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The objective of this study was to evaluate the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of tree species within the riparian zone of Lake Duparquet, located in the southern boreal region of Quebec, Canada. Occurrence and relative basal area of 10 species were recorded within an altitudinal range of 200 cm above mean water level along 95 transects. Stepwise logistic regression and canonical correspondence analyses were performed on the overall data set as well as separately for the five geomorphological shore types distinguished (depositional flats, floodplains, beaches, terraces, and rock outcrops). The elevation gradient, representing seasonal floodings, is the main factor determining the distribution of the species. The differences between the geomorphological shore types with respect to composition and arrangement of the arborescent vegetation along the elevation gradient are at least partially explained by surficial substratum, topography, aspect, and fire. Exposure to wave activity seems to be of minor importance only. However, since they are the driving force of erosion and sedimentation, the waves are to a great part responsible for the morphological differentiation of the shoreline. The distribution of the tree species along a characteristic physiographic cross-section is illustrated for each geomorphological shore type.

Ice scars on lakeshore trees were surveyed on the islands of two large lakes in northern Québec: Clearwater Lake (1270 km2) and Bienville Lake (900 km2), respectively at the southern edge of the Subarctic and at the northern limit of the Boreal zones. Correspondence of ice-scar chronologies with hydrological and climatological instrumental registers indicated that shore ice pushes are due to lake floods. In the AD 1930s, a shift in the flood regimes occurred. In the high Boreal, ice-push activity was much more frequent prior to 1930 than in the Subarctic. Major regional ice pushes occurred in AD 1854, 1903, 1914, 1936, 1947, 1954,1959-60, 1970 and 1979. Prior to 1930, local major events were concentrated south of the Subarctic zone, but the situation inverted after 1930. A northward shift in the average position of the Arctic front is postulated as having been the driving force of local hydrologic regimes that allowed ice disturbances to occur, especially A in controlling the amount of snowfall. Ice scars provide proxy indicators of an increase in the frequency of snowy winters between the mid-1930s and 1980. The recent period of low levels represents an anomalous incursion in the century trend, but equivalent long episodes of low seasonal lake levels occurred prior to 1930.

Do large hydroelectric reservoirs in northern Quebec have an influence on regional climate? In the absence of any climatic record covering the period prior to and after damming, the influence of a ...

The development of female gametophytes and embryos in relation to cumulative growing degree-days was followed to see if the postulated cooling influence of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir (LG2, northern Quebec) slowed the reproductive process of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). During the 1996 growing season, three to five developing seed cones were harvested 11 times on nine trees distributed along a shore-hinterland gradient of the northern shore of the reservoir. The daily thermal sum (degree-days > 5°C) in the seed cone zone of the same trees was also monitored to describe the female gametophyte and embryo development of this species as a function of heat sum. The 23 developmental stages identified in this study confirm that the female gametophyte and embryo of P. mariana develop according to the same pattern exhibited by other Picea spp. These stages, although unequal in duration, succeeded each other according to a sigmoid function of the temperature sum. Direct temperature measurements taken 0, 25, and 100 m from the shore of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir suggest the interior trees experienced 107 more degree-days > 5°C than the shoreline trees during seed maturation. Although gametophyte development of the shoreline trees was delayed early in the growing season (Kruskall-Wallis, p = 0.05), this delay does not persist afterward. Despite the net cooling effect of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir, all studied trees achieved embryo maturation in 1996. During this growing season, the warmest since 1977, it took embryos 800-940 degree-days to mature. The shoreline trees reached this temperature threshold later than interior trees. It is suggested that the cooling effect of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir could contribute to the inhibition of embryo maturation in shoreline trees during growing seasons with less than 800 degree-days.Key words: black spruce, climate change, cone development, northern boreal forests, Picea mariana, seed maturation.

This paper reports on the paludification of kettle holes formed in a proglacial esker complex at Lake Bienville in northern Quebec. Deep hollows on the central islands of this large subarctic lake (c. 900 kin2), are highly exposed to northeasterly and southwesterly winds over long fetches, and accumulate large amounts of drifting snow (c. 4 m). Modifications in local snow distribution associated with Holocene vegetation and climate changes contributed to an increased water supply in kettle holes. Podzolic soils with light patches in the B horizon are attributed to differential water circulation during thawing in coarse-textured soils with high moisture supply associated with thicker snow. Peat started to form over well-drained podzolic soils after 600 BP, especially c. 200 BP, when suitable conditions for Sphagnum growth established at the front of snowbeds. The recent development of patchy podzolic soils and paludification of kettle holes are interpreted as the result of a combination of bioclimatic events including: (l) the development of a postfire, open-vegetation cover after c. 1500 BP associated with cooler conditions exacerbated by the presence of a large water body; and (2) the shift from a boreal-to a subarctic-like (wind-controlled) snow regime permitting the accumulation of large amounts of snow and late melting.

The effects of floods on the radial growth of Populus tremula L. and Quercus robur L. in past decades were studied on a forested island in the Saone River (France). The study considered two stands ...

The regeneration patterns of Alnus crispa (Air.) Pursh. in response to water level lowerings were studied along the shores of Lake Bienville (898 km 2 ) in subarctic Quebec. During a period of high waters in the 1970s, pruning by drifting ice was important and contributed to sprouting and crown densification of well-established shrub individuals. Low water levels prevailed between 1980 and 1985 when massive shrub colonization along the lakeshores occurred. Shrub establishment was favored on shorelines where geomorphic activity (ice pushes and wave action) was moderate or low. Well-established shrubs have undergone moderate ice-push damages since 1985, which limit the expansion of the population by seeds, but favor the densification of the stem metapopulations. Interannual and decennial fluctuations in water levels of northern basins should be studied more closely to better understand hydroclimatic regimes and causes of periods of low hydraulicity, especially in regions where the potential for hydroelectricity is high.

This article is the first of three written on the topic of Quebec psychoeducation. The object of this article is to explain the historical and theoretical foundations of psychoeducation as a academic discipline in Quebec. Developments within the field will be highlighted to illustrate how it has evolved up to the present day. Psychoeducation originated within live-in rehabilitation centres for troubled youth and was then integrated within the contexts of schools, community centres, psychiatric hospitals and physical rehabilitation centres. Psychoeducators in Quebec are making their mark in providing support and assistance to all age groups, from children to seniors, helping people with adjustment difficulties who struggle to integrate. Today, Quebec psychoeducation can cross borders and cultures, to broaden the perspectives of other specialized higher-education programs at the university level. Sharing the Quebec model, its theoretical expertise and its history of clinical practice will enable others to benefit in improving the social integration and psychosocial adaptation of those in need.

[1] This study proposes a method to reconstruct past spring flood discharge from continuous and discrete tree ring chronologies, since both have their respective strengths and weaknesses in northern environments. Ring width or density series provide uninterrupted records that are indirectly linked to regional discharge through a concomitant effect of climate on tree growth and streamflow. Conversely, discrete event chronologies constitute conspicuous records of past high water levels since they are constructed from trees that are directly damaged by the flood. However, the uncertainty of discrete series increases toward the past, and their relationships with spring discharge are often nonlinear. To take advantage of these two sources of information, we introduce a new transfer model technique on the basis of generalized additive model (GAM) theory. The incorporation of discrete predictors and the evaluation of the robustness of the nonlinear relationships are assessed using a jackknife procedure. We exemplify our approach in a reconstruction of May water supplies to the Caniapiscau hydroelectric reservoir in northern Quebec, Canada. We used earlywood density measurements as continuous variables and ice-scar dates around Lake Montausier in the James Bay area as a discrete variable. Strong calibration (0.57 < 0.61 < 0.75) and validation (0.27 < 0.44 < 0.58) R2 statistics were obtained, thus highlighting the usefulness of the model. Our reconstruction suggests that, since ∼1965, spring floods have become more intense and variable in comparison with the last 150 years. We argue that a similar procedure can be used in each case where discrete and continuous tree ring proxies are used together to reconstruct past spring floods.

Effects of recent floods on red ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) forest margins were studied along the upper St Lawrence Estuary in eastern Canada. Major floods amplified by tides left many injuries on riparian red ash trees, which allows dating of past disturbances based on stand structure and dendrochronological analysis. The formation of ice scars on stems, the development of basal sprouts, and the inhibition of population regeneration on shore, provide evidence of a recent increase in shore disturbance. Since the 1950s and especially the 1970s, a landward displacement of the tree line occurred as a result of increasing shore erosion. Usually the ice foot on the shore disintegrates in situ in April, but since the 1950s, early snow-melts in mid-winter have been causing sudden floods that raise the ice foot to the edge of the backshore forest, leaving many signs of damage. Increasing winter climatic variability since the 1950s seems responsible for such variations in flood regime.

While research shows that large water bodies can produce significant micro- and meso-climatic effects, these effects are not well documented. The flooding of large areas transforms terrestrial environments into aquatic environments, with hills becoming islands and the flooded edges dynamic shorelines. In creating these reservoirs, we expose the new shoreline forests to processes and natural hazards pertaining to lacustrine environments. The environmental transformations caused by these processes are generally limited to the immediate edges of the reservoirs. In Russia, Vendrov and Malik (1965), D’yakonov and Reteyum (1965), and Butorin et al. (1973) have shown that the effects of reservoirs in the Volga are limited to their riparian edges.

We studied recent shoreline forest degradation caused by erosion occurring during high-water events on an upper St. Lawrence estuary site in Canada. Uprooted trees show a significant suppression pa...

The effects of ice-push on shoreline population age structure of Salix planifolia was investigated at Clearwater Lake, a large lake (1270 km 2 ) located in the eastern Canadian subarctic. Twenty-three willow stands located along a gradient of exposure to ice features were studied along the shoreline of a large island. Stand characteristics are significantly correlated with the degree of shore exposure. Drift-ice action maintains continuously vegetation free substrata furthering willow colonization in shoreline habitat. Well-rooted shrubs withstand disturbance through vegetative regenetation, that is profuse basal sprouting in response to ice-scouring and breakage of stems. Age structure of basal shoots in highly correlated with ice-scar dates. The rapid turnover of stem metapopulations frequently damaged by ice allows the shrubs to live older than usually. During recent decades, drift-ice activity contributed to maintain a fast changing shore zone, favourable for the development of shrub populations. High frequency and magnitude of ice-push events were caused by periodic high spring water levels

Disturbances in shoreline forest margins during the past century were dated at Lake Bienville, Quebec, using various dendroecological indicators. Trees in upper shore positions were disturbed by wa...

The response of littoral shrub populations to recent land emergence along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay was studied as an indirect estimate of the minimum rate of isostatic rebound in the area. Evidence of a rapid downward displacement of shrub populations is borne out (1) by the zonation in population structures ranging from a clear expanding semilogarithmic distribution close to water to an irregular multimodal pattern backshore, (2) by the zonation pattern in shrub vitality showing healthy individuals in the expansion zone at water edge and a declining zone backshore, and (3) by the progressive displacement of the lower limit occupied by the different species as suggested by the distribution of the oldest individuals along the sloping shore. Average lateral displacement varies among species, ranging between 1.3 and 2.9 m yr- . The downward movement ranges between 0.7 and 1.2 m yr-1, which is an extension rate close to the current land emergence rates obtained by projection of 14C-dated uplift curves in the area (between 1.0 and 1.3 cm yr-1).

The forested shoreline of the Saint Lawrence River upper estuary is frequently damaged by spring ice, currents, and waves during episodes of high water levels. A dendroecological analysis of the significant river floods, as recorded by ring-width patterns of uprooted woody plants, population growth and decay structures, and scars caused by ice on trees within the shore environment, provides direct evidence of a landward migrating shoreline. Regressive succession of vegetation is associated with a general rise in year-to-year flood levels. Plant community dynamics and shore sediment migration were investigated in a particularly exposed site between Grondines and Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade. Most of the oldest sublittoral trees are undergoing slow degradation and hydrophilous shrubby stands show extensive expansion within the shoreline habitat, which is associated with an important landward displacement of sediments. These ecological and geomorphological results concur with the general rising trend of flood levels of the Saint Lawrence during the last 30 years.

Dendroecological analysis of black spruces (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) near the shore of Clearwater Lake in the eastern Canadian subarctic yielded information on water level over the past three centuries. Tree positions, growth froms, layering, tree ring patterns, and ice scars provide direct evidence of a major rise in lake level. From the 17th century to the present, trees on the lake shore were progressively submerged by the increasing water level, which reached a maximum in this century. Higher levels began around the mid-18th century when shoreline spruce trees started to lean because extensive wave erosion caused landward shore displacement. High mortality of leaning spruce and abundant ice scar formation occurred during this century. The rise in water level in inferred to have been caused by snowier winters occurring parallel to climatic warming.

Les élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales sont parmi ceux ayant le plus faible taux d’intégration en classe ordinaire. Plusieurs variables propres à l’enseignant sont considérées comme ayant un impact dans le processus intégratif de ces élèves. Le présent article évalue les associations entre certaines de ces variables, dont le stress de l’enseignant et la qualité de sa relation avec l’élève présentant des difficultés d’ordre comportementale, dans l’établissement d’une attitude favorable ou défavorable à l’égard de l’intégration. L’échantillon se compose de 221 enseignants (77 hommes et 144 femmes) de niveau secondaire. Les résultats d’une analyse de régression font ressortir le pouvoir prédictif autant du stress que de la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève sur l’attitude de l’enseignant. L’ajout de variables secondaires (années d’expérience d’enseignement, formation initiale reliée aux élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales, sexe des enseignants) dans le modèle de régression, contribue à l’effet global d’interaction, ce qui suggère leur effet modérateur. Ces résultats témoignent de la nécessité d’agir sur deux fronts à la fois, afin d’améliorer les attitudes des enseignants quant à l’intégration scolaire de ces élèves : sur leur stress à enseigner à ces derniers et sur la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève., Students with behavioral difficulties are among those with the lowest level of mainstream integration. Several variables specific to teachers are considered to have an impact on the integrative process of these students. This article assesses associations between some of these variables, including teacher stress and the quality of his relationship with the student with behavioral difficulties, in establishing a positive or negative attitude toward their integration. The sample consists of 221 teachers (77 men and 144 women) at the secondary level. Regression analysis highlight the predictive power of both stress and the quality of teacher-student relationship on teachers’ attitude. The addition of secondary variables (length of teaching experience, initial education related to students with behavioral difficulties, teachers’ gender) in the regression model contributes to the overall effect of interaction, suggesting they have a moderating effect. In order to improve teachers’ attitudes towards school integration of these students, these results demonstrate the need to act both on teachers’ stress in teaching them, and on the quality of the teacher-student relationship.

En milieu scolaire, le psychoéducateur est appelé à jouer un rôle clef dans l’évaluation des difficultés d’adaptation vécues par les élèves, notamment sur le plan comportemental. À l’heure actuelle, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur ce que font les psychoéducateurs lorsqu’ils mènent une évaluation dans le cadre de leur fonction. Cette étude descriptive vise donc à dresser un portrait de la pratique évaluative des psychoéducateurs dans les écoles primaires au Québec en considérant les différences pouvant exister selon leur niveau de formation universitaire et leur région d’appartenance. Le devis de recherche mixte allie des données provenant de six groupes de discussion (n total de participants = 34), d’entrevues téléphoniques (n = 21) et des données issues de questionnaires (N = 159). Les résultats indiquent que la pratique évaluative des psychoéducateurs est somme toute homogène en considérant le niveau de formation et la région d’appartenance. De plus, ils démontrent que les psychoéducateurs rapportent avoir une pratique évaluative qui correspond d’assez près aux recommandations de pratiques dans le domaine de l’évaluation en milieu scolaire. Enfin, les résultats mettent en lumière les besoins des psychoéducateurs et les contraintes auxquels ils font face en exercice par rapport à l’évaluation et qui peuvent être causés par des enjeux d’identité professionnelle., In school settings, the psychoeducator plays a key role in assessing students with adaptation difficulties, as well as social, emotional and behavioral problems. At present, little information is available on what psychoeducators specifically do when assessing students with behavioral problems. Therefore, this descriptive study aims to present the evaluative practice of psychoeducators in primary schools in Quebec taking into account their level of education (bachelor vs master degree) and region (urban vs rural). The mixed methods design of research combines data from six focus groups (n total of participants = 34), telephone interviews (n = 21) and questionnaires (N = 159). The results indicate that the evaluative practice of psychoeducators is homogeneous considering their level of education and their region. In addition, the results show that psychoeducators report having an assessment practice that closely matches the recommendations of practice in the field of assessment in the school setting. Finally, the results highlight the needs of the psychoeducators and the constraints they face when performing assessments, the latter being perhaps caused by professional identity issues.

Occupant une place de plus en plus grande parmi les professionnels qui oeuvrent dans les écoles primaires au Québec, les psychoéducateurs sont souvent mandatés pour évaluer les élèves qui présentent des difficultés d’adaptation d’ordre comportemental. À l’heure actuelle, peu de pratiques rigoureuses d’évaluation ont été développées pour ces psychoéducateurs. Cette étude vise à évaluer l’implantation initiale d’un protocole d’évaluation d’élèves ayant des troubles du comportement proposé à des psychoéducateurs d’école primaire. Au total, 22 psychoéducateurs ainsi que cinq acteurs clefs de commission scolaire ont participé à une entrevue téléphonique visant à recueillir l’appréciation de cette pratique novatrice. Les résultats ont permis de faire ressortir les forces, les limites, les contraintes liées à son utilisation ainsi que les retombées du protocole sur la pratique des psychoéducateurs., Psychoeducators are playing an increasing role among professionals in primary schools, and they are often mandated to assess students with behavioral disorders. Until now, however, few rigorous evaluation practices have been developed for psychoeducators. This study aims to evaluate the initial implementation of an assessment protocol for behavioral disorders that has been proposed for primary school psychoeducators. A total of 22 psychoeducators and five school board administrators were interviewed to understand their appreciation of this innovative practice. Results were used to highlight the strengths, limits and constraints of use as well as benefits of the protocol on the psychoeducators’ evaluation practices.

Lorsqu’un élève n’est pas en mesure de progresser et de réussir à l’intérieur de son programme de formation ou que la situation nécessite la mise en place de services spécialisés ou d’adaptations diverses, un plan d’intervention (PI) est alors mis en œuvre (Ministère de l’Éducation du Québec [MÉQ], 2004a). Bien que le cadre de référence québécois sur l’établissement du PI précise que l’élève doit être placé·e au cœur de sa réussite, la participation des élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales (PDC) est généralement peu sollicitée, leurs opinions peu prises en compte et ceux-ci et celles-ci ne se sentant pas préparé·es à y jouer un rôle actif (Souchon, 2008). Pourtant, de nombreuses études démontrent les effets positifs liés à l’implication active de l’élève dans l’établissement de son PI. En se basant sur une recension intégrative des écrits scientifiques et pratiques, cet article brosse le portrait de la situation sur l’établissement des PI et la participation des élèves PDC dans ce processus. Il expose les bénéfices associés à une participation active de leur part. Par la suite, la nécessité d’accompagner les élèves afin de soutenir cette participation est démontrée. Enfin, des pistes d’actions sont proposées pour accompagner les élèves PDC dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de leur PI et pour soutenir leur autodétermination tout au long des phases de ce processus., When a student is unable to progress and succeed within his training program or the situation requires the implementation of specialized services or various adaptations, an individualized education plan (IEP) is implemented (Ministère de l'Éducation du Québec [MÉQ], 2004a). Although the Quebec framework for the establishment of the IEP specifies that the student must be placed at the heart of his or her success, the participation of students with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) is generally little solicited, their opinions little taken into account, and they do not feel prepared to play an active role in it (Souchon, 2018). However, many studies demonstrate the positive effects associated with the active involvement of the student in the establishment of his IEP. Based on an integrative review of literature, this article paints a portrait of the situation regarding the establishment of IEPs and the participation of EBD students in this process. It outlines the benefits associated with active participation on their part. Subsequently, the need to support students in order to support this participation is demonstrated. Finally, courses of action are proposed to support EBD students in the development and implementation of their IEP and to support their self-determination throughout the phases of this process.

Ground measurements of NO 2 and O 3 were conducted in summer 1995 in an alpine valley at Chamonix, in France, during three weekly sequences from July 17th to August 7th. The concentration of gases were estimated using a passive method from the bottom of the valley (altitude: 1 020 m) to the timberline (2 200 m) over 42 sites distributed merely at the junction of every square kilometer. Two sample sites were also selected at the two valley's ends to estimate the longitudinal fluxes of gases. Active continuous measuments were simultaneously collected at Chamonix and helped to calibrate the concentrations of gases obtained by the passive method. The results indicated that NO 2 concentrations augment along the NE-SW axis of the valley, from 9.9 to 50.3 [.mu]g/m 3 ,but damp gradually with altitude (from 27.3 [.mu]g/ m 3 in the valley to 3.2 [.mu]g/m 3 at 2 000 m). Maximum concentrations were found at the position of the main road traffic: main road (26 000 vehicles per day), Mont Blanc tunnel road (7 000 v/d) and parking lots. O 3 concentrations are maximum in altitude (125 [.mu]g/m 3 ) in the northeastern part of the valley and damp toward the lower south-western area (67.1 [.mu]g/m 3 ). The geographical patterns of pollution are explained by the local climatic conditions (air turbulence and temperature gradient), associated with the valley geomorphic configuration and the geographic and temporal distribution of road traffic., Au cours de l'été 1995, la distribution des concentrations atmosphériques en dioxyde d'azote (NO 2 ) et enozone (O 3 ) a été analysée dans une vallée alpine (Chamonix, France). Sur 8 km, du fond de la vallée (1 020 m) à 2 000 m d'altitude, 42 sites répartis selon une maille de 1 km 2 ont fait l'objet de trois échantillonnages passifs hebdomadaires, du 17 juillet au 7 août 1995. Des mesures en continu des concentrations en NO 2 et en O3 effectuées simultanément sur deux des sites ont permis de vérifier les résultats obtenus par l'échantillonnage passif. Les concentrations en NO 2 s'atténuent graduellement du sud-ouest au nord-est suivant l'axe de la vallée, passant de 50,3 à 9,9 [.mu]g/m 3 . Par contre, elles diminuent rapidement avec l'altitude (de 27,3 [.mu]g/m 3 au fond de la vallée à 3,2 [.mu]g/m 3 à 2 000 m d'altitude). Les concentrations maximales sont relevées à proximité des zones de concentration du trafic routier: route principale (26 000 véhicules par jour), route d'accès au tunnel du Mont-Blanc (7 000 v/j) et aires de stationnement. L'ozone est en concentration maximale en altitude (125 [.mu]g/m 3 ) et diminue graduellement vers le fond de la vallée (67,1 [.mu]g/m 3 ). Le resserrement de la vallée dans la partie nord-est conduit à l'augmentation des concentrations dans cette zone. Le climat (turbulences de l'air, phénomènes d'inversion thermique), les phénomènes photochimiques et la configuration de la vallée sont les facteurs expliquant ce patron de distribution des concentrations en NO 2 et en O 3 dans la vallée., En el verano de 1995, en un valle alpino (Chamonix, Francia), se midió la distribución de la concentración del Dióxido de Nitrógeno (NO 2 ) y del Ozono (O 3 ) atmosférico. Del 17 de julio al 7 de agosto,en un largo de 8 km, entre el fondo del valle (1 020 m.s.n.m.) y hasta una altura de 2 000 metros, aplicando el método de muestreos pasivos, se realizarón tres medidas semanales de la concentración de NO 2 y O 3 en 42 puntos situados en las intersecciones de cada kilómetro cuadrado del área de estudio. Dos sitios de medidas continuas, uno en el fondo del valle y otro en altitud, han permitido verificar los resultados obtenidos por muestro pasivo. Las concentraciones de NO 2 se atenuan gradualmente a lo largo del valle, del sud-oeste hacia el nor-este, pasando de 50,3 [.mu]g/m3 a 9,9 [.mu]g/m 3 ; en cambio las concentraciones disminuyen rápidamente con la altura (de 27,3 [.mu]g/m 3 en el fondo del valle, a 3,2 [.mu]g/m 3 a los 2 000 metros de altura). La máxima concentración de esos contaminantes se registra cerca de las zonas de alto tráfico: Ruta principal (26 000 vehículos por día), ruta de acceso al tunel del Mont Blanc (7 000 vehículos por día) y la afluencia de vehículos en las playas de estacionamiento. La máxima concentracion de O 3 ha sido registrada en altitud (125 [.mu]g/m 3 ), disminuyendo gradual- mente hacia el fondo del valle (67,1 [.mu]g/m 3 ). La estrechez de la parte nor-este del valle causa un aumento de la concentración de esos contaminantes en el lugar. El clima (la turbulencia del aire y el gradiente térmico), los fenómenos fotoquímicos y la configuración del valle son los factores que explican ese patrón de distribución de la concetración del NO 3 y del O 3 en la región.

Cette étude vise à identifier les pratiques de différenciation pédagogique mises en place au primaire qui facilitent ou nuisent à l’inclusion des élèves doués en classe ordinaire. La collecte de données réalisée auprès de 24 élèves doués âgés de 6 à 11 ans, de leurs parents et de leurs enseignants comprend une entrevue semi-structurée, l’utilisation du WISC-VCDN-F et du Système d’évaluation du comportement de l’enfant, BASC-3CNF. L’analyse qualitative du discours permet de croiser les différentes perspectives des acteurs. Le respect du rythme d’apprentissage, l’approndissement des contenus et la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève favorisent le sentiment d’inclusion de l’élève et son bien-être. À l’inverse, la répétition des contenus et les activités trop faciles sont perçues comme nuisibles., This study aims to identify pedagogical differentiation practices that facilitate or hinder the inclusion of gifted students in regular classrooms. The data collection carried out on 24 gifted pupils aged 6 to 11, their parents and their teachers includes a semi-structured interview, the use of WISC-VCDN-F and the Behavioral Assessment System of the Child, BASC-3CNF. The qualitative analysis of the dicourses makes it possible to cross the different perspectives of the actors. Respect for the pace of learning, in-depth differentiating of content and the quality of the teacher-student relationship promote the student’s sense of inclusion and well-being. Conversely, repetition of content and activities that are too simple are perceived as harmful.

Les platières sont des tabliers organo-minéraux occupant la rive de plusieurs grands lacs de la toundra forestière du Québec. La végétation qu'elles portent est périodiquement affectée par l'activité des vagues et les poussées glacielles. Le maintien de ces végétaux dans des habitats hautement dynamiques soulève plusieurs questions d'intérêt écologique et géomorphologique qui ont été étudiées au lac à l'Eau Claire, en Hudsonie. Les platières comportent une mosaïque de parcelles végétales en voie de régression ou de croissance, selon l'exposition aux perturbations allogènes. Bien qu'il existe un étagement des espèces en fonction du gradient d'immersion et d'exposition, la zonation en bandes subparallèles à la rive habituellement observée en périphérie des lacs tempérés, est ici peu prononcée. On trouve la diversité floristique optimale dans des sites présentant des conditions intermédiaires d'exposition où le bilan sédimentaire est très variable. Le développement des platières en région subarctique est stimulé par des fluctuations très irrégulières du niveau lacustre d'une année à l'autre, probablement en réponse aux variations interannuelles des précipitations de neige. La dénivellation du plan d'eau au cours de la saison de végétation influence l'intensité de l'activité géomorphologique des glaces et des vagues sur les rives et détermine ainsi les modalités de la succession écologique., Around most large lakes of the forest tundra zone in Québec, vegetation colonizes sheltered shores periodically affected by storm waves and ice pushes. Many questions of ecological and geomorphological interest arise from the existence of these vegetation forms within particularly dynamic habitats. In the Lac à l'Eau Claire area, vegetated platforms comprise a mosaic of regressive and progressive mats, resulting from exposure to varying degrees of geomorphic disturbance and prolonged drowning. The species occupy different vertical positions according to immersion and exposure gradients, but zonation patterns parallel to the shoreline, typical of other regions are uncommon here. Species richness is highest in intermediate disturbance conditions, that is along shores where the sedimentary environment is most unstable. Water level during growth period controls the position reached by ice-pushes and waves along the shores and affect the plant succession process. Water level changes from year to year are probably caused by annual variations in snow fall amounts., Am Ufer von mehreren grossen Seen der Wald-Tundra Québecs befinden sich organisch-mineralische Plattformen. Ihre Vegetation wird durch die Aktivitat der Wellen und die Eisschiibe periodisch gestôrt. Das Bestehen dieser Vegetation an einem hôchst dynamischen Standort wirft mehrere ôkologische und geomorphologische Fragen auf, die am Lac à l'Eau Claire, Hudson Bay, ùberprûft wurden. Die Plattformen bestehen aus einem Mosaik von Vegetations-Parzellen, die sich zuruckentwickeln Oder entwickeln, je nachdem welchen Storungen von aussen sie ausgesetzt sind. Obwohl die Arten je nach Gefâlle des Eintauchens und der Exposition horizontal angeordnet sind, ist die Einteilung in subparalell zum Ufer verlaufende Streifen, die man normalerweise an der Peripheric der gemassigten Seen beobachten kann, hier wenig ausgeprâgt. Die optimale Flora-Vielfalt findet man an Platzen mit mittlerer Exposition, wo die Sediment-Bilanz sehr variabel ist. Die Fluktuationen des Seeniveaus von einem Jahr zum andern, die, wahrscheinlich wegen der jahrlichen Unterschiede im Schneefall, sehr unregelmàssig sind, stimulieren die Entwicklung der Plattformen im subarktischen Gebiet. Die Verschiebung des Wasserspiegels wâhrend der Vegetationszeit beeinflusst die Intensitàt der geomorphologischen Einwirkung von Eis und Wellen auf die Ufer und bestimmt so den Prozess der ôkologischen Abfolge.

Au Québec comme ailleurs, et pour diverses raisons, les rapports entre le nationalisme et la religion ne sont pas toujours allés de soi. Ici, les liens étroits entretenus pendant longtemps entre l’Église catholique et les nationalistes canadiens-français (on parle souvent de clérico-nationalisme) n’ont pas empêché que soit posée la question suivante : peut-on être à la fois nationaliste et catholique ? Certains événements comme la mise à l’Index de L’Action française de Charles Maurras en France en 1926 ainsi que la crise sentinelliste, qui a déchiré les Franco-Américains en 1928, ont eu des répercussions ici et posé ce problème avec plus d’acuité. En 1936, un jeune prêtre et philosophe dominicain canadien-français, Louis Lachance, a tenté d’y apporter une réponse dans un essai intitulé Nationalisme et religion. Pour Lachance, il n’y a de nationalisme légitime que lorsque subordonné et encadré par la religion. Cet article expose les thèses contenues dans ce livre et rappelle entre autres qu’elles ont été reçues favorablement par l’un des critiques les plus véhéments du nationalisme canadien-français de l’époque, Jean-Charles Harvey., For a variety of reasons, and despite the close ties which have historically linked the Roman Catholic Church to Quebec's nationalist movement (many authors even speak of "clerical nationalism" to describe traditional French Canadian nationalism), the relationship between the two groups has at times been strained. These tensions were not unique to French Canada. Indeed, in the wake of certain events, most notably New England's notorious Sentinelle Affair and Pope Pius XI's 1926 condemnation of French monarchist Charles Maurras' Action française—both of which shook French Canadian nationalism to the core—, Catholic thinkers the world over pondered the following question: Could one be at once a nationalist and a Roman Catholic? In 1936 a young French Canadian priest and Dominican philosopher, Louis Lachance, sought to answer this fundamental question in an essay titled Nationalisme et religion. He believed that nationalism could only be legitimate when it was framed by and subordinated to religion. This article explores the ideas contained in this key text. It also examines the favourable reception that Jean-Charles Harvey, one of French Canadian nationalism's most vehement and persistent critics, gave to Nationalisme et religion.

L’intégration scolaire des élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales représente un défi particulier pour les enseignants, spécialement au secondaire. Un programme d’Accompagnement collaboratif des enseignants du secondaire (ACES), utilisant l’évaluation fonctionnelle des comportements et les techniques comportementales, a été offert à des enseignants oeuvrant auprès d’adolescents présentant des difficultés comportementales. ACES a pour but de faciliter l’intégration scolaire des adolescents présentant des troubles du comportement en classe ordinaire. Il comporte cinq à six rencontres d’accompagnement par année se déroulant de novembre à mai et est offert selon deux modalités, soit en individuel ou en groupe. Les objectifs de l’étude sont d’évaluer les effets de ce programme auprès des enseignants, en particulier sur leur stress à enseigner aux ÉPDC, la qualité de la relation maître-élève, leurs attitudes envers l’intégration scolaire de ces élèves et leur sentiment d’auto-efficacité. Cent-vingt-neuf enseignants (88 femmes et 41 hommes) ont participé à l’étude, répartis en un groupe expérimental (n = 85) et en un groupe témoin (n = 44). Les résultats ne montrent aucun effet du programme d’accompagnement sur la qualité de la relation maître-élève, mais une diminution significative du stress des enseignants ayant bénéficié du programme par rapport au groupe de comparaison. Alors que les attitudes envers l’intégration scolaire deviennent plus négatives à la fin de l’année scolaire pour le groupe témoin, elles demeurent stables pour les enseignants dans le groupe expérimental., Mainstreaming of behavior disorder students is a challenging task for teachers, particularly at secondary schools. A collaborative school consulting program (ACES), using functional behavior assessment and applied behavioral techniques, was offered to teachers working with adolescents with behavioral difficulties in regular classrooms. Its goal was to facilitate integration of adolescents with behavior difficulties in mainstream classes of secondary schools. ACES proposes five to six consultation meetings throughout the school year, between November and May, and is offered in two ways, either individually or in groups. One hundred and twenty-nine teachers (88 women and 41 men) participated in the project allocated into two treatment groups (n = 85), and one comparison group (n = 44). The results showed no significant difference in the quality of the master-pupil relationship, but a significant decrease in teacher stress for the treatment groups compared to the comparison group. While attitudes toward inclusive education become more negative at the end of the school year for the control group, they remain stable for treatment groups.

Eighty-four specimens of wood collected in northeastern North America from pre-identified conifers were used to define new anatomical criteria to distinguish woody macroremains of Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Larix laricina. In addition to characters already described in the literature, the torus surface of bordered pits along the longitudinal tracheids were demonstrated to be a very good distinction criterion. The distinction between Picea glauca and P. mariana is based on the seriation of bordered pits on the tracheids of the rays. As a method of species distinction, we suggest a dichotomous classification based on the dominance of uniseriate or biseriate pits. In the wood collection studied, 69 % of radial tracheids were predominantly biseriated in Picea mariana, compared with only 28 % in Picea glauca. These simple distinction methods are only applicable in cases where no other Picea species could cause confusion in batches of woody and charred sub-fossils. They add a practical tool for further paleoecological reconstructions in northeastern North America., Quatre-vingt-quatre spécimens de bois de conifères récoltés sur un vaste territoire dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord ont servi à définir de nouveaux critères de distinction anatomique entre Picea mariana, Picea glauca et Larix laricina. En plus des critères habituellement décrits dans la littérature, l'état de surface du torus des ponctuations aréolées des trachéides longitudinales chez Larix laricina est présenté comme un excellent élément de détermination, facilement accessible. La distinction entre Picea glauca et P. mariana peut être faite par l'examen de la sériation des ponctuations des trachéides des rayons ligneux. Une classification dichotomique des croisements des cellules dans les rayons sur la base de la dominance de l'unisériation ou de la bisériation des ponctuations des trachéides de rayon est proposée comme méthode de distinction des espèces en plus d'autres caractères reconnus dans la littérature. Ainsi, chez Picea mariana, plus de 69 % des trachéides radiales sont à dominante bisériée et seulement 28 % chez Picea glauca. En présence de lots de macrorestes ligneux subfossiles gorgés d'eau ou carbonisés où seule la présence de ces deux espèces d'épinettes est possible, ces méthodes simples d'identification ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de la recherche paléoécologique des milieux boréaux nord-américains., Vierundachtzig Holzproben von Tannenholz wurden auf einem ausgedehnten Gebiet im Nordosten Nordamerikas gesam- melt und dienten dazu, neue Kriterien zur anatomischen Unterscheidung zwischen Picea mariana, Picea glauca und Larix laricina zu definieren. Zusätzlich zu den gewöhnlich in der Literatur beschriebenen Kriterien wird die Torus-Oberfläche des Rands der gepunkteten Vertiefungen der Längs-Tracheen bei Larix laricina als ausgezeichnetes, leicht zugängliches Bestimmungselement beschrieben. Zwischen Picea glauca/Picea mariana kann durch die Untersuchung der Serienfolge der gepunkteten Tracheen auf den Holzringen unterschieden werden. Eine dichotomische Klassifizierung auf der Basis von vorherrschend uniseriellen oder biseriellen Vertiefungen wird als Methode zur Unterscheidung der Spezies vorgeschlagen, zusätzlich zu anderen in der Literatur anerkannten Charakteristika. So sind bei Picea mariana über 69% der radialen Tracheen vorwiegend biseriell und nur 28% bei Picea glauca. Bei Ansammlungen von subfossilen, wassergetränkten oder verkohlten Holzmakroresten, wo nur diese zwei Tannenarten vorkommen können, eröffnen diese einfachen Identifikationsmethoden neue Perspektiven im Bereich der paläoökologischen Forschung über die nordamerikanischen borealen Milieus.

Le développement et la croissance d'une population côtière d'épinette blanche ( Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) ont été étudiés sur le littoral en émersion du détroit de Manitounuk situé sur la côte est de la baie d'Hudson. Cette région subit un relèvement glacio-isostatique à un taux des plus élevés au monde (1,2 à 1,5 m/siècle). La recherche vise à déterminer la relation entre le développement d'une frange d'arbustes et l'expansion de l'épinette blanche et à mettre en évidence les changements environnementaux survenus au cours du dernier siècle et menant à une population forestière ouverte. La colonisation des rivages par l'épinette blanche est sous l'étroite dépendance de l'établissement préalable d'une frange arbustive. Les arbustes forment une bande étroite dans la zone suprariveraine encore humide, alimentée par le drainage hypodermique des terres avoisinantes. En hiver, ils retiennent la neige poudrée par le vent et protègent ainsi du froid les semis d'épinette blanche qui s'y établissent en abondance. Avec l'émersion des terres, la nappe phréatique s'abaisse et la frange d'arbustes hygrophiles se déplace vers le plan d'eau. La dégradation des arbustes change le régime d'accumulation de la neige au sol à l'emplacement des épinettes préétablies. Seules les épinettes les plus développées, qui avaient initialement une croissance rapide, survivent. Il en résulte une population clairsemée en milieu très exposé, qui n'a de possibilité d'expansion que derrière les buttes de pergélisol et les plages soulevées où s'accumule la neige. Les étapes du processus de colonisation sont mises en évidence par la distribution des arbustes et des arbres selon leur âge, par l'élongation et l'accroissement radial de l'épinette blanche et les macrofossiles identifiables laissés depuis la fin du XIXe siècle., Population structure and tree growth of a white spruce stand ( Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) were studied along the emerging coastline of Manitounuk Strait on the east coast of Hudson Bay. Isostatic rebound in this area is still one of the most rapid in the world (1.2 to 1.5 m/century). The study aimed to determine the relation between the development of a shoreline shrub fringe and the expansion of white spruce and to decipher the environmental changes that led to a scattered tree population over the last century. The colonization of the raised shore by white spruce is closely dependent on the earlier development of a dense shrub fringe. The shrubs form a narrow strip just above the tidal flat, where the substrate is maintained moist by the seepage of ground water from adjacent lands. In winter, shrubs collect the wind-blown snow and protect the abondant white spruce seedlings locally. With the rapid land emergence, the watertable is lowered and the hygrophilous shrub fringe displaces slowly seaward. The degradation of shrubs change the snowpack depth at the position of the formerly established spruces. Only the most vigourous saplings survive. A scattered population withstand this severely exposed environment. Its only possibility for further expansion is behind permafrost mounds that soon develop on surfaces exposed to the wind and behind raised beach ridges. The raised topography favours the accumulation of snow behind obstacles and white spruce takes advantage of such protected sites to expand. The steps of the colonization process are highlighted by the distribution of shrubs and trees according to their age, the white spruce shoot elongation rates and tree-ring widths, and the recent vegetation changes indicated by the plant macrofossil remains since the end of the 19th century., Die Entwicklung und das Wachstum einer Küsten-Population von Weißfichten ( Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) wurde an der Auftauchküste der Meeresenge von Manitounuk an der Ostküste der Hudson Bay studiert. Dieses Gebiet erfährt eine der stärksten glazial-isostatischen Anhebungen der Welt (1,2 bis 1,5 m/ Jahrhundert). Die Untersuchung möchte die Beziehung zwischen der Entwicklung eines Saums von Büschen entlang der Küste und der Ausdehnung der Weißfichte bestimmen und die Umweltveränderungen während des letzten Jahrhunderts, die zu einer offenen Wald- population geführt haben, darlegen. Die Bewachsung der Ufer durch Weißfichte ist direkt abhängig von der ihr vorausgehenden Ansiedlung eines Saums von Büschen. Die Büsche bilden ein schmales Band oberhalb des Watts, wo durch Grundwassereinsickern von den angrenzenden Böden die Feuchtigkeit erhalten wird. Im Winter halten die Büsche den vom Wind pulverisierten Schnee zurück und schützen so die Saaten der Weißfichten, die sich hier massenhaft ansiedeln, vor der Kälte. Mit der Anhebung der Böden sinkt der Grundwasserspiegel und der Saum hygrophiler Büsche wandert seewärts. Die Degradierung der Büsche verändert die Bodenschnee-Akkumulationsverhältnisse da, wo die Fichten schon etabliert sind. Nur die entwickeltsten Fichten, die zu Beginn schnell gewachsen sind, überleben. Das führt zu einer spärlichen Population in sehr exponiertem Milieu, die sich nur da, wo der Schnee sich ansammelt, hinter den Dauerfrost-Hügeln und den erhöhten Küsten entwickeln kann. Man kann die Etappen des Bewachsungs-Prozesses an der Verteilung der Büsche und Bäume entsprechend ihrem Alter erkennen, an der Längsstreckung der Weißfichte und der Verbreiterung ihres Durchmessers und an den identifizierbaren Makrofossilen seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts.