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Supersaturated S-doped black silicon (Si) samples are produced by femtosecond laser fabrication in mixed atmosphere of sulfur hexafluoride and oxygen (SF6/O2). The surface morphology with cone-microstructures has been observed in black Si samples fabricated in mixed atmosphere. After thermal annealing, the absorption below bandgap of black Si is obviously reduced. Moreover, the contents of sulfur in black Si samples obtained in mixture are also decreased by the lead in of oxygen. In contrast, an obvious increase of valent state ratio of Si4+ (SiO2) to Si0 (Si) is observed after the implantation of oxygen due to the formation of SiO2 in S-doped Si. Based on the passivation effect of SiO2, we have produced near-infrared black Si photodiode devices and showed photo-response properties of the devices. A notable photo-response of 11 mA/W at −3 V (26.6 mA/W at −5 V) for near-infrared 1.31- \mu \textm detection light is obtained for the photodiode fabricated in mixture, which outweigh the performance of photodiode fabricated in pure SF6 atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: To investigate the association between auditory processing and problem behaviors in preschool children, as well as the mediating role of executive function., Methods: A total of 2 342 preschool children were selected from 7 kindergartens in Nanjing, China from June to August 2021. They were evaluated using Preschool Auditory Processing Assessment Scale, Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Preschool version. Children with different demographic features were compared in the scores and the abnormality rates of auditory processing, problem behaviors, and executive function. The influencing factors of the total scores of auditory processing, problem behaviors, and executive function were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. Whether executive function was a mediating factor between auditory processing and executive function was examined., Results: Sex and grade were the main influencing factors for the total score of auditory processing ( P <0.05), and sex, grade, parental education level, and family economic status were the main influencing factors for the total scores of problem behaviors and executive function ( P <0.05). The auditory processing score ( r s =0.458, P <0.05) and problem behavior score ( r s =0.185, P <0.05) were significantly positively correlated with the executive function score, and the auditory processing score was significantly positively correlated with the problem behavior score ( r s =0.423, P <0.05). Executive function played a partial mediating role between auditory processing and problem behaviors, and the mediating effect accounted for 33.44% of the total effect., Conclusions: Auditory processing can directly affect the problem behaviors of preschool children and indirectly affect problem behaviors through executive function.

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of auditory processing (AP) in preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Preschool Auditory Processing Assessment Scale (hereafter referred to as "auditory processing scale")., Methods: A total of 41 children with ADHD and 41 typically developing (TD) children were assessed using the auditory processing scale, SNAP-IV rating scale, and Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT). The auditory processing scale score was compared between the TD and ADHD groups. The correlations of the score with SNAP-IV and K-CPT scores were assessed., Results: Compared with the TD group, the ADHD group had significantly higher total score of the auditory processing scale and scores of all dimensions except visual attention ( P <0.05). In the children with ADHD, the attention deficit dimension score of the SNAP-IV rating scale was positively correlated with the total score of the auditory processing scale ( r s30 =0.531, P <0.05; r s27 =0.627, P <0.05) as well as the scores of its subdimensions, including auditory decoding ( r s =0.628, P <0.05), auditory attention ( r s =0.492, P <0.05), and communication ( r s =0.399, P <0.05). The hyperactivity-impulsivity dimension score of the SNAP-IV rating scale was positively correlated with the hyperactivity-impulsivity dimension score of the auditory processing scale ( r s =0.429, P <0.05). In the children with ADHD, the attention deficit dimension score of the K-CPT was positively correlated with the total score ( r s30 =0.574, P <0.05; r s27 =0.485, P <0.05) and the hyperactivity-impulsivity dimension score ( r s =0.602, P <0.05) of the auditory processing scale., Conclusions: Preschool children with ADHD have the risk of AP abnormalities, and the auditory processing scale should be used early for the screening and evaluation of AP abnormalities in children.