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Dry-aging is the aerobic aging process where meat carcasses or primal cuts are hanged and aged for a period of time (28 to 55 days, or even longer) under specific environmental conditions of temperature (0–4 ℃), relative humidity (61%–85%), and air flow (0.5–2.0 m/s). Dry-aging in a breathable bag, dry-aging combined with ultraviolet irradiation treatment, and stepwise dry/wet-aging have been successively developed. Due to dehydration during dry-aging, the surface of meat shrinks to produce a hard ‘crust’, resulting in significant mass loss and trim loss. However, compared with wet-aging, dry-aging can significantly enhance meat flavor characteristics, imparting a strong ‘dry-aged flavor’ and unique roasted beef-like, roasted nutty and buttery aromas to aged meat. Dry-aging can be used effectively to improve the eating quality and economic value of low-marbled beef. In this paper, the key parameters of dry-aging are reviewed, the potential mechanism by which dry-aging improves meat quality, especially flavor, is discussed. Future prospects for the application and development of dry-aging are discussed as well. This review will provide theoretical support for the development of the meat industry and for exploring the market for high-quality meat.

Background It is urgent to improve the effectiveness of contracted family doctor services due to high prevalence of problems such as uninformed contracting, and contracting but making no appointments. Objective To analyze the mechanism influencing the effectiveness of contracted family doctor services. Methods From September 2021 to January 2022, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 family doctors, 8 institutional managers, and 25 contracted residents purposively sampled from Weifang, Heze, and Jinan of Shandong Province, using an interview guide regarding implementation status of relevant policies and their work status, performance distribution and supervision and management, and sense of gain obtained from the contracting and desired services, respectively. The grounded theory using three levels of coding was used to systematically analyze the mechanism affecting the effectiveness of contracted family doctor services. Results Through the coding, 90 concepts (such as "residents' weak health awareness"), 24 categories (such as "awareness of the contracting"), and 8 core categories (such as "capacity in primary care") were obtained. A theoretical model of mechanisms influencing the effectiveness of contracted family doctor services was constructed, mainly including the implementation deviation of policies related to contracted family doctor services, capacity of primary care, and characteristics of residents. Conclusion The effectiveness of contracted family doctor services is affected by the deviation in implementing relevant policies, the capacity of primary health services and characteristics of residents. Therefore, to improve the effectiveness of these services, it is necessary to optimize the implementation path of relevant policies, improve family doctors' capacities, and improve residents' health literacy level.

Postmortem aging is a critical approach to improving the eating quality of meat, such as tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. There are three common aging methods, namely wet aging, dry aging, and their combination, each of which has its own characteristics. The final goal of these aging methods is to improve the edibility and palatability of meat. However, too long aging will lead to adverse effects such as severe mass loss and lipid and protein oxidation. Therefore, elucidating the postmortem aging mechanism of meat, monitoring and optimizing the aging process, and improving the eating quality of meat and simultaneously minimizing the quality defects caused by excessive aging are of great significance to the development of the meat industry. Although few studies have so far been reported on the monitoring and optimization of the meat aging process and meat quality prediction, precise control of the postmortem aging process will be an important development direction for the meat industry in the future. In this paper, the effects and mechanisms of different postmortem aging strategies on meat tenderness, flavor, color and oxidation stability are reviewed. Monitoring of the dry aging process based on mold coverage and electrical resistance on meat surfaces, and monitoring of the wet aging process based on meat exudate are discussed and future prospects are proposed in order to lay a theoretical foundation for the establishment of muscle-specific aging strategies.

Background Since the full implementation of contracted family doctor services in 2016, we have achieved phased results. Further work needs to be paid equal attention to "quality" and "quantity", focusing on improving the residents' sense of service access and satisfaction, however, at present, the residents' evaluation of contracted family doctor services is not clear. Objective To investigate the contracted residents' evaluation for the continuity of family doctor contract, explore its influencing factors, and propose improvement strategies. Methods This study used a multi-stage stratified random sampling method to select 1 193 contracted residents from 9 community health service institutions and 9 township health centers in Heze City, Shandong Province in January 2021. A household survey was conducted on the included residents by using the continuity dimension of the Chinese version of the Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT) , which contains 15 items. We compared the PCAT-continuity dimension scores of contracted residents with different characteristics, and used multiple linear regression to analyze the factors influencing the PCAT-continuity dimension scores of contracted residents. Results A total of 1 098 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 92.04%. 541 (49.27%) of them were contracted to community health service institutions and 557 (50.73%) of them were contracted to township health centers. The average score of the PCAT-continuity dimension of the contracted residents was (3.38±0.51) . The item with the highest score was "Does your family doctor listen to you patiently", with a score of (3.64±0.59) . The item with the lowest score was "Would you be willing to change your family doctor if it was easy to do so", with a score of (2.98±0.92) . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the type of contract organization, age, education, marital status, occupation, and chronic diseases were the factors that influence the PCAT-continuity dimension score of contracted residents (P

[Purpose/Significance] Scientific and technical (S&T) literature data resources are characterized with wide coverage, large quantity, many types, fast update and strong timeliness. In order to improve the effect and security of S&T literature data management, this paper studies the S&T literature management system based on the data life cycle model. [Method/Process] This paper explores the management mode of S&T documents, constructs the life cycle system of S&T documents based on the data management process, and expounds the data management tools and methods from the stages of data creation, data storage, data pre-processing, data calculation, data service, data archiving and data destruction. In the data creation stage, specific data access forms are formulated for different sources and data types, and personalized data creation tools are built to receive data completely. In the data storage stage, a unified document metadata storage system is developed by analyzing the characteristics and shortcomings of various types of data, so as to better explain and organize scientific and technological document data. In the data pre-processing stage, various tools are built to realize the formatting pre-processing, parsing, conversion, structuring and other operations of various types of data. In the data computing stage, data enrichment processing, entity relationship extraction and knowledge graph construction are mainly completed. Data provides services through a unified service interface. Data archiving completes data archiving and saving. In the data destruction phase, unnecessary data is safely destroyed. [Results/Conclusions] In this paper, the management and practice based on the life cycle of S&T literature were first carried out based on the core data set Web Of Science BP data , and then explored from the seven phases of creation, storage, pre-processing, calculation, service, archiving and destruction. Finally, based on the DAMA data quality evaluation principle, the comprehensive evaluation and evaluation of the data management effect were carried out from the six dimensions of integrity, uniqueness, real-time, validity, accuracy and consistency. The receiving integrity of data was 100%, and the non-null integrity of data was 59.75%. The uniqueness of data reached 99.23%. The real time of data was controllable. The validity of data met the constraint conditions. The accuracy of the data reached 100%. The consistency of data reached 90%. It basically solved the problem that data can be effectively managed and applied in each life cycle stage. Finally, the management model was verified to take effect and achieve desirable service effect.

The alloying contents with the same Zn/Ca atomic ratio of 0.13 on the corrosion behavior of Mg‐Zn‐Ca (ZX) alloys were investigated. The second phases in ZX10, ZX20, ZX30, and ZX51 alloys were identical with a majority of Mg2Ca and very few Ca2Mg6Zn3 and their distribution changed from isolated to continuous state in ZX30 and ZX51. ZX10 had the lowest corrosion rate of 0.55 mm/year after 168 h immersion in simulated body fluid solution due to the smallest number of sites of galvanic corrosion. The corrosion rate of ZX30 alloy was the highest (0.72 mm/year), while though ZX51 alloy had the most Mg2Ca, its corrosion rate was reduced to 0.69 mm/year, resulting from the small size and thin Mg2Ca. In situ microstructure observation demonstrated the high fraction Mg2Ca phase and continuous Mg2Ca with bulky size were the main reason for the fast corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of producing polymer vesicles remains difficult, despite numerous attempts to modulate the kinetics of polymer vesicle budding and achieve precise control over the membrane characteristics. An innovative approach that incorporates the use of copolymer-loaded single-emulsion droplets is proposed to address this challenge. This method enables the precise manipulation of micelles and polymer vesicles' composition, structures and dimensions. The emulsion contracts and forms microspheres when the copolymer concentrations exceed > 0.5 wt%, resulting in the formation of nano polymer vesicles. Conversely, the copolymer spontaneously forms micro polymer vesicles and micelles through vesicle budding at lower concentrations. The spontaneous production of vesicles and micelles can be induced by modifying the copolymer concentration in the emulsion. Our discoveries have a significant impact relative to the development of copolymer membranes and contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the mass manufacturing of polymer vesicles from single emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aflatoxin B1 is highly toxic and widely prevalent, posing a serious threat to both human and livestock health. In production, it has been observed that aflatoxin B1-contaminated feed can cause the liver of animals to turn green, likely due to abnormal bile metabolism. This study investigated the mechanisms of the effect of aflatoxin B1 on bile metabolism in ducklings, intending to provide insights into the prevention and control of aflatoxin B1 in agricultural practices. This study investigated the effects and biological mechanisms of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the health and bile metabolism of ducklings. Forty-eight 1-day-old ducklings were randomly assigned to two groups, with six replicates per group. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the AFB1 group received a diet containing 90 µg/kg of AFB1. The experiment lasted for 2 weeks. The results showed that 90 µg/kg AFB1 caused abnormal bile metabolism; damaged liver cell nuclei and mitochondria; and significantly decreased body weight, average daily weight gain, and levels of albumin, total protein, cholesterol, total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione. It also significantly increased feed conversion efficiency, along with alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bile acids, and malondialdehyde levels. In the liver, the expression levels of CYP7A1, SCD, and other genes were significantly upregulated, while BSEP, FASN, HMGCR, CAT, and other genes were significantly downregulated. In conclusion, AFB1 causes abnormal bile metabolism and impairs the overall health and liver function of ducklings. Its mechanism of action may involve changes in gene expression related to bile acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative damage, and cancer pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]