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Introduction: The previous studies have not reached on consensus as to the outcome of acetabular reconstruction with autogenous bone graft for dysplastic hips, especially in severe cases such as Crowe type IV. The current study aimed to determine the survivorship of the arthroplasty and the grafts as well as the change of hip joint center averagely 9.8 years (range, 5-19) after cementless total hip arthroplasty., Materials and Methods: We reviewed 52 cases including 19 cases of complete hip dislocation of which acetabular defects were augmented with autogenous bone grafts taken from the resected femoral heads. For radiographic evaluation, in addition to checking failures of THA, acetabular coverages of the grafts as well as lateral center-edge angles were measured and compared between two time points, immediately postoperative and the final evaluations. Those outcomes were also analyzed according to the degree of hip dysplasia, grouping the subjects by Crowe classification. Translations of the reconstructed hip joint center after THA were measured and checked if they affected clinical outcomes or caused any complications. To assess clinically, Harris hip score and visualized analogue pain scale were reviewed., Results: Mean coverage ratio of the sockets with the grafts was 28.4% immediately after the surgery (range, 11.1%-65.0%) and 27.2% at the final follow-up (range, 11.1%-63.6%). When comparing high grade dysplasia (Crowe type III, IV) to low grade dysplasia (Crowe type I, II), there was no significant difference of the above outcomes (p = 0.476). As to the location of hip joint center, 14 outliers were located distally within the normal horizontal range especially in cases with Crowe type IV. Those outliers showed no difference on clinical outcome. The mean HHS was 52.2 (range, 19-87) and VAS was 7.2 (range, 5-9) preoperatively, each of which was improved to 92.9 (range, 63-100) and 1.4 (range, 0-4) postoperatively. No failures were experienced during the study period., Conclusions: Acetabular augmentation using autogenous bone graft from the resected femoral head is found to be a successful method for dysplastic hip, even in severe cases such as Crowe type IV, showing favorable results in more than 8 years. When inevitable, a degree of compromise on hip joint center can be needed in dealing with severe hip dysplasia.

The high failure rate of cemented femoral components in the 1970s facilitated the improvement of the cementing technique and surface finishes such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-precoated stems, reporting a survival rate of >95% at 10 years from some studies. However, controversy persists regarding whether precoated femoral stems are associated with a longer revision-free prosthesis survival. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of PMMA-precoated femoral stems, and analyze factors associated with implant survival. We retrospectively reviewed 73 primary hybrid total hip arthroplasties performed using PMMA-precoated femoral stems. The mean age of the patients was 61 years. During the mean follow-up period of 13 years, 18 hips (24.7%) underwent aseptic loosening, and all of the loosened stems were subjected to revision surgery 8.8 years (range 4.6-15.5 years) from the index surgery. Younger age and poor cementing were significantly associated with aseptic loosening (P = 0.013 and P < 0.001, respectively). However, the aseptic loosening rate was also high at 13.1% even with a good cementing technique. In conclusion, the PMMA-precoated stem failed to show expected advantages and needs to be replaced with other surface finish stem designs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1300-1306, 2017., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The BioSense program was launched in 2003 with the aim of establishing a nationwide integrated public health surveillance system for early detection and assessment of potential bioterrorism-related illness. The program has matured over the years from an initial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-centric program to one focused on building syndromic surveillance capacity at the state and local level. The uses of syndromic surveillance have also evolved from an early focus on alerts for bioterrorism-related illness to situational awareness and response, to various hazardous events and disease outbreaks. Future development of BioSense (now the National Syndromic Surveillance Program) includes, in the short term, a focus on data quality with an emphasis on stability, consistency, and reliability and, in the long term, increased capacity and innovation, new data sources and system functionality, and exploration of emerging technologies and analytics.

Problem/condition: Higher rates of death in nonmetropolitan areas (often referred to as rural areas) compared with metropolitan areas have been described but not systematically assessed., Period Covered: 1999-2014 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: Mortality data for U.S. residents from the National Vital Statistics System were used to calculate age-adjusted death rates and potentially excess deaths for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas for the five leading causes of death. Age-adjusted death rates included all ages and were adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population by the direct method. Potentially excess deaths are defined as deaths among persons aged <80 years that exceed the numbers that would be expected if the death rates of states with the lowest rates (i.e., benchmark states) occurred across all states. (Benchmark states were the three states with the lowest rates for each cause during 2008-2010.) Potentially excess deaths were calculated separately for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas. Data are presented for the United States and the 10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services public health regions., Results: Across the United States, nonmetropolitan areas experienced higher age-adjusted death rates than metropolitan areas. The percentages of potentially excess deaths among persons aged <80 years from the five leading causes were higher in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas. For example, approximately half of deaths from unintentional injury and chronic lower respiratory disease in nonmetropolitan areas were potentially excess deaths, compared with 39.2% and 30.9%, respectively, in metropolitan areas. Potentially excess deaths also differed among and within public health regions; within regions, nonmetropolitan areas tended to have higher percentages of potentially excess deaths than metropolitan areas., Interpretation: Compared with metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas have higher age-adjusted death rates and greater percentages of potentially excess deaths from the five leading causes of death, nationally and across public health regions., Public Health Action: Routine tracking of potentially excess deaths in nonmetropolitan areas might help public health departments identify emerging health problems, monitor known problems, and focus interventions to reduce preventable deaths in these areas.

Background: Morphologic features of the proximal femur reminiscent of those seen in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) have been reported among asymptomatic individuals in Western populations, but whether this is the case in Asian populations is unknown., Questions/purposes: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiographic findings in the proximal femur that are consistent with FAI in asymptomatic Korean volunteers., Methods: Two hundred asymptomatic volunteers with no prior hip surgery or childhood hip problems underwent three-view plain radiographs (pelvis AP view, Sugioka view, and 45° Dunn view) of both hips. There were 146 hips from male volunteers and 254 hips from female volunteers in the study. The mean age of all participants was 34.7 years (range, 21-49 years). Cam-type morphologic features were defined as the presence of the following on one or more of the three views: pistol-grip morphologic features, an osseous bump at the femoral head-neck junction, flattening of the femoral head-neck offset, or alpha angle greater than 55°. Pincer-type morphologic features were determined by radiographic signs, including crossover sign, deficient posterior wall sign, or lateral center-edge angle greater than 40°., Results: The prevalence of cam-type morphologic features seen on at least one radiograph was 38% (male, 57%; female, 26%). The prevalence of cam-type features (at least one positive cam-type feature) was 2.0% (male, 6%; female, 0%) on the pelvic AP view, 24% (male, 36%; female, 17%) on the Sugioka view, and 30% (male, 47%; female, 20%) on the 45° Dunn view. The prevalence of pincer-type morphologic features (at least one positive pincer-type feature) was 23% (male, 27%; female, 21%) on the pelvic AP view., Conclusion: The prevalence of FAI-related morphologic features in asymptomatic Asian populations was comparable to the prevalence in Western populations. Considering the high prevalence of radiographic hip findings reminiscent of FAI in asymptomatic Asian populations, it will be important to determine whether FAI-related morphologic features are a cause of hip pain when considering surgery in Asian patients.

Death rates by specific causes vary across the 50 states and the District of Columbia.* Information on differences in rates for the leading causes of death among states might help state health officials determine prevention goals, priorities, and strategies. CDC analyzed National Vital Statistics System data to provide national and state-specific estimates of potentially preventable deaths among the five leading causes of death in 2014 and compared these estimates with estimates previously published for 2010. Compared with 2010, the estimated number of potentially preventable deaths changed (supplemental material at https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/42472); cancer deaths decreased 25% (from 84,443 to 63,209), stroke deaths decreased 11% (from 16,973 to 15,175), heart disease deaths decreased 4% (from 91,757 to 87,950), chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) (e.g., asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema) deaths increased 1% (from 28,831 to 29,232), and deaths from unintentional injuries increased 23% (from 36,836 to 45,331). A better understanding of progress made in reducing potentially preventable deaths in the United States might inform state and regional efforts targeting the prevention of premature deaths from the five leading causes in the United States.

Case: A 43-year-old woman presented with localized pain of the right hip 2 months after a trivial trauma. Physical examination revealed a positive Patrick (FABER [Flexion, Abduction, and External Rotation]) test. Radiographs showed a radiopaque lesion at the acetabular fossa, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass with adjacent bone marrow edema. Arthroscopic excision of the lesion was performed; histopathologic examination demonstrated that it was an osteochondroma., Conclusion: A solitary intra-articular osteochondroma is a possible cause of localized hip pain. Hip arthroscopy can be a good diagnostic and therapeutic option.

Femoral head fractures after posterior dislocation of the hip are uncommon and are conventionally treated by an open method. Hip arthroscopy can be a valuable treatment option for the management of femoral head fractures. Arthroscopy allows for a less invasive option when compared with arthrotomy and can allow faster recovery with minimal soft-tissue injury. We describe the arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of Pipkin type I femoral head fractures with a detailed stepwise description of the surgical technique, including technical pearls and pitfalls, potential complications, and advantages and disadvantages.

Effective perioperative pain management techniques and accelerated rehabilitation programs can improve health-related quality of life and functional status of patients after total hip arthroplasty. Traditionally, postoperative analgesia following arthroplasty was provided by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia or epidural analgesia. Recently, peripheral nerve blockade has emerged alternative analgesic approach. Multimodal analgesia strategy combines analgesics with different mechanisms of action to improve pain management. Intraoperative periarticular injection of multimodal drugs is one of the most important procedures in perioperative pain control for total hip arthroplasty. The goal of this review article is to provide a concise overview of the principles of multimodal pain management regimens as a practical guide for the perioperative pain management for total hip arthroplasty.

Background: We analyzed the data for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the Korean nationwide database to assess (1) the epidemiology and national trends of bearing surface usage in THAs and (2) the prevalence of each type of bearing surface according to age, gender, hospital type, primary payer, and hospital procedure volume., Methods: A total of 30,881 THAs were analyzed using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database for 2007 through 2011. Bearing surfaces were sub-grouped according to device code for national health insurance claims and consisted of ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC), metal-on-polyethylene (MoP), ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP), and metal-on-metal (MoM). The prevalence of each type of bearing surface was calculated and stratified by age, gender, hospital type, primary payer, and procedure volume of each hospital., Results: CoC was the most frequently used bearing surface (76.7%), followed by MoP (11.9%), CoP (7.3%), and MoM (4.1%). The proportion of THAs using a CoC bearing surface increased steadily from 71.6% in 2007 to 81.4% in 2011, whereas the proportions using CoP, MoP, and MoM bearing surfaces decreased. The order of prevalence was identical to that in the general population regardless of age, gender, hospital type, primary payer, and hospital procedure volume., Conclusions: The trends and epidemiology of bearing surface usage in THAs in Korea are different from those in other countries, and the CoC bearing surface is the most prevalent articulation. In future, the results of a large-scale study using nationwide data of THAs involving a CoC bearing surface will be reported in Korea.

The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and trends of clinically relevant venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after hip and knee replacement arthroplasty (HKRA) in Korea. Between January 1 and December 31, 2010, 22,127 hip replacement arthroplasty (HRA) patients and 52,882 knee replacement arthroplasty (KRA) patients were enrolled in the analysis using the administrative claims database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). All available parameters including procedure history and clinically relevant VTE during the 90 days after HKRA were identified based on diagnostic and electronic data interchange (EDI) codes. The overall incidence of VTE, DVT, and PE during the 90 days was 3.9% (n=853), 2.7% (n=597), and 1.5% (n=327) after HRA, while the incidence was 3.8% (n=1,990), 3.2% (n=1,699), and 0.7% (n=355) after KRA. The incidence of VTE after HKRA was significantly higher in patients who had previous VTE history (odds ratio [OR], 10.8 after HRA, OR, 8.5 after KRA), chronic heart failure (2.1, 1.3), arrhythmia (1.8, 1.7), and atrial fibrillation (3.4, 2.1) than in patients who did not. The VTE incidence in patients with chemoprophylaxis was higher than that in patients without chemoprophylaxis. The incidence of VTEs revealed in this retrospective review was not low compared with the results of the studies targeting other Asian or Caucasian populations. It may warrant routine prevention including employment of chemoprophylaxis. However, the limitation of the reviewed data mandates large scale prospective investigation to affirm this observation.

Background: Healthy life expectancy (HLE) varies among demographic segments of the US population and by geography. To quantify that variation, we estimated the national and regional HLE for the US population by sex, race/ethnicity and geographic region in 2008., Methods: National HLEs were calculated using the published 2008 life table and the self-reported health status data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Regional HLEs were calculated using the combined 2007-09 mortality, population and NHIS health status data., Results: In 2008, HLE in the USA varied significantly by sex, race/ethnicity and geographical regions. At 25 years of age, HLE for females was 47.3 years and ∼2.9 years greater than that for males at 44.4 years. HLE for non-Hispanic white adults was 2.6 years greater than that for Hispanic adults and 7.8 years greater than that for non-Hispanic black adults. By region, the Northeast had the longest HLE and the South had the shortest., Conclusions: The HLE estimates in this report can be used to monitor trends in the health of populations, compare estimates across populations and identify health inequalities that require attention., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health 2014. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

Purpose: We designed this study to demonstrate recent trends in the proportion of adult hip research in orthopedics, to identify countries leading the adult hip research, and to evaluate the relationship between the economic power of the countries and their contributions., Materials and Methods: Studies published in seven select orthopedic journals were retrieved from PubMed. Among them, we determined the number of adult hip studies. The countries-of-origin of adult hip studies, and the economic power of the countries were investigated., Results: A total of 7218 orthopedic publications and 1993 (27.6%) addressed adult hip research were identified. Adult hip studies increased from 313 (23.7%) in 2000 to 555 (27.9%) in 2011. Twenty-five countries accounted for 97.6% of the total number of adult hip studies, and gross domestic product correlated with publication volume (Spearman's rho, 0.723; p=0.000)., Conclusion: Researchers from a limited number of developed countries have published their studies in the adult hip discipline.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of arthroscopic treatment for recalcitrant external snapping hip., Materials and Methods: Between September 2011 and June 2013, we evaluated 7 patients (10 cases) with snapping hip who were refractory to conservative treatments for at least 3 months. Two patients (4 cases) were impossible to adduct both knees in 90°of hip flexion. Surgery was done in lateral decubitus position, under spinal anesthesia. We made 2 arthroscopic portals to operate the patients, and used cross-cutting with flap resection technique to treat the lesion. We performed additional gluteal sling release in those 2 patients (4 cases) with adduction difficulty. Average follow-up length was 19 months (range, 12-33 months). Clinical improvement was evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS), modified Harris hip score (mHHS), and also investigated for presence of limping or other complications as well., Results: The VAS decreased from 6.8 (range, 6-9) preoperatively to 0.2 (range, 0-2) postoperatively, and the mHHS improved from 68.2 to 94.8 after surgery. None of the patients complained of post-operative wound problem or surgical complications., Conclusion: The clinical outcome of arthroscopic treatment for recalcitrant external snapping hip was encouraging and all patients were also satisfied with the cosmetic results.

We analyzed national data collected by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea from 2007 to 2011; 1) to document procedural numbers and procedural rate of bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BH), primary and revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs), 2) to stratify the prevalence of each procedure by age, gender, and hospital type, and quantified, 3) to estimate the revision burden and evaluate whether the burden is changed over time. Our final study population included 60,230 BHs, 40,760 primary THAs, and 10,341 revision THAs. From 2007 to 2011, both the number and the rate of BHs, primary THAs increased steadily, whereas there was no significant change in revision THAs. Over the 5 yr, the rate of BHs and primary THAs per 100,000 persons significantly increased by 33.2% and 21.4%, respectively. The number of revision THAs was consistent over time. The overall annual revision burden for THA decreased from 22.1% in 2007 to 18.9% in 2011. In contrast to western data, there were no changes in the number and rate of revision THAs, and the rates of primary and revision THAs were higher for men than those for women. Although 5 yr is a short time to determine a change in the revision burden, there have been significant decreases in some age groups.

In 2010, the top five causes of death in the United States were 1) diseases of the heart, 2) cancer, 3) chronic lower respiratory diseases, 4) cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), and 5) unintentional injuries. The rates of death from each cause vary greatly across the 50 states and the District of Columbia (2). An understanding of state differences in death rates for the leading causes might help state health officials establish disease prevention goals, priorities, and strategies. States with lower death rates can be used as benchmarks for setting achievable goals and calculating the number of deaths that might be prevented in states with higher rates. To determine the number of premature annual deaths for the five leading causes of death that potentially could be prevented ("potentially preventable deaths"), CDC analyzed National Vital Statistics System mortality data from 2008-2010. The number of annual potentially preventable deaths per state before age 80 years was determined by comparing the number of expected deaths (based on average death rates for the three states with the lowest rates for each cause) with the number of observed deaths. The results of this analysis indicate that, when considered separately, 91,757 deaths from diseases of the heart, 84,443 from cancer, 28,831 from chronic lower respiratory diseases, 16,973 from cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), and 36,836 from unintentional injuries potentially could be prevented each year. In addition, states in the Southeast had the highest number of potentially preventable deaths for each of the five leading causes. The findings provide disease-specific targets that states can use to measure their progress in preventing the leading causes of deaths in their populations.

We evaluated the clinical course of subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and its characteristic findings with special regard to joint space narrowing (JSN). Thirty-one cases of SIFFH of mean age 68.9 yr initially underwent limited weight-bearing conservative treatment. During the follow-up period, the patients with intractable pain underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA). For radiographic evaluation, lateral center-edge angle, JSN and femoral head collapse (FHC) were documented, and the extent of FHC was classified as mild (<2 mm), moderate (2-4 mm), and severe (>4 mm). The progression or new development of FHC more than 2 mm was evaluated on sequential plain radiographs. The relationship between radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes were evaluated. THAs were performed in 15 cases (48.4%). There was no significant correlation between clinical outcomes and the extent of initial FHC. However, a significantly larger proportion of patients that underwent THA showed JSN and FHC progression compared to the symptom improvement group. The risk factor significantly associated with failed conservative treatment was JSN (P=0.038; OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 1.15-122.26). Clinical results of conservative treatment for SIFFH in elderly patients are relatively poor. The patients with JSN are at higher risk of failed conservative treatment.

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of femoral neck fracture (FNF) after removal of a compression hip screw (CHS) without trauma and to determine the risk factors for this type of fracture., Design: Retrospective study of consecutive patient series., Setting: University teaching hospital., Patients: Sixty-seven patients with a mean age of 65.3 years (45 women and 22 men)., Intervention: A total of 67 implants were removed in the presence of bony consolidation of the fracture site; most of them were due to hardware pain., Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of FNF after a CHS removal, clinical parameters (age, gender, bone mineral density, body mass index, and fracture stability), and radiologic parameters (the femoral neck-shaft angle, femoral neck width, distance between thread of lag screw, and neck cortex). Univariate analysis was performed for those parameters of the fracture group and the nonfracture group. To assess which variables were associated with FNF, a multiple logistic regression was used., Results: Six (9.0%) FNFs occurred within 1 month after a CHS removal. The mean anterior and lateral neck widths were significantly smaller, and the mean anterior and inferior thread-to-cortex distances were significantly shorter in the fracture group compared with the nonfracture group. The risk factor significantly associated with FNF was the inferior thread-to-cortex distance (odds ratio, 0.462; 95% confidence interval, 0.217-0.988)., Conclusions: CHS should not be removed routinely due to the risk of FNF. Furthermore, attention should be paid to at-risk patients with a hip screw positioned close to the inferior femoral neck cortex., Level of Evidence: Prognostic level II.

This supplement is the second CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report (CHDIR). The 2011 CHDIR was the first CDC report to assess disparities across a wide range of diseases, behavioral risk factors, environmental exposures, social determinants, and health-care access (CDC. CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report-United States, 2011. MMWR 2011;60[Suppl; January 14, 2011]). The 2013 CHDIR provides new data for 19 of the topics published in 2011 and 10 new topics. When data were available and suitable analyses were possible for the topic area, disparities were examined for population characteristics that included race and ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. The purpose of this supplement is to raise awareness of differences among groups regarding selected health outcomes and health determinants and to prompt actions to reduce disparities. The findings in this supplement can be used by practitioners in public health, academia and clinical medicine; the media; the general public; policymakers; program managers; and researchers to address disparities and help all persons in the United States live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.

The reports in this supplement document persistent disparities between some population groups in health outcomes, access to health care, adoption of health promoting behaviors, and exposure to health-promoting environments. Some improvements in overall rates and even reductions in some health disparities are noted; however, many gaps persist. These finding highlight the importance of monitoring health status, outcomes, behaviors, and exposures by population groups to assess trends and target interventions. In this report, disparities were found between race and ethnic groups across all of the health topics examined. Differences also were observed by other population characteristics. For example, persons with low socioeconomic status were more likely to be affected by diabetes, hypertension, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and were less likely to be screened for colorectal cancer and vaccinated against influenza.

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) for severe developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a technically demanding procedure for arthroplasty surgeons, and it is often difficult to reduce the hip joint without soft tissue release due to severe flexion contracture. We performed two-stage THAs in irreducible hips with expected lengthening of the affected limb after THA of over 2.5 cm or with flexion contractures of greater than 30 degrees in order to place the acetabular cup in the true acetabulum and to prevent neurologic deficits associated with acute elongation of the limb. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of cementless THA in patients with severe DDH with a special focus on the results of two-stage THA., Methods: Retrospective clinical and radiological evaluations were done on 17 patients with Crowe type III or IV developmental DDH treated by THA. There were 14 women and 3 men with a mean age of 52.3 years. Follow-ups averaged 52 months. Six cases were treated with two-stage THA followed by surgical hip liberalization and skeletal traction for 2 weeks., Results: The mean Harris hip score improved from 40.9 to 89.1, and mean leg length discrepancy (LLD) in 13 unilateral cases was reduced from 2.95 to 0.8 cm. In the patients who underwent two-stage surgery, no nerve palsy was observed, and the single one-stage patient with incomplete peroneal nerve palsy recovered fully 4 weeks postoperatively., Conclusions: The short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of primary cementless THA for patients with Crowe type III or IV DDH were encouraging. Two-stage THA followed by skeletal traction after soft tissue release could provide alternative solutions to the minimization of limb shortenings or LLD without neurologic deficits in highly selected patients.

Introduction: Preventable hospitalizations for angina have been decreasing since the late 1980s - most likely because of changes in guidance, physician coding practices, and reimbursement. We asked whether this national decline has continued and whether preventable emergency department visits for angina show a similar decline., Methods: We used National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1995 through 2010 and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 1995 through 2009 to study preventable hospitalizations and emergency department visits, respectively. We calculated both crude and standardized rates for these visits according to technical specifications published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, which uses population estimates from the US Census Bureau as the denominator for the rates., Results: Crude hospitalization rates for angina declined from 1995-1998 to 2007-2010 for men and women in all 3 age groups (18-44, 45-64, and ≥65) and age- and sex-standardized rates declined in a linear fashion (P = .02). Crude rates for preventable emergency department visits for angina declined for men and women aged 65 or older from 1995-1998 to 2007-2009. Age- and sex-standardized rates for these visits showed a linear decline (P = .05)., Conclusion: We extend previous research by showing that preventable hospitalization rates for angina have continued to decline beyond the time studied previously. We also show that emergency department visits for the same condition have also declined during the past 15 years. Although these declines are probably due to changes in diagnostic practices in the hospitals and emergency departments, more studies are needed to fully understand the reasons behind this phenomenon.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be obtained from various sources. MSCs from different origins appear to have different preferences for differentiation. In this study, we have compared the in vivo osteogenic potential of adult MSCs from adipose tissue (AT) and bone marrow (BM) with fetal MSCs from umbilical cord (UC) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) by using a rat critical-sized femoral defect model. We have also sought to determine whether pretreatment with an osteogenic medium promotes osteogenesis in MSCs. Study groups were divided as follows: (1) defect only, (2) scaffold only, (3) AT MSCs in scaffolds, (4) BM MSCs in scaffolds, (5) UC MSCs in scaffolds and (6) UCB MSCs in scaffolds. Groups with MSCs were further divided with respect to their pretreatment. At 12 weeks after surgery, in vivo osteogenesis was measured radiographically and by micro-computed tomography (CT). Based on quantitative assessment by micro-CT, no significant difference of the mean bone volume fraction value (BV/TV) was seen between adult MSCs (AT and BM MSCs) and fetal MSCs (UC and UCB MSCs). The mean BV/TVs were significantly higher in non-pretreated BM MSC (14.2±1.4%) and UCB MSC (14.0±1.2%) and pretreated UC MSC (14.8±2.0%) than in those with the scaffold only (11.3±1.3%; P<0.05). In addition, AT (from 10.4±1.2% to 13.1±2.2%) and UC (from 10.3±0.7% to 14.8±2.0%) MSCs from solid tissues showed a significant increase in the mean BV/TV with pretreatment (P<0.05). In contrast, BM MSC (from 14.2±1.4% to 10.9±1.2%) and UCB MSC (from 14.0±1.2% to 11.6±1.0%) from non-solid tissues showed a significant decrease with pretreatment (P<0.05).

Purpose: In an alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty (THA), recommended with a small inclination angle <45°, the acetabular component (cup) may be positioned more medially to be covered almost completely by host bone. The purpose of this study was to identify the correlating factors and to evaluate the outcomes of medial placement of the cup in patients with alumina-on-alumina THAs., Methods: Using the propensity score matching with age, gender, body mass index, initial diagnosis, and the length of follow-up as variables, 38 hips with a medialized cup and 38 hips with a non-medialized one were identified from 389 hips in 347 who patients underwent primary alumina-on-alumina THA and followed up for more than 7 years. Clinical and radiological outcomes were compared between the two groups., Results: Preoperative acetabular medial wall thickness and the cup inclination angle were significantly smaller in the medialization group compared to the non-medialization group. Center edge angle, cup size, and coverage by host bone were not significantly different between the two groups. The hip center of rotation was significantly medialized in the medialization group. The Harris hip scores were not significantly different between the two groups. No component loosening or osteolysis was observed and no revision was required in either groups., Conclusions: Thin acetabular medial wall and a small inclination angle of the cup were the correlating factors of medial placement of the cup in patients who underwent an alumina-on-alumina THA. Medial placement did not lead to differences in the clinical or radiological outcomes.

Introduction: Preventable hospitalization for hypertension is an ambulatory care-sensitive condition believed to indicate the failure of outpatient and public health systems to prevent and control hypertension. Blacks have higher rates of such hospitalizations than whites. The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) seeks to implement higher quality health care, which may help close the racial gap in these rates. The objective of this study was to analyze pre-PPACA baseline rates of preventable hypertension hospitalizations in the United States and racial differences over time., Methods: We used data from the 1995-2010 National Hospital Discharge Survey, a stratified, probability-designed survey representing approximately 1% of hospitalizations in the United States. Rates were calculated using specifications published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality requiring census data as denominators for the rates. We combined at least 3 years of data to obtain more precise estimates and conducted a trend analysis by using rates calculated for each of the resulting 5 periods., Results: For both sexes, all age groups, and each period, blacks had higher crude rates than whites. Age- and sex-standardized rates confirmed this finding (eg, 2007-2010: blacks, 334 per 100,000; whites, 97.4 per 100,000). Rates were generally flat over time; however, white women aged 65 or older showed increasing rates., Conclusion: Using national data, we confirmed higher rates of preventable hypertension hospitalizations for blacks, showing little improvement in disparities over time. This pre-PPACA baseline for blacks and whites allows for ongoing monitoring of preventable hospitalizations for hypertension.

We evaluated the outcomes of 64 consecutive revision total hip arthroplasties with an alumina-on-alumina bearing surface in 61 patients with osteolysis. No implants had been rerevised nor was osteolysis detected at a mean of 9.8 years (range, 7.0-13.1 years) postoperatively. There was 1 case of stem loosening but no cup loosening or alumina bearing fractures. Two surgical procedures were performed for an infection in 1 patient. Three dislocations occurred in 3 hips; all were treated with closed reduction and abduction bracing for 3 months. No further dislocations occurred. With any reoperation or radiographic evidence of osteolysis or loosening as the end point, the 7-year survival rate was 96.9% (95% confidence interval, 90.8%-100%). The alumina-on-alumina bearing surfaces used for revision total hip arthroplasty in patients with osteolysis were found to produce encouraging clinical results and implant survival rates at a minimum of 7 years postoperatively., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The role of occupation in the management of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension is not well known., Methods: We analyzed the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data of 6928 workers aged 20 years or older from 40 occupational groups. Hypertension was defined as measured blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication, treatment as use of antihypertensive medication, awareness as ever being told by a doctor about having hypertension, and control as having blood pressure of less than 140/90 mm Hg among treated participants., Results: Protective service workers ranked among the lowest in awareness (50.6%), treatment (79.3%), and control (47.7%) and had lower odds of hypertension control and treatment compared with executive/administrative/managerial workers, adjusting for sociodemographic, body-weight, smoking, and alcohol., Conclusions: Protective service workers may benefit the most from worksite hypertension management programs.

Public health surveillance is essential to the practice of public health and to guide prevention and control activities and evaluate outcomes of such activities. With advances in information sciences and technology, changes in methodology, data availability and data synthesis, and expanded health information needs, the question arises whether redefining public health surveillance is needed for the 21st century. The current definition is "Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data, essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the dissemination of these data to those who need to know and linked to prevention and control."

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and approximately 1 million heart attacks and 700,000 strokes occur annually. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke; the unadjusted prevalence of hypertension among U.S. adults aged ≥18 years is approximately 31% (representing 68 million adults), and hypertension increases with age to approximately 70% among persons aged ≥65 years. Hypertension contributes to one out of every seven deaths in the United States, and approximately 70% of persons who have a first heart attack or stroke or who have heart failure have hypertension. In clinical trials, treatment of hypertension was associated with substantial reductions in stroke incidence (35%-40%), myocardial infarction (20%-25%), and heart failure (>50%). The estimated annual direct costs of hypertension are approximately $69.9 billion, and the estimated annual indirect costs are $23.6 billion.

This supplement introduces a CDC initiative to monitor and report periodically on the use of a set of selected clinical preventive services in the U.S. adult population in the context of recent national initiatives to improve access to and use of such services. Increasing the use of these services has the potential to lead to substantial reductions in the burden of illness, death, and disability and to lower treatment costs. The majority of clinical preventive services are provided by the health-care sector, and public health agencies play important roles in helping to support increases in the use of these services (e.g., by identifying and implementing policies that are effective in increasing use of the services and by collaborating with stakeholders to conduct programs to improve use). Recent health reform initiatives, including efforts to increase the accessibility and affordability of preventive services, fund community prevention programs, and improve the use of health information technologies, offer opportunities to enhance use of preventive services. This supplement provides baseline information on a set of selected clinical preventive services before implementation of these recent reforms and discusses opportunities to increase the use of such services. This information can help public health practitioners collaborate with other stakeholders that have key roles to play in improving public health (e.g., employers, health plans, health professionals, and voluntary associations), understand the potential benefits of the recommended services, address the problem of underuse, and identify opportunities to apply effective strategies to improve use and foster accountability among stakeholders.

The findings described in this supplement can help improve collaboration among public health and other stakeholders who influence population health, including employers, health plans, health professionals, and voluntary associations, to increase the use of a set of clinical preventive services that, with improved use, can substantially reduce morbidity and mortality in the U.S. adult population. This supplement highlighted that the use of the clinical preventive services in the U.S. adult population is not optimal and is quite variable, ranging from approximately 10% to 85%, depending on the particular service. Use was particularly low for tobacco cessation, aspirin use to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, and influenza vaccination; however, ample opportunity exists to improve use of all of these services. Among the specific populations least likely to have used the recommended services, persons with no insurance, no usual source of care, or no recent use of the health-care system (if included in the analysis) were the groups least likely to have used the services. Use among the uninsured was generally 10 to 30 percentage points below the general population averages, suggesting that improvements in insurance coverage are likely to increase use of these clinical preventive services. A randomized, controlled trial of an expansion of Medicaid coverage by Oregon in 2008 supports this hypothesis by demonstrating improved use of clinical services with increased health insurance coverage. A recent survey among the uninsured found a low level of awareness of the provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended by the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (referred to collectively as the Affordable Care Act [ACA]). Therefore, improving opportunities for coverage might be insufficient, and focused efforts by governmental health agencies and other stakeholders are likely to be needed to enroll uninsured persons in health plans. In addition, although use of the preventive services in insured populations was greater than among the uninsured, use among the insured was generally <75%, and often much less. Therefore, having health insurance coverage might not itself be sufficient to optimize use of clinical preventive services, and additional measures to improve use are likely to be necessary.

Objective: Overweight and obesity during adolescence are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The objective of this study was to examine the recent trends in the prevalence of selected biological CVD risk factors and the prevalence of these risk factors by overweight/obesity status among US adolescents., Methods: The NHANES is a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage probability sample survey of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. The study sample included 3383 participants aged 12 to 19 years from the 1999 through 2008 NHANES., Results: Among the US adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, the overall prevalence was 14% for prehypertension/hypertension, 22% for borderline-high/high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 6% for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<35 mg/dL), and 15% for prediabetes/diabetes during the survey period from 1999 to 2008. No significant change in the prevalence of prehypertension/hypertension (17% and 13%) and borderline-high/high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (23% and 19%) was observed from 1999-2000 to 2007-2008, but the prevalence of prediabetes/diabetes increased from 9% to 23%. A consistent dose-response increase in the prevalence of each of these CVD risk factors was observed by weight categories: the estimated 37%, 49%, and 61% of the overweight, obese, and normal-weight adolescents, respectively, had at least 1 of these CVD risk factors during the 1999 through 2008 study period., Conclusions: The results of this national study indicate that US adolescents carry a substantial burden of CVD risk factors, especially those youth who are overweight or obese.

Younger women hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) have a poorer prognosis than men. Whether this is true for patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) is not extensively studied. Using the MarketScan 2004 to 2007 Commercial and Medicare supplemental admission databases, we assessed gender differences in in-hospital mortality according to age in 91,088 patients (35,899 with STEMI, 55,189 with NSTEMI) who were 18 to 89 years old and had acute MI as their primary diagnosis. Patients with STEMI had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than those with NSTEMI (4.35% vs 3.53%, p <0.0001). Compared to men women were older, had higher co-morbidity scores, and were less likely to undergo revascularization during hospitalization in the STEMI and NSTEMI populations. In patients with STEMI the unadjusted women-to-men odds ratio for in-hospital mortality was 2.29 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 3.55) for the 18- to 49-year age group, 1.68 (1.28 to 2.21) for 50 to 59, 1.48 (1.17 to 1.88) for 60 to 69, 1.28 (1.06 to 1.57) for 70 to 79, and 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) for 80 to 89. Corresponding unadjusted odds ratios were 1.51 (0.87 to 2.61), 1.46 (1.11 to 1.92), 1.29 (1.04 to 1.61), 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) and 0.82 (0.70 to 0.94) for patients with NSTEMI. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, excess risk for in-hospital mortality in younger women versus their men counterparts (<60 years old) persisted in STEMI. In patients with NSTEMI the difference between younger women and younger men was not statistically significant; however, older women (≥70 years old) had better survival than men. In conclusion, higher risk of in-hospital mortality in younger women compared to younger men is more evident in patients with STEMI., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Subchondral stress fractures of the femoral head may be either of the insufficiency-type with poor quality bone or the fatigue-type with normal quality bone but subject to high repetitive stresses. Unlike osteonecrosis, multiple site involvement rarely has been reported for subchondral stress fractures. We describe a case of multifocal subchondral stress fractures involving femoral heads and medial tibial condyles bilaterally within 2 weeks., Case Description: A 27-year-old military recruit began having left knee pain after 2 weeks of basic training, without any injury. Subsequently, right knee, right hip, and left hip pain developed sequentially within 2 weeks. The diagnosis of multifocal subchondral stress fracture was confirmed by plain radiographs and MR images. Nonoperative treatment of the subchondral stress fractures of both medial tibial condyles and the left uncollapsed femoral head resulted in resolution of symptoms. The collapsed right femoral head was treated with a fibular strut allograft to restore congruity and healed without further collapse., Literature Review: There has been one case report in which an insufficiency-type subchondral stress fracture of the femoral head and medial femoral condyle occurred within a 2-year interval., Clinical Relevance: Because the incidence of bilateral subchondral stress fractures of the femoral head is low and multifocal involvement has not been reported, multifocal subchondral stress fractures can be confused with multifocal osteonecrosis. Our case shows that subchondral stress fractures can occur in multiple sites almost simultaneously.

Background: We evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of impacted femoral neck fractures treated with multiple pinning and determined the influence of the progression of impaction at the fracture site on clinical outcome., Methods: There were 34 patients with a mean age of 65.5 years. The mean follow-up period was 3.4 years. Progression of fracture site impaction was measured using an articulo-trochanteric distance index and the percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between follow-up intervals. The failure of treatment was clarified as non-union and avascular necrosis. Other characteristics of the patients, including mean waiting time for surgery, preoperative Singh index score, and body mass index, were also measured to evaluate the influence on the clinical outcome of surgery., Results: There were 6 fractures which were not treated successfully (3 non-union, 8.8% and 3 avascular necrosis, 8.8%). The mean percentage decrease of the articulo-trochanteric distance index within the first 6 weeks after surgery was 4.5% in the successful group and 25.1% in the failure group (p < 0.001). There was also a significant mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between 6 weeks and 3 months (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Primary stabilization with Knowles pins for impacted femoral neck fractures had a reasonable clinical outcome with low morbidity. Despite a significant difference of a mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between the successful group and the failure group, we could not verify it as a risk factor for failure of treatment because the odds ratio was not statistically significant.

Although the incidence of malignant tumors in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasties (THAs) is known to be lower than the general population, there exist several reports on the development of malignant tumors at the site of THAs. We report another case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma at the site of a THA, which was developed in an older patient who presented a cystic mass around the total hip prosthesis using a ceramic-on-ceramic bearing system, even without evidence of osteolysis or loosening of implants. This is the second case associated with an aluminum oxide prosthesis in English literature., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We describe the case of a healthy young man with a femoral head fracture by low-energy trauma that occurred without evidence of hip dislocation. While plain radiographs showed no definite fracture or dislocation, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a femoral head fracture with a wedge-shaped cortical depression at the superomedial aspect of the femoral head. Our patient reported feeling that the right hip had been displaced from its joint for a moment. This probably represented subluxation with spontaneous relocation. The characteristic findings and possible mechanisms of this fracture were postulated on the basis of the sequential 3 dimensional-CT and MRI. The clinical results of conservative treatment were better than those of previously reported indentation fractures.

Sleep is a contributing factor to optimal health and vitality. However, to date, no national study has evaluated the simultaneous relationship between sleep disorders, quality, and duration with hypertension. Using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2005 to 2008), hypertension was defined by current use of antihypertensive medication or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Self-reported sleep disorders and duration were categorized from a single household interview question, and sleep quality was determined from several questions on sleeping habits. The prevalence of hypertension was 30.2% and 7.5%, and 33.0% and 52.1% reported having sleep disorders, short sleep, and poor sleep, respectively. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and comorbidities, having sleep disorders only was not significantly associated with hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-3.77). However, this association was modified by sleep duration: significant associations were observed among adults with concurrent sleep disorders and short sleep (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.49-3.56) and with sleep disorders, short sleep, and poor sleep (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.13-2.98). These findings indicate an association between a combination of sleep problems and hypertension, but prospective studies are needed to understand the complex interplay between them., (© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Problem/condition: Each year, approximately 300,000 persons in the United States experience an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA); approximately 92% of persons who experience an OHCA event die. An OHCA is defined as cessation of cardiac mechanical activity that occurs outside of the hospital setting and is confirmed by the absence of signs of circulation. Whereas an OHCA can occur from noncardiac causes (i.e., trauma, drowning, overdose, asphyxia, electrocution, primary respiratory arrests, and other noncardiac etiologies), the majority (70%--85%) of such events have a cardiac cause. The majority of persons who experience an OHCA event, irrespective of etiology, do not receive bystander-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or other timely interventions that are known to improve the likelihood of survival to hospital discharge (e.g., defibrillation). Because nearly half of cardiac arrest events are witnessed, efforts to increase survival rates should focus on timely and effective delivery of interventions by bystanders and emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. This is the first report to provide summary data from an OHCA surveillance registry in the United States., Reporting Period: This report summarizes surveillance data collected during October 1, 2005-- December 31, 2010., Description of the System: In 2004, CDC established the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) in collaboration with the Department of Emergency Medicine at the Emory University School of Medicine. This registry evaluates only OHCA events of presumed cardiac etiology that involve persons who received resuscitative efforts, including CPR or defibrillation. Participating sites collect data from three sources that define the continuum of emergency cardiac care: 911 dispatch centers, EMS providers, and receiving hospitals. OHCA is defined in CARES as a cardiac arrest that occurred in the prehospital setting, had a presumed cardiac etiology, and involved a person who received resuscitative efforts, including CPR or defibrillation., Results: During October 1, 2005--December 31, 2010, a total of 40,274 OHCA records were submitted to the CARES registry. After noncardiac etiology arrests and missing hospital outcomes were excluded from the analysis (n = 8,585), 31,689 OHCA events of presumed cardiac etiology (e.g., myocardial infarction or arrhythmia) that received resuscitation efforts in the prehospital setting were analyzed. The mean age at cardiac arrest was 64.0 years (standard deviation [SD]: 18.2); 61.1% of persons who experienced OHCA were male (n = 19,360). According to local EMS agency protocols, 21.6% of patients were pronounced dead after resuscitation efforts were terminated in the prehospital setting. The survival rate to hospital admission was 26.3%, and the overall survival rate to hospital discharge was 9.6%. Approximately 36.7% of OHCA events were witnessed by a bystander. Only 33.3% of all patients received bystander CPR, and only 3.7% were treated by bystanders with an automated external defibrillator (AED) before the arrival of EMS providers. The group most likely to survive an OHCA are persons who are witnessed to collapse by a bystander and found in a shockable rhythm (e.g., ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia). Among this group, survival to discharge was 30.1%. A subgroup analysis was performed among persons who experienced OHCA events that were not witnessed by EMS personnel to evaluate rates of bystander CPR for these persons. After exclusion of 3,400 OHCA events that occurred after the arrival of EMS providers, bystander CPR information was analyzed for 28,289 events. In this group, whites were significantly more likely to receive CPR than blacks, Hispanics, or members of other racial/ethnic populations (p<0.001). Overall survival to hospital discharge of patients whose events were not witnessed by EMS personnel was 8.5%. Of these, patients who received bystander CPR had a significantly higher rate of overall survival (11.2%) than those who did not (7.0%) (p<0.001)., Interpretation: CARES data have helped identify opportunities for improvement in OHCA care. The registry is being used continually to monitor prehospital performance and selected aspects of hospital care to improve quality of care and increase rates of survival following OHCA. CARES data confirm that patients who receive CPR from bystanders have a greater chance of surviving OHCA than those who do not., Public Health Actions: Medical directors and public health professionals in participating communities use CARES data to measure and improve the quality of prehospital care for persons experiencing OHCA. Tracking performance longitudinally allows communities to better understand which elements of their care are working well and which elements need improvement. Education of public officials and community members about the importance of increasing rates of bystander CPR and promoting the use of early defibrillation by lay and professional rescuers is critical to increasing survival rates. Reporting at the state and local levels can enable state and local public health and EMS agencies to coordinate their efforts to target improving emergency response for OHCA events, regardless of etiology, which can lead to improvement in OHCA survival rates.

Introduction: Clinical preventive services can detect diseases early, when they are most treatable, but these services may not be provided as recommended. Assessing the provision of services to patients at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) could help identify disparities and areas for improvement., Methods: We used data on patient visits (n = 21,261) from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2005-2006, and classified patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, or diabetes as being at risk for CVD. We assessed differences in the provision of preventive services offered to patients who were and who were not at risk for CVD. Further, for those at risk, we compared the demographic characteristics of those who had and who had not been offered services., Results: Patients at risk for CVD received significantly more preventive services compared with those not at risk. For patients at risk for CVD, aspirin therapy was more likely to be recommended to those aged 65 years or older than those aged 45 to 64 years and to men than women. Cholesterol screening was more likely for men and was less likely for patients with Medicare/Medicaid or no insurance than for patients who were insured. Rates of counseling for diet and nutrition, weight reduction, and exercise were low overall, but younger patients received these services more than older patients did., Conclusion: Patients at risk for CVD are not all receiving the same level of preventive care, suggesting the need to clarify clinical practice guidelines and provide clinicians with education and support for more effective lifestyle counseling.

Background: One of the radiographic findings in synovial chondromatosis of the hip is widening of the joint space between the femoral head and the acetabulum, although the cause and sequelae of the widening are unclear., Methods: Between May 1991 and June 2005, twenty-one patients with synovial chondromatosis of the hip were treated with open synovectomy and removal of osteochondral fragments. Joint space widening was assessed on radiographs made preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at the time of follow-up. The changes of the radiographic joint space width were evaluated during the mean follow-up period of 5.9 years (range, 2.3 to 12.3 years)., Results: Twelve patients had joint space widening on preoperative radiographs of the hip. Medial joint space widening was seen in three patients, and both medial and superior joint space widening was evident in nine patients. Compared with the medial and superior joint spaces in the unaffected, contralateral hip, those in the affected hip were wider by an average of 44.7% and 35.9%, respectively. The medial joint space widths of the affected hip decreased slightly during the early postoperative period; however, widened joint spaces were persistent at the final follow-up visit, without other important changes. The superior joint space widths did not show substantial changes throughout the postoperative follow-up period., Conclusions: Joint space widening is a recognized radiographic finding in primary synovial chondromatosis of the hip. Although there was persistence of joint space widening after synovectomy in all patients, this joint space widening did not influence the clinical results at the time of follow-up.

Background: A family history, reflecting genetic susceptibility as well as shared environmental and behavioral factors, is an important risk factor for common chronic multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and many cancers., Discussion: The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the evidence for the use of family history as a tool for primary prevention of common chronic diseases, in particular for tailored interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles. The following questions are addressed: (1) What is the value of family history information as a determinant of personal disease risk?; (2)How can family history information be used to motivate at-risk individuals to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles in order to prevent disease?; and (3) What additional studies are needed to assess the potential value of family history information as a tool to promote a healthy lifestyle?, Summary: In addition to risk assessment, family history information can be used to personalize health messages, which are potentially more effective in promoting healthy lifestyles than standardized health messages. More research is needed on the evidence for the effectiveness of such a tool.

Background: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and death in the United States. We tested the association between familial risk for stroke and prevalence of the disease among US adults and assessed the use of family history of stroke as a risk assessment tool for the disease., Methods: Using data from the 2005 HealthStyles survey (n = 4,819), we explored the association between familial stroke risk (stratified as high, moderate or low) and the prevalence of stroke and related health conditions. We evaluated the clinical validity (sensitivity, specificity) of family history of stroke as an indicator of stroke risk. Stroke and the related medical conditions were self-reported., Results: Independent of other risk factors, people with a high familial risk for stroke were 4 times more likely to have had a stroke (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.6-6.0) than people with moderate or low familial risk. They were also 1.3 times (95% CI 1.1-1.6) more likely to have high blood pressure and 1.5 times (95% CI 1.3-2.0) more likely to have congestive heart failure. The sensitivity and specificity of using family history alone, high blood pressure alone or both risk factors to estimate stroke risk were 52 and 83%, 53 and 74%, and 29 and 95%, respectively., Conclusions: Despite several limitations typical of self-reported surveys, we find that in this sample of US adults, family history of stroke was significantly associated with the risk for stroke and high blood pressure as well as related conditions. Family history of stroke, alone or combined with other risk factors, can be a useful tool in assessing stroke risk among US adults., (Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Context: Studies show that a large proportion of adults with high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remain untreated or undertreated despite growing use of lipid-lowering medications., Objective: To investigate trends in screening prevalence, use of cholesterol-lowering medications, and LDL-C levels across 4 study cycles (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006)., Design, Setting, and Participants: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage probability sample survey of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. After we restricted the study sample to fasting participants aged 20 years or older (n = 8018) and excluded pregnant women (n = 464) and participants with missing data (n = 510), our study sample consisted of 7044 participants., Main Outcome Measure: High LDL-C levels, defined as levels above the specific goal for each risk category outlined in guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). All presented results are weighted and age-standardized to 2000 standard population estimates., Results: Prevalence of high LDL-C levels among persons aged 20 years or older decreased from 31.5% in 1999-2000 to 21.2% in 2005-2006 (P < .001 for linear trend) but varied by risk category. By the 2005-2006 study cycle, prevalence of high LDL-C was 58.9%, 30.2%, and 11.0% for high-, intermediate-, and low-risk categories, respectively. Self-reported use of lipid-lowering medications increased from 8.0% to 13.4% (P < .001 for linear trend), but screening rates did not change significantly, remaining less than 70% (P = .16 for linear trend) during the study periods., Conclusions: Among the NHANES population aged 20 years or older, the prevalence of high LDL-C levels decreased from 1999-2000 to 2005-2006. In the most recent period, the prevalence was 21.2%.

Purpose: To assess the overall prevalence of asthma and the association between family history of asthma and the prevalence of asthma among US adults., Methods: We analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1999 to 2004 for 15,008 respondents aged 20 years or older with no history of emphysema. We divided respondents into three familial risk groups (high, moderate, and average) on the basis of the number and closeness of relatives, that they reported as having asthma and then assessed the asthma prevalence in each. We also assessed associations between asthma prevalence and age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, body mass index, smoking status, household smoking exposure, and physical activity., Results: By our definitions, 2.3% of respondents were at high, 13.0% at moderate, and 84.7% at average familial risk for asthma. The crude prevalence of self-reported lifetime asthma was 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.7-12.3%) among all respondents, and 37.6% (95% CI: 30.4-45.4%), 20.4% (95% CI: 18.2-22.7%), and 9.4% (95% CI: 8.7-10.2%) among those at high, moderate, and average familial risk, respectively. Among all risk factors we looked at, family history had the strongest association with lifetime asthma prevalence, and the association remained significant after adjustments for other risk factors. Compared with average familial risk, the adjusted odds ratios for lifetime asthma were 2.4 (95% CI: 2.0 -2.8) for moderate and 4.8 (95% CI: 3.5-6.7) for high familial risk., Conclusion: Our findings showed that a family history of asthma is an important risk factor for asthma and that familial risk assessments can help identify people at highest risk for developing asthma. Additional research is needed to assess how health care professionals can use family history information in the early detection and management of asthma.

Since 1997, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has collaborated with numerous partners to develop and chart the course of the multidisciplinary field of public health genomics in the USA and globally. During this period, CDC has developed major initiatives for the appropriate integration of genomics into public health research, policy and programs. In this paper, we review briefly the progress in public health genomics made over the past decade in the USA, including population research, the human genome epidemiology network (HuGENet(TM)), the evaluation of genomic applications in practice and prevention (EGAPP), the family history public health initiative, and efforts in building the public health genomics capacity. We also outline a vision for public health genomics for the next decade., (Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.)