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51. Contributors

Author

Abrahamsson, Kate, primary, Albersen, Maarten, additional, Alberts, Arnout, additional, Amend, Bastian, additional, Amesty, Maria Virginia, additional, Aminoff, Dalia, additional, Ammirati, Enrico, additional, Andersson, Marie, additional, Bartezzati, Rita Serena, additional, Battye, Michelle, additional, Benavent, Patricia Gavín, additional, Bidault, Valeska, additional, Bientinesi, Riccardo, additional, Blasco-Amaro, Juan Antonio, additional, Bolz-Johnson, Matthew, additional, Boormans, Lotte, additional, Brits, Tim, additional, Brouwer, Oscar R., additional, Brucker, Sara, additional, Buchler, Tomas, additional, Campos-Juanatey, Felix, additional, Carmona-Hidalgo, Beatriz, additional, Chapple, Christopher R., additional, Che, Yue, additional, Chrzan, Rafal, additional, Cornes, Robert, additional, de Blaauw, Ivo, additional, de Kort, Laetitia M.O., additional, De Win, Gunter, additional, Dellenmark-Blom, Michaela, additional, Demede, Delphine, additional, El-Ghoneimi, Alaa, additional, Ellerkamp, Verena, additional, Esteban, Mario Dominguez, additional, Falcone, Marco, additional, Feitz, Wouter F.J., additional, Filipas, Dejan, additional, Fisch, Margit, additional, Fossum, Magdalena, additional, Fröbe, Ana, additional, Fruehling, Insa, additional, Fuchs, Jörg, additional, Giammo, Alessandro, additional, González-Bermúdez, Lourdes, additional, Graaf, Petra de, additional, Grupp, Katharina, additional, Hageman, Isabel C., additional, Harkin, Claire, additional, Heesakkers, John, additional, Holmdahl, Gundela, additional, Hompes, Daphne, additional, Janssen, Dick, additional, Jouannic, Jean Marie, additional, Kirrander, Peter, additional, Klemm, Jakob, additional, Kulis, Tomislav, additional, Langenhuijsen, Johan, additional, Leclair, Marc-David, additional, Ludwig, Tim, additional, Mancini, Mariangela, additional, Manzie, Kenneth, additional, Martín-Gómez, Carmen, additional, Medina-Polo, José, additional, Meister, Benjamin, additional, Midrio, Paola, additional, Miletić, Marija, additional, Morlacco, Alessandro, additional, Moro, Fabrizio Dal, additional, Mosiello, Giovanni, additional, Nieder, Timo, additional, Nijman, Rien, additional, Oomen, Loes, additional, Örtqvist, Lisa, additional, Osborne, John, additional, Paye-Jaouen, Annabel, additional, Peycelon, Matthieu, additional, Philippe-Chomette, Pascale, additional, Polm, Pepijn, additional, Radmayr, Christian, additional, Rall, Katharina, additional, Rawashdeh, Yazan F., additional, Riechardt, Silke, additional, Rivas, Susana, additional, Roozen, Sylvia, additional, H. Rösch, Wolfgang, additional, Sacco, Emilio, additional, Santis, Anna De, additional, Schmiedeke, Eberhard, additional, Schwarzer, Nicole, additional, Shilhan, Darren, additional, Solak, Mirsala, additional, Spinoit, Anne-Françoise, additional, Stallings, Elena, additional, Stein, Raimund, additional, Steinmacher, Sahra, additional, Subramaniam, Ramnath, additional, Tidman, Jen, additional, Tyler, Kate, additional, van der Steeg, Herjan J.J., additional, van der Zanden, Loes F.M., additional, Vetterlein, Malte W., additional, Vicente-Edo, María José, additional, Vreeburg, Manon T.A., additional, Witjes, Wim P.J., additional, Wolffenbuttel, Katja P., additional, Wyndaele, Michel I.A., additional, Younsi, Nina, additional, and Zuiverloon, Tahlita, additional

Published
2024
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52. Association of early blood-based biomarkers and six-month functional outcomes in conventional severity categories of traumatic brain injury: capturing the continuous spectrum of injuryResearch in context

Author

Lindsay Wilson, Virginia F.J. Newcombe, Daniel P. Whitehouse, Stefania Mondello, Andrew I.R. Maas, David K. Menon, Cecilia Ackerlund, Krisztina Amrein, Nada Andelic, Lasse Andreassen, Audny Anke, Anna Antoni, Gérard Audibert, Philippe Azouvi, Maria Luisa Azzolini, Ronald Bartels, Pál Barzó, Romuald Beauvais, Ronny Beer, Bo-Michael Bellander, Antonio Belli, Habib Benali, Maurizio Berardino, Luigi Beretta, Morten Blaabjerg, Peter Bragge, Alexandra Brazinova, Vibeke Brinck, Joanne Brooker, Camilla Brorsson, Andras Buki, Monika Bullinger, Manuel Cabeleira, Alessio Caccioppola, Emiliana Calappi, Maria Rosa Calvi, Peter Cameron, Guillermo Carbayo Lozano, Marco Carbonara, Ana M. Castaño-León, Simona Cavallo, Giorgio Chevallard, Arturo Chieregato, Giuseppe Citerio, Hans Clusmann, Mark Steven Coburn, Jonathan Coles, Jamie D. Cooper, Marta Correia, Amra Čović, Nicola Curry, Endre Czeiter, Marek Czosnyka, Claire Dahyot-Fizelier, Paul Dark, Helen Dawes, Véronique De Keyser, Vincent Degos, Francesco Della Corte, Hugo den Boogert, Bart Depreitere, Đula Đilvesi, Abhishek Dixit, Emma Donoghue, Jens Dreier, Guy-Loup Dulière, Ari Ercole, Patrick Esser, Erzsébet Ezer, Martin Fabricius, Valery L. Feigin, Kelly Foks, Shirin Frisvold, Alex Furmanov, Pablo Gagliardo, Damien Galanaud, Dashiell Gantner, Guoyi Gao, Pradeep George, Alexandre Ghuysen, Lelde Giga, Ben Glocker, Jagoš Golubović, Pedro A. Gomez, Johannes Gratz, Benjamin Gravesteijn, Francesca Grossi, Russell L. Gruen, Deepak Gupta, Juanita A. Haagsma, Iain Haitsma, Raimund Helbok, Eirik Helseth, Lindsay Horton, Jilske Huijben, Peter J. Hutchinson, Bram Jacobs, Stefan Jankowski, Mike Jarrett, Ji-yao Jiang, Faye Johnson, Kelly Jones, Mladen Karan, Angelos G. Kolias, Erwin Kompanje, Daniel Kondziella, Evgenios Kornaropoulos, Lars-Owe Koskinen, Noémi Kovács, Ana Kowark, Alfonso Lagares, Linda Lanyon, Steven Laureys, Fiona Lecky, Didier Ledoux, Rolf Lefering, Valerie Legrand, Aurelie Lejeune, Leon Levi, Roger Lightfoot, Hester Lingsma, Marc Maegele, Marek Majdan, Alex Manara, Geoffrey Manley, Hugues Maréchal, Costanza Martino, Julia Mattern, Catherine McMahon, Béla Melegh, Tomas Menovsky, Ana Mikolic, Benoit Misset, Visakh Muraleedharan, Lynnette Murray, Nandesh Nair, Ancuta Negru, David Nelson, Daan Nieboer, József Nyirádi, Matej Oresic, Fabrizio Ortolano, Olubukola Otesile, Aarno Palotie, Paul M. Parizel, Jean-François Payen, Natascha Perera, Vincent Perlbarg, Paolo Persona, Wilco Peul, Anna Piippo-Karjalainen, Matti Pirinen, Dana Pisica, Horia Ples, Suzanne Polinder, Inigo Pomposo, Jussi P. Posti, Louis Puybasset, Andreea Rădoi, Arminas Ragauskas, Rahul Raj, Malinka Rambadagalla, Isabel Retel Helmrich, Jonathan Rhodes, Sylvia Richardson, Sophie Richter, Samuli Ripatti, Saulius Rocka, Cecilie Roe, Olav Roise, Jonathan Rosand, Jeffrey Rosenfeld, Christina Rosenlund, Guy Rosenthal, Rolf Rossaint, Sandra Rossi, Daniel Rueckert, Martin Rusnák, Juan Sahuquillo, Oliver Sakowitz, Renan Sanchez-Porras, Janos Sandor, Nadine Schäfer, Silke Schmidt, Herbert Schoechl, Guus Schoonman, Rico Frederik Schou, Elisabeth Schwendenwein, Ranjit D. Singh, Charlie Sewalt, Toril Skandsen, Peter Smielewski, Abayomi Sorinola, Emmanuel Stamatakis, Simon Stanworth, Robert Stevens, William Stewart, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Nino Stocchetti, Nina Sundström, Riikka Takala, Viktória Tamás, Tomas Tamosuitis, Mark Steven Taylor, Braden Te Ao, Olli Tenovuo, Alice Theadom, Matt Thomas, Aurore Thibaut, Dick Tibboel, Marjolijn Timmers, Christos Tolias, Tony Trapani, Cristina Maria Tudora, Andreas Unterberg, Peter Vajkoczy, Egils Valeinis, Shirley Vallance, Zoltán Vámos, Mathieu van der Jagt, Joukje van der Naalt, Gregory Van der Steen, Jeroen T.J.M. van Dijck, Inge A. van Erp, Thomas A. van Essen, Wim Van Hecke, Caroline van Heugten, Dominique Van Praag, Ernest van Veen, Roel P.J. van Wijk, Thijs Vande Vyvere, Alessia Vargiolu, Emmanuel Vega, Kimberley Velt, Jan Verheyden, Paul M. Vespa, Anne Vik, Rimantas Vilcinis, Victor Volovici, Nicole von Steinbüchel, Daphne Voormolen, Peter Vulekovic, Kevin K.W. Wang, Eveline Wiegers, Guy Williams, Stefan Winzeck, Stefan Wolf, Zhihui Yang, Peter Ylén, Alexander Younsi, Frederick A. Zeiler, Veronika Zelinkova, Agate Ziverte, and Tommaso Zoerle

Subjects
Traumatic brain injury, Blood biomarkers, GFAP, NFL, UCH-L1, Outcomes, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Summary: Background: Traumatic brain injury is conventionally categorised as mild, moderate, or severe on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Recently developed biomarkers can provide more objective and nuanced measures of the extent of brain injury. Methods: Exposure–response relationships were investigated in 2479 patients aged ≥16 enrolled in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) prospective observational cohort study. Neurofilament protein-light (NFL), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assayed from serum sampled in the first 24 h; concentrations were divided into quintiles within GCS severity groups. Relationships with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended were examined using modified Poisson regression including age, sex, major extracranial injury, time to sample, and log biomarker concentration as covariates. Findings: Within severity groups there were associations between biomarkers and outcomes after adjustment for covariates: GCS 13–15 and negative CT imaging (relative risks [RRs] from 1.28 to 3.72), GCS 13–15 and positive CT (1.21–2.81), GCS 9–12 (1.16–2.02), GCS 3–8 (1.09–1.94). RRs were associated with clinically important differences in expectations of prognosis. In patients with GCS 3 (RRs 1.51–1.80) percentages of unfavourable outcome were 37–51% in the lowest quintiles of biomarker levels and reached 90–94% in the highest quintiles. Similarly, for GCS 15 (RRs 1.83–3.79), the percentages were 2–4% and 19–28% in the lowest and highest biomarker quintiles, respectively. Interpretation: Conventional TBI severity classification is inadequate and underestimates heterogeneity of brain injury and associated outcomes. The adoption of circulating biomarkers can add to clinical assessment of injury severity. Funding: European Union 7th Framework program (EC grant 602150), Hannelore Kohl Stiftung, One Mind, Integra LifeSciences, Neuro-Trauma Sciences, NIHR Rosetrees Trust.

Published
2024
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56. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research.

Author

Maas, Andrew, Menon, David, Manley, Geoffrey, Abrams, Mathew, Åkerlund, Cecilia, Andelic, Nada, Aries, Marcel, Bashford, Tom, Bell, Michael, Bodien, Yelena, Brett, Benjamin, Büki, András, Chesnut, Randall, Citerio, Giuseppe, Clark, David, Clasby, Betony, Cooper, D, Czeiter, Endre, Czosnyka, Marek, Dams-OConnor, Kristen, De Keyser, Véronique, Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon, Ercole, Ari, van Essen, Thomas, Falvey, Éanna, Nelson, David, Nelson, Lindsay, Newcombe, Virginia, Okonkwo, David, Orešič, Matej, Peul, Wilco, Pisică, Dana, Polinder, Suzanne, Ponsford, Jennie, Puybasset, Louis, Raj, Rahul, Robba, Chiara, Røe, Cecilie, Rosand, Jonathan, Schueler, Peter, Sharp, David, Smielewski, Peter, Stein, Murray, von Steinbüchel, Nicole, Stewart, William, Steyerberg, Ewout, Stocchetti, Nino, Temkin, Nancy, Tenovuo, Olli, Theadom, Alice, Thomas, Ilias, Espin, Abel, Turgeon, Alexis, Unterberg, Andreas, Van Praag, Dominique, van Veen, Ernest, Verheyden, Jan, Vyvere, Thijs, Wang, Kevin, Wiegers, Eveline, Williams, W, Wilson, Lindsay, Wisniewski, Stephen, Younsi, Alexander, Figaji, Anthony, Fitzgerald, Melinda, Foreman, Brandon, Gantner, Dashiell, Gao, Guoyi, Giacino, Joseph, Gravesteijn, Benjamin, Guiza, Fabian, Gupta, Deepak, Gurnell, Mark, Haagsma, Juanita, Hammond, Flora, Hawryluk, Gregory, Hutchinson, Peter, van der Jagt, Mathieu, Jain, Sonia, Jain, Swati, Jiang, Ji-Yao, Kent, Hope, Kolias, Angelos, Kompanje, Erwin, Lecky, Fiona, Lingsma, Hester, Maegele, Marc, Majdan, Marek, Markowitz, Amy, McCrea, Michael, Meyfroidt, Geert, Mikolić, Ana, Mondello, Stefania, Yuh, Esther, Zeiler, Frederick, Zeldovich, Marina, Zemek, Roger, Ferguson, Adam, and Mukherjee, Pratik

Subjects
Humans, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Cost of Illness, Violence, Sports
Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the highest incidence of all common neurological disorders, and poses a substantial public health burden. TBI is increasingly documented not only as an acute condition but also as a chronic disease with long-term consequences, including an increased risk of late-onset neurodegeneration. The first Lancet Neurology Commission on TBI, published in 2017, called for a concerted effort to tackle the global health problem posed by TBI. Since then, funding agencies have supported research both in high-income countries (HICs) and in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In November 2020, the World Health Assembly, the decision-making body of WHO, passed resolution WHA73.10 for global actions on epilepsy and other neurological disorders, and WHO launched the Decade for Action on Road Safety plan in 2021. New knowledge has been generated by large observational studies, including those conducted under the umbrella of the International Traumatic Brain Injury Research (InTBIR) initiative, established as a collaboration of funding agencies in 2011. InTBIR has also provided a huge stimulus to collaborative research in TBI and has facilitated participation of global partners. The return on investment has been high, but many needs of patients with TBI remain unaddressed. This update to the 2017 Commission presents advances and discusses persisting and new challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. In LMICs, the occurrence of TBI is driven by road traffic incidents, often involving vulnerable road users such as motorcyclists and pedestrians. In HICs, most TBI is caused by falls, particularly in older people (aged ≥65 years), who often have comorbidities. Risk factors such as frailty and alcohol misuse provide opportunities for targeted prevention actions. Little evidence exists to inform treatment of older patients, who have been commonly excluded from past clinical trials—consequently, appropriate evidence is urgently required. Although increasing age is associated with worse outcomes from TBI, age should not dictate limitations in therapy. However, patients injured by low-energy falls (who are mostly older people) are about 50% less likely to receive critical care or emergency interventions, compared with those injured by high-energy mechanisms, such as road traffic incidents. Mild TBI, defined as a Glasgow Coma sum score of 13–15, comprises most of the TBI cases (over 90%) presenting to hospital. Around 50% of adult patients with mild TBI presenting to hospital do not recover to pre-TBI levels of health by 6 months after their injury. Fewer than 10% of patients discharged after presenting to an emergency department for TBI in Europe currently receive follow-up. Structured follow-up after mild TBI should be considered good practice, and urgent research is needed to identify which patients with mild TBI are at risk for incomplete recovery. The selection of patients for CT is an important triage decision in mild TBI since it allows early identification of lesions that can trigger hospital admission or life-saving surgery. Current decision making for deciding on CT is inefficient, with 90–95% of scanned patients showing no intracranial injury but being subjected to radiation risks. InTBIR studies have shown that measurement of blood-based biomarkers adds value to previously proposed clinical decision rules, holding the potential to improve efficiency while reducing radiation exposure. Increased concentrations of biomarkers in the blood of patients with a normal presentation CT scan suggest structural brain damage, which is seen on MR scanning in up to 30% of patients with mild TBI. Advanced MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analyses, can identify additional injuries not detectable by visual inspection of standard clinical MR images. Thus, the absence of CT abnormalities does not exclude structural damage—an observation relevant to litigation procedures, to management of mild TBI, and when CT scans are insufficient to explain the severity of the clinical condition. Although blood-based protein biomarkers have been shown to have important roles in the evaluation of TBI, most available assays are for research use only. To date, there is only one vendor of such assays with regulatory clearance in Europe and the USA with an indication to rule out the need for CT imaging for patients with suspected TBI. Regulatory clearance is provided for a combination of biomarkers, although evidence is accumulating that a single biomarker can perform as well as a combination. Additional biomarkers and more clinical-use platforms are on the horizon, but cross-platform harmonisation of results is needed. Health-care efficiency would benefit from diversity in providers. In the intensive care setting, automated analysis of blood pressure and intracranial pressure with calculation of derived parameters can help individualise management of TBI. Interest in the identification of subgroups of patients who might benefit more from some specific therapeutic approaches than others represents a welcome shift towards precision medicine. Comparative-effectiveness research to identify best practice has delivered on expectations for providing evidence in support of best practices, both in adult and paediatric patients with TBI. Progress has also been made in improving outcome assessment after TBI. Key instruments have been translated into up to 20 languages and linguistically validated, and are now internationally available for clinical and research use. TBI affects multiple domains of functioning, and outcomes are affected by personal characteristics and life-course events, consistent with a multifactorial bio-psycho-socio-ecological model of TBI, as presented in the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) 2022 report. Multidimensional assessment is desirable and might be best based on measurement of global functional impairment. More work is required to develop and implement recommendations for multidimensional assessment. Prediction of outcome is relevant to patients and their families, and can facilitate the benchmarking of quality of care. InTBIR studies have identified new building blocks (eg, blood biomarkers and quantitative CT analysis) to refine existing prognostic models. Further improvement in prognostication could come from MRI, genetics, and the integration of dynamic changes in patient status after presentation. Neurotrauma researchers traditionally seek translation of their research findings through publications, clinical guidelines, and industry collaborations. However, to effectively impact clinical care and outcome, interactions are also needed with research funders, regulators, and policy makers, and partnership with patient organisations. Such interactions are increasingly taking place, with exemplars including interactions with the All Party Parliamentary Group on Acquired Brain Injury in the UK, the production of the NASEM report in the USA, and interactions with the US Food and Drug Administration. More interactions should be encouraged, and future discussions with regulators should include debates around consent from patients with acute mental incapacity and data sharing. Data sharing is strongly advocated by funding agencies. From January 2023, the US National Institutes of Health will require upload of research data into public repositories, but the EU requires data controllers to safeguard data security and privacy regulation. The tension between open data-sharing and adherence to privacy regulation could be resolved by cross-dataset analyses on federated platforms, with the data remaining at their original safe location. Tools already exist for conventional statistical analyses on federated platforms, however federated machine learning requires further development. Support for further development of federated platforms, and neuroinformatics more generally, should be a priority. This update to the 2017 Commission presents new insights and challenges across a range of topics around TBI: epidemiology and prevention (section 1); system of care (section 2); clinical management (section 3); characterisation of TBI (section 4); outcome assessment (section 5); prognosis (Section 6); and new directions for acquiring and implementing evidence (section 7). Table 1 summarises key messages from this Commission and proposes recommendations for the way forward to advance research and clinical management of TBI.

Published
2022

60. Parsimonious immune-response endotypes and global outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury

Author

Badjatia, Neeraj, Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon, Duhaime, Ann-Christine, Feeser, V Ramana, Gopinath, Shankar, Grandhi, Ramesh, Ha, Ruchira J., Keene, Dirk, Madden, Christopher, McCrea, Michael, Merchant, Randall, Ngwenya, Laura B., Rodgers, Richard B., Schnyer, David, Taylor, Sabrina R., Zafonte, Ross, Ackerlund, Cecilia, Amrein, Krisztina, Andelic, Nada, Andreassen, Lasse, Anke, Audny, Audibert, Gérard, Azouvi, Philippe, Azzolini, Maria Luisa, Bartels, Ronald, Beer, Ronny, Bellander, Bo-Michael, Benali, Habib, Berardino, Maurizio, Beretta, Luigi, Beqiri, Erta, Blaabjerg, Morten, Lund, Stine Borgen, Brorsson, Camilla, Buki, Andras, Cabeleira, Manuel, Caccioppola, Alessio, Calappi, Emiliana, Calvi, Maria Rosa, Cameron, Peter, Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo, Carbonara, Marco, Castaño-León, Ana M., Cavallo, Simona, Chevallard, Giorgio, Chieregato, Arturo, Citerio, Giuseppe, Clusmann, Hans, Coburn, Mark Steven, Coles, Jonathan, Cooper, Jamie D., Correia, Marta, Czeiter, Endre, Czosnyka, Marek, Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire, Dark, Paul, De Keyser, Véronique, Degos, Vincent, Della Corte, Francesco, Boogert, Hugo den, Depreitere, Bart, Đilvesi, Đula, Dixit, Abhishek, Dreier, Jens, Dulière, Guy-Loup, Ercole, Ari, Ezer, Erzsébet, Fabricius, Martin, Foks, Kelly, Frisvold, Shirin, Furmanov, Alex, Galanaud, Damien, Gantner, Dashiell, Ghuysen, Alexandre, Giga, Lelde, Golubović, Jagoš, Gomez, Pedro A., Gravesteijn, Benjamin, Grossi, Francesca, Gupta, Deepak, Haitsma, Iain, Helbok, Raimund, Helseth, Eirik, Huijben, Jilske, Hutchinson, Peter J., Jankowski, Stefan, Johnson, Faye, Karan, Mladen, Kolias, Angelos G., Kondziella, Daniel, Kornaropoulos, Evgenios, Koskinen, Lars-Owe, Kovács, Noémi, Kowark, Ana, Lagares, Alfonso, Laureys, Steven, Lecky, Fiona, Ledoux, Didier, Lightfoot, Roger, Lingsma, Hester, Maas, Andrew I.R., Manara, Alex, Maréchal, Hugues, Martino, Costanza, Mattern, Julia, McMahon, Catherine, Menon, David, Menovsky, Tomas, Misset, Benoit, Muraleedharan, Visakh, Murray, Lynnette, Negru, Ancuta, Nelson, David, Newcombe, Virginia, Nyirádi, József, Ortolano, Fabrizio, Payen, Jean-François, Perlbarg, Vincent, Persona, Paolo, Peul, Wilco, Piippo-Karjalainen, Anna, Ples, Horia, Pomposo, Inigo, Posti, Jussi P., Puybasset, Louis, Rădoi, Andreea, Ragauskas, Arminas, Raj, Rahul, Rhodes, Jonathan, Richter, Sophie, Rocka, Saulius, Roe, Cecilie, Roise, Olav, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey, Rosenlund, Christina, Rosenthal, Guy, Rossaint, Rolf, Rossi, Sandra, Sahuquillo, Juan, Sakowitz, Oliver, Sanchez-Porras, Renan, Sandrød, Oddrun, Schirmer-Mikalsen, Kari, Frederik Schou, Rico, Sewalt, Charlie, Smielewski, Peter, Sorinola, Abayomi, Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Steyerberg, Ewout W., Stocchetti, Nino, Sundström, Nina, Takala, Riikka, Tamás, Viktória, Tamosuitis, Tomas, Tenovuo, Olli, Thomas, Matt, Tibboel, Dick, Tolias, Christos, Trapani, Tony, Tudora, Cristina Maria, Unterberg, Andreas, Vajkoczy, Peter, Valeinis, Egils, Vallance, Shirley, Vámos, Zoltán, Van der Steen, Gregory, van Dijck, Jeroen T.J.M., van Essen, Thomas A., van Wijk, Roel, Vargiolu, Alessia, Vega, Emmanuel, Vik, Anne, Vilcinis, Rimantas, Volovici, Victor, Vulekovic, Peter, Wiegers, Eveline, Williams, Guy, Winzeck, Stefan, Wolf, Stefan, Younsi, Alexander, Zeiler, Frederick A., Ziverte, Agate, Zoerle, Tommaso, Samanta, Romit J., Chiollaz, Anne-Cécile, Needham, Edward, Yue, John K., Helmy, Adel, Zanier, Elisa R., Wang, Kevin K.W., Kobeissy, Firas, Summers, Charlotte, Manley, Geoffrey T., Maas, Andrew IR., Sanchez, Jean-Charles, and Menon, David K.

Published
2024
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61. Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS)

Author

Edoardo Picetti, Andreas K. Demetriades, Fausto Catena, Bizhan Aarabi, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Oscar L. Alves, Luca Ansaloni, Rocco A. Armonda, Rafael Badenes, Miklosh Bala, Zsolt J. Balogh, Andrea Barbanera, Alessandro Bertuccio, Walter L. Biffl, Pierre Bouzat, Andras Buki, Ana Maria Castano-Leon, Davide Cerasti, Giuseppe Citerio, Federico Coccolini, Raul Coimbra, Carlo Coniglio, Francesco Costa, Federico De Iure, Bart Depreitere, Enrico Fainardi, Michael J. Fehlings, Nikolay Gabrovsky, Daniel Agustin Godoy, Peter Gruen, Deepak Gupta, Gregory W. J. Hawryluk, Raimund Helbok, Iftakher Hossain, Peter J. Hutchinson, Corrado Iaccarino, Kenji Inaba, Marcel Ivanov, Stanislav Kaprovoy, Andrew W. Kirkpatrick, Sam Klein, Angelos Kolias, Nikolay A. Konovalov, Alfonso Lagares, Laura Lippa, Angelica Loza-Gomez, Teemu M. Luoto, Andrew I. R. Maas, Andrzej Maciejczak, Ronald V. Maier, Niklas Marklund, Matthew J. Martin, Ilaria Melloni, Sergio Mendoza-Lattes, Geert Meyfroidt, Marina Munari, Lena M. Napolitano, David O. Okonkwo, Yasuhiro Otomo, Marios C. Papadopoulos, Ondra Petr, Wilco C. Peul, Aichholz K. Pudkrong, Zaffer Qasim, Frank Rasulo, Carla Reizinho, Florian Ringel, Sandro Rizoli, Elham Rostami, Andres M. Rubiano, Emanuele Russo, Aarti Sarwal, Jan M. Schwab, Franco Servadei, Deepak Sharma, Salman Sharif, Ehab Shiban, Lori Shutter, Philip F. Stahel, Fabio S. Taccone, Nicole A. Terpolilli, Claudius Thomé, Peter Toth, Parmenion P. Tsitsopoulos, Andrew Udy, Alexander R. Vaccaro, Albert J. Varon, Monica S. Vavilala, Alexander Younsi, Monika Zackova, Tommaso Zoerle, and Chiara Robba

Subjects
Traumatic spinal cord injury, Polytrauma, Management, Surgery, RD1-811, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Abstract Background The early management of polytrauma patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a major challenge. Sparse data is available to provide optimal care in this scenario and worldwide variability in clinical practice has been documented in recent studies. Methods A multidisciplinary consensus panel of physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of tSCI polytrauma patients with different specializations was established. The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) endorsed the consensus, and a modified Delphi approach was adopted. Results A total of 17 statements were proposed and discussed. A consensus was reached generating 17 recommendations (16 strong and 1 weak). Conclusions This consensus provides practical recommendations to support a clinician’s decision making in the management of tSCI polytrauma patients.

Published
2024
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62. Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Author

Seoane, Pau Amaro, Andrews, Jeff, Sedda, Manuel Arca, Askar, Abbas, Baghi, Quentin, Balasov, Razvan, Bartos, Imre, Bavera, Simone S., Bellovary, Jillian, Berry, Christopher P. L., Berti, Emanuele, Bianchi, Stefano, Blecha, Laura, Blondin, Stephane, Bogdanović, Tamara, Boissier, Samuel, Bonetti, Matteo, Bonoli, Silvia, Bortolas, Elisa, Breivik, Katelyn, Capelo, Pedro R., Caramete, Laurentiu, Cattorini, Federico, Charisi, Maria, Chaty, Sylvain, Chen, Xian, Chruślińska, Martyna, Chua, Alvin J. K., Church, Ross, Colpi, Monica, D'Orazio, Daniel, Danielski, Camilla, Davies, Melvyn B., Dayal, Pratika, De Rosa, Alessandra, Derdzinski, Andrea, Destounis, Kyriakos, Dotti, Massimo, Duţan, Ioana, Dvorkin, Irina, Fabj, Gaia, Foglizzo, Thierry, Ford, Saavik, Fouvry, Jean-Baptiste, Franchini, Alessia, Fragos, Tassos, Fryer, Chris, Gaspari, Massimo, Gerosa, Davide, Graziani, Luca, Groot, Paul, Habouzit, Melanie, Haggard, Daryl, Haiman, Zoltan, Han, Wen-Biao, Istrate, Alina, Johansson, Peter H., Khan, Fazeel Mahmood, Kimpson, Tomas, Kokkotas, Kostas, Kong, Albert, Korol, Valeriya, Kremer, Kyle, Kupfer, Thomas, Lamberts, Astrid, Larson, Shane, Lau, Mike, Liu, Dongliang, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Lodato, Giuseppe, Lupi, Alessandro, Ma, Chung-Pei, Maccarone, Tomas, Mandel, Ilya, Mangiagli, Alberto, Mapelli, Michela, Mathis, Steéphane, Mayer, Lucio, McGee, Sean, McKernan, Berry, Miller, M. Coleman, Mota, David F., Mumpower, Matthew, Nasim, Syeda S, Nelemans, Gijs, Noble, Scott, Pacucci, Fabio, Panessa, Francesca, Paschalidis, Vasileio, Pfister, Hugo, Porquet, Delphine, Quenby, John, Ricarte, Angelo, Röpke, Friedrich K., Regan, John, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley, Ruiz, Milton, Runnoe, Jessie, Schneider, Raffaella, Schnittman, Jeremy, Secunda, Amy, Sesana, Alberto, Seto, Naoki, Shao, Lijing, Shapiro, Stuart, Sopuerta, Carlos, Stone, Nicholas C., Suvorov, Arthur, Tamanini, Nicola, Tamfal, Tomas, Tauris, Thomas, Temmink, Karel, Tomsick, John, Toonen, Silvia, Torres-Orjuela, Alejandro, Toscani, Martina, Tsokaros, Antonios, Unal, Caner, Vázquez-Aceves, Verónica, Valiante, Rosa, van Putten, Maurice, van Roestel, Jan, Vignali, Christian, Volonteri, Marta, Wu, Kinwah, Younsi, Ziri, Yu, Shenghua, Zane, Silvia, Zwick, Lorenz, Antonini, Fabio, Baibhav, Vishal, Barausse, Enrico, Rivera, Alexander Bonilla, Branchesi, Marica, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Burdge, Kevin, Chakraborty, Srija, Cuadra, Jorge, Dage, Kristen, Davis, Benjamin, de Mink, Selma E., Decarli, Roberto, Doneva, Daniela, Escoffier, Stephanie, Fragione, Giacomo, Gandhi, Poshak, Haardt, Francesco, Lousto, Carlos O., Nissanke, Samaya, Nordhaus, Jason, O'Shaughnessy, Richard, Zwart, Simon Portegies, Pound, Adam, Schussler, Fabian, Sergijenko, Olga, Spallicci, Alessandro, Vernieri, Daniele, and Vigna-Gómez, Alejandro

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be a transformative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy, and, as such, it will offer unique opportunities to address many key astrophysical questions in a completely novel way. The synergy with ground-based and space-born instruments in the electromagnetic domain, by enabling multi-messenger observations, will add further to the discovery potential of LISA. The next decade is crucial to prepare the astrophysical community for LISA's first observations. This review outlines the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations that are instrumental for modeling and interpreting the upcoming LISA datastream. To this aim, the current knowledge in three main source classes for LISA is reviewed; ultracompact stellar-mass binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme or intermediate mass ratio inspirals. The relevant astrophysical processes and the established modeling techniques are summarized. Likewise, open issues and gaps in our understanding of these sources are highlighted, along with an indication of how LISA could help making progress in the different areas. New research avenues that LISA itself, or its joint exploitation with upcoming studies in the electromagnetic domain, will enable, are also illustrated. Improvements in modeling and analysis approaches, such as the combination of numerical simulations and modern data science techniques, are discussed. This review is intended to be a starting point for using LISA as a new discovery tool for understanding our Universe.

Published
2022
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63. Leistenhernie und Hydrozele

Author

Zahn, Katrin, Younsi, Nina, Trapp, Stefan, Stein, Raimund, editor, Weber, Lutz T., editor, Younsi, Nina, editor, Zahn, Katrin, editor, and Stehr, Maximilian, editor

Published
2023
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64. Blasenaugmentation und Harnableitungen

Author

Younsi, Nina, Kuwertz-Bröking, Eberhard, Schäfer, Frank-Mattias, Stein, Raimund, editor, Weber, Lutz T., editor, Younsi, Nina, editor, Zahn, Katrin, editor, and Stehr, Maximilian, editor

Published
2023
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65. Urethraduplikatur

Author

Lorenz, Christian, Younsi, Nina, Stein, Raimund, editor, Weber, Lutz T., editor, Younsi, Nina, editor, Zahn, Katrin, editor, and Stehr, Maximilian, editor

Published
2023
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68. Event Horizon Telescope observations of the jet launching and collimation in Centaurus A

Author

Janssen, Michael, Falcke, Heino, Kadler, Matthias, Ros, Eduardo, Wielgus, Maciek, Akiyama, Kazunori, Baloković, Mislav, Blackburn, Lindy, Bouman, Katherine L., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Koushik, Davelaar, Jordy, Edwards, Philip G., Fromm, Christian M., Gómez, José L., Goddi, Ciriaco, Issaoun, Sara, Johnson, Michael D., Kim, Junhan, Koay, Jun Yi, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Liu, Jun, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Markoff, Sera, Markowitz, Alex, Marrone, Daniel P., Mizuno, Yosuke, Müller, Cornelia, Ni, Chunchong, Pesce, Dominic W., Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Roelofs, Freek, Rygl, Kazi L. J., van Bemmel, Ilse, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Barrett, John, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blundell, Raymond, Boland, Wilfred, Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Chesler, Paul M., Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gelles, Zachary, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Himwich, Elizabeth, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Levis, Aviad, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Liu, Kuo, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Musoke, Gibwa, Mejías, Alejandro Mus, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Rogers, Alan, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guang-Yao, and Zhao, Shan-Shan

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of active galactic nuclei at millimeter wavelengths have the power to reveal the launching and initial collimation region of extragalactic radio jets, down to $10-100$ gravitational radii ($r_g=GM/c^2$) scales in nearby sources. Centaurus A is the closest radio-loud source to Earth. It bridges the gap in mass and accretion rate between the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in Messier 87 and our galactic center. A large southern declination of $-43^{\circ}$ has however prevented VLBI imaging of Centaurus A below ${\lambda}1$cm thus far. Here, we show the millimeter VLBI image of the source, which we obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope at $228$GHz. Compared to previous observations, we image Centaurus A's jet at a tenfold higher frequency and sixteen times sharper resolution and thereby probe sub-lightday structures. We reveal a highly-collimated, asymmetrically edge-brightened jet as well as the fainter counterjet. We find that Centaurus A's source structure resembles the jet in Messier 87 on ${\sim}500r_g$ scales remarkably well. Furthermore, we identify the location of Centaurus A's SMBH with respect to its resolved jet core at ${\lambda}1.3$mm and conclude that the source's event horizon shadow should be visible at THz frequencies. This location further supports the universal scale invariance of black holes over a wide range of masses., Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Nature Astronomy. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01417-w

Published
2021
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69. Impact of non-thermal particles on the spectral and structural properties of M87

Author

Fromm, Christian M., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Mizuno, Yosuke, Nathanail, Antonios, Younsi, Ziri, Porth, Oliver, Olivares, Hector, Davelaar, Jordy, Falcke, Heino, Kramer, Michael, and Rezzolla, Luciano

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The recent 230 GHz observations of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are able to image the innermost structure of the M87 and show a ring-like structure which is in agreement with thermal synchrotron emission generated in a torus surrounding a supermassive black hole. However, at lower frequencies M87 is characterised by a large-scale and edge-brightened jet with clear signatures of non-thermal emission. In order to bridge the gap between these scales and to provide a theoretical interpretation of these observations we perform general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion on to black holes and jet launching. M87 has been the target for multiple observations across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Among these VLBI observations provide unique details on the collimation profile of the jet down to several gravitational radii. In this work we aim to model the observed broad-band spectrum of M87 from the radio to the NIR regime and at the same time fit the jet structure as observed with Global mm-VLBI at 86 GHz. We use general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics and simulate the accretion of the magnetised plasma onto Kerr-black holes in 3D. The radiative signatures of these simulations are computed taking different electron distribution functions into account and a detailed parameter survey is performed in order to match the observations. The results of our simulations show that magnetically arrested disks around fast spinning black holes ($a_\star\geq0.5$) together with a mixture of thermal and non-thermal particle distributions are able to model simultaneously the broad-band spectrum and the innermost jet structure of M87, Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures, submitted to A&A

Published
2021
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70. State-of-the-art energetic and morphological modelling of the launching site of the M87 jet

Author

Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Fromm, Christian M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Nathanail, Antonios, Younsi, Ziri, Porth, Oliver, Davelaar, Jordy, Falcke, Heino, Kramer, Michael, and Rezzolla, Luciano

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

M87 has been the target of numerous astronomical observations across the electromagnetic spectrum and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) resolved an edge-brightened jet. However, the origin and formation of its jets remain unclear. In our current understand black holes (BH) are the driving engine of jet formation, and indeed the recent Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations revealed a ring-like structure in agreement with theoretical models of accretion onto a rotating Kerr BH. In addition to the spin of the BH being a potential source of energy for the launching mechanism, magnetic fields are believed to play a key role in the formation of relativistic jets. A priori, the spin, $a_\star$, of BH in M87* is unknown, however, when accounting for the estimates on the X-ray luminosity and jet power, values $\left |a_\star \right| \gtrsim 0.5$ appear favoured. Besides the properties of the accretion flow and the BH spin, the radiation microphysics including the particle distribution (thermal and non-thermal) as well as the particle acceleration mechanism play a crucial role. We show that general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations and general-relativistic radiative transfer calculations can reproduce the broadband spectrum from the radio to the near-infrared regime and simultaneously match the observed collimation profile of M87, thus allowing us to set rough constraints on the dimensionless spin of M87* to be $0.5\lesssim a_{\star}\lesssim 1.0$, with higher spins being possibly favoured., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures

Published
2021
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71. Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity: Effects of Spacetime Geometry

Author

Younsi, Ziri, Psaltis, Dimitrios, and Özel, Feryal

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The images of supermassive black holes surrounded by optically-thin, radiatively-inefficient accretion flows, like those observed with the Event Horizon Telescope, are characterized by a bright ring of emission surrounding the black-hole shadow. In the Kerr spacetime this bright ring, when narrow, closely traces the boundary of the shadow and can, with appropriate calibration, serve as its proxy. The present paper expands the validity of this statement by considering two particular spacetime geometries: a solution to the field equations of a modified gravity theory and another that parametrically deviates from Kerr but recovers the Kerr spacetime when its deviation parameters vanish. A covariant, axisymmetric analytic model of the accretion flow based on conservation laws and spanning a broad range of plasma conditions is utilized to calculate synthetic non-Kerr black-hole images, which are then analysed and characterized. We find that in all spacetimes: (i) it is the gravitationally-lensed unstable photon orbit that plays the critical role in establishing the diameter of the rings observed in black-hole images, not the event horizon or the innermost stable circular orbit, (ii) bright rings in these images scale in size with, and encompass, the boundaries of the black-hole shadows, even when deviating significantly from Kerr, and (iii) uncertainties in the physical properties of the accreting plasma introduce subdominant corrections to the relation between the diameter of the image and the diameter of the black-hole shadow. These results provide important new theoretical justification for using black-hole images to probe and test the spacetimes of supermassive black holes., Comment: 30 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2021
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72. The Variability of the Black-Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Time Scale

Author

Satapathy, Kaushik, Psaltis, Dimitrios, Ozel, Feryal, Medeiros, Lia, Dougall, Sean T., Chan, Chi-kwan, Wielgus, Maciek, Prather, Ben S., Wong, George N., Gammie, Charles F., Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David R., Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope A., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamente, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas, Crew, Geoffrey B., Osorio, Alejandro Cruz, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica T., Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph R., Fish, Vincent, Fomalont, Edward B., Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gómez, Jose L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark A., Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Hecht, Michael, Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul T., Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Rosales, Alejandra Jimenez, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana G., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Levis, Aviad, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Miss Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei, Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lu, Rusen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel, Marscher, Alan P., Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James, Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Muller, Cornelia, Mejias, Alejandro M., Musoke, Gibwa, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Hector, Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Palumbo, Daniel C., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh A., Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Pietu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard L., PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Potzl, Felix, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark, Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan E. E., Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi, Sanchez, Salvador, Sanchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhi-Qiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo, Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, E., Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John F., Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wiik, Kaj, Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, DooSoo, Young, Andre, Young, Ken H., Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guang-Yao, and Zhao, Shan-Shan

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The black-hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5-61 days) is comparable to the 6-day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure phase measurements on all six linearly independent non-trivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of $\sim3-5^\circ$. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability ($\sim90-180^\circ$) are the ones with baselines that cross visibility amplitude minima on the $u-v$ plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of General Relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black-hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black-hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas., Comment: Accepted for Publication in ApJ

Published
2021
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73. Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity: Effects of Plasma Physics

Author

Ozel, Feryal, Psaltis, Dimitrios, and Younsi, Ziri

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The horizon-scale images of black holes obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope have provided new probes of their metrics and tests of General Relativity. The images are characterized by a bright, near circular ring from the gravitationally lensed emission from the hot plasma and a deep central depression cast by the black hole. The metric tests rely on fact that the bright ring closely traces the boundary of the black hole shadow with a small displacement that has been quantified using simulations. In this paper we develop a self-consistent covariant analytic model of the accretion flow that spans a broad range of plasma conditions and black-hole properties to explore the general validity of this result. We show that, for any physical model of the accretion flow, the ring always encompasses the outline of the shadow and is not displaced by it by more than half the ring width. This result is a consequence of conservation laws and basic thermodynamic considerations and does not depend on the microphysics of the plasma or the details of the numerical simulations. We also present a quantitative measurement of the bias between the bright ring and the shadow radius based on the analytical models., Comment: To appear in ApJ

Published
2021
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74. Association of early blood-based biomarkers and six-month functional outcomes in conventional severity categories of traumatic brain injury: capturing the continuous spectrum of injury

Author

Ackerlund, Cecilia, Amrein, Krisztina, Andelic, Nada, Andreassen, Lasse, Anke, Audny, Antoni, Anna, Audibert, Gérard, Azouvi, Philippe, Azzolini, Maria Luisa, Bartels, Ronald, Barzó, Pál, Beauvais, Romuald, Beer, Ronny, Bellander, Bo-Michael, Belli, Antonio, Benali, Habib, Berardino, Maurizio, Beretta, Luigi, Blaabjerg, Morten, Bragge, Peter, Brazinova, Alexandra, Brinck, Vibeke, Brooker, Joanne, Brorsson, Camilla, Buki, Andras, Bullinger, Monika, Cabeleira, Manuel, Caccioppola, Alessio, Calappi, Emiliana, Calvi, Maria Rosa, Cameron, Peter, Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo, Carbonara, Marco, Castaño-León, Ana M., Cavallo, Simona, Chevallard, Giorgio, Chieregato, Arturo, Citerio, Giuseppe, Clusmann, Hans, Coburn, Mark Steven, Coles, Jonathan, Cooper, Jamie D., Correia, Marta, Čović, Amra, Curry, Nicola, Czeiter, Endre, Czosnyka, Marek, Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire, Dark, Paul, Dawes, Helen, De Keyser, Véronique, Degos, Vincent, Della Corte, Francesco, Boogert, Hugo den, Depreitere, Bart, Đilvesi, Đula, Dixit, Abhishek, Donoghue, Emma, Dreier, Jens, Dulière, Guy-Loup, Ercole, Ari, Esser, Patrick, Ezer, Erzsébet, Fabricius, Martin, Feigin, Valery L., Foks, Kelly, Frisvold, Shirin, Furmanov, Alex, Gagliardo, Pablo, Galanaud, Damien, Gantner, Dashiell, Gao, Guoyi, George, Pradeep, Ghuysen, Alexandre, Giga, Lelde, Glocker, Ben, Golubović, Jagoš, Gomez, Pedro A., Gratz, Johannes, Gravesteijn, Benjamin, Grossi, Francesca, Gruen, Russell L., Gupta, Deepak, Haagsma, Juanita A., Haitsma, Iain, Helbok, Raimund, Helseth, Eirik, Horton, Lindsay, Huijben, Jilske, Hutchinson, Peter J., Jacobs, Bram, Jankowski, Stefan, Jarrett, Mike, Jiang, Ji-yao, Johnson, Faye, Jones, Kelly, Karan, Mladen, Kolias, Angelos G., Kompanje, Erwin, Kondziella, Daniel, Kornaropoulos, Evgenios, Koskinen, Lars-Owe, Kovács, Noémi, Kowark, Ana, Lagares, Alfonso, Lanyon, Linda, Laureys, Steven, Lecky, Fiona, Ledoux, Didier, Lefering, Rolf, Legrand, Valerie, Lejeune, Aurelie, Levi, Leon, Lightfoot, Roger, Lingsma, Hester, Maegele, Marc, Majdan, Marek, Manara, Alex, Manley, Geoffrey, Maréchal, Hugues, Martino, Costanza, Mattern, Julia, McMahon, Catherine, Melegh, Béla, Menovsky, Tomas, Mikolic, Ana, Misset, Benoit, Muraleedharan, Visakh, Murray, Lynnette, Nair, Nandesh, Negru, Ancuta, Nelson, David, Nieboer, Daan, Nyirádi, József, Oresic, Matej, Ortolano, Fabrizio, Otesile, Olubukola, Palotie, Aarno, Parizel, Paul M., Payen, Jean-François, Perera, Natascha, Perlbarg, Vincent, Persona, Paolo, Peul, Wilco, Piippo-Karjalainen, Anna, Pirinen, Matti, Pisica, Dana, Ples, Horia, Polinder, Suzanne, Pomposo, Inigo, Posti, Jussi P., Puybasset, Louis, Rădoi, Andreea, Ragauskas, Arminas, Raj, Rahul, Rambadagalla, Malinka, Helmrich, Isabel Retel, Rhodes, Jonathan, Richardson, Sylvia, Richter, Sophie, Ripatti, Samuli, Rocka, Saulius, Roe, Cecilie, Roise, Olav, Rosand, Jonathan, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey, Rosenlund, Christina, Rosenthal, Guy, Rossaint, Rolf, Rossi, Sandra, Rueckert, Daniel, Rusnák, Martin, Sahuquillo, Juan, Sakowitz, Oliver, Sanchez-Porras, Renan, Sandor, Janos, Schäfer, Nadine, Schmidt, Silke, Schoechl, Herbert, Schoonman, Guus, Schou, Rico Frederik, Schwendenwein, Elisabeth, Singh, Ranjit D., Sewalt, Charlie, Skandsen, Toril, Smielewski, Peter, Sorinola, Abayomi, Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Stanworth, Simon, Stevens, Robert, Stewart, William, Steyerberg, Ewout W., Stocchetti, Nino, Sundström, Nina, Takala, Riikka, Tamás, Viktória, Tamosuitis, Tomas, Taylor, Mark Steven, Ao, Braden Te, Tenovuo, Olli, Theadom, Alice, Thomas, Matt, Thibaut, Aurore, Tibboel, Dick, Timmers, Marjolijn, Tolias, Christos, Trapani, Tony, Tudora, Cristina Maria, Unterberg, Andreas, Vajkoczy, Peter, Valeinis, Egils, Vallance, Shirley, Vámos, Zoltán, van der Jagt, Mathieu, van der Naalt, Joukje, Van der Steen, Gregory, van Dijck, Jeroen T.J.M., van Erp, Inge A., van Essen, Thomas A., Van Hecke, Wim, van Heugten, Caroline, Van Praag, Dominique, van Veen, Ernest, van Wijk, Roel P.J., Vyvere, Thijs Vande, Vargiolu, Alessia, Vega, Emmanuel, Velt, Kimberley, Verheyden, Jan, Vespa, Paul M., Vik, Anne, Vilcinis, Rimantas, Volovici, Victor, von Steinbüchel, Nicole, Voormolen, Daphne, Vulekovic, Peter, Wang, Kevin K.W., Wiegers, Eveline, Williams, Guy, Winzeck, Stefan, Wolf, Stefan, Yang, Zhihui, Ylén, Peter, Younsi, Alexander, Zeiler, Frederick A., Zelinkova, Veronika, Ziverte, Agate, Zoerle, Tommaso, Wilson, Lindsay, Newcombe, Virginia F.J., Whitehouse, Daniel P., Mondello, Stefania, Maas, Andrew I.R., and Menon, David K.

Published
2024
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77. Body Size and Ectoparasitic Infestations in the Mediterranean Pond Turtle Mauremys leprosa (Testudines, Geoemydidae) in Majen Belahriti Pond (North-Eastern Algeria)

Author

K. Ramdani, N. Ziane, M. Younsi, C. Ben Krinah, I. Bouchahdane, and R. Rouag

Subjects
mediterranean pond turtle, morphological parameters, leaches, prevalence, infestation, algeria, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Morphological parameters were measured on a population of the Mediterranean pond turtle Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger, 1812) in Majen Belahriti pond in the region of Guelma (North-east of Algeria). Females exhibited a longer carapace length (CL) at 177 ± 23.85 mm, surpassing that of males (151.45 ± 31.12 mm), and they also displayed a higher body weight (BW) at 756.52 ± 243.91 g, which was notably greater than that of males (453.09 ± 224.42 g). Placobdella nabeulensis Ben Ahmed, Gajda, Utevsky, Kwist & Świątek, 2023 (Hirudinida, Glossiphoniidae) was identified as the only ectoparasite affecting M. leprosa, with an average body length and width of 11 ± 5.83 mm and 5.1 ± 2.89 mm respectively. The intensity, represented by the average number of leeches per turtle, was calculated to be 2.21 ± 1.31 for this specific population and a prevalence rate of 21.17 %. The tail region showed the highest parasite load, indicating its increased susceptibility compared to other body parts.

Published
2024
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78. Machine learning to identify community-dwelling individuals at higher risk of incident cardio-renal-metabolic diseases and death

Author

Ramesh Nadarajah, Ali Wahab, Catherine Reynolds, Asad Bhatty, Haris Mohammad, Keerthenan Raveendra, Sheena Bennett, Tanina Younsi, Elizabeth Romer, Ben Hurdus, Adam Smith, Harriet Larvin, Jianhua Wu, and Chris P Gale

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes a quarter of all deaths in the UK,1 and the NHS Long Term Plan aims for earlier detection and treatment of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic risk factors.2 We trained, tested and prospectively implemented a machine learning algorithm in primary care electronic health record (EHR) data to identify individuals at higher risk of incident cardio-renal-metabolic diseases and cardiovascular death.3, 4 Methods: We used UK primary care EHR data from 2,081,139 individuals aged ≥30 years (2 January 1998, 30 November 2018), randomly divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets. We trained a random forest classifier using age, sex, ethnicity and comorbidities (OPTIMISE). We calculated the cumulative incidence rate for ten cardio-renal-metabolic diseases and death, and excluded individuals for the analysis of each disease who had a preceding diagnosis of that disease. Fine and Gray's models with competing risk of death were fit for each outcome between higher and lower predicted risk.We implemented OPTIMISE in a pilot interventional non-randomised single arm study across four primary care sites. Consenting individuals aged ≥30 years at higher predicted risk received community-based cardio-renal-metabolic phenotyping and assessment for guideline-adherence of current treatment. Results: In the testing dataset (n = 416,228), individuals at higher predicted risk had higher long-term risk of heart failure (HR 12.54, 95% CI 12.08–13.01), aortic stenosis (9.98, 9.16–10.87), AF (HR 8·75, 95% CI 8·44–9·06), stroke/TIA (8.07, 7.80–8.34), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (6.85, 6.70–7.00), peripheral vascular disease (6.62, 6.28–6.98), valvular heart disease (6.49, 6.14–6.85), MI (5.02, 4.82–5.22), diabetes (2.05, 2.00–2.10) and COPD (2.02, 2.00–2.05) (Figure 1). They were also at higher risk of death (10.45, 10.23–10.68), accounting for 74% of cardiovascular deaths (8,582/11,676).Of 82 higher risk patients in the pilot clinical implementation (mean age 71.6 years (SD 7.5), 50% women), 78.0% had hypertension and 37.8% had type 2 diabetes (Table 1). Of higher risk patients with hypertension, 58.5% (31/53) of those aged 140 mmHg, and 54.5% (6/11) of those aged ≥80 years had a SBP >150 mmHg. Of those with type 2 diabetes and co-existent CVD, only 23.1% (3/13) were on SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. Of higher risk patients on statin therapy, 37.0% (20/54) had LDL-cholesterol >1.8 mmol/L, and 23.1% (3/13) of patients with previous CVD had an LDL-cholesterol >2.0 mmol/L.Furthermore, 19.5% (16/82) of the higher risk cohort had undiagnosed moderate or high risk CKD. Those with unrecognised CKD were often not on a statin (41.7%; 5/12), ACEi/ARB therapy with co-existent hypertension (61.5%; 8/13), or SGLT2 inhibitor with co-existent diabetes (83.3%; 5/6). Almost half of the cohort (49%) were found to be obese, and 17% (14/82) were eligible for GLP-1 RA therapy. Conclusions: The machine learning OPTIMISE algorithm can identify people at higher risk of cardio-renal-metabolic diseases and death in UK primary care EHR data. On prospective evaluation higher risk individuals have unrecorded and undertreated cardio-renal-metabolic diseases, which are actionable targets for integrated multi-disciplinary preventative care.

Published
2024
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79. Black hole flares: ejection of accreted magnetic flux through 3D plasmoid-mediated reconnection

Author

Ripperda, Bart, Liska, Matthew, Chatterjee, Koushik, Musoke, Gibwa, Philippov, Alexander A., Markoff, Sera B., Tchekhovskoy, Alexander, and Younsi, Ziri

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

Magnetic reconnection can power bright, rapid flares originating from the inner magnetosphere of accreting black holes. We conduct extremely high resolution ($5376\times2304\times2304$ cells) general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, capturing plasmoid-mediated reconnection in a 3D magnetically arrested disk for the first time. We show that an equatorial, plasmoid-unstable current sheet forms in a transient, non-axisymmetric, low-density magnetosphere within the inner few Schwarzschild radii. Magnetic flux bundles escape from the event horizon through reconnection at the universal plasmoid-mediated rate in this current sheet. The reconnection feeds on the highly-magnetized plasma in the jets and heats the plasma that ends up trapped in flux bundles to temperatures proportional to the jet's magnetization. The escaped flux bundles can complete a full orbit as low-density hot spots, consistent with Sgr A$^{*}$ observations by the GRAVITY interferometer. Reconnection near the horizon produces sufficiently energetic plasma to explain flares from accreting black holes, such as the TeV emission observed from M87. The drop in mass accretion rate during the flare, and the resulting low-density magnetosphere make it easier for very high energy photons produced by reconnection-accelerated particles to escape. The extreme resolution results in a converged plasmoid-mediated reconnection rate that directly determines the timescales and properties of the flare., Comment: ApJ Letters (2022), 924, L32

Published
2021
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80. Difficulties in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Takayasu’s Arteritis: A Description of a 5-Year Clinical Follow-Up

Author

A. V. Petrov, A. A. Zayaeva, J. V. Usachenko, V. A. Beloglazov, G. N. Коshukova, I. A. Yatskov, and S. I. R. Younsi

Subjects
takayasu’s arteritis, angiography, cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Takayasu’s disease (nonspecific aortoarteritis) is a granulomatous inflammation of the aorta and its main branches with a progressive course and development of severe ischemic disorders. The difficulty of diagnosis and the possibility of applying various methods of pathogenetic anti-inflammatory treatment of Takayasu’s arteritis make it expedient to study a clinical case. The analysis of a clinical case of a patient with Takayasu’s arteritis with manifestation of the disease in the form of general inflammatory syndrome and manifestations of severe cerebral ischemia due to bilateral stenotic carotid artery lesion was performed. The patient has been under observation since September 2017 up to the present time, various methods of pharmacotherapy and surgical correction were used in her therapy. The dynamics of clinical symptomatology of Takayasu’s arteritis and clinical results of step therapy with high doses of methylprednisolone, bolus administration of cyclophosphan followed by long-term oral cyclophosphan administration were analyzed. In the course of treatment, the patient underwent carotid angioplasty. Due to the unstable effect of the therapy, the patient was administered intravenous infusions of IL-6 blocker tocilizumab, which led to remission of the disease. The presented clinical case demonstrates the important diagnostic value of vascular imaging methods in early diagnosis and control of the disease course and the effectiveness of IL-6 inhibitors in achieving and maintaining remission of Takayasu’s arteritis.

Published
2023
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84. Comparison of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio prescription: GRMHD simulations with electron thermodynamics

Author

Mizuno, Yosuke, Fromm, Christian M., Younsi, Ziri, Porth, Oliver, Olivares, Hector, and Rezzolla, Luciano

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, an Earth-size sub-millimetre radio interferometer, recently captured the first images of the central supermassive black hole in M87. These images were interpreted as gravitationally-lensed synchrotron emission from hot plasma orbiting around the black hole. In the accretion flows around low-luminosity active galactic nuclei such as M87, electrons and ions are not in thermal equilibrium. Therefore, the electron temperature, which is important for the thermal synchrotron radiation at EHT frequencies of 230 GHz, is not independently determined. In this work, we investigate the commonly used parameterised ion-to-electron temperature ratio prescription, the so-called R-$\beta$ model, considering images at 230 GHz by comparing with electron-heating prescriptions obtained from general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamical (GRMHD) simulations of magnetised accretion flows in a Magnetically Arrested Disc (MAD) regime with different recipes for the electron thermodynamics. When comparing images at 230 GHz, we find a very good match between images produced with the R-$\beta$ prescription and those produced with the turbulent- and magnetic reconnection- heating prescriptions. Indeed, this match is on average even better than that obtained when comparing the set of images built with the R-$\beta$ prescription with either a randomly chosen image or with a time-averaged one. From this comparative study of different physical aspects, which include the image, visibilities, broadband spectra, and light curves, we conclude that, within the context of images at 230 GHz relative to MAD accretion flows around supermassive black holes, the commonly-used and simple R-$\beta$ model is able to reproduce well the various and more complex electron-heating prescriptions considered here., Comment: 18 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2021
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85. Constraints on black-hole charges with the 2017 EHT observations of M87*

Author

Kocherlakota, Prashant, Rezzolla, Luciano, Falcke, Heino, Fromm, Christian M., Kramer, Michael, Mizuno, Yosuke, Nathanail, Antonios, Olivares, Hector, Younsi, Ziri, Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Balokovic, Mislav, Barrett, John, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Chesler, Paul M., Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Ford, H. Alyson, Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., Garcia, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gomez, Jose L., Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Levis, Aviad, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Muller, Cornelia, Musoke, Gibwa, Mejias, Alejandro Mus, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neilsen, Joseph, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Okino, Hiroki, Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Ozel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Pietu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Potzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi L. J., Sanchez, Salvador, Sanchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, Andre, Young, Ken, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, and Collaboration, The EHT

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

Our understanding of strong gravity near supermassive compact objects has recently improved thanks to the measurements made by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). We use here the M87* shadow size to infer constraints on the physical charges of a large variety of nonrotating or rotating black holes. For example, we show that the quality of the measurements is already sufficient to rule out that M87* is a highly charged dilaton black hole. Similarly, when considering black holes with two physical and independent charges, we are able to exclude considerable regions of the space of parameters for the doubly-charged dilaton and the Sen black holes., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, published in PRD on May 19

Published
2021
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86. Polarimetric properties of Event Horizon Telescope targets from ALMA

Author

Goddi, Ciriaco, Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Messias, Hugo, Bower, Geoffrey C., Broderick, Avery E., Dexter, Jason, Marrone, Daniel P., Moscibrodzka, Monika, Nagai, Hiroshi, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Asada, Keiichi, Crew, Geoffrey B., Gomez, Jose L., Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette, Janssen, Michael, Kadler, Matthias, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Lico, Rocco, Matthews, Lynn D., Nathanail, Antonios, Ricarte, Angelo, Ros, Eduardo, Younsi, Ziri, Collaboration, The Event Horizon Telescope, Bruni, Gabriele, Gopakumar, A., Hernandez-Gomez, Antonio, Herrero-Illana, Ruben, Ingram, Adam, Komossa, S., Muders, Y. Y. Kovalev Dirk, Perucho, Manel, Rosch, Florian, and Valtonen, Mauri

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the results from a full polarization study carried out with ALMA during the first VLBI campaign, which was conducted in Apr 2017 in the $\lambda$3mm and $\lambda$1.3mm bands, in concert with the Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), respectively. We determine the polarization and Faraday properties of all VLBI targets, including Sgr A*, M87, and a dozen radio-loud AGN. We detect high linear polarization fractions (2-15%) and large rotation measures (RM $>10^{3.3}-10^{5.5}$ rad m$^{-2}$). For Sgr A* we report a mean RM of $(-4.2\pm0.3) \times10^5$ rad m$^{-2}$ at 1.3 mm, consistent with measurements over the past decade, and, for the first time, an RM of $(-2.1\pm0.1) \times10^5$ rad m$^{-2}$ at 3 mm, suggesting that about half of the Faraday rotation at 1.3 mm may occur between the 3 mm photosphere and the 1.3 mm source. We also report the first unambiguous measurement of RM toward the M87 nucleus at mm wavelengths, which undergoes significant changes in magnitude and sign reversals on a one year time-scale, spanning the range from -1.2 to 0.3 $\times\,10^5$ rad m$^{-2}$ at 3 mm and -4.1 to 1.5 $\times\,10^5$ rad m$^{-2}$ at 1.3 mm. Given this time variability, we argue that, unlike the case of Sgr A*, the RM in M87 does not provide an accurate estimate of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole. We put forward a two-component model, comprised of a variable compact region and a static extended region, that can simultaneously explain the polarimetric properties observed by both the EHT and ALMA. These measurements provide critical constraints for the calibration, analysis, and interpretation of simultaneously obtained VLBI data with the EHT and GMVA., Comment: 62 pages, 26 figures, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters on March 24, 2021

Published
2021
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87. The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron Emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole

Author

Narayan, Ramesh, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Johnson, Michael D., Gelles, Zachary, Himwich, Elizabeth, Chang, Dominic O., Ricarte, Angelo, Dexter, Jason, Gammie, Charles F., Chael, Andrew A., Collaboration, The Event Horizon Telescope, Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Balokovic, Mislav, Barrett, John, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Chesler, Paul M., Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, DeLaurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Garcıa, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gomez, Jose L., Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Levis, Aviad, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Pin, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Martı-Vidal, Alan P. Marscher Ivan, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Muller, Cornelia, Musoke, Gibwa, Mejıas, Alejandro Mus, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Hector, Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Ozel, Feryal, Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Pietu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Potzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi L. J., Sanchez, Salvador, Sanchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, Andre, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guang-Yao, and Zhao, Shan-Shan

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Synchrotron radiation from hot gas near a black hole results in a polarized image. The image polarization is determined by effects including the orientation of the magnetic field in the emitting region, relativistic motion of the gas, strong gravitational lensing by the black hole, and parallel transport in the curved spacetime. We explore these effects using a simple model of an axisymmetric, equatorial accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole. By using an approximate expression for the null geodesics derived by Beloborodov (2002) and conservation of the Walker-Penrose constant, we provide analytic estimates for the image polarization. We test this model using currently favored general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of M87*, using ring parameters given by the simulations. For a subset of these with modest Faraday effects, we show that the ring model broadly reproduces the polarimetric image morphology. Our model also predicts the polarization evolution for compact flaring regions, such as those observed from Sgr A* with GRAVITY. With suitably chosen parameters, our simple model can reproduce the EVPA pattern and relative polarized intensity in Event Horizon Telescope images of M87*. Under the physically motivated assumption that the magnetic field trails the fluid velocity, this comparison is consistent with the clockwise rotation inferred from total intensity images., Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures, published in ApJ on May 3

Published
2021
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88. Black hole parameter estimation with synthetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry data from the ground and from space

Author

Roelofs, Freek, Fromm, Christian M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Davelaar, Jordy, Janssen, Michael, Younsi, Ziri, Rezzolla, Luciano, and Falcke, Heino

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has imaged the shadow of the supermassive black hole in M87. A library of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GMRHD) models was fit to the observational data, providing constraints on black hole parameters. We investigate how much better future experiments can realistically constrain these parameters and test theories of gravity. We generate realistic synthetic 230 GHz data from representative input models taken from a GRMHD image library for M87, using the 2017, 2021, and an expanded EHT array. The synthetic data are run through a data reduction pipeline used by the EHT. Additionally, we simulate observations at 230, 557, and 690 GHz with the Event Horizon Imager (EHI) Space VLBI concept. Using one of the EHT parameter estimation pipelines, we fit the GRMHD library images to the synthetic data and investigate how the black hole parameter estimations are affected by different arrays and repeated observations. Repeated observations play an important role in constraining black hole and accretion parameters as the varying source structure is averaged out. A modest expansion of the EHT already leads to stronger parameter constraints. High-frequency observations from space rule out all but ~15% of the GRMHD models in our library, strongly constraining the magnetic flux and black hole spin. The 1$\sigma$ constraints on the black hole mass improve by a factor of five with repeated high-frequency space array observations as compared to observations with the current ground array. If the black hole spin, magnetization, and electron temperature distribution can be independently constrained, the shadow size for a given black hole mass can be tested to ~0.5% with the EHI, which allows tests of deviations from general relativity. High-precision tests of the Kerr metric become within reach from observations of the Galactic Center black hole Sagittarius A*., Comment: 21 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Published
2021
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89. Using space-VLBI to probe gravity around Sgr A*

Author

Fromm, C. M., Mizuno, Y., Younsi, Z., Olivares, H., Porth, O., De Laurentis, M., Falcke, H., Kramer, M., and Rezzolla, L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) will soon provide the first high-resolution images of the Galactic Centre supermassive black hole (SMBH) candidate Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), enabling us to probe gravity in the strong-field regime. Besides studying the accretion process in extreme environments, the obtained data and reconstructed images could be used to investigate the underlying spacetime structure. In its current configuration, the EHT is able to distinguish between a rotating Kerr black hole and a horizon-less object like a boson star. Future developments can increase the ability of the EHT to tell different spacetimes apart. We investigate the capability of an advanced EHT concept, including an orbiting space antenna, to image and distinguish different spacetimes around Sgr A*. We use GRMHD simulations of accreting compact objects (Kerr and dilaton black holes, as well as boson stars) and compute their radiative signatures via general relativistic radiative transfer calculations. To facilitate comparison with upcoming and future EHT observations we produce realistic synthetic data including the source variability, diffractive and refractive scattering while incorporating the observing array, including a space antenna. From the generated synthetic observations we dynamically reconstructed black hole shadow images using regularised Maximum Entropy methods. We employ a genetic algorithm to optimise the orbit of the space antenna with respect to improved imaging capabilities and u-v-plane coverage of the combined array (ground array and space antenna and developed a new method to probe the source variability in Fourier space. The inclusion of an orbiting space antenna improves the capability of the EHT to distinguish the spin of Kerr black holes and dilaton black holes based on reconstructed radio images and complex visibilities., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, A&A accepted

Published
2021
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90. Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: Molecular Mechanisms, Regulatory Pathways, and Novel Strategies

Author

Mohammed Ibrahim Elmalky, Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado, Alexander Younsi, and Thomas Skutella

Subjects
myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), neurotrophins, PKA/AMP, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, guidance cues, molecular and cellular mechanisms, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Axonal regeneration in the spinal cord after traumatic injuries presents a challenge for researchers, primarily due to the nature of adult neurons and the inhibitory environment that obstructs neuronal regrowth. Here, we review current knowledge of the intricate network of molecular and cellular mechanisms that hinder axonal regeneration, with a focus on myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and other inhibitory guidance molecules, as well as the pivotal pathways implicated in both inhibiting and facilitating axonal regrowth, such as PKA/AMP, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Trk, alongside the regulatory roles of neurotrophins and axonal guidance cues. We also examine current insights into gene therapy, tissue engineering, and pharmacological interventions that show promise in overcoming barriers to axonal regrowth.

Published
2024
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91. Vesikoureteraler Reflux

Author

Stein, Raimund, Younsi, Nina, Michel, Maurice Stephan, editor, W. Thüroff, Joachim, editor, Janetschek, Günter, editor, and Wirth, Manfred P., editor

Published
2023
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96. One-year employment outcome prediction after traumatic brain injury: A CENTER-TBI study

Author

Åkerlund, Cecilia, Amrein, Krisztina, Andelic, Nada, Andreassen, Lasse, Anke, Audny, Antoni, Anna, Audibert, Gérard, Azouvi, Philippe, Azzolini, Maria Luisa, Bartels, Ronald, Barzó, Pál, Beauvais, Romuald, Beer, Ronny, Bellander, Bo-Michael, Belli, Antonio, Benali, Habib, Berardino, Maurizio, Beretta, Luigi, Blaabjerg, Morten, Bragge, Peter, Brazinova, Alexandra, Brinck, Vibeke, Brooker, Joanne, Brorsson, Camilla, Buki, Andras, Bullinger, Monika, Cabeleira, Manuel, Caccioppola, Alessio, Calappi, Emiliana, Calvi, Maria Rosa, Cameron, Peter, Lozano, Guillermo Carbayo, Carbonara, Marco, Cavallo, Simona, Chevallard, Giorgio, Chieregato, Arturo, Citerio, Giuseppe, Clusmann, Hans, Coburn, Mark, Coles, Jonathan, Cooper, Jamie D., Correia, Marta, Čović, Amra, Curry, Nicola, Czeiter, Endre, Czosnyka, Marek, Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire, Dark, Paul, Dawes, Helen, De Keyser, Véronique, Degos, Vincent, Della Corte, Francesco, Boogert, Hugo den, Depreitere, Bart, Đilvesi, Đula, Dixit, Abhishek, Donoghue, Emma, Dreier, Jens, Dulière, Guy-Loup, Ercole, Ari, Esser, Patrick, Ezer, Erzsébet, Fabricius, Martin, Feigin, Valery L., Foks, Kelly, Frisvold, Shirin, Furmanov, Alex, Gagliardo, Pablo, Galanaud, Damien, Gantner, Dashiell, Gao, Guoyi, George, Pradeep, Ghuysen, Alexandre, Giga, Lelde, Glocker, Ben, Golubovic, Jagoš, Gomez, Pedro A., Gratz, Johannes, Gravesteijn, Benjamin, Grossi, Francesca, Gruen, Russell L., Gupta, Deepak, Haagsma, Juanita A., Haitsma, Iain, Helbok, Raimund, Helseth, Eirik, Horton, Lindsay, Huijben, Jilske, Hutchinson, Peter J., Jacobs, Bram, Jankowski, Stefan, Jarrett, Mike, Jiang, Ji-yao, Johnson, Faye, Jones, Kelly, Karan, Mladen, Kolias, Angelos G., Kompanje, Erwin, Kondziella, Daniel, Kornaropoulos, Evgenios, Koskinen, Lars-Owe, Kovács, Noémi, Kowark, Ana, Lagares, Alfonso, Lanyon, Linda, Laureys, Steven, Lecky, Fiona, Ledoux, Didier, Lefering, Rolf, Legrand, Valerie, Lejeune, Aurelie, Levi, Leon, Lightfoot, Roger, Lingsma, Hester, Maas, Andrew I.R., Castaño-León, Ana M., Maegele, Marc, Majdan, Marek, Manara, Alex, Manley, Geoffrey, Martino, Costanza, Maréchal, Hugues, Mattern, Julia, McMahon, Catherine, Melegh, Béla, Menon, David, Menovsky, Tomas, Mikolic, Ana, Misset, Benoit, Muraleedharan, Visakh, Murray, Lynnette, Negru, Ancuta, Nelson, David, Newcombe, Virginia, Nieboer, Daan, Nyirádi, József, Olubukola, Otesile, Oresic, Matej, Ortolano, Fabrizio, Palotie, Aarno, Parizel, Paul M., Payen, Jean-François, Perera, Natascha, Perlbarg, Vincent, Persona, Paolo, Peul, Wilco, Piippo-Karjalainen, Anna, Pirinen, Matti, Pisica, Dana, Ples, Horia, Polinder, Suzanne, Pomposo, Inigo, Posti, Jussi P., Puybasset, Louis, Radoi, Andreea, Ragauskas, Arminas, Raj, Rahul, Rambadagalla, Malinka, Helmrich, Isabel Retel, Rhodes, Jonathan, Richardson, Sylvia, Richter, Sophie, Ripatti, Samuli, Rocka, Saulius, Roe, Cecilie, Roise, Olav, Rosand, Jonathan, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V., Rosenlund, Christina, Rosenthal, Guy, Rossaint, Rolf, Rossi, Sandra, Rueckert, Daniel, Rusnák, Martin, Sahuquillo, Juan, Sakowitz, Oliver, Sanchez-Porras, Renan, Sandor, Janos, Schäfer, Nadine, Schmidt, Silke, Schoechl, Herbert, Schoonman, Guus, Schou, Rico Frederik, Schwendenwein, Elisabeth, Sewalt, Charlie, Singh, Ranjit D., Skandsen, Toril, Smielewski, Peter, Sorinola, Abayomi, Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Stanworth, Simon, Stevens, Robert, Stewart, William, Steyerberg, Ewout W., Stocchetti, Nino, Sundström, Nina, Takala, Riikka, Tamás, Viktória, Tamosuitis, Tomas, Taylor, Mark Steven, Thibaut, Aurore, Ao, Braden Te, Tenovuo, Olli, Theadom, Alice, Thomas, Matt, Tibboel, Dick, Timmers, Marjolein, Tolias, Christos, Trapani, Tony, Tudora, Cristina Maria, Unterberg, Andreas, Vajkoczy, Peter, Vallance, Shirley, Valeinis, Egils, Vámos, Zoltán, van der Jagt, Mathieu, Van der Steen, Gregory, van der Naalt, Joukje, van Dijck, Jeroen T.J.M., van Erp, Inge A.M., van Essen, Thomas A., Van Hecke, Wim, van Heugten, Caroline, van Veen, Ernest, Vyvere, Thijs Vande, van Wijk, Roel P.J., Vargiolu, Alessia, Vega, Emmanuel, Velt, Kimberley, Verheyden, Jan, Vespa, Paul M., Vik, Anne, Vilcinis, Rimantas, Volovici, Victor, von Steinbüchel, Nicole, Voormolen, Daphne, Vulekovic, Petar, Wang, Kevin K.W., Whitehouse, Daniel, Wiegers, Eveline, Williams, Guy, Wilson, Lindsay, Winzeck, Stefan, Wolf, Stefan, Yang, Zhihui, Ylén, Peter, Younsi, Alexander, Zeiler, Frederick A., Zelinkova, Veronika, Ziverte, Agate, Zoerle, Tommaso, Van Deynse, Helena, Cools, Wilfried, De Deken, Viktor-Jan, Hubloue, Ives, Tisseghem, Ellen, and Putman, Koen

Published
2024
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97. Clinical descriptors of disease trajectories in patients with traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit (CENTER-TBI): a multicentre observational cohort study

Author

Åkerlund, Cecilia, Amrein, Krisztina, Andelic, Nada, Andreassen, Lasse, Anke, Audny, Antoni, Anna, Audibert, Gérard, Azouvi, Philippe, Azzolini, Maria Luisa, Bartels, Ronald, Barzó, Pál, Beauvais, Romuald, Beer, Ronny, Bellander, Bo-Michael, Belli, Antonio, Benali, Habib, Berardino, Maurizio, Beretta, Luigi, Blaabjerg, Morten, Bragge, Peter, Brazinova, Alexandra, Brinck, Vibeke, Brooker, Joanne, Brorsson, Camilla, Buki, Andras, Bullinger, Monika, Cabeleira, Manuel, Caccioppola, Alessio, Calappi, Emiliana, Calvi, Maria Rosa, Cameron, Peter, Carbayo Lozano, Guillermo, Carbonara, Marco, Cavallo, Simona, Chevallard, Giorgio, Chieregato, Arturo, Citerio, Giuseppe, Clusmann, Hans, Coburn, Mark, Coles, Jonathan, Cooper, Jamie D., Correia, Marta, Čović, Amra, Curry, Nicola, Czeiter, Endre, Czosnyka, Marek, DahyotFizelier, Claire, Dark, Paul, Dawes, Helen, De Keyser, Véronique, Degos, Vincent, Della Corte, Francesco, den Boogert, Hugo, Depreitere, Bart, Đilvesi, Đula, Dixit, Abhishek, Donoghue, Emma, Dreier, Jens, Dulière, GuyLoup, Ercole, Ari, Esser, Patrick, Ezer, Erzsébet, Fabricius, Martin, Feigin, Valery L., Foks, Kelly, Frisvold, Shirin, Furmanov, Alex, Gagliardo, Pablo, Galanaud, Damien, Gantner, Dashiell, Gao, Guoyi, George, Pradeep, Ghuysen, Alexandre, Giga, Lelde, Glocker, Ben, Golubovic, Jagoš, Gomez, Pedro A., Gratz, Johannes, Gravesteijn, Benjamin, Grossi, Francesca, Gruen, Russell L., Gupta, Deepak, Haagsma, Juanita A., Haitsma, Iain, Helbok, Raimund, Helseth, Eirik, Horton, Lindsay, Huijben, Jilske, Hutchinson, Peter J., Jacobs, Bram, Jankowski, Stefan, Jarrett, Mike, Jiang, Jiyao, Johnson, Faye, Jones, Kelly, Karan, Mladen, Kolias, Angelos G., Kompanje, Erwin, Kondziella, Daniel, Kornaropoulos, Evgenios, Koskinen, LarsOwe, Kovács, Noémi, Kowark, Ana, Lagares, Alfonso, Lanyon, Linda, Laureys, Steven, Lecky, Fiona, Ledoux, Didier, Lefering, Rolf, Legrand, Valerie, Lejeune, Aurelie, Levi, Leon, Lightfoot, Roger, Lingsma, Hester, Maas, Andrew I.R., CastañoLeón, Ana M., Maegele, Marc, Majdan, Marek, Manara, Alex, Manley, Geoffrey, Martino, Costanza, Maréchal, Hugues, Mattern, Julia, McMahon, Catherine, Melegh, Béla, Menon, David, Menovsky, Tomas, Mikolic, Ana, Misset, Benoit, Muraleedharan, Visakh, Murray, Lynnette, Negru, Ancuta, Nelson, David, Newcombe, Virginia, Nieboer, Daan, Nyirádi, József, Olubukola, Otesile, Oresic, Matej, Ortolano, Fabrizio, Palotie, Aarno, Parizel, Paul M., Payen, JeanFrançois, Perera, Natascha, Perlbarg, Vincent, Persona, Paolo, Peul, Wilco, Piippo-Karjalainen, Anna, Pirinen, Matti, Pisica, Dana, Ples, Horia, Polinder, Suzanne, Pomposo, Inigo, Posti, Jussi P., Puybasset, Louis, Radoi, Andreea, Ragauskas, Arminas, Raj, Rahul, Rambadagalla, Malinka, Retel Helmrich, Isabel, Rhodes, Jonathan, Richardson, Sylvia, Richter, Sophie, Ripatti, Samuli, Rocka, Saulius, Roe, Cecilie, Roise, Olav, Rosand, Jonathan, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V., Rosenlund, Christina, Rosenthal, Guy, Rossaint, Rolf, Rossi, Sandra, Rueckert, Daniel, Rusnák, Martin, Sahuquillo, Juan, Sakowitz, Oliver, SanchezPorras, Renan, Sandor, Janos, Schäfer, Nadine, Schmidt, Silke, Schoechl, Herbert, Schoonman, Guus, Schou, Rico Frederik, Schwendenwein, Elisabeth, Sewalt, Charlie, Singh, Ranjit D., Skandsen, Toril, Smielewski, Peter, Sorinola, Abayomi, Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Stanworth, Simon, Stevens, Robert, Stewart, William, Steyerberg, Ewout W., Stocchetti, Nino, Sundström, Nina, Takala, Riikka, Tamás, Viktória, Tamosuitis, Tomas, Taylor, Mark Steven, Ao, Braden Te, Tenovuo, Olli, Theadom, Alice, Thomas, Matt, Tibboel, Dick, Timmers, Marjolein, Tolias, Christos, Trapani, Tony, Tudora, Cristina Maria, Unterberg, Andreas, Vajkoczy, Peter, Vallance, Shirley, Valeinis, Egils, Vámos, Zoltán, van der Jagt, Mathieu, Van der Steen, Gregory, van der Naalt, Joukje, van Dijck, Jeroen T.J.M., van Erp, Inge A.M., van Essen, Thomas A., Van Hecke, Wim, van Heugten, Caroline, Van Praag, Dominique, van Veen, Ernest, Vande Vyvere, Thijs, van Wijk, Roel P.J., Vargiolu, Alessia, Vega, Emmanuel, Velt, Kimberley, Verheyden, Jan, Vespa, Paul M., Vik, Anne, Vilcinis, Rimantas, Volovici, Victor, von Steinbüchel, Nicole, Voormolen, Daphne, Vulekovic, Petar, Wang, Kevin K.W., Whitehouse, Daniel, Wiegers, Eveline, Williams, Guy, Wilson, Lindsay, Winzeck, Stefan, Wolf, Stefan, Yang, Zhihui, Ylén, Peter, Younsi, Alexander, Zeiler, Frederick A., Zelinkova, Veronika, Ziverte, Agate, Zoerle, Tommaso, Åkerlund, Cecilia A I, Holst, Anders, Bhattacharyay, Shubhayu, Steyerberg, Ewout, Menon, David K, and Nelson, David W

Published
2024
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99. Development and first results of a national databank on care and treatment outcome after traumatic brain injury

Author

Younsi, Alexander, Unterberg, Andreas, Marzi, Ingo, Steudel, Wolf-Ingo, Uhl, Eberhard, Lemcke, Johannes, Berg, Florian, Woschek, Mathias, Friedrich, Michaela, Clusmann, Hans, Hamou, Hussam Aldin, Mauer, Uwe Max, Scheer, Magnus, Meixensberger, Jürgen, Lindner, Dirk, Schmieder, Kirsten, Gierthmuehlen, Mortimer, Hoefer, Christine, Nienaber, Ulrike, and Maegele, Marc

Published
2023
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