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Dynamic compression tests of Huashan granite were conducted using an improved split–Hopkinson pressure bar. The effects of the treatment temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behaviors (for example, the stress–strain curve, dynamic strength, elastic modulus, energy absorption, and failure mode) of the granite samples were explored. In addition, a statistical damage constitutive model for the rock was developed based on a Weibull distribution, and the influencing factors of the model parameters were analyzed. The results show that the enhancement effect of the strain rate on dynamic compressive strength under high temperatures still exists. However, the strain rate has no significant effect on the elastic modulus. The influences of the treatment temperature on the dynamic strength and elastic modulus are complex. There is a positive linear correlation between the energy absorbed by the sample and the incident energy. As the strain rate or incident energy increases, the failure modes of heat-treated samples change from axial splitting to pulverization. Under the same dynamic loading, an increase in the temperature can exacerbate the fragmentation degree of the sample. The proposed statistical damage constitutive model can accurately describe the effects of the treatment temperature and strain rate on the stress–strain responses of rock, and its parameters have definite physical meanings. Thus, the model is a very good tool for the analysis of thermo-mechanical coupling problems involved in deep rock mass engineering.

The disc-seal single screw pump (DSSP) used in the field of oily sludge transport has a huge advantage. However, there is no research on the leakage characteristics of the DSSP at present, which makes its application limited. Therefore, the mathematical calculation model of leakage amount of each leakage channel was established in this paper according to the geometric model of the leakage channel. By using this mathematical model, the influence rule of working parameters on the leakage characteristics was analyzed. The results show that the total leakage amount per unit time of the DSSP varies periodically with the rotation of the screw, and the total leakage per unit time of the DSSP will increase with the increase of outlet pressure and screw rotation velocity. When the dynamic viscosity coefficient of the medium increases, the corresponding leakage will be reduced, in which the transmission medium dynamic viscosity is the main factor affecting the total leakage of the DSSP. The study of the leakage characteristics of the DSSP can provide a theoretical basis for the optimal design of its structure in the future.

Single screw compressor (SSC) is a type of rotary compressor with excellent performance. However, under high temperature conditions, the hot deformation of the screw rotor and the star wheel cause the change of the gap of the meshing pairs, which seriously degrades the compressor performance. In order to solve the problem of the gap variation of the meshing pairs, a new hot-state machining method is proposed to study the deformation characteristics of the screw rotor in the hot-state machining process, which provides some reference data for the pre-deformation of the rotor in the machining process. Numerical calculation model of thermal machining process for screw rotor was established by using finite element method. With the validated model, the deformation characteristics in the process of hot working were studied by changing the number of heating holes, diameter of heating holes and temperature of heating holes. Results show that screw rotor deformation will increase with the increase of heat source temperature and diameter, and the deformation distribution of the screw rotor is not significantly affected by the heat source temperature and diameter, but will be more uniform with the increase of heat source quantity. The research work in this paper can provide theoretical basis for hot machining of screw rotor for SSC.

The Zhong Yuan Special Steel Company installed a vertical continuous casting machine to achieve higher productivity and product yield while retaining world-leading product quality. The vert...

Tongue cancer is a common malignant tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region, most of which is squamous cell carcinoma. Cisplatin (DDP) is one of the chemotherapy drugs for patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). However, DDP resistance has become a major obstacle to its clinical application. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) on DDP resistance of tongue cancer and the underlying mechanism.The levels of KCNQ1OT1, miR-124-3p, and tripartite motif containing 14 (TRIM14) were detected by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The maximum size of tumor (MTS) assay was used to detect the cell survival rates. Furthermore, the cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Transwell assay was performed to detect the cell migration and invasion. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein levels of Vimentin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and TRIM14. The functional targets of KCNQ1OT1 and miR-124-3p, miR-124-3p and TRIM14 were predicted by starBase 3.0 and TargetScan. The relationship between KCNQ1OT1 and miR-124-3p was confirmed by Dual-Luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down. Further, the relationship between miR-124-3p and TRIM14 was verified by Dual-Luciferase reporter assay. Animal experiment revealed the effect of KCNQ1OT1 on DDP resistance of tongue cancer cells in vivo.KCNQ1OT1 was upregulated in DDP-resistant tongue cancer tissues and cells, and mainly expressed in cytoplasm. Functionally, the knockdown of KCNQ1OT1 inhibited the survival rate, proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of the DDP-resistant tongue cancer cells. Of note, miR-124-3p acted as a target of KCNQ1OT1 and KCNQ1OT1 could reduce the expression of miR-124-3p. Moreover, miR-124-3p targeted TRIM14 and the downregulation of TRIM14 reduced the DDP resistance of tongue cancer cells. Importantly, KCNQ1OT1 regulated the TRIM14 expression by targeting miR-124-3p. Furthermore, KCNQ1OT1 knockdown reduced the DDP-resistant tumor growth and weight through the miR-124-3p/TRIM14 axis in vivo.LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 promotes the DDP resistance of tongue cancer by sponging miR-124-3p to regulate TRIM14 expression.

巨核细胞性间质性肾炎是一种少见的进展性肾衰竭性疾病，本例患者肾脏病理示巨核细胞性间质性肾炎，在FAN1编码的Fanconi贫血相关的核苷酸酶1的基因位点发生隐性突变。.

We investigate a particular type of classical nonsingular bouncing cosmology, which results from general relativity if we allow for degenerate metrics. The simplest model has a matter content with a constant equation-of-state parameter and we get the modified Hubble diagrams for both the luminosity distance and the angular diameter distance. Based on these results, we present a Gedankenexperiment to determine the length scale of the spacetime defect which has replaced the big bang singularity. A possibly more realistic model has an equation-of-state parameter which is different before and after the bounce. This last model also provides an upper bound on the defect length scale., 16 pages, 7 figures, v6: published version

BACKGROUND To explore the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in the cardiomyocyte apoptosis of mice with post-infarction heart failure (HF). METHODS Mice were divided into sham and myocardial infarction (MI) groups. Before surgery, the MI group was divided into SB203580 and PBS subgroups. A post-infarction HF model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ventricular dilatation and cardiac function were observed by small animal echocardiography. The growth of primary cardiomyocytes was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope. The mRNA and protein expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers, GRP78 and CHOP, were detected by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. RESULTS The MI group had enlarged left ventricle and decreased cardiac function. GRP78 and CHOP protein expressions in myocardial tissues, especially those of SB203580 subgroup, significantly increased (p < 0.05). The expressions of p-JNK and cleaved caspase 12 proteins, especially those of SB203580 subgroup, were significantly up-regulated. Cardiomyocytes of MI group were significantly more prone to apoptosis (p < 0.05), with SB203580 subgroup being more obvious. CONCLUSION MI was accompanied by ERS, probably involving the MAPK signaling pathway. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of this pathway, can relieve cardiomyocyte apoptosis and protect the myocardium by suppressing such stress (Tab. 3, Fig. 7, Ref. 20).

The aim of this study was to investigate microstructure and ultrastructure alterations in the pallium of immature mice exposed to cadmium. Forty immature mice were randomly divided into control, 1/100 LD50 (1.87 mg/kg, low), 1/50 LD50 (3.74 mg/kg, medium), and 1/25 LD50 (7.48 mg/kg, high) dose groups. After oral cadmium exposure for 40 days, the pallium of mice was obtained for microstructure and ultrastructure studies. The results showed that both microstructure and ultrastructure alterations of the pallium were observed in all treated mice and the most obvious alterations were in the high dose group. Microstructural analysis showed seriously congested capillary in the pia mater of the pallium in the high cadmium group. Meanwhile, vacuolar degenerate or karyopyknosis presented in some neurocytes, capillary quantity, and the number of apoptotic cells increased, some neurocytes became hypertrophy, the pia mater separated from the cortex, and local hemorrhage and accompanied inflammatory cell infiltration were also observed. Ultrastructural analysis showed that rough endoplasmic reticulum was expanded, heterochromatin marginalized, perinuclear space distinctly broadened, swelling and vacuolization mitochondria appeared, synapse was swelling, presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes presented fusion, and most of mitochondrial cristae were ambiguous. The results indicated that cadmium exposure for 40 days induced dose-dependent microstructure and ultrastructure alterations in pallium of immature mice.

A kind of gas-fired rodless cylinder ejection device which is stoke and weight controlled and suitable for mobile launch was designed. The leakage test of the ejection device is carried out based on the principle prototype of rodless cylinder ejection device and the empirical formula between leakage rate and pressure and travel length was fitted. The mathematical model of gas-fired rodless cylinder ejector internal ballistic with considering the leakage rate is established based on the assumption of zero-dimensional internal ballistic. When comparing the results of internal ballistics considering and not considering the leakage rate, it can be seen that the influence of leakage rate on the results of internal ballistics can not be ignored. The internal ballistic model which coupled the leakage rate is optimized, taking the shortest design stroke and smallest ejection stability index as design target and the parameters of the grain are used as design variables. The results show that after the optimization, the mass flow rate of gas at the end of ejection is increased by 19%, the stroke required for piston speed reaching the design target is shortened by 13.1%, and the launch stability index is increased by 10.7%.

With the wide spread of dental implantation, more and more soft and hard tissue illness related to dental implants occurred. According to a statistical analysis, about 1/4 to 1/2 patients are under the risk of suffering from peri-implant diseases. Peri-implant diseases include peri-implant mucotitis and peri-implantitis. The former is connected with soft tissue while the latter is related to hard tissue around dental implant. This article reviews the diagnosis, classification and treatment of peri-implant diseases.随着种植修复在临床的广泛应用，种植体周围软硬组织疾病逐渐增多。统计表明近1/4至1/2的患者存在发生种植体周围相关软硬组织疾病的风险。种植体周围病包括种植体黏膜炎及种植体周围炎，前者仅涉及种植体周围软组织，后者则导致种植体周围骨组织破坏。本文从种植体周围黏膜炎及种植体周围炎的病因及组织学表现出发，对种植体周围病的诊断、治疗和预防进行了详细阐述。.

Magnetic skyrmions have significant potential for applications in storage and logic devices, but the ability to control skyrmion motion is key to their success. To realize controlled skyrmion motion, vertical spin current-driven methods employing, e.g., the spin Hall or inverse spin galvanic effect, are efficient; thus, magnetic heterostructures featuring large spin-orbit torques are appealing. In this paper, we report on the observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Pt/Co/W multilayers. The interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction was estimated to be $0.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mJ}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ based on the asymmetric domain-wall motion occurring upon the application of in-plane magnetic fields. The evolution of the magnetic structures from labyrinth domains to skyrmions with diameters of around 145 nm under magnetic fields was observed by performing Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. The skyrmion nucleation fields could be tuned by varying the repetition number. Large spin Hall angle systems such as Pt/Co/W multilayers are appealing for achieving current-driven skyrmion motion in future racetrack and logic applications.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases that seriously endangers human health. The pathogenesis of UC is closely related to the intestinal immune response. Cytokines exert a key role in the regulation of intestinal inflammatory and immune responses. Abnormalities in the function and quantity of various cytokines or imbalance of inflammatory factors and immune factors would lead to UC development. We aimed to investigate whether Kruppel-like transcription factor 2 (KFL2) participates in the development of ulcerative colitis by regulating inflammation, so as to provide a new direction for the clinical treatment.40 UC patients were enrolled in this study, including 20 patients with mild ulcerative colitis (MUC) and 20 with severe ulcerative colitis (SUC). 20 normal end of intestinal tissues surgically resected from patients with colorectal cancer in the same period were selected as the control group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to detect the inflammatory infiltration of intestinal mucosa tissues. Expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of each group were detected by qRT-PCR (quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction). Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the infiltration of IL-6 and TNF-α in intestinal mucosal tissues. Protein and mRNA levels of KLF2 in PBMCs of each group were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively. The relationship between the mRNA level of KLF2 in PBMCs and expressions of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α were analyzed using qRT-PCR.Inflammatory cells and cytokines were infiltrated in the intestinal mucosa of UC patients. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were overexpressed in PBMCs of UC patients than those of controls. Protein and mRNA levels of KLF2 in PBMCs of UC patients were remarkably lower than those of controls, which were more significant in SUC patients. Meanwhile, KLF2 was closely related to expressions of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α in PBMCs of UC patients.KLF2 was downregulated in PBMCs of UC patients than that of normal controls, which participated in the inflammatory response of UC by regulating expressions of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α. KLF2 may suggest new treatments for ulcerative colitis.

We aimed at investigating the pathological mechanism changing of injury during reperfusion injury, reperfusion time correlation and compliance, finding the blood supply and improving the secondary damage.A total of 180 patients who underwent a surgical procedure and that received normal saline intraperitoneally immediately after the patients' aortic occlusions were investigated. Patients were divided in three groups. Experimental conditions and programs were designed for various approaches.Thirty min after the onset of ischemia, we found a decrease in the local blood flow in the lumbar spinal cord, almost -77.48% of the baseline, which was reversed partially by initial reperfusion, even exceeding the baseline level. However, 1 hour after reperfusion, the blood flow was again decreased to the level below the baseline, followed by a decline to 207.13% ± 38.25 PU for 3 h without any recovery. Attenuating this secondary damage with neuroprotective strategies requires an understanding of these pathophysiologic processes.This study showed the pathological mechanism changes during reperfusion injury and reperfusion time correlation and compliance, and analyzed some of the important pathophysiologic processes involved in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Moreover, our research discusses a number of pharmacologic therapies that have either been studied or have future potential for this devastating injury.

To investigate the effetcs of autophagy on the proliferation of renal carcinoma (RCCs).Authophagy related protein 7 (Atg7)-overexpressing and knockdown RCC cell lines were established using lentiviral transfection and shRNA interference, respectively. (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) was used to determine the Cell growth rate, and western blot was used to determine the expression of protein. In order to establish xenograft animal models, stable transfected cells were injected into nude mice. After that those mice were used to detect the effect of autophagy on the growth of RCC in vivo.Atg7 overexpression could up-regulate the level of LC3II in RCC cell lines, while Atg7-knockdown suppressed the expression of light chain 3 II (LC3II) in RCC cell lines. Atg7-overexpression cells exhibited a decreased growth profile, while suppressing the expression of Atg7 could accelerate the growth of RCC formed tumors.Our data indicated that autophagy could suppress the growth of RCC cells in vivo and in vitro, and autophagy appeared to be a new therapeutic target for treating advanced renal cell carcinoma.

For decades, despite the advancement of medical science, the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), has not improved. Deltonin is one of the major active components of Dioscorea Zingiberensis Wright that has been used for anthrax, rheumatic heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis etc. By employing HNSCC FaDu cell and normal human epidermal keratinocyte, we investigate deltonin efficacy and associated mechanism in both cell culture and nude mice xenografts. Deltonin treatment selectively prevents proliferation of FaDu cells by cell-cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, via activating checkpoint kinase Chk1and Chk2 as well as caspases 8, 9 and 3. Meanwhile, we found that treatment with deltonin induced autophagy, which played a protective role against deltonin-induced apoptosis. Further studies revealed that deltonin activated autophagy by Akt-mTOR signaling. Additionally, xenograft model showed that administration of deltonin significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival of tumor bearing mice. Our studies suggested that deltonin might be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against HNSCC, which might contribute to clinical application and pharmacological study of deltonin in future anti-cancer research.

A new member of the APETALA2/ethylene responsive element binding protein (AP2/EREBP) transcription factor family, HhDREB2, was isolated from Halimodendron halodendron. Based on the similarity of the AP2/ERF domain, HhDREB2 was classified into A-5 group of the DREB subfamily. The expression of HhDREB2 gene was induced by drought, high salinity, and low temperature, but not by exogenous plant hormones. Trans-activity assay demonstrated that HhDREB2 gene encodes a transcription activator. Furthermore, over-expression of HhDREB2 gene under the stress-inducible rd29A promotor in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses. The overall results reveal that HhDREB2 functioned as important transcription factor in regulation of stress-responsive signaling in plants and may be used for improving plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.

The aim of this study was to examine the expression of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) in duodenal ulcer epithelial cells and its relation to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, and to discuss the pathogenic roles of MIF expression and Hp infection in duodenal ulcer. MIF protein and mRNA expression was examined in samples from patients with duodenal ulcer with and without Hp infection (N = 40 each, experimental group), and in normal duodenal bulb mucosal tissue (N = 40, control group) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Patients without Hp infection received routine treatment, and treatment was provided to the patients positive for Hp to eradicate Hp infection. Hp and MIF expression levels before treatment and after the ulcer had been cured were compared. The positive rates of MIF protein and mRNA in patients with Hp infection before treatment were 67.5 and 65%, respectively, and were 18.9 and 21.6% in the 37 patients from whom Hp was eliminated. These were statistically different both before and after treatment compared with controls (P0.05). In the patients without Hp infection, the positive rates of MIF protein and mRNA expression before (45 and 47.5%, respectively) and after (32.5 and 30%) treatment were not significantly different (P0.05). The results of this study suggested that MIF is related to the development of duodenal ulcer, and that the presence of Hp is closely related with the expression of MIF in the duodenal mucosa and the development of duodenal ulcer.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) on rumen function in finishing lambs. A total of 60 male Hu lambs (average initial BW = 25.2 ± 2.5kg) were used and were offered a pelleted high-concentrate diet, of which the forage to concentrate ratio was 25:75. Individual feed intake was recorded over a period of 42 d, then 10 lambs with the lowest RFI and the highest RFI were selected, respectively. The rumen fluid used for fermentation variables and relative abundance of bacteria measurement was obtained on d 10 and 20 after RFI measurement. At the end of this experiment, the selected lambs were slaughtered and rumen epithelium and liver tissues were collected for RNA extraction. Low-RFI lambs had lower (0.01) DMI and greater (0.05) G:F than the high-RFI ones, while the RFI groups did not differ in ADG and BW (0.05). Additionally, RFI was positively ( = 0.57;0.01) correlated with DMI and negatively ( = -0.53;0.05) correlated with G:F. Total VFA and individual VFA decreased (0.05) over time. The concentrations of total VFA, acetate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and rumen pH (0.05) were not affected by RFI classification. Nonetheless, low-RFI group lambs had a greater (0.05) concentration of propionate, a lower (0.05) concentration of butyrate, and a lower (0.05) acetate to propionate ratio compared with the high-RFI group. There was a significant (0.05) effect of RFI on the relative abundance of and . The relative abundance of , , and decreased (0.05) over time in high-RFI group. And the relative abundance of in high-RFI group was greater (0.05) than its low-RFI counterpart. Furthermore, RFI had no effect (0.05) on gene expression associated with intracellular pH regulation (, , , , , , , and ) in rumen epithelium and β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism () in both rumen epithelium and liver tissues. In conclusion, even though low-RFI lambs had lower DMI, however, the number of was lower. Additionally, there was no difference in gene expressions level associated with intracellular pH regulation in rumen epithelium between RFI groups.

Concrete structures are usually fractured under dynamic loadings, so it is important to have a clear knowledge of their dynamic behavior and tensile strength. First, the principle of one-dimensional (1D) stress wave reflection and superposition at free surface is briefed, and the spalling test method based on the Hopkinson bar is presented. Then, the attenuation law of stress wave is explored and the dynamic tensile/compressive moduli of concrete are evaluated according to the wave propagation experiment. Lastly, the influences of strain rate on the spalling tensile strength and failure patterns of concrete are further analyzed. The testing results demonstrate that the attenuation of stress wave accords with an exponential law when propagating in the concrete bar. The difference between the dynamic elastic moduli of concrete in tension and in compression is minor. Spalling tensile strength is sensitive to strain rate, and there is an obvious linear correlation between dynamic increase factor (DIF) and str...

Management of high-grade T1 (formerly T1G3) bladder cancer continues to be controversial. Should patients with T1G3 bladder cancer have an immediate radical cystectomy or should they receive intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin preserving bladder? Gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) adjuvant chemotherapy may help to strike a balance between intravesical and early cystectomy. For purposes of this study, we continue to refer high-grade T1 lesion as "T1G3."To evaluate the characteristics and the long-term outcome of GC adjuvant chemotherapy in T1G3 bladder cancer after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).We, retrospectively, reviewed 48 patients who were newly diagnosed with T1G3 bladder cancer between January 2009 and December 2012. A total of 48 patients received 4 cycles of GC adjuvant chemotherapy after TURBT. One month after 4 cycles of GC adjuvant chemotherapy, response was evaluated by re-TURBT. Median follow-up was 59.5 (range: 18-70) months, all patients have been observed for more than 3 years. Salvage cystectomy was recommended for patients with persistent disease and for tumor progression after initial complete response.Complete response was achieved in 44 (91.7%) patients. Of complete responders, 5 patients experienced recurrence and 5 patients showed progression. The progression rate and disease-specific survival rate were 10.4% and 91.7% at 3 years, respectively. More than 80% of survivors preserved their bladder. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS) was the only factor that had an influence on progression-free survival (P = 0.022) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.017). Concomitant CIS was the prognostic factor for progression rate and disease-specific survival rate at 3 years (P = 0.008 and P = 0.035).GC adjuvant chemotherapy is a safe conservative treatment for T1G3 bladder cancer, but effective is really a phase II study. Patients with T1G3 bladder cancer with concomitant CIS should be treated more aggressively because of the high risk of progression.

In order to reveal the mechanical properties of CFRP recycled aggregate concrete long columns under axial compression load, we designed 7 experimental members for the test. The specimens parameters are recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentage, slenderness ratio and layers of CFRP jackets. According to the test, the failure process and patterns were obtained, and the curve of load-displacement were measured. The influence of recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratio, slenderness ratio, layers of CFRP on the bearing performance of CFRP circular steel tubular confined recycled aggregate concrete long columns were analysed.

To evaluate mechanical performances of the transverse rib bar and reveal anchoring mechanism between the grout and steel bar, a series of pull-out tests were carried out, the numerical simulations and theoretical analysis of grout failure modes were also analyzed. Results show that the grout in front of the transverse rib display wedge-shape damage and the simulation results verify this damage forms. The formula of the effective transverse rib angle, the grout strength and anchorage force were derived based on elastic thick-wall cylinder theory. During the pull-out tests, the radial stress of the grout lagged the tangential stress reaching the ultimate tensile strength with the inner pressure increasing. The anchoring force of the transverse rib bar increases with the increase of the grout strength, and with the increase of the effective transverse rib angle. These conclusions provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the engineering practice.

In this paper, an adaptive temperature demodulation method to eliminate Rayleigh noise real-timely in Raman distributed temperature sensors using anti-Stokes light only has been presented. The theoretical model calculating Rayleigh noise is proposed. Based on known parameters, the Rayleigh noise can be calculated and then eliminated simultaneously by the intensity of the signal composed by anti-Stokes light and Rayleigh noise at two different temperatures. In our experiments, two sections of reference fiber I, II are utilized and their temperatures were set at 27 and 40 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ respectively. Experiment results indicate that the temperature errors caused by Rayleigh noise are decreased by 4 and 6 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ at 50 and 70 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ respectively after using this method.

A novel method to auto-correct and compensate the attenuation in Raman distributed temperature sensors is proposed. This method utilizes a fiber in loop configuration combined with a reference temperature in the front section to cancel out the impact of attenuation generated by different wavelengths, local external perturbations and environment changes. The conception is successfully verified by theory and experiments. Rapid measurements are shown, with 1,250 m fiber in loop configuration, allowing for a $$2.5\,^{\circ }\text{ C }$$ improved temperature accuracy compared to the conventional method.

The type of host tissues and cells ingested by piercing and sucking insects greatly affects their nutrient intake, which may subsequently affect insect fitness. This study describes the sex differences in feeding site selection between male and female nymphs of the Chinese white wax scale insect (CWWS), Ericerus pela (Chavannes), feeding on leaves of the Chinese privet, Ligustrum lucidum. Our data showed that the stylet tips of female nymphs terminated in the phloem sieve elements of main or lateral veins, while those of male nymphs terminated in the palisade parenchyma. We concluded that female nymphs fed from sieve elements and males fed from parenchyma cells. The potential impact of these feeding patterns was discussed in relation to the selection of a site for attachment, nutrient acquisition, and mouthpart stretching mechanism. Among these factors, selection of a site for attachment and mouthpart stretching mechanism may be the main cause of sex differences in feeding sites between female and male nymphs of CWWS.