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The development of second-generation sequencing (NGS) technology is providing numerous data which shifts the focus of cancer research from the sequencing of multi-species to the analysis and comparison of select data via high-throughput sequencing. The NGS also facilitates the diversity of available genetic data analysis methods, the constant optimization and innovation of analytical approaches for high-throughput genomics as well as the rapid development of genetic data mining and analysis models. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database is a direct result of this work. The TCGA database provides a comprehensive record of genetic data collected from a tumor patient's sample, including its DNA sequence, transcriptional information, epigenetic modification and related. This review elaborates the latest progress in both the mining algorithm and analysis methods for tumor genomics. Specially, we introduce and review the TCGA database and data analysis approaches while demonstrating its applicability using representative cases. This review may shed light on new tumor-related targets discovery for researchers by means of bid data.

In this work, we developed a green and efficient process for the recovery of rare earths from waste cathode ray tube phosphors. The mixture of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide was identified as the most suitable leaching agent due to the synergistic effect. The effects of various parameters on leaching process were explored, and the optimal conditions with stirring speed 600 rpm, temperature 313 K, 1 M of H2O2, 4 M of HCl, and leaching time of 90 min were determined. Furthermore, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed, and the kinetics for the leaching process was investigated in detail. The leaching process was found to follow a shirking-core model, with the chemical reaction as the rate-controlling step. The apparent activation energy of the reaction was calculated as 52.3 kJ/mol, and the reaction orders for H2O2 and HCl were established as 0.82 and 2.13, respectively. The kinetic equation was established. Moreover, the optimal leaching conditions were applied to the waste phosphors, and the ...

30-99% of administered nanoparticles will accumulate and sequester in the liver after administration into the body. This results in reduced delivery to the targeted diseased tissue and potentially leads to increased toxicity at the hepatic cellular level. This review article focuses on the inter- and intra-cellular interaction between nanoparticles and hepatic cells, the elimination mechanism of nanoparticles through the hepatobiliary system, and current strategies to manipulate liver sequestration. The ability to solve the "nanoparticle-liver" interaction is critical to the clinical translation of nanotechnology for diagnosing and treating cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and other diseases.

The Mg Zn Zr ternary system was experimentally investigated at 450 °C using six diffusion couples and 16 key alloys. Four new ternary compounds, IM1, IM2, IM3 and IM4 were detected. The compositions, homogeneity ranges, phase relationships and the X-ray diffraction patterns of these compounds were identified using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer and x-ray diffraction techniques. The homogeneity ranges of IM1, IM2, IM3 and IM4 are Mg (23–26) Zn 66 Zr (8–11) , Mg (15–16) Zn 66 Zr (18–19) , Mg (10–11) Zn 66 Zr (23–24) , and Mg (9–13) Zn (79–87) Zr (5–8) , respectively. IM1 compound crystallizes in an MgZn 2 structure type with hexagonal structure and P 6 3 /mmc space group. The Mg Zn and Zn Zr binary compounds do not have extended solid solubility into the ternary system. The phase boundaries of Mg Zn Zr liquid phase at 450 °C were determined by several key alloys. The single phase liquid region extended into the ternary phase diagram only to around 1 at.% Zr. However, phase regions containing liquid along with other phases existed in the vicinity of the Mg Zn side up to 10 at% Zr. Based on the current experimental results, the isothermal section of the Mg Zn Zr ternary system at 450 °C was constructed.

Nanoparticles are engineered from materials such as metals, polymers, and different carbon allotropes that do not exist within the body. Exposure to these exogenous compounds raises concerns surrounding toxicity, inflammation, and immune activation. These responses could potentially be mitigated by synthesizing nanoparticles directly from molecules derived from the host. However, efforts to assemble patient-derived macromolecules into structures with the same degree of size and shape tunability as their exogenous counterparts remains a significant challenge. Here we solve this problem by creating a new class of size- and shape-tunable personalized protein nanoparticles (PNP) made entirely from patient-derived proteins. PNPs are built into different sizes and shapes with the same degree of tunability as gold nanoparticles. They are biodegradable and do not activate innate or adaptive immunity following single and repeated administrations in vivo. PNPs can be further modified with specific protein cargos that remain catalytically active even after intracellular delivery in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that PNPs created from different human patients have unique molecular fingerprints encoded directly into the structure of the nanoparticle. This new class of personalized nanomaterial has the potential to revolutionize how we treat patients and can become an integral component in the diagnostic and therapeutic toolbox.

In this paper, we present a high-efficiency narrow band filter (NBF) based on quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) with a mirror symmetric heterostructure. Similarly to the Fabry-Perot-like resonance cavity, the alternately-arranged dielectric layers on both sides act as the high reflectance and the junction layers used as the defect mode of the quasi-one-dimensional PC, which can be designed as a NBF. The critical conditions for the narrow pass band with high transmittance are demonstrated and analyzed by simulation and experiment. The simulation results indicate that the transmission peak of the quasi-one-dimensional PC-based NBF is up to 95.99% at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm, which agrees well with the experiment. Furthermore, the influences of the periodicity and thickness of dielectric layers on the transmission properties of the PC-based NBF also have been studied numerically. Due to its favorable properties of PC-based NBF, it is can be found to have many potential applications, such as detection, sensing, and communication.

In this paper, efficiency recovery of rare earth elements from cathode ray tubes (CRT) waste. Moreover, recycled yttrium was also served as raw material to produce a low-cost Y-doped TiO2 nanosheets film with exposed {001} facets. An etching/dissolution growth mechanism was postulated by systematically investigating the influence of the reaction time. The synergistic effect of the Y dopant and the dominant {001} facets endows TiO2 nanosheets film with excellent activity in the photoremoval of Methyl Orange (MO) and Cr(VI). A possible mechanism of photoremoval of MO and Cr(VI) is proposed. This study not only contributes to recycling methods for CRT waste but also presents a new way to prepare low-cost sustainable photocatalytic materials using economically viable waste.

A new ternary compound, Mg15 − xZnxSr3 with extensive solid solubility in the Mg–Zn–Sr system was observed and studied using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy SEM, and X-ray techniques. The solid solubility limits of this compound were found to be Mg15 − xZnxSr3 (0.24 ≤ x ≤ 10.58, at.%) at 300 °C using a diffusion couple and several equilibrated alloys. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns was carried out by Rietveld method. XRD data has shown that this solid solution crystallizes in the hexagonal P63/mmc (194) space group with the Ni11Si4Sc3 prototype. The lattice parameters decrease linearly with decreasing Mg content indicating substitutional solid solubility. The fractional atomic occupancy of the 6h, 6g, 4f, 2b and 12k sites of this compound are function of Mg content. Keywords: Ternary compound, Mg alloys, Phase diagram, Crystal structure, X-ray, SEM/EDS, EPMA

As one of the most widely used scarce metals located at the column of IIIA in the periodic table, indium has drawn more and more attention due to its semiconductor and optoelectronic performance. While the reduction of indium minerals, as one of secondary resources, the amount of waste liquid crystal display (LCD) has been accumulated considerably. Indium tin oxide (ITO) film which is the main functional fraction of LCD has consumed more than 70% of the indium production worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle indium from waste LCDs. Some researches have been done for proper treatment to recycle indium from waste LCD which is a primary part of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). In this paper, the main characteristics of indium and the waste management status of end-of-life LCDs are introduced. And we mainly focus on the highly developed single recycling and reusing techniques. In addition, several combined recycling processes are evaluated. Furthermore, on the foundation of techniques and processes mentioned above, the promising related single techniques and the improvements on whole treatment process of waste LCDs are suggested.

Objective To observe the effects of sevoflurane post-conditioning on the expression of Aquaporin 8 (AQP8) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), in order to investigate the protective role of sevoflurane post-conditioning on intestinal injury and its underlying mechanism. Methods Eighteen bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into three groups (6 each) using a random number table: control group (S group), hemorrhagic shock group (HS group), and sevoflurane post-coditioning group (Post/ Sev group). Experimental animals were fasted for 8 hours before surgery, and propofol 3mg/kg was given viathe ear vein. Endotracheal intubation was done when the animal fell asleep. Bloodletting from the femoral artery after anesthesia was done to reproduce hemorrhagic shock. In Post/Sev group, 2% sevoflurane was given by inhalation for 30min (post-conditioning) after successful reproduction of the model. Blood samples were collected prior to anesthesia (T0) and 30min (T1), 1h (T2), 1.5h (T3), 2h (T4), 3h (T5), 4h (T6) after hemorrhagic shock. The quantity of blood I-FABP and intestinal AQP8 levels were determined with ELISA. Water content in the intestinal tissue was determined by wet and dry weight method. Histopathological changes in the intestinal tissue were observed with HE staining. Results Compared with the control group, the serum I-FABP content, the expressions of intestinal AQP8, and water content in the intestinal tissue were significantly increased in HS group and Post/Sev (P

Phase equilibria in the Mg–Zn–Sr ternary system, in the composition range 0–35 at% Sr at 300 °C, were investigated using two diffusion couples and 23 alloy samples. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive spectroscope and electron probe micro-analysis were employed to analyze the constituted phases and their compositions in diffusion couples and alloy samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the crystal structure of the constituted phases in selected samples. Four new ternary compounds, Mg11−y Zn y Sr (4.7

The phase equilibria in the Mg–Zn–Ag ternary system at 300 °C were investigated using three diffusion couples and 35 key samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used for homogeneity ranges and crystal structure determination. Large solid solubility limits, due to substitution among Mg, Zn and Ag atoms in Mg 3 Ag and MgZn 2 phases, were observed in the present work. Solid solubility limits of Ag and Zn in the hcp (Mg) phase were found to be less than 1 at.%. The extended solid solubilities of the Mg 12 Zn 13 , Mg 2 Zn 3 , MgZn 2 (C14), Mg 2 Zn 11 , Ag 5 Zn 8 and hcp (AgZn 3 ) sub-binary compounds were also determined in the Mg–Zn–Ag ternary system. In addition, a bcc continuous ternary solid solution forms between MgAg (bcc_B2) and AgZn (bcc_A2) at 300 °C.

A recent metaanalysis shows that 0.7% of nanoparticles are delivered to solid tumors. This low delivery efficiency has major implications in the translation of cancer nanomedicines, as most of the nanomedicines are sequestered by nontumor cells. To improve the delivery efficiency, there is a need to investigate the quantitative contribution of each organ in blocking the transport of nanoparticles to solid tumors. Here, we hypothesize that the removal of the liver macrophages, cells that have been reported to take up the largest amount of circulating nanoparticles, would lead to a significant increase in the nanoparticle delivery efficiency to solid tumors. We were surprised to discover that the maximum achievable delivery efficiency was only 2%. In our analysis, there was a clear correlation between particle design, chemical composition, macrophage depletion, tumor pathophysiology, and tumor delivery efficiency. In many cases, we observed an 18-150 times greater delivery efficiency, but we were not able to achieve a delivery efficiency higher than 2%. The results suggest the need to look deeper at other organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tumor in mediating the delivery process. Systematically mapping the contribution of each organ quantitatively will allow us to pinpoint the cause of the low tumor delivery efficiency. This, in effect, enables the generation of a rational strategy to improve the delivery efficiency of nanoparticles to solid tumors either through the engineering of multifunctional nanosystems or through manipulation of biological barriers.

The fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa (Euodiae Fructus, EF), the widely used traditional Chinese medicine, have various central nervous system effects. Alkaloids following as evodiamine (EDM), rutaecarpine (RCP) and dehydroevodiamine (DEDM) are the major substances in EF. The MDCK-pHaMDR cell monolayer model was utilized as a blood-brain barrier (BBB) surrogate model to study their BBB permeability. The transport samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated. EDM and RCP showed high permeability through BBB by passive diffusion, while DEDM showed moderate permeability with efflux mechanism related to P-glycoprotein (P-gp). EDM and RCP could also reduce the efflux of DEDM probably by inhibiting P-gp. The neuroprotective effects of the three alkaloids were then studied on the PC12 cell line injured by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). EDM could significantly reduce MPP+ or H2O2-induced cell injury dose-dependently. RCP could increase the cell viability in MPP+ treated group while DEDM showed a protective effect against H2O2 injury. This study predicted the permeability of EDM, RCP and DEDM through BBB and discovered the neuroprotective substance basis of EF as a potential encephalopathy drug.

Surgical sealants have been used for sealing or reconnecting ruptured tissues but often have low adhesion, inappropriate mechanical strength, cytotoxicity concerns, and poor performance in biological environments. To address these challenges, we engineered a biocompatible and highly elastic hydrogel sealant with tunable adhesion properties by photocrosslinking the recombinant human protein tropoelastin. The subcutaneous implantation of the methacryloyl-substituted tropoelastin (MeTro) sealant in rodents demonstrated low toxicity and controlled degradation. All animals survived surgical procedures with adequate blood circulation by using MeTro in an incisional model of artery sealing in rats, and animals showed normal breathing and lung function in a model of surgically induced rat lung leakage. In vivo experiments in a porcine model demonstrated complete sealing of severely leaking lung tissue in the absence of sutures or staples, with no clinical or sonographic signs of pneumothorax during 14 days of follow-up. The engineered MeTro sealant has high potential for clinical applications because of superior adhesion and mechanical properties compared to commercially available sealants, as well as opportunity for further optimization of the degradation rate to fit desired surgical applications on different tissues.

A self-consistent thermodynamic description of the Mg–Ca–Zn ternary system has been obtained in this work. Four ternary intermetallic compounds (IM1, IM2, IM3 and IM4) and binary compounds with extended ternary solubility have been included in the modeling. Binary compounds, CaZn11 and CaZn13 in the Ca–Zn system have been re-modeled by compound energy formalism (CEF) to accommodate recently reported ternary solubility ranges. Also Mg2Ca in the Mg–Ca system has been re-optimized. Among the ternary intermetallic compounds, IM1 and IM3 having complex solubility ranges have also been modeled using compound energy formalism, whereas IM2 and IM4 have been considered as stoichiometric phases. Modified quasi-chemical model (MQM) has been used to model the liquid phase in the system. To investigate the behavior of the system and to verify the consistency of the thermodynamic model with experimental results, key samples with 4 at% and 6 at% Ca concentration were prepared and characterized with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Various vertical sections, liquidus projection and isothermal section at 608 K, in the Mg–Ca–Zn system have been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

A Rh-catalyzed intramolecular aromatic C–H insertion of α-diazo β-ketoesters was developed. This protocol offers a practical strategy for the synthesis of 4-carbonyl chroman derivatives with high yield and is compatible with a wide variety of substituents. Synthetic applications of the 4-carbonyl chroman were also demonstrated.

Glass forming ability (GFA) of Mg-Zn alloys with Sr addition has been experimentally studied coupled with CALPHAD method. Two series of metallic glasses (MGs), Mg98−xZnxSr2 (x = 38, 36, 33, 30, 28) and Mg95−xZnxSr5 (x = 37, 33, 30, 27, 23), were designed and prepared successfully for the first time. The crystallization characteristics of these MGs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD). All results indicate that the extraordinary GFA should locate at the composition regions of Mg68Zn27Sr5 to Mg60Zn35Sr5 for Mg95−xZnxSr5, and Mg68Zn30Sr2 to Mg64Zn34Sr2 for Mg98−xZnxSr2, respectively.

In recent decades, China has suffered severe attacks by both native and invasive forest pests. We have carried out a series of research projects on biological control of these pests. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) has been sustainably controlled by an effective gregarious pupal endoparasitoid, Chouioia cunea Yang (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), which is native to China, and spraying HcNPV virus against the pest’s larval stage. Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle) (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchidae), is currently the number one pest in China. The strategy for controlling the disease is to manipulate the nematode’s vector, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We discovered that Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) is the most important natural enemy in China pine forests. Mass rearing and release techniques were studied and developed. By releasing the parasitoid, 92.6% of the M. alternatus were parasitized in the first year. Meanwhile, three elaterid beetle species were found to prey on the larva of M. alternatus. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (LeConte) (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) was suppressed by a predator, Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) introduced from Belgium and a total 3334 ha. of pine forests were protected. The oak longhorned beetle, Massicus raddei (Blessig) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is the number one pest in the northeast forests of China, where it damages trunk of oaks, mainly Quercus liaotungensis and Q. mongolicus. An integrated management technique was developed for controlling the longhorned beetle: a special black light was invented for trapping the adults; the parasitoid Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) was released against young larvae; and the parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides eggs and/or adults were released when the hosts were mature larvae and/or pupae. By applying the technique for five years in northeastern China oak forests, the oak longhorned beetle has been controlled to a large extent. The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is native to eastern Asia, including China, and feeding by larvae damages ash trees. Natural enemies of the emerald ash borer were investigated and seven species were found in China, of which Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophiae), Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao and Oobius agrili Zhang et Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are predominant and have high potential for biocontrol of the pest. The biology, behavior, ecology and mass rearing techniques of the parasitoids were studied.

A continuous-wave 5 kW fiber laser welding system was used in conduction mode to deposit Inconel® alloy 718 (IN718) by employing filler wire on as-serviced IN718 parent material (PM) substrates. The direct laser deposited (DLD) coupons and as-serviced IN718 PM were then evaluated through tensile testing. To understand the failure mechanisms, the tensile fracture surfaces of the as-serviced IN718 PM, DLD and DLD-PM samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The fracture surfaces revealed the presence of both Al2O3 and Cr2O3 films, although the latter was reasoned to be the main oxide in IN718. Both the experimental observations and thermodynamic analysis indicated that oxidation of some alloying elements in IN718 cannot be completely avoided during manufacturing, whether in the liquid state under vacuum (for casting, the electron beam melting, welding and/or deposition) or with inert gas protection (for welding or laser deposition). The exposed surface of the oxide film on the fracture surface has poor wetting with the metal and thus can constitute a lack of bonding or a crack with either the metal and/or another non-wetted side of the oxide film. On the other hand, the wetted face of the oxide film has good atom-to-atom contact with the metal and may nucleate some intermetallic compounds, such as Laves, Ni3Nb-δ, Nb-rich MC and γ′ compounds. The potential of their nucleation on Cr2O3 was assessed using planar disregistry. Coherent planes were found between these intermetallics and Cr2O3.

A continuous wave 5 kW fiber laser welding system was used to deposit INCONEL® alloy 718 (IN718) layers in conduction mode by applying filler wire with a composition similar to the parent metal, which was extracted directly from a scrapped, service-exposed IN718 aerospace component. The quality of the deposits was characterized in both the as-deposited and fully heat-treated conditions in terms of the macrostructure, defects, microstructure, and hardness. Integral deposits with no visible porosity were obtained using the fiber laser deposition technique. In the as-deposited clad zone, weld metal liquation cracking led to the presence of minor microcracks in the lower layer beads near the layer interface. The crack healing behavior observed after post-clad heat treatment of the IN718 deposits supports the marked potential of using the laser deposition technique by filler wire addition to manufacture and repair/remanufacture superalloy components for aerospace applications. © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by: National Research Council Canada.

The ternary precipitates in the Ca4Mg72Zn24 metallic glass formed during heat treatment were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The melt-spun sample after heat treatment exhibits nanoscale elongated precipitates of Ca2Mg5Zn13 distributed at the grain boundaries and plate-like precipitates of Ca2Mg6Zn3 in the grain interior of the Mg matrix. Both of these ternary compounds were identified by high-resolution TEM as precipitates that were coherent with the Mg matrix and could result in enhanced mechanical properties.

Metallic glasses in the composition range of Ca4Mg72−xZn24+x (x = 0–12, Δx = 2) were successfully prepared using the melt-spinning technique. The crystallization characteristics of the alloys were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrical resistance measurements. All samples show a complex crystallization process with four exothermic events. The phases resulting from each crystallization stage were identified by XRD. The crystallization was initiated at lower temperatures by the precipitation of Mg51Zn20 crystals. Mg-hcp and Ca16.7Mg38.2Zn45.1 (IM1) ternary compound precipitated from the retained amorphous phase during the second crystallization event. After that, Ca1.5Mg55.3Zn43.2 (IM4) ternary compound formed at higher temperatures and the crystallization event terminated via IM4 transforming to Ca2Mg5Zn13 (IM3) before melting. All crystallization reactions were found to be in qualitative agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram. The activation energy for each stage of crystallization was determined from DSC analysis and calculated by Kissinger method. The temperature dependence of electrical resistance shows good consistency with DSC and XRD results.

Nanogels have attracted much attention in the recent decades due to the combined properties of nanotechnology and cross-linking gel-like materials. These nanogels show great biocompatibility and biodegradability both in vitro and in vivo studies and have been widely used into biomedical science in terms of imaging, diagnostics, drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, etc. The physicochemical properties (sizes, shapes, charges, and surface chemistries) can be easily tuned, which offer nanogels many advantages as nanocarrier for delivery of small molecules, proteins, genes, and other therapies. Incorporation of nanoparticles with a scaffold or hydrogel provides the ability to manipulate nanoscale parameters of scaffold for the development of 3D printing technology in the field of tissue engineering. In addition, these nanogels can sense and respond to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, mechanical stress, electric, magnetic field and glucose concentration. The special properties and simultaneously possesses characteristic of hydrogel and nanoparticle system make them potential candidates for sensory elements of biosensor.

The Al–Ca–Zn phase diagram at 623 K was experimentally studied using diffusion couples and selected key alloys. Three new ternary compounds IM1 (with the composition range of Al 30 Ca 8 Zn 62 to Al 27 Ca 8 Zn 65 ), IM2 (with the composition range of Al 25 Ca 25 Zn 50 to Al 20 Ca 25 Zn 55 ) and IM3 (Al 15 Ca 63 Zn 22 ) have been found in this system. In addition, the existence of two ternary compounds: C36 and Al 2 CaZn 2 were confirmed. Their solubility at 623 K was found to be: C36 (from Al 58 Ca 33 Zn 9 to Al 43 Ca 33 Zn 24 ) and Al 2 CaZn 2 (from Al 55 Ca 20 Zn 25 to Al 40 Ca 20 Zn 40 ). Ternary solubility of the binary compounds was determined. Based on the current results and experimental literature data, the isothermal section of the Al–Ca–Zn phase diagram at 623 K was constructed.

The homogeneity range and crystal structure of the Ca 2 Mg 5 Zn 13 ternary solid solution were determined using SEM, EPMA, EBSD, TEM and X-ray diffraction. This compound has the Ca x Mg y Zn z (8.2 ≤ x ≤ 9.1; 27.1 ≤ y ≤ 31.0; 60.8 ≤ z ≤ 64.7) composition range at 335 °C. The refinement of the XRD patterns was carried out by Rietveld analysis. XRD data showed that this solid solution crystallizes in a hexagonal structure having P 6 3 / mmc (194) space group and Sm 3 Mg 13 Zn 30 prototype. The well indexed SAED patterns and Kikuchi diffraction pattern obtained from TEM and EBSD confirmed the crystallographic information obtained by XRD. The atomic coordination spheres and site occupancy were determined. On the basis of the atomic occupancy results and the crystallographic details, a three-sublattice model is proposed for this compound.

In this work, the partial isothermal section of the Al-Ca-Zn system in the region between 33.3 and 100 at.% Ca has been investigated at 350°C using key alloys. The actual composition of the alloys is measured by inductively coupled plasma technique. Phase relations and solubility limits of the binary and ternary compounds have been determined by means of electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. In the current work, a new ternary compound has been identified in this region with the Al9Ca31Zn10 (IM1) composition. Binary compound Al14Ca13 (IM2) has an extended solid solubility into the ternary system. The homogeneity ranges of the Al2Ca, the MgNi2-type C36 phase Al2-xCaZnx (0.28≤x≤0.70) (IM3) at 350°C and CaZn2 compounds in the pseudobinary Al2Ca-CaZn2 section have been determined at 350°C and the results are combined with the literature to construct the partial vertical Al2Ca-CaZn2 section and partial isothermal Al-Ca-Zn section at 350°C.

In the present research, seven multi-phase diffusion couples, with terminal alloys having different microstructural features, were prepared and annealed for 4 weeks at 335°C. The phase relations and change of morphological characteristics of each phase were studied along the diffusion zone by means of scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and quantitative electron probe microanalysis. Depending on the different terminal compositions of the diffusion couples, the morphological evolution in the diffusion zone can be: tooth-like, matrix phase with isolated and/or dendritic precipitates. Electron back-scattered diffraction analysis was carried out to investigate the crystal orientation of the ternary compounds and the crystal orientation relations at the interface of the diffusion zones.

Paper analysises active regulation of microwave to heavy oil by experiment and theory. Determine heavy oil’ rheological indicators before and after . test the composition and structure of heavy oil by the chemical analysis tools, before and after the role of the microwave, analysis the cause of rheological change. Based on the theories of electromagnetic field and the thermodynamic, Establish the mathematical model of microwave effect on heavy oil, determine the experimental temperature distribution inside the heating chamber, and further analysis the mechanism of microwave on heavy oil. Also introduced field application of single-well oil pipeline microwave heater which was development by experiments and theory research. Experimental and theoretical analysis shows that the microwave effect on heavy oil, both have thermal effects and non-thermal effects. Field application shows that microwave is feasible used in heating pipeline in theory, field trials are successful.

The treatment of oily wastewater by microwave radiation is highly-efficient, low contaminative. In order to improve the effect of processing oily wastewater with microwave radiation, the influence of the ionic property, the ionic valency, the ionic concentration and microwave parameter are investigated by experiment. The results show that inorganic salt promotes demulsification under microwave radiation condition. The lower the ionic valency is, the better the deoiling effect is. The deoiling rate increases in a certain range with concentration of inorganic salt increasing, and it also has the optimum microwave parameters. When oily wastewater is disposed by microwave radiation after adding inorganic salt, the deoiling rate is up to 97.78%

The decade before 2006 was a period of growing regional urbanization and industrialization. Also, the 5-year plan period (2001–2005) is a half decade of fast regional urban expansion with high population growth within the PRD city clusters, At the same time, the PRD region becomes a leading manufacturing center of the world. Industrial expansion in this region of GD was characterized by the spread of industrial activities from hot spots in GZ city and around Foshan and Dongguan to widely distributed patches of industrial active districts, mostly in the seven newly agglomerate formed and urbanizing prefectural municipalities. To provide transportation communication between GZ city and the municipal cities, a system of highways was built and a region road-network surfaced for the connection of the expanding municipal cities and their sub-urban areas as well as the patches of industrial districts, within their municipalities Also, a network of power plants was built at its periphery. As a result, the ozone precursors, NOx and VOC emission from vehicles, industries and power plants increased region wide, and in particular in the newly formed prefectural municipalities. Hence, the whole region was undergoing a redistribution of O3 precursors and ozone pollution, following the path of redistribution of population and industrial activity in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong. Study and report on O3 pollution before 2000 is rare and there were only a few case studies in 2000 and 2004. By 2006, O3 data supplied by the newly established PRD Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network become available for the study of regional O3 pollution. Also relevant information on the new dimension of regional urbanization and industrialization for the PRD region of GD, as well as a highly resolved temporal and spatial PRD region NOx and VOC emission inventory surfaced. Thus, 2006 is a good year to procure the regional urbanization and industrial effect, and to produce a snapshot of the regional and area specific ozone pollution in the PRD region of GD. Patterns of annual ozone variation and seasonal ozone diurnal cycles for urban/sub-urban areas, for metropolitan city, for rural areas and for special area in the PRD region of Guangdong are presented for future reference.

Levoglucosan and carbonaceous species in the background aerosol of coastal southeast China were measured at Jianfengling (JFL), a background mountain site in a National Reserve Park on Hainan Island, and at Hok Tsui (HT), a rural site on the southern coast of Hong Kong from April to May of 2004 during an intensive field study.We integrated the information from field study, satellite and backward trajectory model to examine the long-range transport of biomass burning smoke from the Philippines and assess its impact on background aerosol in coastal southeast China.The average levoglucosan concentrations were 42 and 30 ng m(-3) at JFL and HT, respectively, while the organic and elemental carbon concentrations were 3.1 and 0.4 μg C m(-3) respectively at JFL, and 4.1 and 1.3 μg C m(-3) respectively at HT. Elevated levoglucosan concentrations of 85-106 ng m(-3) (250-340% extra loadings) at JFL and 57 ng m(-3) (170% extra loading) at HT were observed during transport events in which air masses originated from the Philippines. Fire hot spot counts and aerosol index derived from satellite data showed that the spread of biomass burning smoke from the Philippines resulted in large-scale dense aerosol clouds in the adjacent South China Sea and the western Pacific Ocean. The observed high ratio of two biomass-burning tracers (levoglucosan to mannosan) at JFL (7-36) and HT (27) indicated that the biomass smoke originating from the Philippines had significant contributions from open-field burning of agricultural residues, such as rice straw. The pollution plumes were transported to southeast China resulting in elevated concentrations of carbonaceous aerosol and levoglucosan in particular. Using a simplified receptor-based approach, biomass smoke aerosol was estimated to account for 16-28% of OC in the background atmosphere of Hainan and 4.9% of OC at the rural site of Hong Kong during these episode cases, indicating that biomass burning smoke generated in the Philippines could have a significant contribution to background ambient aerosol of southeast coastal China.

The microstructure and creep property of as-cast Mg-6Al-xNd(x=2,4,6) alloys were studied in this paper. Results showed that the needle-like Al11Nd3 phase and polygonal Al2Nd phase are the main precipitates in these alloys containing Nd, and the weight fraction of the former is much more than that of the latter. Their secondary creep rates under the applied stress of 70MPa at 175°C decreased with the content of Nd increasing and reached the minimum value of 5.0×10-8s-1 in the Mg-6Al-6Nd alloy, which is one ninth of that of the Mg-6Al alloy. The improvement in creep property of these alloys containing Nd was mainly attributed to the needle-like Al11Nd3 phase, which hindered the grain boundaries sliding and dislocation motion effectively in the creep.

The homogeneity range and crystal structure of the Mg-rich ternary solid solution has been determined using SEM, EPMA/WDS, TEM and X-ray diffraction. This compound has the Ca3MgxZn15−x (4.6 ≤ x ≤ 12) formula at 335 °C. The refinement of the XRD patterns was carried out by Rietveld analysis, XRD data has shown that this solid solution crystallizes in hexagonal structure having P63/mmc (194) space group and Sc3Ni11Si4 prototype. The lattice parameters decrease linearly with decreasing Mg content obeying Vegard’s law. The fractional atomic occupancy of 6h, 4f, 2b and 12k sites of this compound are function of Mg concentration. Focused Ion Beam has been used to lift TEM specimen of the ternary compound and the hexagonal structure has been confirmed by means of selected area electron diffraction data. Based on the atomic occupancy results and the crystallographic details, a three sublattice (Ca)(Zn)(Mg, Zn)4 model is proposed for this compound.

The microstructure and creep property of as-cast Mg-6Al-xNd(x=2,4,6) alloys were studied in this paper. Results showed that the needle-like Al11Nd3 phase and polygonal Al2Nd phase are the main precipitates in these alloys containing Nd, and the weight fraction of the former is much more than that of the latter. Their secondary creep rates under the applied stress of 70MPa at 175°C decreased with the content of Nd increasing and reached the minimum value of 5.0×10-8s-1 in the Mg-6Al-6Nd alloy, which is one ninth of that of the Mg-6Al alloy. The improvement in creep property of these alloys containing Nd was mainly attributed to the needle-like Al11Nd3 phase, which hindered the grain boundaries sliding and dislocation motion effectively in the creep.

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are promising for biomedical applications due to their unique thermoresponsive and elastic properties. ELP-based hydrogels have been produced through chemical and enzymatic crosslinking or photocrosslinking of modified ELPs. Herein, a photocrosslinked ELP gel using only canonical amino acids is presented. The inclusion of thiols from a pair of cysteine residues in the ELP sequence allows disulfide bond formation upon exposure to UV light, leading to the formation of a highly elastic hydrogel. The physical properties of the resulting hydrogel such as mechanical properties and swelling behavior can be easily tuned by controlling ELP concentrations. The biocompatibility of the engineered ELP hydrogels is shown in vitro as well as corroborated in vivo with subcutaneous implantation of hydrogels in rats. ELP constructs demonstrate long-term structural stability in vivo, and early and progressive host integration with no immune response, suggesting their potential for supporting wound repair. Ultimately, functionalized ELPs demonstrate the ability to function as an in vivo hemostatic material over bleeding wounds., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Interdepartmental Biotechnology Training Program NIH/NIGMS 5T32GM008334), United States. Army Research Office (Contract W911NF-13-D-0001), King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (Saudia Arabia). National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (Grant 12-MED3096-3), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (EFRI-1240443), IMMODGEL (602694), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (EB012597), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (AR057837), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (DE021468), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (HL099073), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (AI105024), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (AR063745)

In this work, a continuous wave fiber laser welding system was used to deposit nickel-based superalloys Inconel 718 (IN 718) and Waspaloy using filler wire feed sources. The multi-bead and multi-layer deposits that were manufactured were characterized in terms of the macro- and microstructures, defects, and hardness in both the as-deposited and fully heat treated conditions. The tensile properties of the deposits in the heat treated condition were also determined and compared to the existing aerospace materials specifications. Using optimized laser processing parameters, high strength deposits could be manufactured, though minor weld metal liquation cracking for IN718 and strain-age cracking for Waspaloy were present, which compromised slightly the ductility as compared to wrought aerospace specifications for the two alloys. The successful development of the direct laser deposition process using wire feeding indicates the potential of employing the fiber laser technology to manufacture nickel-based superalloy aerospace components., ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 15-19, 2015, Montreal Canada, Series: ASME Proceedings

With the advances in electronics and information technology, China has gradually become the largest consumer of household appliances (HAs). Increasingly, end-of-life (EOL) HAs are generated in China. EOL recycling is a promising strategy to reduce dependence on virgin production, and indium is one of the recycled substances. The potential yield of indium recycling has not been systematically evaluated in China thus far. This paper estimates the potential yield of recycled indium from waste liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in China during the period from 2015 to 2030. The quantities of indium that will be used to produce LCDs are also predicted. The estimates focus on the following three key LCD waste sources: LCD TVs, desktop computers and portable computers. The results show that the demand for indium will be increasing in the near future. It is expected that 350 tonnes of indium will be needed to produce LCDs in China in 2035. The indium recycled from EOL LCDs, however, is much less than the demand and only accounts for approximately 48% of the indium demand. The sustainable index of indium is always less than 0.5. Therefore, future indium recycling efforts should focus on the development of recycling technology and the improvement of the relevant policy.

To meet the requirement of extensive temperature adaptability of infrared optical systems, diffractive optics is applied to a high resolution Petzval objective in the 3-5 μm waveband and a hybrid Petzval objective, which is passively athermalised over the temperature range −20 °C to +50 °C, is designed. Only two materials Si and Ge are used. The theoretical polychromatic MTF is above 0.80 at 20 cycles/mm and near diffraction-limited, the geometrical spot diameter is controlled to within 20 μm over the range of temperature. The lens is compatible with a latest generation Middle Wave Infrared (MWIR) staring array imager with the pixel size of 25 μm. The manufacturing issues related to the diffractive surface are also described.

In this paper, according to different images of shifting, rotation and scale invariance properties, we propose a multiple features method for image retrieval. Firstly, we get the main area of the image to avoid the affections by some nonsignificant scenes. Secondly, we split the image into five parts, and utilize the pixels distribute information of every sub-image to get the representative points. Positional relationship among these representative points of the sub-blocks remain the same when the image suffers shifting or scaling transformation. By this means, the image can be expressed in a sample way and avoid complex shape detection. Then, in order to get the more detail information, the image is divided into several concentric rings, and we statistic the number of pixels in each annulus area to construct the third feature. Finally, combining these features with a certain weight coefficients and the hybrid characteristic is put forward. Experiments show that this method can achieve good effect of image retrieval and flexible to compute.

A direct intramolecular carbene insertion into aromatic C-H bonds is presented to construct 4-carbonyl chromans.

Xiangshan County is one of the most important areas in Zhejiang Province. The land use changes interpretion and its changing rules are the main aims of the paper. Firstly, for the classification system was the foundation of the study, it had to be built. Secondly, the tasks were the collection and preprocessing of the high resolution remote sensing images in 2009 and 2012. Thirdly, the interpretation standard was established based on the different spectrum features according to the different land use types in remote sensing images. Fourthly, the interpretation of RS images in 2009 and 2012 were done respectively, and then the land use data of Xiangshan county in different times were got. At last, the changing rule of different land use types was analyzed. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used adequately during the whole process. Remote sensing can provide abundant and real-time information, and Geographic Information System has powerful functions in data processing and spatial analysis, so the combination of RS and GIS has perior advantages compared with the traditional methods, and is highly effective in analyzing the land use/land cover changes in study area.

A 5 kW continuous wave fiber laser welding system was used to deposit INCONEL® alloy 718 (IN718) on service-exposed IN718 parent metal (PM) substrates using filler wire addition. The microstructure of the deposits was characterized in the fully heat treated condition. The service-exposed IN718 PM and the direct laser deposited (DLD) specimens were then evaluated through room temperature tensile testing. The yield and tensile strengths were well above the minimum values, as defined in the aerospace specifications AMS 5596K and 5663M. However, the ductility at room temperature of the DLD and DLD-PM samples was slightly lower than that specified in AMS 5596K and 5663M. The tensile fracture surfaces of the service-exposed IN718 PM, DLD, and DLD-PM specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the tensile failure mechanisms are discussed in detail, particularly for the important roles of the secondary particles (MC carbides) and intermetallics (platelet Ni3Nb-δ and Laves phases).

A colostomy can have a negative impact on patient quality of life. Research suggests that psychosocial adaptation is positively associated with quality of life, but few reports address this adaptation and its related factors in patients with a permanent colostomy. A 4-month, descriptive study was conducted to assess the impact of ostomy knowledge and ability to self-care on the psychosocial adjustment of 54 Chinese outpatients (47 men, 14 participants 40 to 50 years old, 40 participants 50 to 70 years old) with a permanent colostomy to investigate the correlation between stoma knowledge, self-care ability, and psychosocial adjustment. Assessment instruments included a sociodemographic data questionnaire and a Chinese translation of the Ostomy Adjustment Inventory-23 that comprises 20 items in three domains (positive emotions, negative emotions, and social life). Participants rated statements on a scale from 0 (totally disagree) to 4 (totally agree); a score of 40 indicates a low level of psychosocial adjustment. Participants also completed the Stoma-related Knowledge Scale, comprising 14 5-point Likert scale questions where low scores indicate low knowledge, and they answered one question regarding self-care ability. Data were analyzed using statistical software for social science. The average stoma-related knowledge score suggested moderate levels of knowledge (45.112 ± 13.358). Twenty (20) participants managed all stoma care aspects independently, 30 required some assistance, and four (4) required care by someone else. The three domains of psychosocial adjustment scores (positive emotions, negative emotions, and social life) were 17.60 ± 4.093,12.92 ± 3.440, and 19.15 ± 6.316, respectively. Knowledge and the three domains of psychosocial adjustment were positively correlated with positive emotion (r = .610, P = 0.001), negative emotion (r = .696, P = 0.000), and social life adjustment (r = .617, P = 0.001). A significant difference in psychosocial adjustment scores was found between persons who did (57.37 ± 9.81) and those that did not (47.83 ± 8.18) independently care for their own stoma (P = 0.005). Persons with high levels of knowledge and independence had a high level of psychosocial adjustment. Providing knowledge and emphasizing/teaching self-care may help persons with a colostomy make the necessary daily and social life adaptations.