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239 results on '"Young, E. F"'

51. Hydra stellar occulatation of 2011 June 27

Author

Buie, M. W., Tholen, David J., Wasserman, L. H., Sicardy, Bruno, Young, Leslie A., Young, E. F., Ryan, W., Ryan, E., Walsh, Kevin J., Widemann, Thomas, Vachier, Frédéric, Beisker, Wolfgang, Hall, T., Dire, J., Erickson, C. K., Nance, C., Person, M., Southwest Research Institute, Colorado, United States, University of Hawaii, Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), New Mexico Tech, Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; We will present details regarding the deployment strategies, prediction efforts, and final results of a stellar occultation by Pluto's outermost satellite, Hydra, that is predicted to occur on 2011 June 27.

Published
2011

52. Results from the 2010 Feb 14 and July 4 Pluto Occultations

Author

Young, Leslie A., Sicardy, Bruno, Widemann, Thomas, Brucker, M. J., Buie, M. W., Fraser, B., van Heerden, H., Howell, R. R., Lonergan, K., Olkin, Catherine B., Reitsema, H. J., Richter, A., Sepersky, T., Wasserman, L. H., Young, E. F., Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2010

53. Characterization of nitrogen ice on Pluto's surface from 1-4 micron spectroscopy

Author

Young, E. F., Olkin, C. B., Young, L. A., Grundy, W., Schmitt, Bernard, Tokunaga, A., Owen, T. C., Roush, T., Terada, H., Pibaret-Bourdon, Béatrice, Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Lowell Observatory [Flagstaff], Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Subaru Telescope, and National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)

Abstract

EPSC2006-A-00628; International audience; Nitrogen ice is the predominant ice on Pluto's surface. Methane and CO have also been identified (e.g., Grundy & Buie 2001), but they are thought to be trace consituents relative to N2, mainly because of the strength of nitrogen's 2.147 μm feature. It is assumed that the temperature of the surface N2 frost controls the column abundance of Pluto's atmosphere through vapor pressure equilibrium. The vapor pressures of CO and CH4 are about 5 and 10,000 times less than that of N2 at a typical temperature for Pluto's surface. There is spectroscopic evidence that CH4 ice exists as a dissolved constituent in a predominantly nitrogen ice matrix as well as separate, pure CH4 ice. It would be interesting to know what fraction of N2 ice is pure for purposes of modeling the surface/ atmosphere interactions on Pluto. We present spectroscopic modeling to show that the fraction of pure N2 ice on Pluto is very small indeed – conservatively less than 6% by area. We will present spectral observations and modeling results from the IRTF1, W.M. Keck2 and Subaru3 Observatories spanning 1.0 to 4.0 μm. We have implemented a Hapke model (Hapke 1993) to constrain the abundance and states of N2 ice and CH4 ice. The depth of the Pluto spectrum at 3.3 μm effectively limits the amount of pure N2 ice that can be present on Pluto.

Published
2006

54. Interannual variability in reproductive traits of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides around the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia.

Author

Brigden, K. E., Marshall, C. T., Scott, B. E., Young, E. F., and Brickle, P.

Subjects
PATAGONIAN toothfish, FISH reproduction, FISH spawning, SEXUAL dimorphism, FISHERY management, FISHES
Abstract

Commercial fisheries data, collected as part of an observer programme and covering the period 1997-2014, were utilized in order to define key reproductive traits and spawning dynamics of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides at South Georgia. Multi-year spawning site fidelity of D. eleginoides was revealed through the identification of previously unknown spawning hotspots. Timing of female spawning was shown to have shifted later, leading to a shorter spawning duration. A decrease in length and mass of female and male spawning fish and a reduced number of large spawning fish was found, evidence of a change in size structure of spawning D. eleginoides. During the study period fewer later maturity stage females (including spawning stage) were observed in conjunction with increased proportions of early stage female D. eleginoides. The findings are discussed in the context of reproductive success, with consideration of the possible effects such spawning characteristics and behaviours may have on egg and larval survival. This work presents the first long-term assessment of D. eleginoides spawning dynamics at South Georgia and provides valuable knowledge for both the ecology of the species and for future fisheries management of this commercially important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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55. Evidence of Tholins on Pluto's Surface from Near-IR and IR Spectroscopy

Author

Olkin, C. B., Young, E. F., Young, L. A., Grundy, W., Schmitt, Bernard, Pibaret-Bourdon, Béatrice, Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Lowell Observatory [Flagstaff], Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Abstract

International audience; We obtained spectroscopic observations of Pluto and Charon recorded on August 12, 2001 with NIRSPEC (Keck I) spanning 2.8 to 3.7 microns with a sub-Earth longitude of 198 degrees. These data have a spectral resolution of 350 and a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 to 25 per spectral element. In the past year, we have added the ability to model spectra with Hapke's formalism for 2-layer surfaces. We find that a geographic mixture of 20 percent pure methane and 80 percent methane diluted in nitrogen fits the Keck data from 2.8 to 3.6 microns. While Doute et al. (1999, Icarus 142, 421) found an areal component of 12 percent fine-grained nitrogen ice was consistent with Pluto's spectrum from 1.4 to 2.5 micron, we find a three-sigma upper limit of 6 percent fine-grained nitrogen ice based on the dark albedo of Pluto's 3.3-micron methane feature. We expanded our wavelength coverage by including shorter wavelength spectroscopy recorded with SpeX on the IRTF at a similar sub-Earth longitude (July 16-17, 2002). The 3.3-micron methane feature is considerably darker than the methane bands around 2.35 microns. It is not possible to simultaneously fit both these features using only combinations of pure methane, methane diluted in nitrogen and pure nitrogen, but we find a much improved fit by including a 20 percent areal fraction of tholin (Khare et al. 1984, Icarus 60, 127). This may not be a unique solution; other species (which we have not yet modeled) may also improve the fit. Future work will include modeling other laboratory tholins and water ice. This work was supported by NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program NAG5-12516 and the NSF Life in Extreme Enviroments Program AST-0085614.

Published
2005

56. A new 1.6-micron map of Titan’s surface

Author

Roe, H. G., de Pater, I., Gibbard, S. G., Macintosh, B. A., Max, C. E., Young, E. F., Brown, M. E., and Bouchez, A. H.

Abstract

We present a new map of Titan's surface obtained in the spectral 'window' at ∼1.6 μm between strong methane absorption. This pre-Cassini view of Titan's surface was created from images obtained using adaptive optics on the W.M. Keck II telescope and is the highest resolution map yet made of Titan's surface. Numerous surface features down to the limits of the spatial resolution (∼200–300 km) are apparent. No features are easily identifiable in terms of their geologic origin, although several are likely craters.

Published
2004

57. Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy

Author

Perry, C. H., Young, E. F., Geick, R., Perry, C. H., Young, E. F., and Geick, R.

Abstract

Contains research objectives and reports on one research project., Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 36-039-AMC-03200(E)

Published
2010

58. Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy

Author

Young, E. F., Perry, C. H., McNelly, T. F., Young, E. F., Perry, C. H., and McNelly, T. F.

Abstract

Contains reports on two research projects., Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 36-039-AMC-03200(E)

Published
2010

59. Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy

Author

Geick, R., Perry, C. H., Reifenstein, E. C., III, Wactlar, H. D., Young, E. F., Hakel, W. J., Lubitz, P., Athans, D. P., Hall, D. B., Geick, R., Perry, C. H., Reifenstein, E. C., III, Wactlar, H. D., Young, E. F., Hakel, W. J., Lubitz, P., Athans, D. P., and Hall, D. B.

Abstract

Contains research objectives and reports on one research project.

Published
2010

60. Prediction and analysis of long-term variability of temperature and salinity in the Irish Sea

Author

Young, E. F, Holt, J. T., Young, E. F, and Holt, J. T.

Abstract

The variability of temperature and salinity in the Irish Sea over the 40 year period 1960 - 1999 is investigated using a free-running fine-resolution local area model. The skill of the model to represent observed temperature and salinity variability is assessed using conductivity-temperature-depth survey data ( 3397 profiles) and a long time series of measurements from Cypris station (southwest of Isle of Man). This clearly demonstrates that the model can reproduce the observed seasonal and longer-term cycles in temperature, with mean and RMS errors of - 0.01 degrees C and 0.78 degrees C. Particularly apparent is the long-term warming trend at Cypris station and throughout the model domain. Model estimates of salinity are less accurate and are generally too saline (mean and RMS errors are 0.79 and 0.98 practical salinity units). Inaccuracies are likely to arise from boundary conditions and forcing (riverine and surface). However, while absolute values are not particularly well represented, the model reproduces many of the trends in the salinity variability observed at Cypris station, suggesting that the dominant physical processes in the Irish Sea, with timescales up to similar to 3 years, are well represented. The model is also used to investigate the variability in temperature stratification. While stratification is confined to approximately the same geographical area in each year of the simulation, there is significant variability in the timing of the onset and breakdown of stratification and in the peak surface to bed temperature difference. Together, these results suggest that a local area model with limited boundary conditions may be sufficiently accurate for climatic investigation of some (locally forced) parameters

Published
2007

64. A SEARCH FOR SATELLITES AROUND CERES

Author

Bieryla, A., primary, Parker, J. Wm., additional, Young, E. F., additional, McFadden, L. A., additional, Russell, C. T., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Sykes, M. V., additional, and Gladman, B., additional

Published
2011
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67. TandEM: Titan and Enceladus mission

Author

Coustenis, A., primary, Atreya, S. K., additional, Balint, T., additional, Brown, R. H., additional, Dougherty, M. K., additional, Ferri, F., additional, Fulchignoni, M., additional, Gautier, D., additional, Gowen, R. A., additional, Griffith, C. A., additional, Gurvits, L. I., additional, Jaumann, R., additional, Langevin, Y., additional, Leese, M. R., additional, Lunine, J. I., additional, McKay, C. P., additional, Moussas, X., additional, Müller-Wodarg, I., additional, Neubauer, F., additional, Owen, T. C., additional, Raulin, F., additional, Sittler, E. C., additional, Sohl, F., additional, Sotin, C., additional, Tobie, G., additional, Tokano, T., additional, Turtle, E. P., additional, Wahlund, J.-E., additional, Waite, J. H., additional, Baines, K. H., additional, Blamont, J., additional, Coates, A. J., additional, Dandouras, I., additional, Krimigis, T., additional, Lellouch, E., additional, Lorenz, R. D., additional, Morse, A., additional, Porco, C. C., additional, Hirtzig, M., additional, Saur, J., additional, Spilker, T., additional, Zarnecki, J. C., additional, Choi, E., additional, Achilleos, N., additional, Amils, R., additional, Annan, P., additional, Atkinson, D. H., additional, Bénilan, Y., additional, Bertucci, C., additional, Bézard, B., additional, Bjoraker, G. L., additional, Blanc, M., additional, Boireau, L., additional, Bouman, J., additional, Cabane, M., additional, Capria, M. T., additional, Chassefière, E., additional, Coll, P., additional, Combes, M., additional, Cooper, J. F., additional, Coradini, A., additional, Crary, F., additional, Cravens, T., additional, Daglis, I. A., additional, de Angelis, E., additional, de Bergh, C., additional, de Pater, I., additional, Dunford, C., additional, Durry, G., additional, Dutuit, O., additional, Fairbrother, D., additional, Flasar, F. M., additional, Fortes, A. D., additional, Frampton, R., additional, Fujimoto, M., additional, Galand, M., additional, Grasset, O., additional, Grott, M., additional, Haltigin, T., additional, Herique, A., additional, Hersant, F., additional, Hussmann, H., additional, Ip, W., additional, Johnson, R., additional, Kallio, E., additional, Kempf, S., additional, Knapmeyer, M., additional, Kofman, W., additional, Koop, R., additional, Kostiuk, T., additional, Krupp, N., additional, Küppers, M., additional, Lammer, H., additional, Lara, L.-M., additional, Lavvas, P., additional, Le Mouélic, S., additional, Lebonnois, S., additional, Ledvina, S., additional, Li, J., additional, Livengood, T. A., additional, Lopes, R. M., additional, Lopez-Moreno, J.-J., additional, Luz, D., additional, Mahaffy, P. R., additional, Mall, U., additional, Martinez-Frias, J., additional, Marty, B., additional, McCord, T., additional, Menor Salvan, C., additional, Milillo, A., additional, Mitchell, D. G., additional, Modolo, R., additional, Mousis, O., additional, Nakamura, M., additional, Neish, C. D., additional, Nixon, C. A., additional, Nna Mvondo, D., additional, Orton, G., additional, Paetzold, M., additional, Pitman, J., additional, Pogrebenko, S., additional, Pollard, W., additional, Prieto-Ballesteros, O., additional, Rannou, P., additional, Reh, K., additional, Richter, L., additional, Robb, F. T., additional, Rodrigo, R., additional, Rodriguez, S., additional, Romani, P., additional, Ruiz Bermejo, M., additional, Sarris, E. T., additional, Schenk, P., additional, Schmitt, B., additional, Schmitz, N., additional, Schulze-Makuch, D., additional, Schwingenschuh, K., additional, Selig, A., additional, Sicardy, B., additional, Soderblom, L., additional, Spilker, L. J., additional, Stam, D., additional, Steele, A., additional, Stephan, K., additional, Strobel, D. F., additional, Szego, K., additional, Szopa, C., additional, Thissen, R., additional, Tomasko, M. G., additional, Toublanc, D., additional, Vali, H., additional, Vardavas, I., additional, Vuitton, V., additional, West, R. A., additional, Yelle, R., additional, and Young, E. F., additional

Published
2008
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69. Optical and infrared spectroscopy

Author

Mc Nelly, T. F, Perry, C. H, and Young, E. F

Subjects
Physics, Solid-State
Abstract

Optical and infrared spectroscopic studies of single crystal fluoride perovskites and potassium compounds to determine transmission spectra and ferroelectricity

Published
1966

72. New Constraints on Additional Satellites of the Pluto System

Author

Steffl, A. J., primary, Mutchler, M. J., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Durda, D. D., additional, Terrell, D., additional, Merline, W. J., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Young, E. F., additional, Buie, M. W., additional, and Spencer, J. R., additional

Published
2006
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75. A new 1.6‐micron map of Titan's surface

Author

Roe, H. G., primary, de Pater, I., additional, Gibbard, S. G., additional, Macintosh, B. A., additional, Max, C. E., additional, Young, E. F., additional, Brown, M. E., additional, and Bouchez, A. H., additional

Published
2004
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79. Collaborative Study of the Molecular Epidemiology of Tay-Sachs Disease in Europe

Author

Akli, S. (a), primary, Boue, J. (b), additional, Sandhoff, K. (c), additional, Kleijer, W. (d), additional, Vamos, E. (e), additional, Young, E. (f), additional, Gattti, R. (g), additional, Di Natale, P. (h), additional, Motte, J. (i), additional, Vanier, M.T. (j), additional, Maire, I. (k), additional, Miranda, C. (l), additional, Salvaire, R. (m), additional, Kahn, A. (a), additional, and Poenaru, L. (a), additional

Published
1993
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87. Topological mapping of acetylcholine receptor: evidence for a model with five transmembrane segments and a cytoplasmic COOH-terminal peptide.

Author

Young, E F, Ralston, E, Blake, J, Ramachandran, J, Hall, Z W, and Stroud, R M

Abstract

Antibodies were raised against two synthetic peptides whose sequences correspond respectively to the COOH-terminal end (residues 501-516) of the protein encoded by the gene for the delta chain and to a proposed cytoplasmic region (residues 350-358) of the beta chain of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Binding of the COOH-terminal antibody to the acetylcholine receptor in intact, receptor-rich vesicles was tested by radioimmunoassay and by precipitation with immobilized protein A. In both cases, binding was detected only after treatment of the vesicles with detergent, suggesting that the segment of the receptor that is recognized by this antibody is on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Electron microscopy of tissue from Torpedo electric organ labeled with colloidal gold-conjugated second antibodies established that both anti-receptor antibodies bind to the cytoplasmic surface of the postsynaptic membrane. These experiments give ultrastructural evidence that the COOH-terminal segment of the delta chain as well as residues 350-358 of the beta chain are on the cytoplasmic surface. They strongly support a model in which each of the receptor subunits crosses the membrane five times in which one transmembrane segment of each chain contributes to the formation of a central ion channel.

Published
1985
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88. Comparison of Artificial and Natural Selection in American Pima Cotton under Different Environments1

Author

Feaster, C. V., Young, E. F., and Turcotte, E. L.

Abstract

The effectiveness of artificial vs. natural selection for improving lint yield and other traits in American Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadenseL.) when grown in predictable environments was evaluated at low and high elevations. A cross was made between ‘Pima S‐3,’ adapted to the less fertile soils at high elevations, and ‘Pima S‐4,’ adapted to low elevations and to the more fertile soils at high elevations. F2through F8populations from this cross were grown at one low‐elevation and two high‐elevation locations. These populations were subjected to natural selection by bulking all plants to form the next generation, or to artificial selection by bulking only selected plants to form the next generation. Phenotypic differences for lint yield, plant height, and fruiting height among plants within the succeeding generations were greatest at Phoenix, next greatest at Safford, and least at El Paso. Therefore, selection of genotypicaliy productive plants was most effective at Phoenix, somewhat less effective at Safford, and the least effective at El Paso. Artificial‐ vs. natural‐selection cycles 0 (F2), 3, and 6 from each of the three locations were evaluated at all locations. The populations developed by artificial selection at a given location tended to yield more than naturally selected populations at that location, with the greatest advantage at Phoenix, next greatest at Safford, and no advantage at El Paso. Likewise, among locations, natural selection had the most influence on yield potential at Phoenix. In some years, the artificially selected populations from one location tended to yield well at the other locations, but no population yielded well at all‐three locations in both years. Selection for improvement of traits such as lint yield in the environment where the selected population will be utilized was effective. However, if the Pima improvement program were confined to one location, Phoenix appears to be the best of the three locations. At Phoenix, the magnified expression of productivity, and fruiting‐ and plant‐height differences would permit the selection of genotypes that would be productive at each elevation of the American Pima Belt.

Published
1980
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89. Day‐degree Units and Time in Relation to Vegetative Development and Fruiting for Three Cultivars of Cotton1

Author

Young, E. F., Taylor, R. M., and Petersen, H. D.

Abstract

In a test of two Upland cotton (Gossypium hlrsutumL.) cultivars and one Pima (G. barbadmmeL.) cultivar Planted on five dates, fewer days were required to produce first true leaf, square, and flower stages as the date of planting was advanced from 1 April to 27 May. Days from planting required to produce open bolls decreased as planting temperatures approached an optimum, then increased for the last planting date. Differences among planting dates for cumulative day‐degree units needed to produce flowers and true leaves were non‐significant, whereas those needed to produce the square and open boll stages were significant. The boll period increased with delay of the flower and harvest stages as the season progressed. The numbers of day‐degree units and heat units were negatively correlated with the length of the boll period. The number of day‐degree units gave a better estimate of boll period by harvest week than the number of heat units. Boll period was influenced more by reductions in day‐degree units in ‘Pima S‐4’ than in the two Upland cultivars.

Published
1980
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90. Regulation of rat cardiac nuclei-associated Mg2+-NTPase by phosphorylation

Author

Gupta, R. C., Young, E. F., Ferguson, D. G., and Kranias, E. G.

Abstract

A nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity appeared to be associated with a highly purified nuclear preparation from rat cardiac ventricles. Different nucleoside triphosphates (UTP > GTP > ITP > CTP) supported this enzymic activity, which was stimulated by Mg` but not by Call. The nuclear NTPase activity could be down regulated by endogenous phosphorylation of a 55,000 Mr protein. Maximal phosphorylation of the 55,000 Mr protein occurred in the presence of Mg2+-ATP. Addition of cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, Ca2+/phospholipid, Ca2+/calmodulin, and catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was not associated with any further phosphorylation of the 55,000 Mr protein. However, in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin or the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase additional proteins became phosphorylated, but these had no effect on the Mg2+-NTPase activity. These results indicate that a protein with Mr 55,000 may be involved in the regulation the Mg2+-NTPase activity associated with rat cardiac nuclei.

Published
1991
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91. Solid State Studies by Means of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Author

Perry, C. H., Geick, R., and Young, E. F.

Abstract

A commercially available Michelson interferometer has been adapted to meet the needs of our research. Transmission and reflection measurements of solid state materials can be made over the wavelength range of 25–1000 μ (400–10 cm^−1). Provision has been made for the samples in each case to be studied from 4°K to 700°K with suitable cryostats and heated sample holders. These devices can easily be interchanged in the interferometer and also in a single beam far ir vacuum gratings pectrometer so that the measurements can be duplicated when necessary, using conventional spectroscopic techniques. The interferometer has the unique advantage of covering a broad frequency range without changing the operating conditions. A suitable choice of beam splitter thickness and ionic crystal powder filter combinations provides maximum efficiency in the area of interest. The region beyond 250 μ shows a rapid deterioration in signal to noise, and the relative merits of various cooled detectors and the Golay detector have been studied. Polarization measurements on solids have also been of interest, and various polarizers have been investigated. Applications of interferometry applied to a number of solid state problems are described. These include the dielectric dispersion in perovskites, compound semiconductors, internal molecular and lattice vibrations in inorganic materials and other related compounds. The relative advantages of single-sided vs double-sided interferograms in terms of accurate intensity measurements are compared. Examples of each are discussed.

Published
1966

93. HLA-A2-Matched Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Type 1 Diabetic Patients, but Not Nondiabetic Donors, Transfer Insulitis to NOD-scid/ cnull/HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice Concurrent With the Expansion of Islet-Specific CD8+ T cells

Author

Byrd, W., Young, E. F., Largay, J., Patel, S., Buse, J., Talmage, G., Calikoglu, A. S., Azam, A., Whitfield-Larry, F., Shultz, L. D., Frelinger, J. A., and Fudge, E.

Subjects
3. Good health
Abstract

OBJECTIVEType 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. NOD mice provide a useful tool for understanding disease pathogenesis and progression. Although much has been learned from studies with NOD mice, increased understanding of human type 1 diabetes can be gained by evaluating the pathogenic potential of human diabetogenic effector cells in vivo. Therefore, our objective in this study was to develop a small-animal model using human effector cells to study type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe adoptively transferred HLA-A2–matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from type 1 diabetic patients and nondiabetic control subjects into transgenic NOD-scid/γcnull/HLA-A*0201 (NOD-scid/γcnull/A2) mice. At various times after adoptive transfer, we determined the ability of these mice to support the survival and proliferation of the human lymphoid cells. Human lymphocytes were isolated and assessed from the blood, spleen, pancreatic lymph node and islets of NOD-scid/γcnull/A2 mice after transfer.RESULTSHuman T and B cells proliferate and survive for at least 6 weeks and were recovered from the blood, spleen, draining pancreatic lymph node, and most importantly, islets of NOD-scid/γcnull/A2 mice. Lymphocytes from type 1 diabetic patients preferentially infiltrate the islets of NOD-scid/γcnull/A2 mice. In contrast, PBMCs from nondiabetic HLA-A2–matched donors showed significantly less islet infiltration. Moreover, in mice that received PBMCs from type 1 diabetic patients, we identified epitope-specific CD8+ T cells among the islet infiltrates.CONCLUSIONSWe show that insulitis is transferred to NOD-scid/γcnull/A2 mice that received HLA-A2–matched PBMCs from type 1 diabetic patients. In addition, many of the infiltrating CD8+ T cells are epitope-specific and produce interferon-γ after in vitro peptide stimulation. This indicates that NOD-scid/γcnull/A2 mice transferred with HLA-A2–matched PBMCs from type 1 diabetic patients may serve as a useful tool for studying epitope-specific T-cell–mediated responses in patients with type 1 diabetes.

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