER for antibiotics and HA (versus antibiotics alone) for SBP was 80,562,652 IDR per QALY gained (4672 EUR/QALY). The ICER for terlipressin and HA (versus terlipressin) for HRS was 23,085,004 IDR per QALY gained (1339 EUR/QALY). The ICER for LVP and HA versus LVP and gelatine was 24,569,827 IDR per QALY gained (1425 EUR/QALY). Conclusion: Adjunctive HA may be a cost-effective treatment for SBP, HRS and LVP in resource-limited settings.

Abstract This work presents a proof‐of‐concept of a robotic‐driven intra‐operative scanner designed for knee cartilage lesion repair, part of a system for direct in vivo bioprinting. The proposed system is based on a photogrammetric pipeline, which reconstructs the cartilage and lesion surfaces from sets of photographs acquired by a robotic‐handled endoscope, and produces 3D grafts for further printing path planning. A validation on a synthetic phantom is presented, showing that, despite the cartilage smooth and featureless surface, the current prototype can accurately reconstruct osteochondral lesions and their surroundings with mean error values of 0.199 ± 0.096 mm but with noticeable concentration on areas with poor lighting or low photographic coverage. The system can also accurately generate grafts for bioprinting, although with a slight tendency to underestimate the actual lesion sizes, producing grafts with coverage errors of −12.2 ± 3.7, −7.9 ± 4.9, and −15.2 ± 3.4% for the medio‐lateral, antero‐posterior, and craneo‐caudal directions, respectively. Improvements in lighting and acquisition for enhancing reconstruction accuracy are planned as future work, as well as integration into a complete bioprinting pipeline and validation with ex vivo phantoms.

Introduction: A consensus is useful for topics that can be common in clinical practice and controversial in some aspects of its treatment. Objectives: To establish a consensus among the Latin American society of arthroscopy, articular reconstruction and sports medicine (SLARD) for treating focal chondral lesions of the knee. Methods: A formal consensus was conducted among 3 groups of surgeons from SLARD with a special interest in cartilage. First, the steering group (n = 9) created a list of 21 statements on controversial topics and compiled a review of the literature for each topic. Second, the rating group (n = 19) gave a score to each statement according to their agreement with it, over 2 rounds (score: 1-9). Median scores and agreement levels were calculated and each statement was categorized as inappropriate, uncertain, or appropriate. Finally, the lecture group (n = 24) evaluated the appropriateness and clinical relevance of each statement. Results: During the first round, there was strong agreement on 5% of the statements, relative agreement on 14%, and lack of consensus on 81% of statements. After the second round, there was strong agreement on 57% of statements, with 43% having relative agreement and no statement having a lack of consensus. The lecture group approved all the statements. Conclusions: SLARD arrived at a consensus on the 21 statements proposed. This consensus includes a literature review and clinical experience, which represents the expert opinion of a society. Strong agreement was found in the advantages of using arthroscopy to diagnose chondral lesions, preinjury level as an age modification of treatment, superiority of nanofractures compared to microfractures, advantages of adding scaffolds, benefits of platelet-rich plasma in the midterm and faster return to sport with osteochondral autografts.

BackgroundResearch suggests that positivity and self-efficacy beliefs may impact adaptive behavior and developmental outcomes, such as social adjustment and subjective wellbeing. The present study explored the effect of positive dimensions (positivity and self-efficacy beliefs) and individual characteristics (gender, type of country, age, and sexual orientation) on family cohesion and flexibility in a group of Colombian and Italian young adults.MethodAn online survey was administered to 949 Colombian and 2,073 Italian people aged between 18 and 40 years (Mage = 24.3; SDage = 4.5; 67% women). A mediational model was performed to test the influence of positivity on family functioning via the mediational role of self-efficacy beliefs, analyzing the moderated effects of gender, type of country, sexual orientation, and age.ResultsFilial self-efficacy mediated the effect of positivity on family functioning, showing stronger paths in men and Colombian participants than in women and Italian counterparts. Regulatory self-efficacy mediated the associations between positivity and family functioning for both genders and types of countries.ConclusionThe results suggest that positivity and self-efficacy beliefs may allow families to engage in more adaptive family functioning across countries and genders. Further research should focus on implications from a cross-national perspective to examine other culture-specific factors that may impact family adjustment.

BackgroundSpain healthcare system is decentralized, with seventeen autonomous regions overseeing healthcare. However, penitentiary healthcare is managed nationally, except in Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Navarra. These variations impact mental health care provision for inmates with serious mental illness (SMI).ObjectiveTo delineate differences between regions in terms of mental health care provision for individuals with SMI, available resources, and the perspectives of healthcare professionals operating in the Spanish prison environment.MethodsEmploying an explanatory sequential mixed-method approach, the study conducted an extensive literature review, quantitative data collection through structured questionnaires, and qualitative data collection via focus groups and four in-depth interviews. Analysis involved calculating percentages and ratios for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data interpretation to comprehensively understand mental healthcare provision.ResultsIn December 2021, about 4% of inmates in Spain had SMI. There are three distinct models of mental healthcare within the Spanish prison system. The traditional penitentiary model, representing 83% of the incarcerated population, operates independently under the General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions at a national level. This model relies on an average of 5.2 penitentiary General Practitioners (pGP) per 1,000 inmates for psychiatric and general healthcare. External psychiatrists are engaged for part-time psychiatric assessment. Acute psychiatric hospitalization occurs in general nursing modules within penitentiary centers or in Restricted Access Units (RAUs) in reference hospitals. Two penitentiary psychiatric hospitals provide care to unimputable SMI inmates from all over Spain. Innovative penitentiary models, constituting 17% of the prison population, integrate penitentiary healthcare within regional public health systems. The Basque Country features a Mental Health Unit with full-time care teams within the penitentiary center. Catalonia emphasizes community care, providing full-time dedicated psychiatric services within and outside prisons, ensuring continued care in the community. Both models prioritize personnel with specialized mental health training and compensation akin to non-prison healthcare settings.ConclusionsRegional disparities in penitentiary mental healthcare models in Spain result in resource inequalities, impacting specialized care for inmates with SMI and opportunities for healthcare professionals. The models in the Basque Country and Catalonia offer valuable experiences for penitentiary healthcare.

Objectives This study explored attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control of participants across urban, rural and remote settings and examined intention-to-use telemedicine (defined in this study as remote patient–clinician consultations) during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods This is a cross-sectional study. 12 focus group discussions were conducted with 60 diverse telemedicine user and non-user participants across 3 study settings. Analysis of responses was done to understand the attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control of participants. This explored the relationship between the aforementioned factors and intention to use.Results Both users and non-users of telemedicine relayed that the benefits of telemedicine include protection from COVID-19 exposure, decreased out-of-pocket expenses and better work–life balance. Both groups also relayed perceived barriers to telemedicine. Users from the urban site relayed that the lack of preferred physicians discouraged use. Users from the rural and remote sites were concerned about spending on resources (ie, compatible smartphones) to access telemedicine. Non-users from all three sites mentioned that they would not try telemedicine if they felt overwhelmed prior to access.Discussion First-hand experiences, peer promotions, and maximising resource support instil hope that telemedicine can help people gain more access to healthcare. However, utilisation will remain low if patients feel overwhelmed by the behavioural modifications and material resources needed to access telemedicine. Boosting infrastructure must come with improving confidence and trust among people.Conclusion Sustainable access beyond the pandemic requires an understanding of factors that prevent usage. Sufficient investment in infrastructure and other related resources is needed if telemedicine will be used to address inequities in healthcare access, especially in rural and remote areas.

Studies focusing on subjective well-being during adolescence are relatively scarce yet necessary, due to the drop in well-being that occurs during this developmental stage. The aim of the present study is therefore: (1) to analyze the variability of perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) and subjective well-being in accordance with sex and age; and (2) to explore the moderating effect of sex and age on the association between PEI and subjective well-being. The sample comprised 1542 students aged between 11 and 18 years, divided into two age groups: younger (11-14 years) and older (15-18 years). All participants completed the Trait Meta Mood Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Several ANOVAs and MANOVAs were performed using the SPSSv.28 statistical package. The simple moderation models were analyzed using the PROCESSv.4 macro. Age was the socio-personal variable that most significantly affected emotion repair and life satisfaction, whereas sex had a greater effect on the other variables studied. Sex moderated the predictive effect of emotional clarity on negative affect among girls, the predicted the effect of emotional attention on positive affect among boys, as well as the predictive effect of emotional clarity on life satisfaction in both groups. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed., Author(s): Lorea Azpiazu [sup.1] , Arantza Fernández-Zabala [sup.2] , Arantzazu Rodríguez-Fernández [sup.2] , Estibaliz Ramos-Díaz [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/000xsnr85, grid.11480.3c, 0000 0001 2167 1098, Department of Developmental and Educational [...]

Context.--Pathology resident education has a steep learning curve. Specimen sampling (grossing) is a procedural task, and procedural fields add video materials to their curricula to familiarize trainees with procedure(s), reduce errors, and improve patient care. Our team applied this strategy to develop original in-house sampling videos for our program. Objectives.--To evaluate the effect of in-house sampling videos on resident sampling confidence. Design.--Sampling videos covering all major organ systems (AMOS) were created for our postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) trainees. Videos were hosted on a Northwestern cloud server for on-demand access. Trainees completed 3 surveys (0, 6, 12 months) evaluating sampling confidence comparing those who used in-house videos as an educational supplement with those who did not use the videos. Results.--Sampling confidence significantly improved at 6 and 12 months (P < .001) across AMOS and PGY levels. When compared with those who did not use in-house sampling videos, trainees who supplemented their education with in-house sampling videos had significantly higher confidence ratings across AMOS and PGY levels at the start of the study (P < .001) and at 6 months (P = .004). Sampling confidence significantly improved for PGY1 trainees at 6 and 12 months (P < .001); for PGY2 and PGY3 trainees, confidence significantly improved at 6 months (P < .001). When evaluated by organ-specific analyses, sampling and teaching confidence improved across all organ systems and, except for the gastrointestinal system, reached significance at 12 months for all PGY levels. Conclusions.--Sampling videos, when used as a supplement to the existing curriculum, significantly improved trainee confidence. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0153-OA, Pathology resident education has a steep learning curve due to inadequate exposure to pathology in medical school. (1,2) While most trainees gain exposure to surgical pathology through medical school electives, [...]

Abstract Submarine channels are key features for the transport of flow and nutrients into deep water. Previous studies of their morphology and channel evolution have treated these systems as abiotic, and therefore assume that physical processes are solely responsible for morphological development. Here, a unique dataset is utilised that includes spatial measurements around a channel bend that hosts active sediment gravity flows. The data include flow velocity and density, alongside bed grain size and channel‐floor benthic macrofauna. Analysis of these parameters demonstrate that while physical processes control the broadest scale variations in sedimentation around and across the channel, benthic biology plays a critical role in stabilising sediment and trapping fines. This leads to much broader mixed grain sizes than would be expected from purely abiotic sedimentation, and the maintenance of sediment beds in positions where all the sediment should be actively migrating. Given that previous work has also shown that submarine channels can be biological hotspots, then the present study suggests that benthic biology probably plays a key role in channel morphology and evolution, and that these need to be considered both in the modern and when considering examples preserved in the rock record.

Las inundaciones son los desastres naturales que afectan a más personas en el Área Atlántica. En este sentido, el proyecto AA-Floods tiene el objetivo de desarrollar y poner en valor nuevas herramientas, planes y regulaciones que mejoren la gestión y la respuesta a las inundaciones. La importancia de la información altimétrica de calidad para la evaluación del peligro de inundación se basa en el conocimiento lo más detallado y preciso posible del relieve y de las alturas de los elementos situados sobre el suelo. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo una cobertura LiDAR de densidad 21 ptos/m² y fotogramétrica de resolución 0,10 m para la generación de productos altimétricos de gran exactitud posicional y alta precisión en los ámbitos de estudio de la cuenca del río Genil. Así mismo, se ha realizado el levantamiento batimétrico del cauce del río Genil y la obtención de Modelo final Topobatimétrico. Además, para el desarrollo adecuado de la modelización hidráulica y determinación de zonas inundables es necesario tomar en consideración todos aquellos elementos estructurales del cauce que afectan a la inundabilidad. Se ha realizado análisis de zonas inundables con estas fuentes de información que mejoran las utilizadas por el SNCZI. Los resultados se han contrastado con las láminas de inundación de 2010 cartografiadas mediante observación directa mediante satélite Radar.