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목적: 본 연구는 "병원 실습 중 간호대학생의 환자의 죽음에 대한 첫 경험은 어떠한가?"라는 질문을 통해 실습 중 간호대학생이 직면하는 환자의 죽음에 대한 경험을 포괄적이고 심층적으로 파악하고자 실시되었다. 방법: 본 연구는 2012년 1월 27일로부터 시작하여 2012년 3월 6일까지 양산시 부산대학교 간호학과 4학년에 재학 중인 여학생으로, 병원실습 중 환자의 죽음을 처음 경험한 실습생들 8명에게 실시되었다. 연구방법은 Colaizzi의 현상학적 연구 방법이 이용되었다. 결과: 17개의 주제, 15개의 주제묶음과 8개의 범주가 도출되었다. 8개의 범주는 '피하고 싶은 죽음현실', '무력감', '건강회복의 기대감에서 공포로', '죽음의 다양한 해석', '간호학의 한계', '간호사 부족에 대한 원망', '갈증의 증폭', '성장의 계기'이다. 결론: 간호대학생들은 환자의 죽음에 대한 첫 경험 과정에서 다양한 감정을 경험하고, 임종간호를 감당하고 있는 간호사의 모습을 미래의 간호사라는 자신의 입장에서 해석해가고 있었다. 이와 동시에 그들은 죽음을 간호의 영역으로 받아들이고, 공부하고 익혀나가는 성장의 노력을 하고 있었다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결과를 통해 죽음관련 내용이 간호대학 교육과정에 꼭 포함되어야 함을 알 수 있었고, 이는 신규간호사 시기에 큰 부담이 되고 있는 임종간호의 스트레스를 줄여서 업무 적응을 높이고, 이직 의도를 낮추는데 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것이다. 【Purpose: This study was conducted to comprehensively investigate nursing students' experience of their first encounter with death of a patient during clinical practice. Methods: This study took place from January 27 through March 6, 2012 with eight female senior nursing students enrolled at Pusan National University located in Y city who have experienced patient death. We collected their experience of their first death encounter during their clinical rotation by asking, "What is your first experience of patient's death during the clinical practice?" Husserl's phenomenological approach was applied in this study. Results: In this study, 17 themes, 15 clusters of themes and eight categories were derived. The categories included "Desire to avoid the reality of death", "Powerlessness", "Anticipation for recovery shifted to fear of death", "Various interpretations of death", "Limitations in their nursing practice", "Resentment of lack of nurses", "Longing to better understand death", and "Motivation for inner growth". Conclusion: Through their first encounter with death of a patient, nursing students experienced various emotions and viewed their role as hospice caregiver by projecting themselves as fully trained nurses in future. Participants considered terminal care as a part of nursing care. The result of this study indicates the need to include education of death in the nursing school curriculum.】

본 연구의 목적은 2개의 도시에 있는 초등학교 고학년 학생들을 대상으로 인터넷 게임 중독 정도를 파악하고 이에 영향을 주는 요인들을 파악하여 남여를 비교하기 위함이다. 연구대상자는 300명의 4, 5, 6학년 초등학생이었다. 구조화된 설문지를 통해 2013년 4월 1일부터 6월 15일까지 자료를 수집하였고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 14.0을 이용해 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과 인터넷 게임 중독의 정도는 남학생 28.82점, 여학생 24.61점으로 나타났고, 학교생활 적응도는 남학생의 인터넷 게임 중독을 14% 설명하였고, 학교생활 만족과 학교생활 적응도는 여학생의 경우 인터넷 게임 중독을 15% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 초등학교 고학년 남여 학생들의 인터넷 게임 중독에 영향을 주는 요인들에 효과가 높은 중재 기법을 프로그램 개발에 적용할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 【This study examined the factors predicting internet game addiction in higher grade elementary school students according to gender in two cities. The participants were 300 elementary school students who were in the $4^{th}$ , $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grades. Data was collected by structured questionnaires from April 1 to June 15 2013, and analyzed using SPSS WIN 14.0. The scores of internet game addiction for elementary school students were 28.82 and 24.61 for boys and girls, respectively. The adjustment to school life predicted internet game addiction in 14% of boys. The adjustment to school life and satisfaction with school life predicted internet game addiction in 15% of girls. The factors affecting highly effective intervention techniques need to be applied to the development of programs to prevent Internet game addiction in elementary school students in the $4^{th}$ , $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grades.】

We isolated a metalloprotease (MP) homologue from an abalone muscle cDNA library. A 3284-kb full-length cDNA encoding a predicted polypeptide of 667 amino acids was sequenced. The abalone MP Haliotis discus hannai (HdMP) exhibited a domain structure typical of the peptidase M4 family, a 21-amino acid N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence followed by a long propeptide sequence of 347 amino acids and the mature protease domain comprising 299 amino acids. The mature region contains features characteristic of a zinc protease, including a zinc-binding motif (HEXXH) and an active site. The protein showed 32–38% amino acid sequence identity with other known MP sequences and with a hypothetical protein from owl limpet. The mRNA transcript is expressed in almost all tissues, with high expression in the mantle and adductor muscle of healthy abalones, and is expressed constitutively during the early developmental stages after fertilization. Lipopolysaccharide or poly I:C stimulation induced the expression of the Hd...

Hagfish Eptatretus burgeri is classified as a agnathans and has many different physiological properties compared with vertebrates. In this study, we examined effects of water temperature and salinity on blood properties and oxygen consumption in hagfish. In the experiment of water temperature change, hematocrit (Ht), red blood cell (RBC) and glucose of hagfish blood revealed the lowest values at 15℃. Oxygen consumption of hagfish had significantly increased with rising water temperature, and the increasing rate was twice as much when the temperature was manipulated every 5℃. Also, oxygen consumption during the night time (a short photoperiod) was significantly higher than that of the daytime. Q10 level was 3.50 in the light period and 3.92 in the dark period. No significant change in plasma glucose level was showned in changing salinity from 30 psu to 22 psu, while it had rapidly increased at 20 psu (13.7±4.0 mg/dL) and thereafter all hagfish were dead at 18 psu. However, osmolarity, Na+, K+ and Cl- levels had significantly decreased when salinity decreased. This results are expected to develop the artificial rearing techniques of natural hagfish.Key words : Hagfish, Water temperature, Salinity, Blood property, Oxygen consumptionCorresponding author : 051-629-5915, yjchang@pknu.ac.kr* (2013 ) .

The ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii is a marine bivalve mollusks belonging to the family Arcidae and important seafood for Korean and Japanese, and southern coast is brisk bays for the ark shell aquaculture. However, productivity of ark shell from these regions were rapidly reduced during the last decade due to mass mortality. The reason of this great damage has not yet been identified. To overcome this economic loss, diverse investigations were focused on environmental factors that affects in the physiology of S. broughtonii, but microbiological researches were performed insufficiently. Hemoglobin is one of the major blood component of ark shell and is damaged by some species of bacterial toxins. We concentrated on this red pigment because hemolysis could be the cause of ark shell mortality. In this study, we analyzed microbial diversity of underwater sediments in coastal regions and also existences in the body of S. broughtonii. We investigate about 4,200 isolates collected from June to September for microbial diversity of sediments and ark shell. We screened all of culturable microorganisms, and identified 25 genera 118 species, 24 genera 89 species, 30 genera 109 species and 39 genera 141 species, and selected 140 unique colonies for identification and challenge assay.

The gene encoding an esterase from Photobacterium sp. MA1-3 was cloned in Escherichia coli using the shotgun method. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence (948 bp) corresponded to a protein of 315 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 35 kDa and a pI of 6.06. The deduced protein showed 74% and 68% amino acid sequence identities with the putative esterases from Photobacterium profundum SS9 and Photobacterium damselae, respectively. Absence of a signal peptide indicated that it was a cell-bound protein. Sequence analysis showed that the protein contained the signature G-X-S-X-G included in most serine-esterases and lipases. The MA1-3 esterase was produced in both soluble and insoluble forms when E. coli cells harboring the gene were cultured at 18°C. The enzyme was a serine-esterase and was active against C2, C4, C8 and C10 p-nitrophenyl esters. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were pH 8.0 and 30°C, respectively. Relative activity remained up to 45% even at 5°C with an activation energy of 7.69 kcal/mol, which indicated that it was a cold-adapted enzyme. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Hg 2+ ions.

The gonadal development of triploid and diploid Pacific abalones, Haliotis discus hannai was histologically investigated in spawning season. Diploid abalones had matured oocytes and spermatozoa, but most triploid had spermatocytes or developing oocytes that was slightly retarded in gonadal development compared to diploid abalones. In spawning experiment of triploid and diploid abalones, spawning rates of diploid male and female were 100%, but those of triploid female was 50% and male was 25% respectively. Investigation of spawned abalone eggs and spermatozoa revealed that length of diploid sperms head were 17.47 μm, breadth of head were 10.31 μ m, length of spermatozoa were 130.72 μm, but those of triploid spermatozoa were 11.83 μm, 7.89 μm and 103.36 μm respectively. Triploid spermatozoa were significantly small to diploid spermatozoa (p < 0.05). The eggs of diploid and triploid were not different in size. The cross experiment between oocytes produced by triploids and spermatozoa by diploids (3n × 2n cross) revealed that no fertilization were occurred, and 2n × 3n cross also revealed same result.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated P-R2A1-2T, was isolated from sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, Korea. It grew optimally at 25–28 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain fell within the clade comprising Tenacibaculum species. Strain P-R2A1-2T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.6, 97.2 and 97.0 % to Tenacibaculum aestuarii SMK-4T, T. lutimaris TF-26T and T. aiptasiae a4T, respectively, and of 94.5–96.8 % to the type strains of the other Tenacibaculum species. Strain P-R2A1-2T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH, iso-C15:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G + C content of strain P-R2A1-2T was 30.7 mol % and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of T. aestuarii, T. lutimaris and T. aiptasiae were 17 ± 4.2, 21 ± 6.1 and 16 ± 5.2 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that the novel strain is separate from other Tenacibaculum species. On the basis of the data presented, strain P-R2A1-2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum halocynthiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P-R2A1-2T (=KCTC 32262T = CCUG 63681T).

A bacterial strain that produces a cold-adapted esterase was isolated from tidal flats and identified as Shewanella sp. Ke75. In the present study, the corresponding gene was cloned using the shotgun method. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence (957 bp) corresponded to a protein of 318 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 34875 Da. The esterase showed 68 and 57% identities with the putative esterases of Shewanella amazonensis SB2B and Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, respectively. The esterase contained a putative leader sequence, as well as the conserved catalytic triad (Ser, His, Asp), consensus pentapeptide GXSXG, and oxyanion hole sequence (HG). The protein Ke75 was produced in both soluble and insoluble forms when Escherichia coli cells harboring the gene were cultured at 30°C. The enzyme showed specificity for C4 (butyrate) as a substrate, with little activity toward the other p-nitrophenyl esters tested. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were pH 9.0 and 30°C, respectively. Relative activity remained up to 60% even at 5°C with an activation energy of 6.29 kcal/mol, which indicated that it was a cold-adapted enzyme. Enzyme activity was enhanced in the presence of Mn2+ ions, but inhibited by Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+ ions.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression among elderly patients and identify the factors influencing depression in a geriatric hospital in Korea. [Subjects] A self-report questionnaire was administered to the patients in community geriatric hospitals. Participants were 195 elderly patients. [Methods] The instruments utilized in this study were the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea (GDSSF-K), an activity of daily living scale, a self-esteem scale, a social support scale, and a life satisfaction scale. Data were collected from April 20 to June 20, 2011. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS 15.0 and Stata 11.0. [Results] The average GDSSF-K score of the participants was 8.94, indicating a moderate level of depression. About 78.4% of the elderly patients in this study were classified as predisposed toward depression. Significant predictors for depression included the patients' perceived health status and life satisfaction. [Conclusion] The results indicate that elderly patients face a high risk of developing depression and that efforts should be made to address it wherever possible. Regular depression screening will be beneficial for early detection of depression in patients at community geriatric hospitals.

We identified full-length cDNAs encoding pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), PACAP-related peptide (PRP), and PACAP-specific receptor (PAC1R) from olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Two variant mRNA forms were created by alternative splicing. Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences of the PRP-PACAP precursor revealed that skipping of exon 4 within PRP resulted in two variant transcripts: a long form encoding both PRP and PACAP and a short form encoding PACAP only. Both transcripts were constitutively observed only in the brain, whereas the short form appeared in gut tissues, such as the intestine and pyloric cecum in fish challenged with a pathogen, but not in healthy fish. Furthermore, expression of the long PRP/PACAP transcript gradually increased in the intestine of flounder challenged with bacteria, suggesting that PRP and/or PACAP may serve as a regulator(s) of the immune system, especially in the gastrointestinal tract of olive flounder. The biological functions of PACAP and PRP were investigated by exogenous treatment of flounder embryogenic cells (hirame natural embryonic cells, HINAE cells) with synthetic peptides of fPACAP-38 and/or fPRP-45. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in PAC1R-overexpressing HINAE cells was regulated by fPACAP-38 in a concentration-dependent manner, but was not regulated by fPRP-45. Results from real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that PAC1R mRNA was specifically induced by fPACAP-38 but not by fPRP-45; PACAP significantly increased TNF-α mRNA but not growth hormone (GH) mRNA in HINAE cells; however, PRP affected GH but not TNF-α mRNA expression. These results suggest that the expression ratio of PRP and PACAP is regulated at the transcriptional level depending on the tissues and conditions, and that the unique biological roles of PRP and PACAP differ from that of mammalian PRP.

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the validity of the original version and short version of the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI-8 and DGI-4) in predicting falls in stroke survivors. Design This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Method This study collected data for 57 chronic stroke survivors, and evaluated the validity of the DGI-8 and DGI-4. To test functional ability, the Sit-to-Stand Test, gait subscale of the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment, the 10-meter Walk Test, the Fugl-Meyer assessment, and the Trunk Impairment Scale were used. Findings For the DGI-8, the cut-off value for the prediction of a fall was shown to be 16.5, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78. The cut-off value of the DGI-4 was shown to be 9.5, with an AUC of 0.77. Conclusions The study results show that the DGI-8 and DGI-4 have discrimination in the prediction of fall in stroke survivors. Clinical Relevance DGI-8 and DGI-4 can be useful for predicting falls of stroke patients, allowing better quality of care.

In this paper is a secondary analysis using raw data from the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study confirmed that Quality of Life in Korean Elderly Females with Osteoarthritis has correlations with age, subjective health condition, joint integration, limited activity of daily living, depression continuing for over 2 weeks and obesity. The above mentioned dependent factors were explicable causes of 39.6% of Quality of Life according to the regression model. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a specific system for managing the elderly with osteoarthritis in order to improve their quality of life together with patient education programs on arthritis management, joint strengthening exercises and continuous self-help joint management.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between variables with regard to suicide, according to teenager drinking and smoking by using data from the 2015 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey(KYRBS). The data were analyzed using the SPSS / Win 21.0 program Of a total 3464 middle and high school students analyzed. Variables were examined using descriptive statistics and t-test. The analysis displayed a statistically significant difference throughout the whole areas such as Sadness & hopelessness experience, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Plan and Suicide attempt, in accordance to the amount of their drinking and smoking.

This descriptive survey research investigates nursing students’ academic achievement and perception following the application of team-based learning (TBL) in class. A TBL session comprised seven steps and lasted for three hours. A total of eight topics were addressed in the TBL class. As for the academic achievement, the group readiness assurance test (GRAT) score proved more significant than that of the individual readiness assurance test (IRAT) (t=-29.57, p

The genetic structure and phylogeography of the solitary ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (sea pineapple) in Korea and Japan were studied based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( COI ) gene nucleotide variations. The COI haplotypes found were divided into two clades in a statistical parsimony network. From the extensive haplotype diversity, limited nucleotide diversity, neutrality test, and mismatch distribution analysis, the species appears to have undergone rapid population expansion from an ancestral population with a small effective population size due to glacial bottlenecking in the late Pleistocene. Pairwise population F ST estimates inferred distinct genetic differentiation between the population from the northernmost east coast of Korea and the remaining pooled coastal water populations, while other populations generally exhibited low levels of differentiation. Analysis of molecular variance showed a weak but significant differentiation among three geographic population groups. Overall, the moderate population structure of H. roretzi may have been influenced by high levels of gene flow caused by hydrographic conditions such as sea currents.

The genetic variation of Ark Shell, Scapharca broughtonii black was estimated using six polymorphic microsatellite (MS) loci in 443 individuals collected from five populations in Korea. The mean numbers of alleles per locus in five populations were 10-28. The mean number of alleles per locus in Jinhae Hatchery (JHH) population showed the least value as 15.5, but that in Gangjin (GJ) population showed the most value as 20.3. The mean expected heterozygosity in Saryangdo (SR) population showed the least value as 0.817, but that in Gangjin (GJ) population showed the most value as 0.831. In Jinhae hatchery(JHH) population, the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.822, there was no significant difference from those of wild population. The FST values in Gangjin (GJ) population showed significant difference from those of the other populations, which revealed Gangjin (GJ) population is genetically different from the other populations. The FST values among Jinhae Hatchery (JHH) population, Jinhae (JH) population and Saryangdo (SR) population showed lower values than the others, which implies there was a gene flow among these three populations. The FST value and genetic distance between Jinhae (JH) population and Saryangdo (SR) population showed the least value as 0.0001 and 0.0386, indicating that these two populations were genetically the same.

The study describes growth and survival on different kinds of sediment improvements of early spats of the hard clam, Meretrix petechialis . Specimens of the mature hard clam were collected in the intertidal zone of Yeonggwang, Korea, July 2011. After transportation, early spats(shell length 196 ± 14 μm) collected in mature hard clam were used. Experiment period were July 7 to August 6 in 2011 (30 days). Sediment improvements used iodine(10 ppm), hydrogen peroxide(H 2 O 2 , 5 ppm), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 100 ppm), chlorine dioxide(ClO 2 , 100 ppm) and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 , 5 ppm). After cultured during 30 days, shell length growth of hard clam were observed 1.04 ± 0.26 mm in sodium hypochlorite 100 ppm, 1.03 ± 0.25 mm in chlorine dioxide 100 ppm and 1.01 ± 0.28 mm in iodine 10 ppm. Survival rate were 31.4% in chlorine dioxide 100 ppm, 12.1% in sodium hypochlorite 100 ppm, 11.6% in iodine 10 ppm, 1.5% in hydrogen peroxide 5 ppm and 0% in potassium permanganate 5 ppm.

The southern coast of Korea is important for the ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii) aquaculture, but the productivity was rapidly reduced during the previous decade by mass mortality. To overcome this economic loss, investigations only focused on environmental factors, and microbiological researches were performed insufficiently. In this study, two sites (Gangjin and Jinhae bay) were selected for their high and low rate of mortality, respectively, and the existence of microflora from underwater sediments in the bodies of S. broughtonii was analyzed. We screened the whole body of each sample and chose unique colonies, which exhibit alpha- and beta-hemolytic activity, for identification. The microflora in S. broughtonii was less variable than sediments, and restricted species were isolated. We identified 17 genera of 88 species and 16 genera of 64 species from the two bays, respectively. A major proportion was comprised of Bacillus species, with the Bacillus cereus group being the most common species among the Bacillus strains, while Paenibacillus, Lynsilbacillus, and Vibrio species were the second most abundant species. At the genus level, there were no significant microbial differences between the two coastal regions. 64 species were isolated from rare site (Jinhae bay), but more species (88) with greater variety were isolated from the frequent site (Gangjin bay). Therefore, it was assumed that the cause of mass mortality lay in the difference in specie-level diversity, and conducting investigations on the diagnosis of pathogenic species by challenging tests using isolated unique species.

In this study, we invesgated a cytogenetic analysis of the Pacific triploid abalone, Haliotis discus hannai induced by low temperature treatment. We got a lot of mitotic metaphase chromosome spreads from the triploid and diploid Pacific abalones' hatched larvae (trochophores). The chromosome number of diploid abalone was 2n = 36 and that of triploid abalone was 3n = 54, so the chromosome number of triploid abalone was 1.5 times higher than that of diploid abalone. We developed a modified flow cytometric method for Pacific abalone from the existing methods. We uesd 51 months aged triploid and diploid Pacific abalones' hemolymph to get the DNA contents by flow cytometry. The DNA content of diploid abalone was 1.743 pg/cell and the DNA content of triploid abalone was 1.49 times higher than that of diploid one. It proved that triploid abalone was consisted with two sets of maternal diploid and one set of paternal genome.

This study was done to construct and test a structural model to explain health risk behavior of adolescents. Methods: Data for this study were secondary data from the 2010 Korea Adolescent Health Survey based and 3,675 high school students who participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 19.0 programs. Results: After 1 lines were removed, fitness statistics for the hypothetical model were appropriate ( χ2=520.492, p

This study is the result of examining the growth and survival rate of larva and spat when supplied with Enriched live food by adding B12, chitosan, PSB, and polysaccharides to microalgae (Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana) to raise the survival rate of larva and spat during artificial clam seed production. Microalge (Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana) was strengthened for nutrition with B12 0.1 ppm, chitosan 0.2 ppm, PSB 3 ppm and polysaccharides 1 ppm and was daily supplied for 3 × 10 3 -15 × 10 3 Cells/mL and the growth and survival rates were measured. As the result of experiment, the growth of larva did not show much difference with PSB test section 199 ± 0.59 μm, B12 test section 198 ± 0.64 μm, and chitosan 197 ± 0.52 μm, survival rate was highest at PSB test section with 99.3%, followed by B12 test section 95.9%, and chitosan 94.5%. Growth of early spat was the highest for PSB test section at 2.74 ± 0.58 mm, followed by polysaccharides 2.67 ± 0.55 mm, B12 2.54 ± 0.48 mm, and chitosan 2.49 ± 0.51 mm, and the survival rate was the highest for PSB test group at 32.1%, followed by B12 test section 31.6%, chitosan 28.5%, and polysacharrides 21.4%. From such results, PSB is found to be very effective with low-quality improvement when breeding early spat of clams, and especially for floor-type early spat breeding, it had the effect of suppressing protozoan and germs so that detailed studies from various perspectives should be conducted with various chemicals in the future.

This study analyzed the proximate compositions, total amino acids, and fatty acid compositions in muscle and viscera of 51-month-old triploid and diploid Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Proximate composition analysis showed that the muscle of diploid abalones had a higher protein and ash ratio than that of triploid abalones, while there was no significant difference in the ratios of moisture and fat (P>0.05). The triploid abalones had a significantly higher ratio of carbohydrate in muscle than the diploid abalones (P

To verify the effects of dementia intervention programs offered in long-term care facilities (LTCF) on the elderly with dementia and professional caregivers, this study employed a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. The subjects were the elderly with dementia who received 8 sessions (once or twice weekly) of dementia intervention programs in 11 facilities na- tionwide and their professional caregivers who had been working in the facili- ties for more than a month. The outcome variables in the elderly with dementia included cognitive functions(MMSE-KC), depression(SGDS_K), activities of daily living(Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index), and psycho-behavioral functions(NPI-K). The professional caregivers' outcome variables included self- efficacy(IGNSE) and care burden(S-ZBI). In brief, dementia intervention pro- grams significantly improved the dementia subjects' cognitive functions(t=-2.50 p=.016), depression(t=4.00 p

This research is a descriptive survey research to identify predictive factors of child care efficacy of child care helper applicant. As the subjects of the study, 102 participants of new child care education were selected, which was conducted by Healthy Family Support Center in K-do in 2015? A survey was conducted to collect data concerning their efficacy. As the regression anal- ysis of these factors, number of children, self-esteem, and job efficacy appeared as the predictive factors, also, explanation power of dependant variables of the formed regression model was 61.6%. Therefore, an education that reflects whether of experience in children care while conducting education on child care applicants, also, it is necessary to include education content that can im- prove self-esteem and job efficacy along with child care efficacy of child care helper.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sexu- al experience among adolescents in South Korea and influencing factors of sexual experience tendency. A self-report survey was conducted upon 7th-12th grade middle and high school students in South Korea. 717 students included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS / Win 21.0 program. Significant influencing factors of sexual experience were "smoking" and "drug use". schools primarily must recognize the importance of health as much as their entrance examination-oriented curriculums, and need to continue to edu- cate adolescents about harmful effects of the drinking, smoking, and drug use that they may be easily exposed to due to their psychological wandering and curiosity. In addition to that, it should be recommended to allow adolescents to reproduce their sound energy through their use of impulse energy by develop- ing and taking advantage of healthy hobbies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of drug use among adolescents in South Korea and identify predictors of drug use tendency. A self-report survey was conducted upon 7th-12thgrade middle and high school students in South Korea. Seven hundred and seventeen students included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS / Win 21.0 program. The average drug use score of the participants was 1.64. Significant predictors of drug use were ‘drinking’, ‘smoking’, ‘grade’, and ‘sex’. The findings of the present study suggest that special concerns should be made for early detection of drug use in adolescents. In conclusion, educational programs to prevent adolescents from incorrect use of drugs should be provided in a multidisciplinary approach to adolescents. In addition, these programs should be planned in a long-term, systematic perspective.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among elementary school children in South Korea and identify influencing factors of ADHD tendency. Methods: A self-report survey was conducted upon 4 th -6 th grade elementary schoolchildren in South Korea. One hundred and fifty five elementary schoolchildren were included in the study. The instruments used in the present study were Korean Parent and Teacher ADHD Rating Scale and Lifestyle- related Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS WIN 18.0 program. For data analysis, t-test, and multiple logistic regression were used. Results: The average ADHD score of the participants was 25.22, which indicates moderate level of ADHD. Our findings showed that 59% of the subjects had a ADHD tendency. Significant predictors of ADHD tendency were 'unbalanced diet', 'gender', 'school achievement', 'breakfast' and 'fast food intake'. The present analysis of the dietary factors affecting ADHD in older elementary students found that children on an unbalanced diet were 14.63 times more disposed toward ADHD than those who maintained a balanced diet. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that special concerns should be made for early detection of ADHD in elementary school children. In particular, specific strategies focusing on food intake pattern and fast food intake may effectively reduce the risk of ADHD in elementary school children.

Six species of abalones (Haliotidae) are found on the Korean coasts. Identification and characterization of these abalones are usually based on morphologic characters. In this research we compared the partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes to identify species using molecular data and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 6 species fell into 2 distinct groups which were genetically distant from each other and exhibited little internal phylogenetic resolution. One group included Haliotis discus hannai, H. discus discus, H. madaka, and H. gigantea, while the other group contained H. diversicolor supertexta and H. diversicolor diversicolor. The 16S rRNA sequences were relatively more conserved than to the COI sequences, but both gene sequences provided sufficient phylogenetic information to distinguish among the 6 species of Pacific abalone, and thus could be valuable molecular characters for species identification.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of fingertip light touch on the postural control in poststroke patients. [Subjects] In the study, the subjects were recruited through a rehabilitation hospital, and 21 patients were screened from among 30 volunteers. [Methods] The subjects participated in an experiment that measured postural sway during the static standing posture without light touch and postural sway during the static standing posture with light touch as follows: visual information not blocked without light touch, visual information blocked without light touch, visual information blocked with light touch using fingertips, and visual information not blocked with light touch using fingertips. The measurements were performed using a force platform. The variables measured by the force platform included sway velocities of the COP in the anterior and posterior directions and, medial and lateral directions and sway velocity moments. [Results] In the results of the study, there were significant differences between the state without light touch and state with light touch in terms of the postural sway velocity and velocity moment under all conditions. The rate of decease of the sway velocity and moment velocity under the eyes closed condition were higher compared with those under the eyes open condition. [Conclusion] Through this study, we confirmed the influence of fingertip light touch on the decrease in postural sway. The results show that active light touch may be supplemental means of improving postural sway in stroke patients.

We have sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial DNA of an economically and ecologically important Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai (Haliotidae, Gastropoda). The mitogenome of the Pacific abalone is 16,886 nt total length with a 39.6% G + C composition. Thirty-seven genes were identified including 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA genes. We compared the mitogenome of the Pacific abalone to a putative relative species, H. rubra.

We characterized nine new microsatellite markers isolated from (GT) n and (CT) n microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries of the sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi). All markers were polymorphic in 92 individuals from a single natural population with 2–21 (mean 9.22) alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosity of these markers were 0.086–0.886 and 0.102–0.870, respectively. One marker (Hr2004) significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These new microsatellite markers should be useful for assessing the genetic diversity and population structure in H. roretzi.

The present study describes histochemical properties of the mucosubstances in the pedal sole of abalone, in relation to two main additional functions known to date. Only neutral mucosubstances were demonstrated in the lateral epithelium of the pedal sole of the abalone, however, two distinct types of cells, one containing neutral and the other containing acidic mucosubstances, were identified in the ventral epithelium. The epithelial mucocytes distributed throughout both epithelial and subepithelial glands located in the ventral subepithelial region showed a mixture of neutral and acidic mucosubstances. However, acidic mucosubstances were found in larger amounts than neutral ones in epithelial mucocytes, and vice versa in subepithelial glands. Among these acidic mucosubstances, sulphated substances were dominant. Lesser amounts of carboxylated substances also occurred together with low levels of neuramic and sialic acid. Collectively, the notable morphological differences between abalone and other gastrop...

We isolated and characterized two cDNA clone encoding warm-temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa proteins (PoWap65-1 and PoWap65-2) from the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The deduced amino acid sequences of PoWap65s showed overall identities of 33-73% with other fish Wap65 and mammalian hemopexin-like proteins. The 5'-flanking regions of both PoWap65-encoding genes contained various putative transcriptional elements. While PoWap65-1 and PoWap65-2 were structurally similar, they exhibited highly differential patterns of expression. PoWap65-1 was expressed only in the liver, whereas PoWap65-2 transcripts were detected in a wide range of tissues. The accumulation of PoWap65s mRNA was expressed differentially during development. Expression of them in warm temperatures also differed in flounder embryonic cells. PoWap65-1 was upregulated by temperature stimulation whereas PoWap65-2 was not detected. PoWap65s were highly regulated by Edwardsiella tarda infection and hypoxia. Pathogen challenge induced PoWap65-2 expression in the liver whereas PoWap65-1 was downregulated. Hypoxia induced the expression of both PoWap65s in the liver of juvenile fish.

Acinetobacter venetians V28 was isolated from the intestine of righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta plinthus caught in Vietnam seawater, and the esterase gene was cloned using a shotgun method. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence (1,017 bp) corresponded to a protein of 338 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 37,186. The esterase had 87% and 72% identities with the lipases of A. junii SH205 and A. calcoaceticus RUH2202, respectively. The esterase contained a putative leader sequence, as well as the conserved catalytic triad (Ser, His, Asp), consensus pentapeptide GXSXG, and oxyanion hole sequence (HG). The protein from the strain V28 was produced in both a soluble and an insoluble form when the Escherichia coli cells harboring the gene were cultured at 18 degrees C. The maximal activity of the purified enzyme was observed at a temperature of 40 degrees C and pH 9.0 using p-NP-caprylate as substrate; however, relative activity still reached to 70% even at 5 degrees C with an activation energy of 3.36 kcal/mol, which indicated that it was a cold-adapted enzyme. The enzyme was a nonmetalloprotein and was active against p-nitrophenyl esters of C4, C8, and C14. Remarkably, this enzyme retained much of its activity in the presence of commercial detergents and organic solvents. This cold-adapted esterase will be applicable as catalysts for reaction in the presence of organic solvents and detergents.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression among school girls in Korea and identify factors influencing the tendency to depression. Methods: A self-report survey was conducted with South Korean middle schoolgirls who were in the 8th and 9th grades. Four hundred and one schoolgirls were included in the study. The instruments utilized in this study were the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale and Social Problem Solving Inventory-Revised. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple logistic regression with SPSS WIN 14.0 program. Results: The average depression score of the participants was 20.68, which indicates moderate levels of depression. About 35% of the schoolgirls in this study reported a tendency to depression. Significant predictors for depression were ‘decreased problem-solving abilities’, ‘no family members with whom they can discuss their concern’, ‘decreased satisfaction in relationship with friends’, and ‘increased negative self-perception of body-image’. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that schoolgirls require special concern regarding the risk of developing depression. Regular depression screening could be beneficial for early detection of depression in schoolgirls and enhancing problem-solving ability could be considered as an effective strategy to reduce the risk of depression among schoolgirls.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are evolutionally conserved from micro organism to mammals and play important roles in many biological processes including thermal tolerance. We isolated a homologue of small HSP26 (sHSP26) from a subtracted cDNA library of heat shock-treated abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The abalone sHSP26 encompossed 793 nt, including a coding region of 501 nt. The deduced amino acid sequence of the abalone sHSP26 contained well conserved alpha-crystallin domain and showed overall identities of 27-31% with the other species' sHSP proteins. The abalone sHSP26 transcript was induced by heat shock treatment, but not by cold shock treatment.

Purpose: This study was done to construct and test a structural model to explain health risk behavior of late adolescents. Methods: Data for this study were secondary data from the 2010 Korea Adolescent Health Survey based and 3,675 high school students who participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 19.0 programs. Results: After 7 lines were removed, fitness statistics for the hypothetical model were appropriate ( χ²=559.13, p

In this work the calculation of the binding energy of three {sup 4}He atoms is carried out using {delta}-shell binary potential models, hyperspherical harmonic expansions, and adiabatic approximations. The results obtained with a one {delta}-shell potential are well within the range of those obtained by other workers using different techniques. The ones with the two {delta}-shell potentials are not. We show that attractive {delta}-shells lead to pathologies in calculations of the eigenpotentials, and in the resulting binding energies---and that those effects are expected to become more important for the two {delta}-shell binary potentials.

In this paper we keep only that part of the hyperspherical basis sufficient to reproduce correctly the two-body correlations of the wave functions. The resulting formalism is tractable and we are able to present results for even numbers of bosons (4, 6, 8, 12, 16) and for fermions (Oxygen). Our test potentials are the Afnan-Tang S 3 and the Malflier-Tjon V . We discuss our results and compare them with those obtained by different methods.