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The present study evaluated the efficacy of switching from premixed insulin or an insulin analogue to insulin glargine plus oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The feasibility and suitability of the regimen to the patients was examined based on islet function. Patients with T2DM (n=30) treated with stable doses of premixed insulin or an insulin analogue for eight weeks were divided into two groups according to islet function. Group A had a 2 h of C peptide (2hCP)/fasting C peptide (FCP) ratio ≤3, whereas group B had a 2hCP/FCP ratio >3. Eight weeks following the switch to insulin glargine plus OADs, a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG) and glycosylated‑haemoglobin (HbA1c) were observed in the two groups, with effective rates of 75, 42.9 and 39.3%, respectively. A distinct reduction in the insulin dose was particularly evident in group B. There was a marked decrease in FBG in group A, more so than that observed in group B. By contrast, the decrease in HbA1c was more evident in group B following the switch. A larger number of patients in group B had HbA1c≤7.0%, compared with group A. No difference in the incidence of hypoglycaemia and change of body weight were observed. Following the switch to insulin glargine plus OADs, patients with T2DM demonstrated improved blood glucose control and reduced insulin dosage. The results revealed that this switch in regimen is more suitable for patients with T2DM with 2hCP/FCP>3 and that administration of insulin glargine plus OADs is more efficacious for patients with T2DM with increased FBG levels.

Offsetting of measured data, as a basic geometric operation, has already been widely used in many areas, like reverse engineering, rapid prototyping and NC machining. However, measured data always carry typical defects like caves and singular points. A fault-tolerant offset method is proposed to create the high quality offset surface of measured data with such defects. Firstly, we generated an expansion sphere model of measured data with the radius equivalent to the offset length. Secondly, using the computational geometry application of convex hull, we acquire the data of outermost enveloping surface of this expansion sphere model. Finally, we use local MLS projection fitting method to wipe out existing defects, and generate the high-quality triangular mesh surface of the offset model. The offset surface generated by this method is suitable for practical engineering application due to its high efficiency and accuracy.

Background Selenoprotein S (SelS) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreatic islets, kidney, and blood vessels. In addition to its transmembrane localization, SelS is also secreted from hepatoma HepG2 cells (but not L6 skeletal muscle cells, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Min6 pancreatic β cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells) and has been detected in the serum of some human subjects, with a detection rate of 31.1 %. These findings prove that serum SelS is secreted by hepatocytes. However, whether vascularly expressed SelS can be secreted has not been reported. Transmembrane SelS has been suggested to play different roles in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerosis (AS), but the association of secreted SelS with DM and macroangiopathy remains unclear. Research design and methods Supernatants were collected from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA/VSMCs) and human hepatoma HepG2 cells that were untransfected or transfected with the indicated plasmid and concentrated for western blotting. Serum samples were collected from 158 human subjects with or without type 2 DM (T2DM) and/or AS. Serum SelS levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Secreted SelS was only detected in the supernatants of hepatoma HepG2 cells. The SelS detection rate among the 158 human serum samples was 100 %, and the average SelS level was 64.81 ng/dl. The serum SelS level in the isolated DM subjects was lower than the level in the healthy control subjects (52.66 ± 20.53 vs 70.40 ± 21.38 ng/dl). The serum SelS levels in the DM complicated with SAS subjects (67.73 ± 21.41 ng/dl) and AS subjects (71.69 ± 27.00 ng/dl) were significantly increased compared with the serum SelS level in the isolated DM subjects. There was a positive interaction effect between T2DM and AS on the serum SelS level (P = 0.002). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the serum SelS level was negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose. Conclusions Vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells could not secrete SelS. Serum SelS was primarily secreted by hepatocytes. SelS was universally detected in human serum samples, and the serum SelS level was associated with T2DM and its macrovascular complications. Thus, regulating liver and serum SelS levels might become a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of DM and its macrovascular complications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0388-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

For the realtime updating and strong randomness of the information, large RFID-based warehousing picking path optimization job requires to make decision continuously. It is different from the traditional picking path Problem. This paper proposed an Improved Ant Colony algorithm in order to solve the optimization of the large storage picking path based on RFID. Distributed Strategy, Dynamic Response Strategy and Time Waiting Strategy are adopted to improve the candidate set, meanwhile, adjust operator and parameter selection. Experimental results show that the convergence speed of this algorithm with high precision, a better solution to the optimization of picking operation based on RFID.

As methods of preparation, many technical such as degradation of lignocellulose materials, organic synthesis, the reinforcement of composites et al. have been introduced into self-bonding technology. According to different treatment, pretreatment methods have been divided into three categories: Physical method, chemical method and biological method. According to different mechanisms, each method is further classified. The types and action mechanism of pretreatment were summarized. Physical pretreatment usually have various degrees impact on the bonding strength but weak controllability, while chemical pretreatment have obvious effect on the bonding strength increased but serious pollution. Biological pretreatment is a promising but immature technology. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, Feasibility of combined application of different methods is analyzed. Finally, the development foreground of pretreatment techniques in self-bonding composites is predicted based on the current research.

Spectral absorption properties of the water constituents is the main factor affecting the light field under the surface of the water and the spectrum above the surface of the water. Thus, the study is useful for understanding of the water spectral property and the remote reversing of water quality parameters. Absorption properties of total suspended particles, non-algal particles, phytoplankton and CDOM were analyzed using the 30 samples collected in July 2013 in the estuary of Zhujiang River. The results indicated that: (1) the non-algal particles absorption dominated the absorption of the total suspended particles; (2) the absorption coefficient of the non-algal particles, which mainly came from the terrigenous deposits, decreased exponentially from short to long wavelength. In addition, the average value and spatial variation of the slope S(d) were higher than those in inland case- II waters; (3) the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton in 440 nm showed a better polynomial relationship with chlorophyll a concentration, while the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton in 675 nm linearly related with the chlorophyll a concentration. Moreover, the influence of accessory pigments on phytoplankton absorption coefficient mainly existed in the range of short wavelength, and Chlorophyll a was the main influencing factor for phytoplankton absorption in long wavelength. The specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton decreased the power exponentially with the increase of the chlorophyll a concentration; (4) CDOM mainly came from the terrigenous sources and its spectral curve had an absorption shoulder between 250-290 nm. Thus, a piecewise S(g) fitting function could effectively express CDOM absorption properties, i.e., M value and S(g) value in period A (240-260 nm) showed a strong positive correlation. The M value was low, and the humic acid had a high proportion in CDOM; (5) the non-algal particles absorption dominated the total absorption in the estuary of Zhujiang River, and the contribution of the phytoplankton absorption to the total absorption was far lower than that of the non-algal particles. While the contribution of the CDOM was the lowest. The contribution of the CDOM absorption to the total absorption was relatively larger when the content of humic acid was higher.

Insulin therapy has been shown to contribute to extended glycemia remission in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the effects of insulin treatment on pancreatic lipid content, and β-cell apoptosis and proliferation in glucose-intolerant rats to explore the protective role of insulin on β-cell function. A rat glucose-intolerant model was induced by streptozotocin and a high-fat diet. Plasma and pancreatic triglycerides, free fatty acids, and insulin were measured; and pancreatic β-cell cell apoptosis and proliferation were detected by a propidium iodide cell death assay and immunofluorescence for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Relative β-cell area was determined by immunohistochemistry for insulin, whereas insulin production in pancreas was assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Islet β-cell secreting function was assessed by the index ΔI30/ΔG30. Glucose-intolerant rats had higher pancreatic lipid content, more islet β-cell apoptosis, lower β-cell proliferation, and reduced β-cell area in pancreas when compared with controls. Insulin therapy reduced blood glucose, inhibited pancreatic lipid accumulation and islet β-cell apoptosis, and increased β-cell proliferation and β-cell area in glucose-intolerant rats. Furthermore, impaired insulin secretion and insulin production in glucose-intolerant rats were improved by insulin therapy. Insulin can preserve β-cell function by protecting islets from glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. It can also ameliorate β-cell area by enhancing β-cell proliferation and reducing β-cell apoptosis.

To study effects of insulin treatment on intracellular lipid content in livers and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic rats.Type 2 diabetic rats were induced by injecting streptozotocin (25 mg/kg) and fat rich food. Then according to the results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose-induced insulin secretion test (IST), the rats were divided into two groups: control group (DC) and insulin treated group (DI). Normal rats (NC) served as controls. The treatment of each group with either NPH insulin (4 approximately 6 U . kg-1. d-1), or saline continued for 4 weeks. Body weight, OGTT, IST, blood lipids, intracellular lipids in liver and liver histology were studied. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was applied to assess the status of insulin resistance.Blood lipid and intracellular lipids in livers in the DC were higher than those in NC (t = 2.59 approximately 15.77, P0.05) and the ISI was lower (t = 3.16, P0.05), with many fatty droplets appearing in the livers. In comparison to DC, DI showed that blood lipids were decreased, but lipids in livers were markedly increased (TG, TC, FFA increased 55.7%, 19.87%, 22.2%, respectively), and fatty droplets in hepatocytes were larger, but the ISI did not change significantly.Insulin treatment can make blood glucose normal, increase the intracellular lipid content in the liver, and not increase the insulin resistance significantly.

Objective is designed to observe the effect of the low molecular protein "SL Hong-Xin Blood-Increasing Capsules" on human iron deficiency anemia. Altogether 110 school children, 7 - 12 years old, with iron deficiency anemia (Hb120 g/L) were enrolled in this trial and were randomly and evenly divided into two groups. In the treatment group (n = 55), the "SL Hong-Xin Blood-Increasing Capsules" were orally adminitered for 30 days, two capsules at one time and two times a day, whereas in the control group (n = 55) blank capsules were given to the children in the same way as in the treatment group. Before and at the end of the trial period, peripheral blood samples were taken from fringers of the children to determine Hb content, hematocrit percentage, and free protoporphyrin content in red blood cells. Results showed that after trial the Hb content was (15.9 +/- 9.6) g/L in the treatment group, while that of the control group was only (5.3 +/- 4.3) g/L (P0.001). The hematocrit percentage markedly increased (P0.001) and protoporphyrin level markedly decreased (P0.001). In conclusion the active ingredient of "SL Hong-Xin Blood-Increasing Capsules" is low molecular protein iron, which is markedly effective for elevating Hb content and hematocrit percentage, and effective for decresing protoporphyrin content of children with iron deficiency anemia. Hence, the capsules could be used to improve nutritional anemia in children based on the "Functional Evaluation Procedure and Test Methods For Health-Care Food".